1

. ,
. .
, . , ,
. .

1.1

Az
y,
z (x, y, z) . x,
A ,
x, y, z :

+ Ay y + Az z
A = Ax x
+ cAy y + cAz z
cA = cAx x

Ay

+ (Ay By ) y + (Az Bz ) z
A B = (Ax Bx ) x

Ax

c (A B) = cA cB
A + B + C = A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C

A :

|A| =

1.2

A2x + A2y + A2z

A B = |A| |B| cos

AB =BA

A (B ) = A B A

A (B + ) = |A| (B + )
= |A| (1 + 1 1 ) = A B + A +
1 = |B| cos B
1 1 = || cos

B
B

B1

= Ax
Ax
Ax
Ay
Az
= A =x

A
+ y
+ z
|A|

|A|

|A|

|A|

=1
|A|

1.2.1

Ax
,
|A|

Ay Az
,
|A| |A|

1.

dW
=F v
dt
F v .
2. N

N r = |N | ( r N ) = |N | |N | = N 2
x + yN
y + zN
z
N = xN

O
N

r = xx + y y + z z
N r = xNx + yNy + zNz = N 2
Ny
Nz
Nx
+y 2 +z 2 =1
N2
N
N
ax + by + cz = 1

A k B = 0 A B = |A| |B|.
= , A B = |A| |B| .
A

A A = |A|2 = A2x + A2y + A2z

+ Ay y + Az z)
(Bx x
+ By y + Bz z)
= Ax B x x
x
+ Ax B y x
y + . . .
A B = (Ax x
= Ax Bx 1 + Ax By 0 + . . . = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz

y = 1 1 cos
x

=0
2

z = 0
x
y z = 0
x
= 1 1 cos 0 = 1,
x

1.3

y y = 1,

z z = 1

|A B| = |A|

=AB =
|B| sin

(A, B).
A B . ,

A B = B A

sin sin

1.3

= B

B
A

1.1

x|
= 1 1 sin 0 = 0
|x

y|
= 1 1 sin = 1
|x
2
z|
=1
|x
=1
|y z|

y = z
x

y z = x

= y
z x
.
A k B A B = 0.
:

+ Ay y + Az z)
(Bx x
+ By y + Bz z)

A B = (Ax x
x
+ Ax By x
y + Ax Bz x
z + . . .
= Ax Bx x
+ ...
= Ax Bx 0 + Ax By z + Ax Bz (y)
(Ay Bz Az By ) + y (Az Bx Ax Bz ) + z (Ax By Ay Bx )
= ... = x


x
y
z 

= Ax Ay Az 
Bx By Bz 

B A

B
1.2

, (. 1.2).

A (B C) = (A B) C = A, B, C
(y z)
= 1,
x

Ax Ay
A (B C) = Bx By
Cx Cy

Az
Bz
Cz

B C

A B C

O4
C

O5

O1

O3
O2

1.3

1.4

(A B) C = (A C) B (B C) A
A (B C) = (A C) B (A B) C
(A B) (C D) = (A (B D)) C (A (B C)) D
A (B C) = A (C B)

N =rF

O
d

N = dF
|r| |F | sin
N =N

d = r sin
:

F = qv B

1.5

(v, B)

z
A

y
x
1.4

() z : A A0 . A .
02
02
|A|2 = |A0 |2 A2x + A2y + A2z = A02
x + Ay + Az

y,
z)
(
() (x,
x0 , y0 , z0 )

1.6 -

z
A

+ Ay y + Az z
A = Ax x
A = A0x x0 + A0y y0 + A0z z0

y
y

z)
:
(
x0 , y0 , z0 ) (
x, y,

0 = a1 x
+ a2 y + a3 z
x
0
+ b2 y + b3 z
y = b1 x
0
+ c2 y + c3 z
z = c1 x

A0x , A0y , A0z .

1.6

+ y + 2z
A = 3x
()

|A|2 = 9 + 1 + 4 = 14 |A| =

14

|A| = A A
() A (x, y)

+ y,

A = 3x

|A |2 = 9 + 1 = 10

() B A (x, y)

+ By y
B = Bx x

AB =0

3Bx + By = 0 3Bx = By
3y)
k
B = (x
k .
B

3k y
kx
1
3
= B =
y
B
= x
2
2
|B|
10
10
k + 9k
() = /2 z

z
z
A
y

=/2
x
1.5

0 = y,

y0 = x,

z0 = z

+ y + 2z
A = 3x
0 + 2z0 = x
0 3y0 + 2z0
A = 3y0 + x
3y
B=x
0 = 3x
0 y0
B = y0 3x
A B = 3 3 = 0 (x, y, z)
A B = 3 + 3 = 0 (x0 , y 0 , z 0 )
.

