Mch khuch i thut ton

Mch khuch i thut ton

Bi:
L Sc

CC TNH CHT CHUNG CA IC THUT TON

B khuch i thut ton c k hiu nh hnh 3-1. Trong Ut , It l in p, dng
in vo ca thun. U , I l in p, dng in vo ca o, Ur , Irl in p ra v
dng in ra. U0 l in p vo gia hai ca. B khuch i thut ton khuch i hiu
in p U0 = Ut- U vi h s khuch i K0 > 0.
Do in p ra: Ur =K0.U0= K0(Ut-U)
Nu U = 0 th Ur = K0.Ut lc ny in p ra cng pha vi in p vo. V vy ca T
gi l ca thun ca b khuych i thut ton v k hiu du +.
Tng t khi Ut = 0 th Ur = ? K0.U, lc ny in p ra ngc pha vi in p vo
nn ca gi l ca o ca b khuch i thut ton v k hiu du -. Ngoi ra b
khuch i c hai ca u vi ngun nui i xng EC v cc ca chnh lch 0 v
b tn.

Mt b khuch i thut ton l tng c nhng tnh cht sau:

+ Tr khng vo ZV=
+ Tr khng ra Zra = 0

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Mch khuch i thut ton

+ H s khuch i K0 =
Thc t b khuch i thut ton c K0 = 104 ? 106 vng tn s thp. Ln vng tn s
cao h s khuch i gim xung. Nguyn nhn do s ph thuc tham s ca tranzito v
in dung k sinh trong s . c tuyn truyn t, c tuyn bin v c tuyn pha
nh hnh 3-2 v 3-3. Mt b khuch i thut ton thng c 4 tng ghp trc tip vi
nhau. Tng vo l tng khuch i vi sai, tip theo l tng khuych i trung gian (c
th l tng m hay khuch i vi sai th hai), n tng dch mc v tng khuch i ra.

CC MCH KHUCH I DNG B KHUCH I THUT TON

Do vi mch khuch i thut ton c hai ca vo. Khi a tn hiu vo ca o ta c
mch khuch i o, nu a tn hiu vo ca thun ta c mch khuch i thun.
Mch khuch i o
Mch khuch i o cho hnh 3-4 c thc hin hi tip m in p qua Rht. u vo
thun c ni t. Tn hiu qua R1 a ti u vo o. Nu coi IC c tr khng vo
v cng ln tc ZV th dng vo IC v cng b I0 = 0, khi ti nt N c phng
trnh dng nt p dng nh lut Kirchhoff 1:

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Mch khuch i thut ton

T c:

Khi K in p u vo

U =U
0

ra

0 do :

U
R

U
R

ra

ht

Do h s khuch i in p ca mch khuch i o Ku c hi tip m song song

c xc nh bng phn t th ng trong s :

Nu chn Rht=R1 th K =-1, s c tnh cht tng o lp li in p (o tn hiu).

Nu R1 = 0 th t phng trnh Iv=Iht ta c

=
V

U
R

ra

hay Ura = -IV.Rht tc l in

ht

p ra t l vi dng in vo. Mch tr thnh b bin i dng thnh p.

V U0= 0 nn Rv= R1, khi K th Rra= 0.
Mch khuch i thun
Mch khuch i thun c hnh 3-5 gm mt mch hi tip m in p t vo u o
cn tn hiu t vo ca thun.

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V in p t vo gia hai ca rt b, xem U0= 0 nn quan h gia Uv v Ura xc nh

bi

U =U. R
R R
1

ht

H s khuch i in p ca mch khuch i thun.

V Rv= nn IV = 0. c dng khi cn mch khuch i c tr khng vo ln. Khi

Rht=0 v R1=, ta c s b lp li in p vi Kt= 1 (hnh 3-6). in tr vo ca
mch khuch i thun rt ln, bng in tr vo ca IC, cn in tr ra Rra 0.

CC PHNG PHP CHNG TRI V B IM KHNG

Khi dng b khuch i thut ton khuch i tn hiu mt chiu c tr s nh th cc
sai s ch yu do dng in tnh, in p lch 0 v hin tng tri gy ra.

