Bai+giang+ktmt-Ch 3

Bi ging Kin trc my tnh
18 March 2007
NKK-HUT
NKK-HUT
Kin trc my tnh
Ni dung gio trnh
Chng 3
S HC MY TNH
Chng 1. Gii thiu chung

Chng 2. H thng my tnh
Chng 3. S hc my tnh
Chng 4. B x l trung tm
Chng 5. B nh my tnh
Chng 6. H thng vo-ra
Chng 7. Kin trc my tnh tin tin
Nguyn Kim Khnh

Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni
18 March 2007
Bi ging Kin trc My tnh
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18 March 2007
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3.1. Cc h m c bn
Ni dung chng 3
3.1. Cc h m c bn
3.2. M ha v lu tr d liu trong my tnh
3.3. Biu din s nguyn
3.4. Thc hin cc php ton s hc vi s nguyn
3.5. S du phy ng
3.6. Biu din k t
18 March 2007
Nguyn Kim Khnh - HBKHN
H thp phn (Decimal System)

con ngi s dng
H nh phn (Binary System)
my tnh s dng
H mi su (Hexadecimal System)
dng vit gn cho s nh phn
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1. H thp phn
Dng tng qut ca s thp phn
C s 10
10 ch s: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Gi tr ca A c hiu nh sau:
A = a n a n 1 ... a1 a 0 , a 1 ... a m
Dng n ch s thp phn c th biu din

c 10n gi tr khc nhau:
00...000
= 0
99...999
= 10n - 1
A = a n 10 n + a n 110 n 1 + ... + a1101 + a 0 10 0 + a 110 1 + ... + a m 10 m
A =
a 10
i= m
18 March 2007
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18 March 2007
2. H nh phn
472.38 = 4x102 + 7x101 + 2x100 + 3x10-1 + 8x10-2
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V d s thp phn
Cc ch s ca phn nguyn:
472 : 10 = 47 d
47 : 10 = 4 d
4 : 10 = 0 d
Cc ch s ca phn l:
0.38 x 10 = 3.8 phn nguyn =
0.8 x 10 = 8.0 phn nguyn =
18 March 2007
C s 2
2 ch s nh phn: 0 v 1
ch s nh phn gi l bit (binary digit)
Bit l n v thng tin nh nht
Dng n bit c th biu din c 2n gi tr
khc nhau:
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00...000
11...111
= 0
= 2n - 1
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Dng tng qut ca s nh phn
V d s nh phn
C mt s nh phn A nh sau:
1101001.1011(2) =
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
A = a n a n 1 ... a1 a 0 , a 1 ... a m
-1 -2 -3 -4
= 26 + 25 + 23 + 20 + 2-1 + 2-3
2-4
Gi tr ca A c tnh nh sau:
A = a n 2 + a n 1 2
n
n 1
A =
= 64 + 32 + 8 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.125 + 0.0625
= 105.6875(10)
a 2
i=m
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+ ... + a1 2 + a 0 2 + a 1 2 + ... + a m 2
1
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10
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Chuyn i s nguyn thp phn sang nh phn
Phng php chia dn cho 2
V d: chuyn i 105(10)
Phng php 1: chia dn cho 2 ri ly

phn d
Phng php 2: Phn tch thnh tng
ca cc s 2i nhanh hn
18 March 2007
11
105 : 2 =
52
52 : 2 =
26
26 : 2 =
13
13 : 2 =
6:2 =
3:2 =
1:2 =
Kt qu: 105(10) = 1101001(2)
18 March 2007
12
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Phng php phn tch thnh tng ca cc
Chuyn i s l thp phn sang nh phn
V d 1: chuyn i 105(10)
6
5
3
0
105 = 64 + 32 + 8 +1 = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
2i
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
128
0
64
1
32
1
16
0
8
1
4
0
2
0
1
1
Kt qu:
V d 1: chuyn i 0.6875(10)
105(10) = 0110 1001(2)
V d 2: 17000(10) = 16384 + 512 + 64 + 32 + 8

=
214 + 29 + 26 + 25 + 23
0.6875 x 2 = 1.375
phn nguyn = 1
0.375 x 2 = 0.75
phn nguyn = 0
0.75
x 2 = 1.5
phn nguyn = 1
0.5
x 2 = 1.0
phn nguyn = 1
Kt qu : 0.6875(10)= 0.1011(2)
17000(10) = 0100 0010 0110 1000(2)