y + 4z B = 5x
+ 2y 2z.
A = 2x
() AB
() A B .
:
()

A B = 10 2 8 = 0
()

= A B = 6
x + 24y + 9z

x
y
z
= 2 1 4
5 2 2


1 4
x =
= 2 8 = 6
2 2


2 4
y =
= (4 20) = 24
5 2


2 1
z =
=4+5=9
5 2
A = 0,

B =0

a. :

()
()

()

= a 2,

= a 2

()2 = ()2 + ()2 = 2a2 + a2 = 3a2

= a 3

1.6 -

()
= a
x + az

= a
x,

= || || cos

1
a2
2
cos =
= = =
2
||||
2
a 2
2

=
4

()
= a
x + ay

cos =

1
a2
a2
= = 2 =
|| ||
2a
2
a 2a 2

=
2

()

cos =

|| ||

= + = a
x + ay + az

a2 + a2
2a2
2
cos = = = =
a 3a 2
a2 6
6

2
3

N F N = r F ,
r . :

z
A
F

rA
O
rB
x

y
B

1.6

+ y + 5z
F = 3x
+ 3y + z
rA = 7x
rB = 10y
() F


x

NO = rA F =  7
3


y z
38y + 16z
3 1  = 14x
1 5

() F

NB = rBA F
7y + z
rA = rB + rBA rBA = rA rB = 7x


x
y z

38y 14z
NB =  7 7 1  = 36x
3 1 5 

1.7

()
+ Ay (t)y + Az (t)z
A = A(t) = Ax (t)x

dA
A(t)
A(t + t) A(t)
= lim
= lim
t0
t0
dt
t
t
+ Ay (t)y + Az (t)z
A(t) = Ax (t)x

dA
A(t)

A(t)
A(t+t)

y
x
1.7

A r ,

dA
= v(t)
dt

v(t) =

dr
drx
dry
drz
+
=
x
y +
z
dt
dt
dt
dt

dv(t)
= a(t)
|{z}
dt
d2 r
dt2

[]

y,
z
[ , x,
t].

1.7.1

.
0

(A + B) = (A0 + B 0 )
0

(f A) = f 0 A + f A0
0

(A B) = A0 B + A B 0
0

(A B) = A0 B + A B 0
, .

r(t) ( t), 1.8.

~ + r(t)
r 0 (t) =

~ (t)
dr 0 (t)
dr(t) d
=
+
dt
dt
dt
v0 = v + u
u 0 ( )

1.8 -

r
x

1.8

1.8

+ 3 sin(t)y. v a.
r(t) = 3 cos(t)x
dr
+ 3 cos(t)y
= 3 sin(t)x
dt


r v = 9 2 + 9 2 sin(t) cos(t) = 0,
rv
dv
3 2 sin(t)y
a=
= 3 2 cos(t)x
dt
a = 2 r
v=

x2 + y 2 = 9 cos2 (t) + 9 sin2 (t) = 9

R = 3, .
, , .

1.9

x, , v(t) = u ln(1bt),
u b .
()
() x(t), x(0) = 0
() b = 7, 5103 sec1 t0 = 120 sec, ;
:
()

a=

ub
dv
=
dt
1 bt

10

()

dx
= v dx = v(t)dt
dt
Z x
Z t
Z t

dx0 =
v(t0 )dt0 = u
ln(1 bt0 )dt0
0

z = 1 bt0 dz = bdt0 ,
1 bt > 0

Z 1bt
1bt  u
u
u
u

ln zdz =
(1 bt) +
x=
z ln z 
b 1
b
b
b
1
u
x = ut + (1 bt) ln(1 bt)
b
0
ln z = (z ln z) 1
()

v(t0 ) = u ln 1 7, 5 103 1, 2 102 = u ln(0, 1)
v(t0 ) = 2, 3u

+ by, a, b .
(x, y) v = ax
()
() y(x)
() a.
:

+ by r = xx
+ y y
() v = ax
v=

dr
dr = vdt
dt

+ dy y
dr = dxx
dx
dy
= vx

= vy
dt
dt
dx = vx dt = adt

dy = vy dt = bdt
Z x
Z t

dx0 =
adt0

x0

x(t) x(0) = at,

x(0) = 0 x = at

y(t) y(0) = bt,

y(0) = 0 y = bt
+ bty
r = atx
()

bt
b
b
y
=
= y= x
x
at
a
a
()

a=

dv
=0
dt

m/sec
, , x y , vA = 2x
vB = 3y m/sec. t = 0 (3, 0) m (0, 3) m,
.
()
() ;
;