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Cc dng in tnh It, I u vo b khuch i thut ton thc cht l cc dng cc

gc tranzito tng vo mch khuch i vi sai. Dng tnh ca thun It v dng tnh ca
o gn bng nhau. Cc dng tnh It v I gy st p trn cc ca vo. Do s khc nhau
tr s cc in tr ca thun T v ca o nn st p ny cng khc nhau. Hiu in
th ca chng chnh l in p lch 0. gi cho in p lch 0 nh, trong mch khuch
i o, ca thun khng u trc tip xung t m u qua in tr RC nh trn hnh
3-7.
RC c tr s bng in tr vo ca o, ngha l:

Lc dng tnh gy ra trn hai u vo cc st p l It.RC v I.(R1//Rht). Thng

ItI nn cc st p gn bng nhau.
Thc t It I nn dng tnh I0= It - I cn gy ra mt hiu in p u vo, gi l
in p lch 0 U0. Khi in p ra sai s l

r0

= (1 +

R ).U
R
ht

kh sai s ny dng cc mch b in hnh hnh 3-8. Vic b in p lch 0 c

thc hin theo nguyn tc: mt trong hai u vo ca b khuch i thut ton vi mt
ngun in p bin i c mt in p ngc vi in p lch 0 trn.

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Khi cn phi trng c hai ca vo th mc mch b vo ca khc c lin quan n

ca vo. Cn phi chn cc linh kin mch b sao cho b khuch i thut ton lm vic
bnh thng.
Ngoi ra cn c hin tng tri in p u ra do lng tri in p u vo U0 v
lng tri ca dng tnh vo I0. Lng tri in p u ra c xc nh:

Trong : U0 l lng tri in p lch 0 u vo.

I0 l lng tri dng lch 0 u vo.
Bin i cng thc ny ta c:

Tm li:
- Nu ngun tn hiu c tr khng ln (R1 // Rht ln) th in p sai s u ra ch yu
do tri dng lch 0 u vo sinh ra. Ngc li nu ngun tn hiu c tr khng nh (R1
nh) th sai s u ra ch yu do in p lch 0 u vo sinh ra. Do khi cn khuch
i dng mt chiu nh th chn R1 // Rht nh, nu cn khuch i in p mt chiu
nh th chn R1 ln.
Trong b khuch i tn hiu xoay chiu khng cn quan tm n vn b lch 0.

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MCH CNG
Mch cng thc hin cng hai hoc nhiu tn hiu tng t thnh mt tn hiu u ra.
Tuy nhin, nu tn hiu tng ln hn ngun cung cp cho b khuch i th tn hiu ra
ch gi mc bo ha Umax
Mch cng o
Mch ny cng cc tn hiu vo a ti ca o. S hnh 3-9. Coi cc in tr vo
bng nhau.

Khi IV = 0 th (v RV ca IC xem = ) Iht= I1 + I2 ++In hay

Tng qut khi R1 R2 c:

vi

=R
R

ht

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Mch cng thun

S mch in hnh 3-10, y cc tn hiu vo a ti ca thun. Khi U0=0 in
p hai u vo bng nhau v bng:

Khi dng vo u thun bng khng (RV = ) ta c:

Hay

Chn cc tham s ca mch thch hp c tha s u tin ca v phi cng thc ny

bng 1:

R R
R
1

n.

ht

v khi :

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MCH TR
Khi cn tr hai in p ngi ta c th thc hin theo s hnh 3-11. Khi in p
u ra c tnh:

C th tm K1, K2 theo phng php cho in p vo tng ca bng khng.

Cho U2 = 0 th mch lm vic nh mt b khuch i o. Ta c:
Ura= - .U1 vy K1 = ?a
Khi U1 = 0 mch tr thnh mch khuch i thun c phn p vo. Khi :

H s phn p:

1+

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Khi

H s khuch i

nn Ura khi c U1, U2 l :

Nu in tr trn c hai li vo l nh nhau tc l: a= b= th K2= ; K1 = -

Vy : Ura = (U2- U1)
Tng qut s vn nng ng thi dng ly tng v ly hiu ca mt s in p vo
bt k c th thc hin bng mch hnh 3-12.

