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    Concept explication

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    McLeodPan (1)

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    Concept explication

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    269 views33 pages

    MC Leod Pan

    Uploaded by

    reza rahman
    Concept explication

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 33
    1 Apa 2000, tno 10 years afte shed my Pr aad, ack {hal were atnding a canrence a Hong Kong Where presented 9 pope fn changing meanings of mesa consumption t Chia esr of more ‘han bo decade of economies Is arguing 9 ctu sues the: 55 wih survey dtm Two dscusonts were rerpectlyciea, Bu | Was Unparuaed un fc ned the dicoion ans a his character, softspoten vole, “The paper needs svonger conception.” As he ‘ered ns hough sore deta fe the season feng aay lsh theme eng that! had expences many tes tide. Yes, na ‘quate coneptsizason wes the presen my bape, a ck plned out Say for met sahage “hat ws pial ck: He aaa demand concept ct in hing ing. Ileaed a not on tom etre uaa fom our moe daly Crvesatens, which ranged fom sorts (on which Thad pctaly resting to contate to polis, nem nd feu, esearch, The eo ting 2 piece on concept expleation tard to baging esach dens femargedin tesa covets, Forme, working tk on thee was ‘nau opsortunyt arn theleglc of concept explton and toc ow ack opus texted en He ited en having rel examples (Gey rom rel dt) hep ana pa He ewan ae le Sout concep expcaton he wanted to show how the loge Would be ope in the eae apd Irpretaton of ta, When brug in ‘75S pnts, Neola se ie hs ye. ‘moe 4 ents er, am Back Vise Hal evsing tat pice for the incon th volume. The proces has bean ain toring thas expe cs Years ag, Stood ives Byron Reve, te aright wes ‘woking wih Jako paper, tld me “Yall ar by wnt paps Tifa es xp agree with Ben on th, eared alt when tng Uh lee wth cana agin ering ey 14 yas How many prop aa snd panty fon oe ms a | Smvtruy uy on tone. ongdong Pon lack M. McLeod MaieeBocom Profesor Fei atthe Univers of WisconsineMatian. (BS, Univeriey of Woconsiny MS, Universi of ‘Wisconsin MA Unvrsy of sige, PHD, Unversty of Min) _Zhonsdag Pon ira plein the Deparment of Coemunicaon Aa the UnivesiyofWisceni-Macion. BA, Being Broadening state, Cin ‘MA Snord Unie nd PAD, Univesity of Wacom Madison) chapter 2 CONCEPT EXPLICATION AND THEORY CONSTRUCTION Jack M. McLeod Zhongdang Pan Wah other forme teaching and projet asstants ofthe senor author A good part ofthe work ced “tbeoriog” i aken up with The daicaton of oncepeand righty, Refers Merton (198, p14) lee thinking egies clea language Tatar, 2 de a pmge ues tha terme be expt died Giovanni Sari (1984.22) Making concep expt in a broad sense,» purpose ofa ‘ashe on cotmuncadon concep Steven H, Chater 19,» 1 hope? Research concepts te sh tems that we to detour observations sd tale in earch They ae the baling eek fous kaowedg, end "ey "const, in some meng sme, ws of thinking” Seren 1984, p17) Withoue am, we could not bald seni owe at is peal rom oberations in pect svatins. ‘Concepts ply role in ou everyday es. They ae the term ot lntulewe ae o nganze our everday expec ad to communicate Such experiences to ores Clasifeation and compusson trough the se ‘of conceys are neal dealing wich the word around ws. Fortearl, te lve ma wodd of concep, we Face thousands of concep trough ‘cilantion and eduction daring our iletne. This ae toate, ate tives, vets ad adverbs contained in our vorbulces. Fr example the seotene “A content ural we ces” ha our concept: “ar tals" eompernen," “wang,” and “lai.” Ia person reading the ‘eatecemisundersands ay of thee concept the mating of the sence ‘may be lost ordre hough coeeps canbe clasied ar noun adjectives and so 0m We should not equate «sce ond ling term. A hing en he Salle unin composton oe te Tee baiting ack for lage ‘ute uns such aa phrase,» sentence, of «paragaph nthe previous ‘ramps, "A competent journalist writes ea” theve ae fie le terms br only foue concept The ign terms that ae ot alo com pt sch at sis abd prepontions ar portant pas of «tx ad ontbue wo the expression of concept apd the connectons "Rconcpt ea base ant of meaning it our conception or thot I can bea ange word ora pare Avan examples conie the ear Eclsttement “Telerion woence ona posvely rated t er sive beharoe™ “Th stent a in linguist tras bu only hee concep “ee vision violence viewing," "postive tlaonshi,” and "aggresive beh foe" Such a inion if recogni’ by salyng the restionsipe ‘besweer concep ad thee referent, Exe concept hares Wold re. rent hich cpa bea sbjec or abjey sch “journal oF ape of Tennis ab “aggresive behavon” o television ven wing 4 gua wach 3 eompeence” ya ye of sdationship wach as “Pose Ip relted o anyother reword ecurtences 0 eons: Tale 21 shows te als of oncepts dane so fag the ado gs Ba are ented a th referents, and thle dentaie bound. ‘Concept iin how lal they a kel el wr ferent wala in how broadly thse referent Sead nthe wal word Some com ‘pts, baste thle ikages to enpsea referents ares abscate,60nok ‘en themselves to easy ubage in esch, One remedy sw st eile linguistic unio deene x once, boing tat such a phrase would mark Consp Exption a Theory Camo as “TABLE 2.1, Examples of Concept and Thee Referens ‘concer TYPE OF REFERENT