15 14 13 12
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11 10 9 8
7 6 5 4
3 2 1 0
13
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Chuyn i s l thp phn sang nh phn (tip)
V d 2: chuyn i 0.81(10)
Chuyn i s l thp phn sang nh phn (tip)
V d 3: chuyn i 0.2(10)
0.81 x 2 =
1.62
phn nguyn
0.62 x 2 =
1.24
phn nguyn
0.24 x 2 =
0.48
phn nguyn
0.48 x 2 =
0.96
phn nguyn
0.96 x 2 =
1.92
phn nguyn
0.92 x 2 =
1.84
phn nguyn
0.84 x 2 =
1.68
phn nguyn
0.81(10) 0.1100111(2)
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0.2
0.4
0.8
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.6
x2
x2
x2
x2
x2
x2
x2
x2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.4
0.8
1.6
1.2
0.4
0.8
1.6
1.2
phn nguyn
phn nguyn
phn nguyn
phn nguyn
phn nguyn
phn nguyn
phn nguyn
phn nguyn
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0.2(10) 0.00110011 (2)

16
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3. H mi su (Hexa)
Quan h gia s nh phn v s Hexa

4-bit
Ch s Hexa
0
C s 16
0000
0001
16 ch s: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A,B,C,D,E,F
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
Dng vit gn cho s nh phn: c mt

nhm 4-bit s c thay bng mt ch s
Hexa
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V d chuyn i s nh phn s Hexa:
1011 00112 = B316
0000 00002 = 0016
0010 1101 1001 10102 = 2D9A16
1111 1111 1111 11112 = FFFF16
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
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F
18
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M ho d liu nhn to
3.2. M ha v lu tr d liu trong my tnh
1. Nguyn tc chung v m ha d liu
Mi d liu a vo my tnh u phi

c m ha thnh s nh phn
Cc loi d liu
18 March 2007
D liu nhn to: do con ngi qui c

D liu t nhin: tn ti khch quan vi
con ngi
M ha theo cc chun qui c

D liu s:
19
S nguyn: m ha theo mt s chun

S thc: m ha bng s du phy ng
D liu k t: m ha theo b m k t
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20
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M ha v ti to tn hiu vt l
di t d liu
di t d liu l s bit c s dng

m ha loi d liu tng ng
Thng l bi ca 8-bit
VD: 8, 16, 32, 64 bit
Cc d liu vt l thng dng
18 March 2007
m thanh
Hnh nh
21
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V d lu tr d liu 32-bit
2. Th t lu tr cc byte trong b nh chnh
B nh chnh thng t chc theo byte
Hai cch lu tr d liu nhiu byte:
18 March 2007
0001 1010 0010 1011 0011 1100 0100 1101
u nh (Little-endian): Byte c ngha

thp c lu tr ngn nh c a ch
nh, byte c ngha cao c lu tr
ngn nh c a ch ln.
u to (Big-endian): Byte c ngha cao
c lu tr ngn nh c a ch nh,
byte c ngha thp c lu tr ngn
nh c a ch ln.
23
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24
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Lu tr ca cc b x l in hnh
Intel 80x86 v cc Pentium: little-endian
Motorola 680x0, SunSPARC: big-endian
Power PC, Itanium: bi-endian
18 March 2007
3.3. Biu din s nguyn
25
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1. Biu din s nguyn khng du
S nguyn khng du (Unsigned Integer)

S nguyn c du (Signed Integer)
Cc v d
Nguyn tc tng qut: Dng n bit biu din s

nguyn khng du A:
a n 1 a n 2 ... a 2 a1 a0
Gi tr ca A c tnh nh sau:
n 1
A = ai 2 i
i =0
B = 150 = 128 + 16 + 4 + 2 = 27 + 24 + 22 + 21
150 = 1001 0110
Di biu din ca A: t 0 n 2n 1
18 March 2007
V d 1. Biu din cc s nguyn khng du

sau y bng 8-bit:
A = 41 ; B = 150
Gii:
A = 41 = 32 + 8 + 1 = 25 + 23 + 20
41 = 0010 1001
27
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28
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Cc v d (tip)
Vi n = 8 bit
V d 2. Cho cc s nguyn khng du M, N

c biu din bng 8-bit nh sau:
Biu din c cc gi tr t 0 n 255
M = 0001 0010
N = 1011 1001
0000 0000
0000 0001
0000 0010
0000 0011
...
1111 1111
Xc nh gi tr ca chng ?
Gii:
M = 0001 0010 = 24 + 21 = 16 +2 = 18
N = 1011 1001 = 27 + 25 + 24 + 23 + 20
=
=
=
=
0
1
2
3
= 255
Ch :
1111 1111
+ 0000 0001
1 0000 0000
Vy: 255 + 1 = 0 ?
do trn nh ra
ngoi
= 128 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 1 = 185
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Trc s hc vi n = 8 bit
Vi n = 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit
Trc s hc:
n= 16 bit: di biu din t 0 n 65535 (216 1)
Trc s hc my tnh:
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31
0000 0000 0000 0000