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rt ra h thc cn thit ta s dng quy tc nt i vi ca vo A ca b khuch i.

Rt ra:

Tng t i vi ca B ca mch khuch i:

Nu Ua = Ub tho mn thm iu kin ni = 1

trn ta c:

= th sau khi tr hai biu thc

i

n
i=1

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MCH VI PHN, MCH TCH PHN

Mch vi phn
Mch vi phn l mch in p u ra t l vi vi phn in p u vo, tc l

ra

U , trong K l mt h s.

= k.

dt

Mch vi phn dng IC khuch i thut ton nh hnh 3-13.

Xem nh U0 = 0, I0 = 0 nn

M Ura = -Iv.R nn

=C
V

= RC .
ra

dt

dt

trong k = RC = gi l hng s vi phn ca mch. Du (?) ni ln Ura ngc pha

vi Uv.
Khi tn hiu vo l hnh sin th mch vi phn lm vic nh mt b lc tn cao.
Mch tch phn
Mch tch phn l mch m in p u ra t l vi tch phn in p u vo.

U dt trong k l h s.

= k
ra

Mch tch phn s dng IC khuch i thut ton nh hnh 3-14.

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Ti nt A ta c Iv = IC hay:

nn

y Ura0 l in p trn t C khi t = 0 (l hng s tch phn xc nh t iu kin ban

u).
Thng khi t = 0, UV = 0 v Ura = 0 nn:

= R.C gi l hng s thi gian ca mch tch phn.

Khi tn hiu vo thay i tng nc, tc thay i ca in p ra bng:

ngha l u ra b tch phn c in p tng hay gim tuyn tnh theo thi gian.
i vi tn hiu hnh sin mch tch phn tr thnh mch lc thng thp.

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MCH SO SNH IN P
Mch so snh in p dng IC khuch i thut ton nh hnh 3-20. l qu trnh
so snh bin in p a vo vi mt in p chun (Uch) c cc tnh c th
dng hay m. Thng thng in p chun c xc nh trc. Trong mch hnh
3-20a, in p vo a ti ca o cn ***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT
SUPPORTED.*** ca thun.
Khi UV < Uch th U0< 0 do Ura = +Ura.max
Khi UV > Uch th U0 > 0 do Ura= - Ura.max
Khi Ura = +Ura.max th ta ni IC bo ho dng.
Ura = - Ura.max th ta ni IC bo ho m.
V gi tr in p ra bo ho thp hn ngun nui (1? 3V) tu vo tng loi IC

hnh 3-20b in p vo a a ti ca thun cn in p chun ca o.

UV < Uch th Ura = - Ura.max
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UV > Uch th Ura = +Ura.max.

Khi lm vic vi tn hiu xung bin i nhanh cn ch n tnh qun tnh (tr) ca
IC thut ton. Vi cc IC thut ton tiu chun hin nay thi gian tng ca in p ra
khong V/s. Trong iu kin tt hn nn s dng cc IC chuyn dng c tc chuyn
bin nhanh hn nh loi A710, A110, LM310

MCH LC
Khi nim v mch lc tn s
Mch lc tn s l mch lc ly tn hiu trong mt hay mt s khong tn s no , cn
khong tn s khc lc b i.
Phn loi theo di tn ta c mch lc thng thp, mch lc thng cao, mch lc thng
di v mch lc chn di.
Khi biu din mch lc tn s thng qua h s truyn t in p, th c th ni mch
lc l tng l mt mng bn cc c mun h s truyn t:

Hnh 3-21 biu din h s truyn t ca cc mch lc trn, trong C l tn s ct.

i vi mch lc thng di ta c thm khi nim di thng B v tn s gia 0 v cho
c mch lc chn di. c tuyn truyn t mch lc thc c dng nh hnh 3-22 ca
mch lc thng thp. y c di thng, di chuyn tip v di chn. C l tn s ti
K0 gim i 2 ln tc gim 3dB.
Yu cu cc mch lc c K trong di thng bng phng, di chuyn tip hp tc c
dc cao v di chn c K rt b.