1.8 -

11

A r
A
x

rB
B

rAB
B

1.10

()

rA + rAB = rB rAB = rB rA

rA = rA (0) + vA t = (xA0 + vA t) x
rB = rB (0) + vB t = (yB0 + vB t) y
xA0 = 3 m,

yB0 = 3 m,

vA = 2 m/sec,

vB = 3 m/sec

+ yB0 y)
+ (vA tx
+ vB ty)

rAB (t) = (xA0 x

() = |rAB (t)|
2

|rAB | = (xA0 + vA t) + (yB0 + vB t) = A2

dA2
= 0 A 6= 0
dt
dA2
= 2vA (xA0 + vA t) + 2vB (yB0 + vB t) = 0
dt

df 
=0
dt t=t0

f 00 (t0 ) > 0,
f 00 (t0 ) < 0,

( ) 200 km .
30 km/h. , ,
40 .
:
Va,E , VA,E
Va,A .

12

y
Va,E = VA,E + Va,A
200 km

Va,E =
= 300 km/h

Va,E = Va,E x
(2/3) h

+ VAE,y y
VA,E = 30 km/h VA,E = VAE,x x

VAE,x = VA,E cos =

30 kmh/h ' 21 km/h
4
2

VAE,y = VA,E sin = 21 km/h

4
21 km/hx
+ 21 km/hy
Va,A = Va,E VA,E = 300 km/hx

Va, E
x

/4

Va, A

VA, E

+ 21 km/hy
Va,A = 279 km/hx

1.9

(x, y)

+ y y
r = xx
+ r sin y
r = r cos x

r = rr
+ sin y
r = cos x

y
O

(x, y) (r, )

dx
= 0,
dt

dy
dr
=0
6 0,
=
dt
dt

d
6= 0r
dt
r,

 
 
=1
  = |r|





+ sin +
+ cos y
= cos +
x
y = sin x
2
2

dr
d
d
d
+
=
sin x
cos y =

dt
dt
dt
dt
d
d
= r
dt
dt
dr
d
dr
dr
d
=
=
(r(t)r)
r + r(t)
= r0 r + r
v =
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt
dv
d
d
d2
a =
= r00 r + r0 + r0 + r 2 r
dt
dt
dt
dt
"
00

= r r

1.9.1

d
dt

2 #

d
dt

2



d2
0 d
r + 2r
+r 2
dt
dt

r(t) = R =

1.9

13

r = Rr
dr
dr
d
v=
=R
= R = R
dt
dt
dt
2 d
r = 0 vr
vr =R
dt
 2
d
d2
a = R
r + R 2
dt
dt
d/dt = =

= t + 0 v = R
v2

r,

R
+ sin (t + 0 ) y]

r = Rr = R [cos (t + 0 ) x

a = R 2 r =

= 2/T , T , 2 .

1

f=
=
=
= Hertz(Hz)
T

sec

1. (x, y, z)
2. (r, ) (x = r cos , y = r sin )
3. (r, , z)
4. (r, , ) (x = r sin cos , y = r sin sin , z = r cos )

30 m.
8 m/sec2 , ;

v2
2
vmax
= amax R
R

vmax = 240 m/sec

a=

R
O

1.11

,
.

14

, T
r = r(t). T N
T , dT /dt
N
v = |v|T = v T
dv v 2
T+ N
dt

a=



1  dT 
k= =

 ds 
s , k .
:

dr
= |v| T ,
dt
dv
dT
a=
T +v
,
dt
dt
v=

dr/dt
T =
|dr/dt|
dT
T
dt

d
dT
T T = 1 (T T ) = 0 T
=0
dt
dt
ds
dT
dT ds
dT

=
=v
dt
dt
ds dt
ds

dT
dv
dT
,
T + v2
,
= kN
a=
dt
ds
ds
v=

dv v 2
T+ N
dt



 dT 
1


= ,
k=

 ds 
k
a=

dv
T
dt
2
v
= N

a =
a

ds
dr

r(t)

r(t+dt)

1.12

= dT /ds
N


dT /ds

1.10 Taylor

15

ds2 = dr dr

ds = dr dr
p
ds = dx2 + dy 2 + dz 2
s 
 2  2
2
ds
dx
dy
dz

+
+
=v
=
dt
dt
dt
dt

1.10

Taylor

Rolle.
x0 :

f (x) =

n
X
(x x0 ) (n)
f (x0 )
n!
n=0

x2
x3
xn
+
+ +
+ ...
2
6
n!
00
(ex ) = ex ,
e0 = 1

ex = 1 + x +
0

(ex ) = ex ,

(i)2
(i)3
(i)4
2
i3
4
+
+
+ . . . = 1 + i

+
+ ...
ei = 1 + (i) +
2
3!
4! 
2
6
24


2
3
= 1
+ ... + i
+ ...
2
6

2
4
+
+ ...
2
24
0
(cos ) = sin , (cos )00 = cos ,
cos = 1

(cos )000 = sin

(cos )(4) = cos , . . .