ASITINCT FROM Jews Syeecobet Nat Depron ernie pro! ehavee Nanay bv, Sao eect valence vowing Typed! betavr Namie TV venir. TV eure grea cunetcce Pee uy Incetnce Prevent Aapecetena gt et, clear ous of the concept that we wish to expres For example by wig television violence viewing," we are saying th conceal wat ‘of concer viewing of «portly conten 0f TV programming, 2 sSioplyunditerenned viewing of television. "Commnirtion ix ade easier bythe knowledge that other in ot ‘altace sare lege portion of ox vocabulary ad hat they at ikl © Have sme ide fat We mean when we ae 2 pacar concen enyay fe thefcr that» concept is eed ina vntece ore of entences maker it omible fr us fanson fy wel withow pening ‘itch tne ad efor in eying r define the particular conep. ROWE nudetstanng god enough an oe soil suaton, and he parti ‘Sonex ofthe lneracion ends to clarify the Meaning of 3 cone "There ae ine, however, when we ned more secuae commute son Forexample re eed pee dictions ind a eet in an ana {ary on so take» prided medicine, We may also fel the ned or tote cscfal defn when we cnsete wth ober abot an abt ‘cpt at we cae abouts gest ded, Mundestdig aul cotesion| Se fare nepave experienc of if. They ocur in pat breast we {owt spend sufcun ne detning thing ther fr ourselves oe fr oth- When lf without expt dtnson, a gitenconept may flea in Out Smmuncain with widely varie and pat mening fo diferent peo ‘le Ths poms aero obsace eteate. Aaa aul we hae devel ped ways of making concepts moe pei nd acute commutation soe Tey, ‘Seon and Sait (199), inthe Wey ane ee on sco esearch mete defied conspe a “abouaccous communes by trode ce the gett zee fo commen properis among phen” [p-S84), Ths dition sheds some iit on our understanding of cones (Ecause ie snget that concep ae abst hat hy each ey some 16 (hapee2 seal propery or dimeosion ht commonto the phenome o obec bring examed tht ty are epee or expressed by mond or hee Sins ad he they ave Commensatd It rons a stag pot fo to undestand how a concept created, defined and used in see resach, » proces called cone explo leanng hoo conde ‘ese, we need to wan ures ang omer in ash il lips achieve lacy in thinking, precision a xing word, acu in bsecvcions and consistency in king the he, Concept expation 2 proces that involves bo oil and expires procedures, wich we all ‘meaning anys and epi! anabus, sepecnly (age, 1972, Feel 1952) In his capt, we dine the two procedarsi ieodc! tory tims, fccting expleity on the nit and Bolt of esearch ‘Throughout our dicuson, we ws fnuarconeps sad ides fn dia flees research oilustatons, MEANING ANALYSIS. “Types of Concepts Ics ofl os by coping tet pe of ones and kaawing the varig etter in esearch ad Smeaton, thre ae singlr concep, whch denote parularobjets— pevons legs Stage Oe, George W Bol, pcr (egy Fan, Peoria) hag 6 ay town op our ding tbe, Socal exes (ets UW-Madion, Disney Taste earch, singe concep rep ‘ete objets ne tad or oer, ner ce} Tas be ae ‘Seed cole are porn our tof nao sera ‘Nseond sp, dls cancepts denotes colecsons of ih cbt based on some omtnan sete (eg poliicins, ien, sniversies ae 1 telvison newors and 0 on Clas concep ar used to etegae {he us of naa of or earch and lee poplin fom ch ‘ou sale is deen. Thy say be gute broad (ers nia, nora form pi egg es De any. ami ly ewipaper elt! cna mae cna bre conc ul, greater than, socted with cased ypc a). They are lng {aor in fesarch bse they at how our rare coeeps ae led {et Freaueney of rewipaper reading led to knowlege aot eat ‘en economie condsons,nevapepr have more ews onal even ‘ent than oa levis ews how) Relaonalconzp ths ene the ‘Sree of terete propo o pial pees Coney pation and Try Coco ” out there ae arable once cll her singly variables For short=hat dsingaish among ejects within «as byealating tem os ‘othe posenon of some undering ati: or example, comperace {ot joualiss), carty (of wating samples, se (o universes vel of pola knowledge (of czas, amount or Heguency of wlesion vox Ience viewing of cen), and 0 on. Varbls are euclf0aeniic seach a tha they describe importa ways a wich our ay lie Wed ema morc Fifth, we engi process concep tat dpi pec ways ia which things change or ary. or example, rowing is concep describing how a ‘eueralsimelas may have an empact on sre eonerpual nods in one memory Jo Berkowitz, 1984) tation ane such concep in hat it chracterines how individual learn to pesfonmn certain ehavots (Bsndra, 1977). Simla nttutionalaatons a poses concept dep Ing how cain ways of doing things gt stabilised, owtinie, ad formal ined (Giddens 1984), And commmoncation, the vocep that we oe dene our fel of esearch, i soc a concep ins ow eight because i ‘epics mulled proces (Lael, 1948). Thee concept sre crite ip importane in esearch, Alongh the proce hey dept may aot be ie teste, hyprbeses abou the unigu and specie outa dered from theoied proces maybe texted. Fo exape,ahouph we cannot tetthe actual proces of priming pechoopits have saeeded in shoving fester sesction esi sponding fo str tht are semantically related tothe ida that has js bon seated (Wye & Sel, 1983) Fully, tee are megi-oncepts. These are copepual conglomerates ‘ach ofvthih renal witha numberof often usps once fe trample, mice peron (regarding a parle person), development (of @ ation), democracy (athe Uaied Stats snd other tains Beas of thee