...
0000 0000 1111 1111
0000 0001 0000 0000
...
1111 1111 1111 1111
= 0
= 255
= 256
= 65535
n= 32 bit: di biu din t 0 n 232 - 1

n= 64 bit: di biu din t 0 n 264 - 1
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32
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2. Biu din s nguyn c du
S b chn v S b mi (tip)
a. S b chn v S b mi
Cho mt s thp phn A c biu din

bng n ch s thp phn, ta c:
S b chn ca A = (10n-1) A
S b mi ca A = 10n A
S b mi ca A = (S b chn ca A) +1
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V d: vi n=4, cho A = 3265

S b chn ca A:
9999
(104-1)
(A)
- 3265
6734
S b mi ca A:
10000
(104)
(A)
- 3265
6735
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b. S b mt v S b hai
18 March 2007
S b mt v S b hai (tip)
V d: vi n = 8 bit, cho A = 0010 0101
S b mt ca A c tnh nh sau:
1111 1111
(28-1)
(A)
- 0010 0101
1101 1010
o cc bit ca A
S b hai ca A c tnh nh sau:
1 0000 0000
(28)
(A)
- 0010 0101
1101 1011
thc hin kh khn
nh ngha: Cho mt s nh phn A

c biu din bng n bit, ta c:
S b mt ca A = (2n-1) A
S b hai ca A = 2n A
S b hai ca A = (S b mt ca A) +1
35
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36
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Quy tc tm S b mt v S b hai
c. Biu din s nguyn c du bng m b hai
S b mt ca A = o gi tr cc bit ca A
(S b hai ca A) = (S b mt ca A) + 1
V d:
Cho
A
S b mt
=
=
S b hai
Nguyn tc tng qut: Dng n bit biu din s

nguyn c du A:
an1an2 ...a2a1a0
0010 0101
1101 1010
+
1
1101 1011
Nhn xt:
A
S b hai
0010 0101
+ 1101 1011
1 0000 0000 = 0
(b qua bit nh ra ngoi)
S b hai ca A = -A
18 March 2007
=
=
Vi A l s dng: bit an-1 = 0, cc bit cn li

biu din ln nh s khng du
Vi A l s m: c biu din bng s b hai
ca s dng tng ng, v vy bit an-1 = 1
37
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Biu din s m
Dng tng qut ca s dng A:
Dng tng qut ca s m A:
1a n 2 ... a 2 a1 a0
0 a n 2 ... a 2 a1 a0
Gi tr ca s dng A:
Gi tr ca s m A:
n2
A = ai 2
A = 2
Di biu din cho s dng: 0 n 2n-1-1
18 March 2007
n 1
n2
+ ai 2 i
i =0
i =0
38
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Biu din s dng
39
Di biu din cho s m: -1 n -2n-1
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40
10
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Biu din tng qut cho s nguyn c du
Cc v d
Dng tng qut ca s nguyn A:
a n 1 a n 2 ... a 2 a1 a 0
Gi tr ca A c xc nh nh sau:
A = a n 1 2
n 1
V d 1. Biu din cc s nguyn c du sau

y bng 8-bit:
A = +58 ; B = -80
Gii:
A
= +58
= 0011 1010
n2
+ ai 2 i
i =0
Di biu din: t -(2n-1) n +(2n-1-1)
= -80
Ta c: + 80
S b mt
S b hai
Vy: B =
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41
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18 March 2007
-80
= 0101 0000
= 1010 1111
+
1
= 1011 0000
= 1011 0000
42
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Cc v d
Vi n = 8 bit
Biu din c cc gi tr t -128 n +127
V d 2. Hy xc nh gi tr ca cc s nguyn
c du c biu din di y:
P = 0110 0010
Q = 1101 1011
0000 0000
0000 0001
0000 0010
0000 0011
...
0111 1111
1000 0000
1000 0001
...
1111 1110
1111 1111
Gii:
18 March 2007
P = 0110 0010 = 64+32+2 = +98
Q = 1101 1011 = -128+64+16+8+2+1 = -37
43
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=
=
=
=
0
+1
+2
+3
= +127
= - 128
= - 127
=
=
Ch :
+127 + 1 = -128
-128 - 1 = +127
do trn xy ra
-2
-1
44
11
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Vi n = 16 bit, 32 bit, 64 bit
Trc s hc s nguyn c du vi n = 8 bit
Trc s hc:
Vi n=16bit: biu din t -32768 n +32767

0000 0000 0000 0000
0000 0000 0000 0001
...
0111 1111 1111 1111
1000 0000 0000 0000
...
1111 1111 1111 1111
Trc s hc my tnh:
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= 0
= +1
= +32767
= -32768
= -1
Vi n=32bit: biu din t -231 n 231-1