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Mch lc th ng RC
Mch lc th ng RC ta xt hai loi lc thng thp v thng cao. Bc ca loi mch
ny c xc nh bng cp o hm cao nht trong hm truyn t ca mch, thng
cng chnh l s phn t t in tham gia vo vic lc tn hiu trong mch.
Mch lc thng thp bc 1 v bc n
Mch in nh hnh 3-23. Hm truyn t phc ca mch l:

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Mch khuch i thut ton

vi

1
R.C

l tn s ct. Khi = C ti |K| gim i 2 ln (hoc -3dB)

Vi b lc th ng RC bc n ta c:

Ta thy khi bc cng cao, ngoi di thng > C nn K gim xung cng nhanh, tt
nhin mch s phc tp hn v tn hao nhiu.
Mch lc thng cao bc 1 v bc n
Mch lc th ng RC thng cao bc 1 nh hnh 3-24.

Hm truyn t ca mch:

vi

1
R.C

c:

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Mch khuch i thut ton

ln ca hm truyn t:

Ti C , K gim 2 ln tng ng (-3dB). Khi << C th K cng gim nn r rng

y l mch lc thng cao.
i vi mch lc bc n ta c: ***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT
SUPPORTED.***

Mch lc tch cc
tn s cao thng dng cc mch lc th ng RLC. tn s thp cc mch lc
c in cm qu ln lm cho kt cu nng n v tn km cng nh phm cht ca mch
gim. V vy trong phm vi tn s 100kHz ngi ta hay dng b lc khuch i thut
ton v mng RC c gi l mch lc tch cc.
Khc vi mch lc th ng, mch lc tch cc c c trng bi ba tham s c bn:
tn s gii hn C, bc ca b lc v loi b lc.
- Tn s gii hn C l tn s ti hm truyn t gim i 3dB so vi tn s trung
tm.
- Bc ca b lc xc nh dc ca c tuyn bin tn s ngoi di tn.
- Loi b lc xc nh dng c tuyn bin tn s xung quanh tn s ct v trong khu
vc thng ca mch lc. Cn ch rng mch in ca cc loi b lc th ging nhau,
chng ch khc nhau gi tr cc linh kin RC m thi. Ngi ta quan tm n 3 loi b
lc: lc Bessel, lc Butterworth v lc Tschebyscheff.
tin xt cc mch lc, ta a vo hm truyn t tng qut ca mt mch lc thng
thp:

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trong : P =

= j Ci l cc h s thc, dng.
C

Bc ca b lc chnh l s m ln nht ca p. thc hin b lc thun li ta phn

tch mu s ca biu thc trn thnh tch cc tha s:

Kd0 - h s truyn t tn s thp. ai, bi - l cc s thc, dng. Vi b lc bc l th

c mt h s bi = 0.
Mch lc tch cc bc mt
Loi ny ch dng cho mch lc thng thp hay thng cao.
Mch lc thng thp bc mt
Hm truyn t c dng:

Mch in nh hnh 3-25.

Vi

mch

a):

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y Kd0 = 1; a1 = C.RC Bit a1, C; chn R ta c C =

.R

Mch b) ta c:

y Kd0= -1 v a1 = C.RC. Khi bit a1, C v chn R ta cng c:

Mch lc tch cc thng cao bc mt

i ch R v C cho nhau, mch thng thp ta c mch lc tch cc thng cao.
Mch nh hnh 3-26.