compounded nature, mguconcps pose «potential commuication problem i the eeever(latener or render) are about or meander Sands the set of concepts intended by the sender fe, "sce pesca” may ‘epesent a summary oer many vale, the composition of which may ‘ty for diferent people, Process concepts are sili having a om Pounded ators mak them = special subcategory of mage concept In dion, nay ofthe megsconcepe are mona eld aed valuetaden, 1 the concept of “nice person” and “democracy” sige, addng to de iticales in making the amenable to calm, ational comideratin. Complex concep ich a mea-coneps and proces concepts ree special challenges to researchers They must be unpacked if they aro be ‘lc for mach Tis the cat for ell comple compe; bt eae Gly 20 for megaconcpts and proces concepts How ca» reetcher leak an ambigaou andlor complex concept dows to ls alread ctnpcally meurable variables or dimensions tat ean be invested " hep? sd communiatl? The answers through the proces of mang nay ‘which examined int chapter, Scent Concepts and Everday Concepts Scientific concepts die from our even concep large interme of how we develop and use them. They dfer moc in deen thee ways than ining, Therefore, we oul ot easly pik ot Ii of oncepe abel fu sort tim neni ito boxes marke "scientisc™ and “eer” especie. Daly by tenting the dfion belied label and ts com teton to absense or meaeurable refereats inthe “eal world” cua we ‘ake jadgmen st set goal eshaps the bs yt judge how wells concep mec sine an dacs iso think of eter, each varying in dees (om 110 10) fom nonsense to scifi: The is such citeion i abstracness. To have aay explanacory valu, concept in cet esearch muse be sore than ar desigton of tn atte of saga oe 2 88 Pt nme. ahould be sbtact inthe ese that nny objects would iter an hence cou be compared on his vaable concept. In anther ese, conrp shold be slficely abt cold He Obed ‘any laces and ine ing varying methods of obecrton However, we te sian to advocte tse abstraction Bence sbuactness ope sts in wension with ether eteria for concept. Clarity of meaning i «second eterion of sient cones. The echnical” language ofthe esereer regarding what he ose ans convey in sagt concept mnt be sltienty clear, Beets of the i its of verbal language, perfect cai is never posible The teiques of ‘concep expt that we dc later ae nfl to improve lacey of (Operationally i lng word deci the degree to which the vectl or concepus defi of s concept can be asated eto ways of ‘bsersng he cong rong the nits of anaes involves tiling en how rales (eg, mamber) are to be asigned to the unis of analysis ‘on the bas of some ely specie observational process This et proces tha we all measurtmons, Observation wed se abroad ese fo ince such procedures as prtpant observation, seseports coding loft or other cone ont content anaes experimental manpul tion and soon. Unfors het is some tain between operational tnt a asec, The nore sbaner te conesp the more dial itis to operationalize, Eatly opeceticaized concepts are apt fo lack stracon. Aran, the tshniguer of extn are sed, The apparent ‘emma canbe orrcome If gu we, explication allows st be bene ‘lly absent ad yt tthe sme time have wel-mestred coer. Cone Expetion ad Toy Canin » A inl saad a ei os preci me depts tht ng ssa eel emp sEicakete atm comm canbe cnmanc wer ate sed ‘Doone sepa geal ae. Tar coe {obec oi cu buddy hr Pen one Sane er ante mls pele SE Sistah an lla pertain, camo been ‘Smonzaonat bret at ans na eng a8 ‘Stell tow sl ww wel opener eo ‘Sl digi, Recon srs ol he ‘ttn of ste Cowie gus a ener he cy. Fei ca aoe sk ws ies mea eee “hac hgh andr toe Mow rach cone elo satya eats May impo ont Ceo a Sora dnc bert cous em mae cc ts ete wha we lave said abour concepts up to now, consider the oer on ht pesca pr a Os snndwrana n eveyaysraiog a2 coc i stem ids ees bok od seen eta pal mera ng te med Toe ihn egy eco li angus ZEPaE en tm owe eet somos apie bang SRA td in en we doesnot wet Sine decree oe ‘fate cp fund in enone? “elon” stv beara snc sigh nave tee eich Sr these leno ce ety, bbw a congo ple yey een Sie lc paca ee ae tins ae ot owe eProp pe hy Siem Fi sing r ccnp a ied? Ta wa wir anise tng “hmel? Whee doe ok she Set aT ata athe tn evant ltcnp te ney, oral pets a of or eel enon Sx Secon oct Euhme,wht flcal yet) teed ence i ey pole pocorn he GETS dtmrrany at ome to pale en Seton al piel atone sen sa SE apoece gela We caer 6 ber gg ‘cate deans a ae pened eg na US, ‘en eden cada) Onepr2 Second, wha elton! concept ar involved? The phate “is ar (ut inthe satement apes to setup 3 sal eltiotip oa ee + regio esata beer lesion andthe oli posts, Of oun, ‘reseed more deal sbow the condom unde which ed wasn which ‘ck unces of edevison ae manned. ts retro the arable concept “Teron” the source of he alleged ncpatve ee, realy an expe oft megaconcp tl iis ‘xpbested fly The reason shar the nate of te comparison i unclent {ebeis it tclevson mothe medi, television content nthe format of {hi mediunt, and we do aot Eno how ates wheter single va She os complex of variables undeces “The corp “tevison certain mece our fit sundard of sete conezpn abstracts Ufonatay ioe ast, dtc charac: tern of megeconeps fe nly om out eon andar cry of ‘coin i ting a sea he er, Fr example that then people pend watching terion dvr tem om prtipting in the sytem fs, thn "eevison” woul be dfed nts of ine bude ting of dplaccoent of eer acti, Or is hat wing eran fntersinment content it poray politicians 2 meaive ght lens polial apathy among izes? Or that wating edison ses content Seon fal pb? Ose cet echo he Sion viewer, but acral enced through plan focwing on (Soper ce cme he geal anes og Prior George W, Bs ang her ton asa caer belo evering tis pec to dele that major basa wee ovo hough le vison reporter aking “boreracng™ rate than suntv ghestons UPaeron, 19999 Allo these Bie akeratire interpretations of “ee Sion” appa o be optional we ca inane reasonable Ways of echo eB ee ee oc eon rion sou thay” befor going ont vate the guy of me ‘eran (fe eu ois pt ieee Here, we wan impos your ‘ind the pein that one met be expt fo they eto ave 2 purpose} Obviualy, many defnton poems mat be soved lore we {a comer the preston of he once “fev ofthe oli proce” the second aisle, abo fers fom ako clit of meaning, What cite ines 0 estos) pil poses elaivenen sould we we! Noe tout, cnpiging frp, polal Inowede, and equ of poival ducaon art ome a sein opeationaiable ca for eet ut belt ‘ovngo messes, we eda teyof poll proces to ge we "WE should ardour example, “clersion” and “electvens ofthe poll proces" being prevetifis eore they canbe consieed as ecole ceri arable concep they mut be mot fl expeatd Contain and Theory Cannio a Practice of Defining Concepts Sharing of weaning berween ender eg wit speaker and ever fede ene) te tas ofall comaneation. Te sol parrot of “Gist comprise cee the amon of bared meaning baw he sen Scaing the defition and the oes, Concepts are the vhs for ‘emeng complex ear and for making eve Researchers alo have #8 SSlttoalponabii so defn onepr se ota rer reaches plate tad een the resus ding inked to hoe cone. To Beet carer example ake rrc vestigate mut be le 2 tan pcsly who sein” and ecvenes fhe pol ‘Sic mean rr to anes whatever findings served a erence forthe amen of teams. Defsng stems que excsng communica activity inoue vey happen woes ey ae “what do yu mes” Falbel gucton, mow veyny pas cei re hee Beau tane of ehguc tht people ust defines cont, We bare ‘marae even such techies and thee values and aon in Sinmhin Ted. De peng though the seven enigurs, we can stop and think stout te wes feck nour eveyay le By ing, we en ee thy conmon ps ahh enki ea We he uticeompeenpaton ses upon. Bat each sade 9 ‘itseapponcl e cone when we ses ech concen ferme of franca af Seve concep sted ithe previous section, Wecan die ut he sven ecg rly By grouping theft hes Broad at fpr based om ee oes in open “fe x cagry cons th it fot approuct in Tole 22 example excafon, comparing and contrasting subse of unity td Seay hee common the far on ome empl mandettios ‘SEncasepe Aconceptso dled bears prima othe mil word hd therfore operstonalabl, at ast poeta. Wat the definition i pecedr seen pme co ache» ig degre of empiticlpe Cinta meiring vem: However tae aproches doo prvi ‘Siew ssencneastos concept for searches follow when wing the ee hcept under df: codo. The fleet codons cold SEL Gitte revcrch eg ferent sad populations, ieree earacement procedures, or ay combiation of the the. In brie he eas blen tha noe ota aprons ays down the bss fo ering dulce, no seen, momentary on eingspesie and ‘Sisco eoweenaconcpe and its empire AS Seoch clay rmecng of concep nay al be os crtanly Ope seGocions when's conti aopoted from one tsar eting 0 wonsrynnes “pgmumansy soi s0'¢ azconien sopra Aaa 9 oom anoles eos stunmcous saiwoueny doo Bn on aypeoHty BOUND 805° TEV 2 hpi? some: ne hou ess of the concept thar the label is designed to represent, ee CRETE patie ha ron "sen" ha ico ane ee sole ncoleion fc mgr cee ol ore Eaton cannons rasan eee ‘it nog as The seen ‘sep on ki nce eee is Chaffee & Schicuder, 1986; Lang, 1990; Reeves et al, 1988) unless they ‘ln wai gerd yea aoe a Poneed wo mnlera e ou at Te sce py et ph en he tu te ern ee ae ‘tevin rch inkge dss ep naa see nh tnd coh att ay hey ae Son lt cal quay eae wo a See Eon mova ie er ‘Seo lage he ee a te lghing simlacies whe sepesing fens Clee ree reel coer nis det are a Serna vey ores ene ee eons ago no eon cepted ThE ig fs enn we cp ein ol “eg oc ane sae er Sid pnd Home at conssiniacetst go Wat Fax dens nr ry cee as een Kons Tp, tot, See 1998 Sn goa Bae Benford, 1986). Analogous thinking ie observable in all thee concep. Soames a See cre wo ss hepa ae a SSH nein ae cies ane? Sa sv aie ry arn ee es iki Seley ne outs eae oe iether es een Peng peste of neces sae cen ‘nog toads mi tc ee Ttardeasoy cana otc nee te 2 ima tig ans oe ene to patch on copay Hea oe Sino cry tea Sl th Ft Comp Rahim an Tory Cami as ehig,”tased nat so mch on the an ofthe key elements of rep ‘aenaton and heir configuaton nhs acne bt on 0 eoconal ee Sst he eae. Te sme lg ten played in deine he ese {pes ofa perasve mexage in ea of tesge rpc escort {aes tha oe nisi proper ofthe sage ee Pty 8 Cason, 1961), Soh approaches ene preity wel when the iodocion of conn os eae we bal coherent yt of expaation Galeton sucha cabs, a concep is asad oe latent, oe 00 Girecly obiaeable We ser sucha price at work when rene abot ow tac Nevo formulated hs es ofthe nena ait (Mato, 1962) Tecan se the ame pice at work wen the concept of “aude” az ivoked yo undead the ronal ad anton of vil bear lor Pratkants, Bek Greens 1989 A pote danger wih