Vi n=64bit: biu din t -263 n 263-1
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Chuyn i t byte thnh word
3. Biu din s nguyn theo m BCD
i vi s dng:
+19 =
0001 0011
+19 = 0000 0000 0001 0011
(8bit)
(16bit)
Binary Coded Decimal Code

Dng 4 bit m ha cho cc ch s
thp phn t 0 n 9:
0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
thm 8 bit 0 bn tri
i vi s m:
- 19 =
1110 1101
- 19 = 1111 1111 1110 1101
(8bit)
(16bit)
thm 8 bit 1 bn tri

18 March 2007
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
cn 6 t hp khng s dng:
1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, 1111
47
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48
12
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V d s BCD
Cc kiu lu tr s BCD
35 0011 0101BCD
61 0110 0001BCD
1087 0001 0000 1000 0111BCD
9640 1001 0110 0100 0000BCD
BCD khng gi (Unpacked BCD):Mi s BCD

4-bit c lu tr trong 4-bit thp ca mi
byte.
BCD gi (Packed BCD): Hai s BCD

c lu tr trong 1 byte.
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49
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V d: S 35 c lu tr nh sau:
18 March 2007
V d: S 35 c lu tr nh sau:
50
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Php cng s BCD
3.4. Thc hin cc php ton s hc vi s nguyn
1. Php cng s nguyn khng du

B cng n-bit
35
0011 0101BCD
+ 61
+ 0110 0001BCD
96
1001 0110BCD
kt qu ng (khng phi hiu chnh)
87
+ 96
1 83
1000 0111BCD
+ 1001 0110BCD
1 0001 1101
kt qu sai
+ 0110 0110
hiu chnh
0001 1000 0011BCD kt qu ng
1
8
3
Hiu chnh: cng thm 6 nhng v tr c nh (>9)
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51
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52
13
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Nguyn tc cng s nguyn khng du
V d cng s nguyn khng du

+
57
34
91
=
= +
209
73
282
=
1101 0001
= + 0100 1001
1 0001 1010
0001 1010 = 16+8+2=26 sai
c trn nh ra ngoi (Cout=1)
Khi cng hai s nguyn khng du n-bit,

kt qu nhn c l n-bit:
Nu Cout=0 nhn c kt qu ng.
Nu Cout=1 nhn c kt qu sai,
do trn nh ra ngoi (Carry Out).
Trn nh ra ngoi khi: tng > (2n 1)
0011 1001
0010 0010
0101 1011 = 64+16+8+2+1=91 ng
c kt qu ng ta thc hin cng theo 16-bit:

209 =
0000 0000 1101 0001
+ 73 = + 0000 0000 0100 1001
0000 0001 0001 1010 = 256+16+8+2 = 282
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2. Php o du
3. Cng s nguyn c du
Ta c:
+ 37
b mt
=
=
Khi cng hai s nguyn c du n-bit, kt qu

nhn c l n-bit v khng cn quan tm n
bit Cout.
b hai
0010 0101
1101 1010
+
1
1101 1011 =
Ly b hai ca s m:
- 37 =
1101 1011
b mt =
0010 0100
+
1
b hai
=
0010 0101 =
-37
Cng hai s khc du: kt qu lun lun ng.
Cng hai s cng du:
+37
Kt lun: Php o du trong my tnh thc cht l

ly b hai
18 March 2007
nu du kt qu cng du vi cc s hng th kt
qu l ng.
nu kt qu c du ngc li, khi c trn xy ra
(Overflow) v kt qu b sai.
Trn xy ra khi tng nm ngoi di biu din:

[ -(2n-1),+(2n-1-1)]
55
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56
14
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V d cng s nguyn c du khng trn
( + 70)
+ ( + 42)
+ 112
=
=
(+ 97)
+ (- 52)
+ 45
=
=
( - 90)
+ ( +36)
- 54
=
=
1010 0110 (+90=0101 1010)

0010 0100
1100 1010 = - 54
( - 74)
+( - 30)
-104
=
=
1011 0110 (+74=0100 1010)

1110 0010 (+30=0001 1110)
1 1001 1000 = -104
18 March 2007
V d cng s nguyn c du b trn

( + 75)
+( + 82)
+157
0100 0110
0010 1010
0111 0000 = +112
0110 0001
1100 1100 (+52=0011 0100)
1 0010 1101 = +45
= 0100 1011
= 0101 0010
1001 1101
= - 128+16+8+4+1= -99 sai
( - 104) = 1001 1000

(+104=0110 1000)
(+ 43 =0010 1011)
+ ( - 43) = 1101 0101
- 147
1 0110 1101
= 64+32+8+4+1= +109 sai
C hai v d u trn v tng nm ngoi di
biu din [-128, +127]
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4. Nguyn tc thc hin php tr
5. Nhn s nguyn khng du
Php tr hai s nguyn: X-Y = X+(-Y)

Nguyn tc: Ly b hai ca Y c Y,
ri cng vi X
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1011
x 1101
1011
0000
1011
1011
10001111
S b nhn (11)
S nhn
(13)
Cc tch ring phn
Tch
(143)
60
15
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Nhn s nguyn khng du (tip)
Cc tch ring phn c xc nh nh sau:
B nhn s nguyn khng du
Nu bit ca s nhn bng 0 tch ring phn bng 0.