Mch a) c:

y: Kd0 = 1 ;

Khi bit a1, C v chn C ta tnh c:

.R.C

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Mch khuch i thut ton

Mch b:

y: Kd0 = -1 v khi bit a1,C, chn C ta tnh c

.
Mch lc tch cc bc hai
Mch lc thng thp bc hai
Mch lc tch cc thng thp bc hai c cc dng hi tip m mt vng, hi tip m
nhiu vng, hi tip dng mt vng nh hnh 3-27.
+ Xt mch hnh 3-27a ta c hm truyn t (dng phng trnh in th nt):

Da vo loi b lc xc nh a1, b1, chn trc C1 theo gi tr chun v tnh R, C2 theo

cng thc:

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+ Vi mch 4-27b:

T y xc nh:

Cho trc C, Kd0, chn C1 v C2 tnh c:

R2 c gi tr thc:

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Mch khuch i thut ton

+ Vi mch 3-27c c hm truyn t:

n gin chn K=1 khi (1-K)= 0 .

Biu thc trn vit li:

Nu cho trc C, C1, C2 ta tnh c Kdo, R1, R2.

K do = 1

R1,2 l s thc cn:

.
Mch lc thng cao bc hai
Mch lc thng cao bc hai c th dng cc dng thng thp hnh 3-27. Trong phi
i ch C v R cho nhau. V d mch lc thng cao bc hai hi tip dng mt vng
hnh 3-28. Thay
p =1/p, C bi R v R bi C ta c hm truyn t

Cho K= 1 v C1=C2=C ta c:
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y K0 = 1

Mch lc tch cc bc hai thng di

Nu mc ni tip mt mt lc thng thp v mt mt lc thng cao ta nhn c b lc
thng di. c tnh tn s l tch tn s ca hai khu lc ring r.
K = K 1 .K 2
Mch lc tch cc thng di bc hai nh hnh 3-29.

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Mch lc tch cc bc cao

Khi cn c tnh bin , tn s ca b lc vung gc ngi ta phi thc hin b lc bc
cao. Mun vy mc ni tip cc b lc bc mt v hai bit. Lc c tnh tn s
ca mch l tch cc c tnh tn s ca cc mch ring r.
BI TP CHNG 3
S mch nh hnh 3-30.
Bit IC l l tng, ngun cung cp cho IC l

V dng in p vo v in p ra khi in p vo l:

Gii
y l mch so snh in p in p vo c so snh vi in p chun Uch=3V.
Khi uv>Uch in p ra bo ha m.
Khi uv<Uch in p ra bo ha dng.
in p ra lt trng thi ti uv=Uch

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S mch nh hnh 3-31.

Bit IC l l tng, in p ra cc i l:

V dng in p vo v in p ra khi in p vo l:

Gii
Tng t nh bi 1, ch khc mt im l in p vo a vo chn P ca IC cn ngun
chun a vo chn N.
uruvUch=2V+9V-9VUvmax =5Vt2/500
Cho mch in hnh 3-32.

a) Xc nh h s khuch i ca mch

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b) Xc nh tr khng vo ca mch Zv
c) Xc nh tr khng ra l tng ca mch.
d) Xc nh in p vo nh-nh mch hot ng tuyn tnh.
e)

Xc

nh

in

ra

vi

mi

gi

tr

in

vo:

Gii

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Cho mch in hnh 3-33.

a) Xc nh h s khuch i ca mch
b) Xc nh tr khng vo ca mch Zv
c) Xc nh tr khng ra l tng ca mch.
d) Xc nh in p vo nh-nh mch hot ng tuyn tnh.
e) Xc nh in p ra vi mi gi tr in p vo -0,4V; 0,8V; 1,2V; -1,4V .

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Gii

Cho mch in hnh 3-34

a) Tm biu thc ur theo cc uv v ***SORRY, THIS MEDIA TYPE IS NOT
SUPPORTED.*** ?
b) Tnh ur khi:

c) Nu tc dng caR7 , R8. Tm gi tr ca n mch lm vic tt nht?

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Gii

Cho mch in hnh 3-35.

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a) Vit biu thc Ur theo Uv

b) Xc nh Ur khi

Gii

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Mch khuch i thut ton

Cho mch in hnh 3-36.

a) Vit biu thc Ur theo ccUv.

b) Xc nh Ur khi

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Gii

Cho mch in hnh 3-37 vi

a) Tm Ur theo Uv
b) Xc nh Ur khi

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Gii

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