hse Approaches ox paying eng ancaion open te roeri of ‘Ee phenomena be cone deriged to fps, When fe hp pe, we may comm the fly of retin or the lop ror of $bcng once observations emp cosepsl ety eating ‘Thana laonship some specie sstoos uh pnts cov “ental ascon In ether cage the eat weaning, pei, and ‘Src of» concert woul below Soc Ene can be avoid oly Ione deeded fonction eaten of cnet coal In eer savas based on the ested meats of the cnc From thi bie dcason of acous approcies to demngs concept awe can shat an ada handng of coeept me sie ely ing eset meanings nd ppl forealiing ble kage fo icmp refren Pampa, 152} Ths woul be the cgth approach 1 delning comep, wich we ell concept explication: rege 4 ‘cones toa ante the tango conceal ees o par {5 dere the eur gale fhe oop) when ct es SShons some ively complex sabre) nly hey den lon snd (3) prescribe way nbc theconrp ods mesos ay beconneted 0th eal worl I eds othe formation of bo concep stand operation! defo the core Both Seduce nd indie ‘essing ate eee flows dda coring ach» de ‘on tet eye conta lesb empl ten theca ir nvolve inuve rowoing Nene ees» revere fo ‘xteact commonalities rom a wide tage of obec oc phenomena that he once deed to epee "sence oncp colton veto bi “dual” ot nie say rcpt elantip Hewes ntl mag os a ra word reerens. With thay teaches operating in eed earch eS tna ivy dilree messocmenetmagucs of acon bare 00 2 % chopra shared undersandingof what se conse means aod how its mailed Inthe enpieal work “This approach t cones incorporates lagi strengths the ber sppreacher. ese the techniques from the ote seen aprons teh infable2 2, Alot then dese the defences, hve lef play ‘our etiore toward expen a concept They col blp ut ar Out longjourny of sonsep explication lara the properties of acoeept snd boundaen to ake sche wrtings more ssesible, at € fable uo cle new ees domains a esearch. Concept xpi tio insite earch bk on these logical engi and dbentes feverl pinspes for Weatlping the dimensone and indore Of a) [ten concept under saying tions I detelops a common coxa fais and voctbulary t0 develop generalizable sie kaowiedg- We ‘wernt how ro. sucha expicason ‘The Logic of concept Explaion ‘Concept explication ithe proces by which an abst const i inked systemically 0 Observed vriaton nthe “rel work repeseted by ee once This secompishe by eatfally developing reo eyes of defi ‘ons concn! dfintons, verbal desion theese properties thatthe reeucer intend oe ncladed within te concepts ening, nd operon dfnions, peocedres By ‘which the concep sto be tbsrted (ora prtcipant observation), measured asin sample SUES, femaniplsted arm experinent) Fo example, consider te concept "te ‘vision enc owing” conta deft igi besometing ke Ste amount of exposure fo depions of TV characters wing psi! fore vert ists agaist other characte” opeationldfntion tg be the som ofa person's seeped resoeny erry week most weeks, ono wie month neve) of watching he carmen tev ‘on shows found to oun high eel fle steal comet Lat, ‘edn problems with hi epertacal denon Fora, we focus on the difereace bcween the r40 pes of eins “wo sts of procedures ae fvoved in concept exlstion: mening ana in which we employ lop proces to abaue 2 concept ‘har we cam cleat Kink is concepsal and operaonal definisons nd ‘nina ach In which we evaluate the expestion af he concep on theta of empirical evidence. For now, we concert on meaning ata fie Inthe sxond pat of hs chapes we case copra atl ‘Working out the conceptual and operational finons ofa concepts the gol of meaning stay. Fot thay ae Chale (191) adie, we nod tee he flowng ep ogh heya camyako he onder te Comp aps a Theory Canamion 1 Hey te cna hen depo comes (Set ary the i ue ened wh mea rable it doy aes he ma a tits rl bw che mde ioe Ue cehdbeln tmp ie eon ie ere taro an kee Oe ety a Senate teu np oid 5 goup # ‘Str Sau Fa Swept rie Sura paper ge ne es oe Sprawl merch pond hem imate ead rs pon, whch decoy SE Tier spol eg» fe eo Fiona epg ero net hr ak epee mee nko seal sage ou eae ‘BESTEL Tips an of war we end vo ete detec 2 SSH hres Ue aso Wey matt at 1or pen athe fe ocala fo sed ted cc yon non m0 aston snd ee tee ea Mili te Wit sw te ile cme ‘erate ce aed con he ae et nach pre feet ne open ee 255 Be be al Witter der ch retest ln te pp a wc fe aur ep of cm Seton 3, Eine pl propre Beanie pc of oe illo fe else oc ing at ade iso stan ap fh debt, oboe eters mooi oe panics noo ins por infest of con, os hour pt Sy cg Titer iw te te cra pet epee pov tnt ne ec dy op al ema of a op iets of ei hangs oe pes Ava tnt Jou et SREUE tine spt ing te eed STaron wires yu we ene ‘Scat Sie aie ge et wee on Spanair cw pe ee Ts ‘Samo shad pros nee be ers io roped td bow felch operon et Py chaper2 inion (eg, where and ow syemac vation eke place) vol be fn your invended rec, 4. Devel tative conceptual defaion Based onthe iw and az preseted bere, yt develop a concept dfs tion ofthe concep—one that ould fe your heal ae York In dong 0, you edo ses eri of gusts, For Your esench purpose, what dos the concep abel mean cbr {cpmaly? What ate eset element? What lower oder Us burt) dimensions doe is geal cone subvae? ‘What are insancs or example tha could be devloped ate indcaors a th concep? Would hese indiestore Beesped 9 ore ighly or moderste? 