Nu bit ca s nhn bng 1 tch ring phn bng s
b nhn.
Tch ring phn tip theo c dch tri mt bit so vi
tch ring phn trc .
Tch bng tng cc tch ring phn

Nhn hai s nguyn n-bit, tch c di 2n bit
(khng bao gi trn).
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Lu nhn s nguyn khng du
V d nhn s nguyn khng du
S b nhn M =
S nhn Q =
Tch
=
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C
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1011
1101
1000 1111
(11)
(13)
(143)
A
Q
0000 1101 Cc gi tr khi u
+ 1011
1011 1101 A A + M
0101 1110 Dch phi
0010
+ 1011
1101
0110
+ 1011
0001
1000
1111 Dch phi

1111 A A + M
1111 Dch phi
1111 A A + M
1111 Dch phi
64
16
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6. Nhn s nguyn c du
S dng thut gii nhn khng du
S dng thut gii nhn khng du

S dng thut gii Booth
Bc 1. Chuyn i s b nhn v s
nhn thnh s dng tng ng
Bc 2. Nhn hai s dng bng thut
gii nhn s nguyn khng du, c
tch ca hai s dng.
Bc 3. Hiu chnh du ca tch:
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Nu hai tha s ban u cng du th gi

nguyn kt qu bc 2.
Nu hai tha s ban u l khc du th o
du kt qu ca bc 2.
18 March 2007
66
NKK-HUT
Bt u
Thut gii Booth
7. Chia s nguyn khng du
A := 0, Q-1 := 0
M := S b nhn
Q := S nhn
B m := n
S b chia
=10
=01
Q0,Q-1 = ?
A := A - M
=00
=11
A := A + M
Dch phi s hc A,Q,Q-1

B m:=B m-1
10010011
1011
001110
1011
001111
1011
100
1011
00001101
S chia
Thng
Phn d
No
B m = 0 ?
Yes
Kt thc
18 March 2007
67
18 March 2007
68
17
18 March 2007
NKK-HUT
NKK-HUT
B chia s nguyn khng du
18 March 2007
Lu chia s nguyn khng du
69
NKK-HUT
70
NKK-HUT
8. Chia s nguyn c du
18 March 2007
3.5. S du phy ng
1. Nguyn tc chung
Floating Point Number biu din cho s
thc
Tng qut: mt s thc X c biu din
theo kiu s du phy ng nh sau:
X = M * RE
Bc 1. Chuyn i s b chia v s chia v thnh s

dng tng ng.
Bc 2. S dng thut gii chia s nguyn khng du
chia hai s dng, kt qu nhn c l thng Q v
phn d R u l dng
Bc 3. Hiu chnh du ca kt qu nh sau:
(Lu : php o du thc cht l thc hin php ly b hai)
18 March 2007
S b chia
S chia
Thng
S d
dng
dng
gi nguyn
gi nguyn
dng
o du
gi nguyn
dng
o du
o du
gi nguyn
o du
71
18 March 2007
M l phn nh tr (Mantissa),
R l c s (Radix),
E l phn m (Exponent).
72
18
18 March 2007
NKK-HUT
NKK-HUT
2. Chun IEEE754/85
Cc dng biu din chnh
C s R = 2
Cc dng:
Dng 32-bit
Dng 44-bit
Dng 64-bit
Dng 80-bit
18 March 2007
73
NKK-HUT
18 March 2007
74
NKK-HUT
Dng 32 bit
S = 1 s m
e = 1000 00102 = 130 E = 130-127=3
Vy
X = -1.10101100 * 23 = -1101.011 = -13.375
e = E+127 E = e 127
gi tr 127 gi l l lch (bias)
m (23 bit) l phn l ca phn nh tr M:
S = 0 s dng
S = 1 s m
e (8 bit) l m excess-127 ca phn m E:
Xc nh gi tr ca s thc c biu din bng

32-bit nh sau:
1100 0001 0101 0110 0000 0000 0000 0000
S l bit du:
V d 1
M = 1.m
Cng thc xc nh gi tr ca s thc:
0011 1111 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 = ?