3
+ ...
6
0
(3)
(sin ) = cos ,
(sin )00 = sin , (sin ) = cos , . . .
sin =

ei = cos + i sin

1+x=1+

x x2

+ ...
2
8

x = 0

 0
1 1
t = ,
2 t

1.11



 00
1
1
1

t =
,
2
2 t3/2

f 0 (xk ) = 0
00

f (xk ) > 0
f 00 (xk ) < 0

t=1+x

16

f(x)

x1

x
x2

x=x-xk

1.13

f 0 (xk ) = 0
Taylor xk

1
2
f (x) = f (xk ) + f 0 (xk )(x xk ) + f 00 (xk ) (x xk ) + . . .
2
1
2
f (x) = f (xk ) + f 00 (xk ) (x xk ) + . . .
2
x2 = (x xk )2 ( 1), .
f 00 (xk ) < 0 f (x) < f (xk ) xk
f 00 (xk ) > 0 f (x) > f (xk ) xk

1.12

dx
= kx,
k R+ , x = x0 t = t0
dt
() x(t) x(t)
x(t) = Aekt
dx
= kAekt = kx
dt
x(t0 ) = x0 = Aekt0 A = x0 ekt0
x(t) = x0 ek(tt0 )
() dx = kxdt

dx
= kdt x, t
x
Z
Z
dx
= k dt ln x = kt + c
x
x = ec ekt = Aekt

()

 
Z t
dx0
x
0
= k
dt ln
= k(t t0 )
0
x
x
0
x0
t0
x

= ek(tt0 ) x = x0 ek(tt0 )
x0

1.12

17

dx
= kx,
dt

k C k = a + ib

dx
= kdt ln
x
t0 = 0,

x
x0


= k (t t0 )

x(0) = x0
x = x0 ekt = x0 eat eibt
x = x0 eat cos(bt) + ix0 eat sin(bt)

x C. 1.14 x t.

x0
t

1.14

dy
y
=
dx
x

dy
=
y
y
ln y = ln x + c ln = c
x
y
= c0 y = Ax
x

1.12.1

dx
+c
x

()

dy
= f1 (x)f2 (y)
dx
dy

= dxf1 (x)
f2 (y)
Z
Z
dy

= f1 (x)dx + c
f2 (y)
1

xdx + ydy = 0
Z
xdx = ydy

Z
xdx =

ydy + c

y2
x2
= + c x2 + y 2 = 2c = R2
2
2
R.

18

dx
= 4t x
dt
Z
Z
dx
dx
= 4tdt
= 4 tdt + c
x
x

4 2
2 x = t + c x = t2 + c0
2

2

dx
2
x = t + c0
= 4t x
dt
c0 , x(t0 ) = x0 .
()

dy
= f (ax + by)
dx
z = ax + by , f (ax + by) = f (z)

dz
dy
=a+b
= a + bf (z)
dx
dx
Z
Z
dz
dz
= dx
= dx + c

a + bf (z)
a + bf (z)

dy
= 2x + y,
dx

z = 2x + y

f (z) = z
Z
dz
dz
= dx
=x+c
2 + f (z)
2+z
ln(z + 2) = x + c
z + 2 = ex+c = Aex
2 + 2x + y = Aex
y = Aex 2x 2

x = 0 y = y0 y0 = A 2
A = y0 + 2

1.13

z
r
y
x
1.15

1.13 -

f = f (x, y, z)
f x

df
f (x + x, y, z) f (x, y, z)
= lim
dx x0
x
y, z .
1

f (x, y, z) = 3x2 y +

y
f

= 6xy
z
x

f
f (x, y + y, z) f (x, y, z)
= lim
y0
y
y

f
1
= 3x2 +
y
z
f
y
= 2
z
z

x, y .
2

|r| = r =

x2 + y 2 + z 2

1 2x
x
r
= =
x
2
r
r
y
=
y
r
z
r
=
z
r

f (r) = g(r) + h(r)

f
g
h
=
+
x
x x
h
g

(g h) = g
+h
x
x
x

df f

r r + dr
df = f (r + dr) f (r) =

f
f
f
dx +
dy +
dz
x
y
z

+ ydy
+ zdz

dr = xdx

f
f
f
+ y
+ z
x
y
z
df = (f ) dr

f = x

( f )

19

20