1 mot, mould onset thet tomplessrof the concepe aed the occa of xe ire ‘able dimeasions? (For more dicssion of dimensions sce later) Mach etal and enor aod reviton of your cefnon sre invole here. From the conceptual efnon, we should be thie to undentand the boundaren of the conc [wht "cluded rom i) andthe condom fo observation. Concepis te define by lee shat 30d more far tr a ‘mately by prniive terms, words wove easigs sce widely hare scape of fscher fiom (egy sci ‘ery exposure excepe By sing sys leg EO, hom ‘ten nem 5. Define the concept operationally Each desi ofthe con ‘opt shoal be apie af det observation ov cretion i the “real world” of experence posible ach dimension wold hve more than one empl idcsor (rene or inmtaer) ‘Weal each Would be capable of observation with move tan fone method (eg oberer eating, alfrepoct meus, rpesimenal maaiplaon). The operational dfn should includ: the condos of observation, dee of inert onsrcion (eg, quesion wording, fing wl, equipment Setup) nd anpulation procedures well analy fee iver and stains! operons nied 6 Data gute, The concept and I optional defnon should hen be cade in sal data collection The dat will be ued in the second phate ofthe expaon rats mp cal aly Te shoud te cleat by now hut metnng analysis runs throagh the shoe proces om ientiffing a reseatch topic othe net ofthe sual aca gathering. AF the fic of she reper process of exlcason, i ‘nvoles prima bor nt exlively) moving dowd in abetted » haper2 from conceptual dfniions 10 operon dfitions from an abstract, coors evel 4 more come enpcal eve. I esencey meng Stale pat ofthe ros of bldg sound kgs Betcen concep teal and empl words. Boling aad vecying such Uke a he ‘ore ee reser. ‘Gen, 2 complex anor absent concepe poss ict i inking. i win pc denen ea ek, wel pea sca contin prt, wich we cll iene. These ae sco ‘op tat capture some partilar agp ofthe SOMBIE cone, 3 fetal yeas far of wh he oar pa Fore for many teverch prpor the concep of television viewing 00 camglex to be mesnngal relted to mat efit vacabler. Therefor, may wish oben down to two of moe dimensions (es, export “TV sews” "eponure © TV enetaiment shows"). Dilleent Models of inensionaiation of TV viewing may be appropiate fr dle’ veo ‘al purpous, By specifying sch dimen which mut be dome soe ‘perc theoretical framework, we ao nich out verano TV "ewing by ring tr aul aspects and potently dvre elects st ‘Bey ace peed nfl thea “The buling of complex reek concep cough seciing thie Simensions soe reson that scene coneepe ate im cledconacts “The other reson is thatthe researcher itensonly bus concep ih spony deed esnigs rather than depending on every concep, Developing such speciale lngings or ting ale to expres exacly what scenttctheory is degoed to Sys necesary contin o ce (Sartor 1984) Fr our purposes, etch comets ad ess Seconded equlalen ec ‘Dimension ne es abract than the concept to which they eon aribte, Bar they are more abst than the Concrete ator that as {lethem Fc examples the dato for“exprgue tT ae ight bo five pe week weg the ery evening anal ne, day pe es ‘etc he ate evening local news ay er work cing te morn ‘evs at so on Sinan “exporaret0 TV eeainment™ ay be eae td by frequency of watching soap operas crime and detective shows, 408 ‘ter emersinmet shows on TV gure 1 ilsre the the eels concep, dimensions, ed inc toc ofthe constr television viewing” By dividing levson wing nt 0 densions news and ene: ‘aime, tbe esearch neti several hinge. The it tthe se faction of conten yes mater in esing Ou fecarchRypoce (Not that diferer aston and thas conceptual and pperstnaldefiitions of TV viewing=che amount of TV viewing eegardless of comet ‘raced isthe key in elton esearch) The send asin is that ‘enas ABSTRACTION LEVEL High Televion viewing (construct) Concept Dimersions News Enertainment Intermediate 20 Grime 8 detective, Lol AM... Soap operas Nati 2 erork morning news sow evening sews, Local «tcl cvs AD station of he dimensions an indir of TV view Cop pation ond They Contaton a” the indistor of news viewing end to apres Ue, those waecingnionat rw frequen wil ao tend ta wate eal eg) the nate fete ‘inner ewig tend oe oes tone watching soap oper equ Ipalo tendo watch more crime ad drei shows, od hate il Teter agreement actos the dimension han wishin ea dzenston ‘hore wh wath new reget ae les ely pwc sop opera tk 1 sci high equency). Tre snertons Geom eps! Nypothees 60 be ested in the second tage of concep extn, called empl als, “This example i meant 10 illtrate the eaonsips of concept, inet, a indicators, Obvious other dimensions and indicators ‘might be speibed depending on en each prem For exstps,TV reine eng angi be divided ite watching stein comedies, ‘quteshows, and adventre-eama thaw ioe rested in aug een level of viewer involvement whl wating TV. "There ae sort 38 well a praca esson foe diesionaliing concep. We hve already sid hat raking oh abatac cong les tac ailows i rnaning to be move precy commited adit Inewans more precy Serine, Thies» pti reson. We to Wish oes theo advances tat may esl from speciing eine Som of oncep, That i itleren dimension of 3 concep may elt dt ferent esses yd te By speifing dmesins of cone, we fan tx» theory more pecal.For example it hasbeen bos iy tha diferent demographic vce fips to predic reguence of TV tev veng 904 TV entertainment viewing. Albough TV news wing "found robe rated ose gat