= +1.0
X = (-1)S*1.m * 2e-127
18 March 2007
75
18 March 2007
76
19
18 March 2007
NKK-HUT
NKK-HUT
V d 2
V d 3
Biu din s thc X= -0,2 v dng s du phy
ng IEEE754 32-bit
Gii:
Biu din s thc X= 83.75 v dng s du phy

ng IEEE754 32-bit
Gii:
X = 83.75(10) = 1010011.11(2) = 1.01001111 x 26
Ta c:
S = 0 v y l s dng
E = e-127 = 6 e = 127 + 6 = 133(10) = 1000 0101(2)
X = -0,2(10) = - 0.00110011...0011...(2) =
= - 1.100110011..0011... x 2-3
Ta c:
S = 1 v y l s m
E = e-127 = -3 e = 127 -3 = 124(10) = 0111 1100(2)
Vy:
X = 0100 0010 1010 0111 1000 0000 0000 0000
18 March 2007
77
NKK-HUT
Vy:
X = 1011 1110 0100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1100
18 March 2007
78
NKK-HUT
Bi tp
Cc qui c c bit
Biu din cc s thc sau y v dng s

du phy ng IEEE754 32-bit:
X = - 27.0625;
Y = 1/32
18 March 2007
79
Cc bit ca e bng 0, cc bit ca m bng 0, th X = 0

x000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 X = 0
Cc bit ca e bng 1, cc bit ca m bng 0, th X =
x111 1111 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 X =
Cc bit ca e bng 1, cn m c t nht mt bit bng 1, th
n khng biu din cho s no c (NaN - not a number)
18 March 2007
80
20
18 March 2007
NKK-HUT
NKK-HUT
Di gi tr biu din
Dng 64-bit
2-127 n 2+127
10-38 n 10+38
S l bit du
e (11 bit): m excess-1023 ca phn
m E E = e 1023
m (52 bit): phn l ca phn nh tr M
Gi tr s thc:
X = (-1)S*1.m * 2e-1023
18 March 2007
81
NKK-HUT
Di gi tr biu din: 10-308 n 10+308
18 March 2007
82
NKK-HUT
Dng 80-bit
3.Thc hin php ton s du phy ng
S l bit du
e (15 bit): m excess-16383 ca phn

m E E = e 16383
X1 = M1 * RE1
X2 = M2 * RE2
Ta c
m (64 bit): phn l ca phn nh tr M

Gi tr s thc:
X = (-1)S*1.m * 2e-16383
X1 * X2 = (M1* M2) * RE1+E2

X1 / X2 = (M1 / M2) * RE1-E2
X1 X2 = (M1*RE1-E2 M2) * RE2 , vi E2 E1
Di gi tr biu din: 10-4932 n 10+4932
18 March 2007
83
18 March 2007
84
21
18 March 2007
NKK-HUT
NKK-HUT
Cc kh nng trn s
Php cng v php tr
Trn trn s m (Exponent Overflow): m

dng vt ra khi gi tr cc i ca s m
dng c th. ( )
Trn di s m (Exponent Underflow): m m
vt ra khi gi tr cc i ca s m m c th
( 0).
Trn trn phn nh tr (Mantissa Overflow):
cng hai phn nh tr c cng du, kt qu b
nh ra ngoi bit cao nht.
Trn di phn nh tr (Mantissa Underflow):
Khi hiu chnh phn nh tr, cc s b mt bn
phi phn nh tr.
18 March 2007
85
NKK-HUT
Kim tra cc s hng c bng 0 hay

khng
Hiu chnh phn nh tr
Cng hoc tr phn nh tr
Chun ho kt qu
18 March 2007
86
NKK-HUT
Thut ton cng/tr s du phy ng
18 March 2007
Thut ton nhn s du phy ng
87
18 March 2007
88
22
18 March 2007
NKK-HUT
NKK-HUT
Thut ton chia s du phy ng
3.6. Biu din k t
18 March 2007
89
NKK-HUT
B m ASCII (American Standard Code

for Information Interchange)
B m Unicode
18 March 2007
90
NKK-HUT
1. B m ASCII
Cc k t chun
Do ANSI (American National Standard

Institute) thit k
B m 8-bit c th m ha c 28
k t, c m t: 0016 FF16 , trong :
Cc k t hin th chun:
128 k t chun c m t 0016 7F16

128 k t m rng c m t 8016 FF16
Cc m iu khin
18 March 2007
91
Cc ch ci Latin
Cc ch s thp phn
cc du cu: . , : ; ...
cc du php ton: + - * / % ...
mt s k hiu thng dng: &, $,@, #
du cch
18 March 2007
Cc m iu khin nh dng vn bn
Cc m iu khin truyn s liu
Cc m iu khin phn tch thng tin
Cc m iu khin khc
92
23
18 March 2007
NKK-HUT
NKK-HUT
HEXA
<NUL>
0
<DLE>
16
<space>
32
48
64
80
96
112
<SOH>
1
<DC1>
17
33
<STX>
2
<DC2>
18
34
50
66
82
98
<ETX>
3
<DC3>
19
35
36
"
49
51
65
67
81
97
83
99
<EOT>
4
<DC4>
20
<ENQ>
5
<NAK>
21
%
37
53
69
85
101
<ACK>
6
<SYN>
22
&
54
70
<BEL>
7
<ETB>
23
39
<BS>
8
<CAN>
24
40
41
57
73
89
105
38
'
(
)
52
55
56
68
71
72
84
86
87
88
100
102
103
104
Cc k t hin th chun
113
114
115
26 ch ci hoa A n Z c m t 41(16) n 5A(16)

(65 n 90):
116
117
118
119
120
<HT>
9
<EM>
25
<LF>
10
<SUB>
26
<VT>
11
<ESC>
27
43
44
60
76
92
108
124
42
58
74
90
106
59
<
75
91
107
122
123
<FF>
12
<FS>
28
<CR>
13
<GS>
29
45
<SO>
14
<RS>
30
46
62
>
78
94
110
126
<SI>
15
<US>
31
<DEL>
127
18 March 2007
47
61
63
77
79
93
95
109
111
125
93
NKK-HUT
0100
0100
0100
0001
0010
0011
=
=
=
41(16)
42(16)
43(16)
0101
1010
5A(16)
26 ch ci thng a n z c m t 61(16) n
7A(16) (97 n 122):
121
'A'
'B'
'C'
...
'Z'
18 March 2007
'a'
'b'
'c'
...
'z'
0110
0110
0110
0001
0010
0011
=
=
=
61(16)
62(16)
63(16)
0111
1010
7A(16)
94
NKK-HUT
Cc k t hin th chun (tip)
Cc k t hin th chun (tip)
10 ch s thp phn t 0 n 9 c
m t 30(16) n 39(16) (48 n 57):
Cc k hiu khc:
'0'
0011 0000 =
30(16)
'1'
0011 0001 =
31(16)
2'
0011 0010 =
32(16)
0011 1001 =
39(16)
cc du cu: . , : ; ...
cc du php ton: + - * / % ...
mt s k hiu thng dng: &, $,@, #
du cch
...
18 March 2007
'9'
95
18 March 2007
96
24
18 March 2007
NKK-HUT
NKK-HUT
Cc m iu khin (tip)
Cc m iu khin: c m 0016 1F16 v 7F16
Cc m k t iu khin truyn tin

SOH
Start of Heading - Bt u tiu : K t nh du bt u phn thng
tin tiu .
STX
Start of Text - Bt u vn bn: K t nh du bt u khi d liu
vn bn v cng chnh l kt thc phn thng tin tiu .
Cc m k t iu khin nh dng (iu khin mn hnh, my in )

BS
Backspace Li li mt v tr: K t iu khin con tr li li

mt v tr.
HT
Horizontal Tab - Tab ngang: K t iu khin con tr dch tip

mt khong nh trc.
LF
Line Feed Xung mt dng: K t iu khin con tr chuyn

xung dng di.
VT
Vertical Tab Tab ng: K t iu khin con tr chuyn qua

mt s dng nh trc.
ACK
Acknowledge - Bo nhn: K t c pht ra t pha thu bo cho pha

pht bit rng d liu c nhn thnh cng.
FF
Form Feed - y sang u trang: K t iu khin con tr di

chuyn xung u trang tip theo.
NAK
Negative Aknowledge - Bo ph nhn: K t c pht ra t pha thu

bo cho pha pht bit rng vic nhn d liu khng thnh cng.
SYN
CR
Carriage Return V u dng: K t iu khin con tr di

chuyn v u dng hin hnh.
Synchronous / Idle - ng b ho: c s dng bi h thng truyn

ng b ng b ho qu trnh truyn d liu.
ETB
End of Transmission Block Kt thc khi truyn: Ch ra kt thc

khi d liu c truyn.
18 March 2007
ETX
EOT
ENQ
97
NKK-HUT
18 March 2007
End of Text Kt thc vn bn: K t nh du kt thc khi d liu

vn bn c bt u bng STX.
End of Transmission - Kt thc truyn: Ch ra cho bn thu bit kt
thc truyn.
Enquiry Hi: Tn hiu yu cu p ng t mt my xa.
98
NKK-HUT
Cc m iu khin (tip)
Cc m iu khin (tip)
Cc m k t iu khin khc
NUL
Null - K t rng: c s dng in khong trng khi khng c d liu.
Cc m k t iu khin phn cch thng tin