Knowledge on publi as 0 pol ‘sand nen some Kind of partition nthe polite! pocash TV enter {sim wing ound to be elated ngaiely tthe ete ails, Test oc likely 0 beget 0 overeat of ee ter and est of benmning rss of crimes. Such emp ong ae predicted on Ginemonalsing TV rewings they demonseate the nen to eerie acs SOF TV viewing moe diferentated tens than resting tlevion at an ‘niftenated snare cancepe Expication and Theory Construction ‘Undentandng how renrch concepts age defined i 4 importa 10 research onmumer (es dent, dia practioes,Cison maker] 3 i iStoa teercher A como pale nour every commicaton ok ven nse eer at falco define x concep enti. This problem occce for various resons wader rariousciccomstancy, Sometimes, concept ao commen tit me sue 80 end Ho define 2 hep? Soret ero con ate vague abo it ounces ht hey take emepng cis milo big ware tht they hae pon way Sond ht te encepr oes Thr esl te ins when wes scone negli concep sd sinh we bel rep fea metre poe ey when bag asked whats et oy tte comepe IQvra rece pie “IQ wht ny IQ et nese more nd les) ck of ae to cong! ean of ‘Spann! mena irumpane nthe apple wesc oad by tar ious connec ad polaing ages, "Sona enpcaton ce as in ntry bung ea ma be condactedln he sone of theory and eve pape o ety xt Some emia esl fo by eto, Tis aca bounded into way Fave explo, ying Snell oprtonl Se ‘Rit ts cons takers her tersbieor sent are smemabesa {ring Second eoplaton re or grovere nr in arte ‘ce prponion ore pce std uy sven led to eontron bane. Bar wh hor? Perhaps he nos uel singe eee dfton is fms Theory ir ato eran proposton tat ponds ‘xplnton fot ome ees peste torr res Bt le EIN condeed semen ces fr datrsie Toe term expla mst theory soul cone a sei of ndertanding eo fon rain shoot the Uno. Tht the cours oe wet ote toy ‘Boat Oia, ache pit and ences ce Te tem oneal Impl te the evoing Bnd the explain stds ogaly hace ane nde ation In Sth eae than 4 Fe She mare oc "nck rls ade ond what lc mpd rus sd “fe tm reneon phenom imps what big explain ficient ac fo ecar ob crae nina om ne time and plc), Phenom canara ead two eee ‘enc comely sar panna ca be scam ep 185i ctned wth acoqneabaston. They ths er om pte {cigs a hat depo maybe ecient a eo os {fat hove apgened int pecaar tne and place whe tc) ste de wae conten covey dar Phenomena wil OF PED Tein thi sense that» god thor has peice pws Aho radon stellata ren pononenon wl se Sndr ome psc condom exponaton stray an ow aoe {cy simar pe of phenomenon occurs. goad expamtion eo ‘rh etn, bt pein nt wc Pee ‘last. conc Eslion ad Theory Camo: 8 “To bing theory dose to he atl condact of eee let's define it ig th oncepe type pete ales Defined in hs wa, ey loleson of inerelated Sateen aeting bow snd why ewo O€ OX “ace concep reeled thy vary mong clas of abe. The "sof obec i comprined ofthe unt of anahus whose vatation we freeing to explain, Examples of nit of analyse re india media ‘reaniantons nations, fmf, newspapers abd soon The Wo O€ more rable concepts” repeseo vrabler=the characters on which the Uso out vay Examples ofthe characteris on wish nial “ey argue rejueney of eleion news expos, pot atc tion, and the ie. Examples ofthe characteris on which AeWSP9pe at (evar are: ety positon, nomber of times ffacadenadectves ae tein sed ad anon. The relstonhp bcween variables ny be Sexe by some prae denon slaonelconxp sacha i postive 350 ed wh aed by a a0 on. Other cements a thory ince Street that faction a pei, such ae basic astmptions o poste tees ta serve a2 login ase for ws co bul he elton statement beeen variables and waeatves of how the ated rbtonship kes place Inthe real word, Conder the following theorescl sateen: “Expose 1 lent tevin cate males more ely tat adolescent children wl play aio, apgresieBeevion” “nlsene heen ra lbel of lis concept and the individuals teloning fo thi ategry ate the uit of anaes es thet bchaog, thor spicy antwoial,agreie ehaog” that wear eed reclining, "Antz, aggease beavion” the, is considered an Utero Tew a dapenden variable a variable concep ele fing to the Fegueny or renty of engating fs ancsocal behave Eaposure to vole flint serene thecal oe Pex pendent eaiable eis auc on a simple postulate tat adolescent cieen ‘ary inthe ase of FV violence that they wate. The elatnal concep, “apred in the phrase "mast more ily” Hk the independent ad pendent vasibles and aggre 4 causal and poste relationship teen the two (the more TV vilenes am adolescent child watches, te oti eh cd wil play aggressive behave). “This exampleavlves four concep one as, one lanl, nd so ail concep). The aterent by els nl hypoth ot a the ry Toate into. hoy we nged 35 of Promisor atumpions, hac wil provides log baie for the bypotesiedclaooship (ie ‘ling shy and ho watching televised wesc and cogging nares. {he bslavior may belated eo cach the) Ths logical basi eset to deloping 2 sense of underssding the uma goal of developing theory Fr ample ope sto pees my be that adolescents observe prenive belnnor’ depiaed om TV aad ita ie in thie diy ves » hep? (anu, 197) fot at of pies may ea ye sons. on TV beghenphycal aul among viewer, and people ina ortabywoucd eating eae ty eerie agente {oe ilnan, 1971), Toe evo sc of pres proviediferstesons ‘hy lesion rene vewing and ages bhai ray be etd “Ths both coovey a seme of tnderstacing Ba Sey may ot prodeee sy So pane ede ne i ios