FS
File Separator - K hiu phn cch tp tin: nh du
ranh gii gia cc tp tin.
GS
Group Separator - K hiu phn cch nhm: nh
du ranh gii gia cc nhm tin (tp hp cc bn
ghi).
RS
Record Separator - K hiu phn cch bn ghi: nh
du ranh gii gia cc bn ghi.
US
Unit Separator - K hiu phn cch n v: nh du
ranh gii gia cc phn ca bn ghi.
BEL
Bell - Chung: c s dng pht ra ting bp khi cn gi s ch ca con ngi.
SO
Shift Out Dch ra: Ch ra rng cc m tip theo s nm ngoi tp k t chun cho
n khi gp k t SI.
Shift In Dch vo: Ch ra rng cc m tip theo s nm trong tp k t chun.
SI
DLE
Data Link Escape - Thot lin kt d liu: K t s thay i ngha ca mt hoc

nhiu k t lin tip sau .
DC1DC
4
Device Control - iu khin thit b : Cc k t dng iu khin cc thit b ph

tr.
CAN
EM
End of Medium Kt thc phng tin: Ch ra k t ngay trc n l k t cui

cng c tc dng vi phng tin vt l.
SUB
Substitute Thay th: c thay th cho k t no c xc nh l b li.
ESC
Escape Thot: K t c dng cung cp cc m m rng bng cch kt hp

vi k t sau .
Delete Xo: Dng xo cc k t khng mong mun.
DEL
18 March 2007
99
Cancel Hu b: Ch ra rng mt s k t nm trc n cn phi b qua.
18 March 2007
100
25
18 March 2007
NKK-HUT
NKK-HUT
Cc k t m rng
Cc k t m rng c nh ngha
bi:
2. B m hp nht: Unicode
nh ch to my tnh
ngi pht trin phn mm.
V d:
18 March 2007
B m k t m rng ca IBM IBM-PC.

B m k t m rng ca Apple
Macintosh.
B m ting Vit TCVN3.
101
Do cc hng my tnh hng u thit k

B m 16-bit
B m a ngn ng
C h tr cc k t ting Vit
18 March 2007
102
NKK-HUT
Ht chng 3
18 March 2007
103
26

Bai+giang+ktmt-Ch 3

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Bi ging Kin trc my tnh

Kin trc my tnh

Ni dung gio trnh

Chng 1. Gii thiu chung

Nguyn Kim Khnh

Bi ging Kin trc My tnh

Bi ging Kin trc My tnh

Bi ging Kin trc My tnh

Nguyn Kim Khnh - HBKHN

H thp phn (Decimal System)

Bi ging Kin trc My tnh

Bi ging Kin trc my tnh

Dng tng qut ca s thp phn

Dng n ch s thp phn c th biu din

A = a n 10 n + a n 110 n 1 + ... + a1101 + a 0 10 0 + a 110 1 + ... + a m 10 m

Bi ging Kin trc My tnh

472.38 = 4x102 + 7x101 + 2x100 + 3x10-1 + 8x10-2

Bi ging Kin trc My tnh

0.38 x 10 = 3.8 phn nguyn =

0.8 x 10 = 8.0 phn nguyn =

Bi ging Kin trc My tnh

Nguyn Kim Khnh - HBKHN

Bi ging Kin trc My tnh

Bi ging Kin trc my tnh

Dng tng qut ca s nh phn

= 64 + 32 + 8 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.125 + 0.0625

Bi ging Kin trc My tnh

Bi ging Kin trc My tnh

Chuyn i s nguyn thp phn sang nh phn

Phng php chia dn cho 2

Phng php 1: chia dn cho 2 ri ly

Bi ging Kin trc My tnh

Nguyn Kim Khnh - HBKHN

Kt qu: 105(10) = 1101001(2)

Bi ging Kin trc My tnh

Bi ging Kin trc my tnh

Phng php phn tch thnh tng ca cc

Chuyn i s l thp phn sang nh phn

105(10) = 0110 1001(2)

V d 2: 17000(10) = 16384 + 512 + 64 + 32 + 8

17000(10) = 0100 0010 0110 1000(2)

Bi ging Kin trc My tnh

Bi ging Kin trc My tnh

Chuyn i s l thp phn sang nh phn (tip)

Chuyn i s l thp phn sang nh phn (tip)

Bi ging Kin trc My tnh

Nguyn Kim Khnh - HBKHN

0.2(10) 0.00110011 (2)

Bi ging Kin trc my tnh

Quan h gia s nh phn v s Hexa

Dng vit gn cho s nh phn: c mt

Bi ging Kin trc My tnh

V d chuyn i s nh phn s Hexa:

1011 00112 = B316

0000 00002 = 0016

0010 1101 1001 10102 = 2D9A16

1111 1111 1111 11112 = FFFF16

3.2. M ha v lu tr d liu trong my tnh

1. Nguyn tc chung v m ha d liu

Mi d liu a vo my tnh u phi

D liu nhn to: do con ngi qui c

Bi ging Kin trc My tnh

Nguyn Kim Khnh - HBKHN