Toe nthe two explanation has lyon empl evidence ting the ‘pei reson dey dere om ont oth te tory ad the east natie ofthe eps! phnomesa under inetiaton ry {he point so show that by teory, we generly mean + whole alesion of loreal semen kd by conc sn sump “Tobring the satenet nour ample ino rete, both vile con cept need o be expented.Coneqpaal dfiions wth clr linkage 19 ‘perstinal dios mt be developed, le rmay be necesy fo spesly “Eten ofeach concept ae pr a the expenton proce, Various ‘stor could te sed fr opera definitions For wlet lesan view ing for example, we could obese and rate adoecent watching ee Hy we cold mess by sing ther ow Eee they ath at ‘or shows a we Koow fo conan vlest a ahd sts or we ht ‘xpecinncaly mana vlent viewing by showing ales chow 0 4 sp of adolccen cilren (erperinentlgrowp ad noviolest show {© ater group of adscem cle (contl ou). ‘Once adequate instr of thse sonepts have ben developed, a resach bypotbes cn b snd tat la be operons coe ot {he two concep The research fips mate pall wih bt more Specie than the more abet theo! satene. Pesuably, n6y ‘acach hypotiesinvavng vations opectonal pocefatr sod eae ‘es coud be gneraed from the same there satenent. Agen ‘esearch ipo herelors is probe ol a paral epreenon of 8 ten heel statement an an re sal poton agen body thor. Teting aver reach hypothe i ony pal ad {nd tet of amore general body of than “Theory thar eed dey hough esearch bpothos and even mor inde becase reach hyporessi feste thrugh aco ‘ponding mal yporbes (esate sserng that here emo lh ‘asombp bawen the Yrbler speed ithe ech yp ‘That & we exter enpva data to estimate the Dalhod thatthe Ingo elatinship ones on by chance. Notice that we would Be comparing wo eompeing theoes In sch an empal et One ates that exponure to wlent TV shows may de 0 the esos of itation ‘dor rou fcease he Bklnod of agressive behavo rong ado acne cee; teeter assert that whatever claonship betwen he onset Expt and Teoy Contin ss specified exporre ad bebvir doe oly chance. The evidence sce ‘ned in tevin hypo eased om the Bklbood thatthe nul yporkcis maybe supported by the dats The evidence reeing nll, jpoteis bee onthe conventions sigficance level of ps 0.05 (the “ence that he daa support heal hypothesis Leu (20 or smal) ‘docs not “prove” the rexeatch hypothe ate only enhance our con ‘Ble in teal staining iran eontadictory evidence i baie eure 22 preset an israson of how the theoretical staeest nay be developed ito research and nll hypocheses through the messing nly dsc here or the purpose of lltetion, ee eestarcer has stipulated Wo dmenions of ts “exposure to vkent tlvison content” fexposie © ‘eivenureamt shows and exposure cme detective shows) and 640 inentonsof aggresive bhava" over psi act a verbal abu) ‘Thos dearly an incomplete lt of poste dieasions. For each dimen Son, two indentor are shove, although any oes ace pose, The inaator forthe two diensons af exposite to olen shows might be Ii sac shows with exch aolescent respondent being asked to dca low ote be or she hat watched fe The agpesve behavior indore tight be eqns of allen chien engasing in vais physical nr and etal abure beavis a6 ted bythe adolescent respondents theese by techs andlor by pares nds can be formed by com ing there var nietore ech dimension, and hei labiity and ‘ly ex be ates ceil tas of th empl nalts pat of co pr exlcaton. "Ar empitea et iavoling the indicators shown inthe example may yield rst hat pally support the broad torial tatemet ma) Tino provide lcs sto sheratve optional eases ofthe two var tie Coneps In any eves, what we have shows bee only one of msn Seratonsberween theory od empl evidence. Conepraition—a Droes fling the concepts and empceal woelds—i «continous Proce and inahes two-way tafe brween them, Specie fo concept Erptcaon, tis means hat each expat of @ coneepe ay inform ‘Shout how o gue obserntione cera ways operatinaliation), the Empires analyavof which in ta shy dean hat me moo improve ‘ur explication fo further ec, Meaning asalyis and epi aaly- er the, complement each ater concep explain. Figure 2. ia trate this Reave paces Teh lseaton, concept exiation is epcted as gong though ict fepeated) prose of nlm oberon, preliminary exp tow oral oberon so fer exstion that involve och mea {ng and empiri analyst The gol fo develop beer conceptual and ‘peratonldfnioos wit rongernkages between hem. (segues Na NA uo lao ON stem tev a aor ae (ost ne = . hap? A compat explinton of «compl reseirch cone boil thes 4 pret del ofcime sd sl, has rea nie that even the 0 igen eeaeccher wl be aie to fll explicate the many researc Som ee geane we parca esearch roblen orwoty ome oie have been wedao equey inte pest andoe ae o concrete tht the on secon fence thi conta nd oertoa!éftons i well se ‘Hood. ere of cnn ofthe respondent umber of year oma ‘chosing comple) and “as” ate Skamplsof cones nec ite fortes expatin: Even so, what stoi forces and ic expen re cyl adept pope of one conep? The newest At lac eve t's eure! for devopng see Knowlee. A Sige oi pwc ewe 0 del ad resid lengunge to fore te dec of enna lng" (9 {FSStr More spate ou cmp his meted for he deretopmet ‘Toor te ie €0 ys fn communication sch cm ston varie te ol ten wedi an nprecie a sory fh TEN Ta ed to cnlicing ta sometimes entree findings ‘Shar med ec Thee fave en propos feed to del wih ths ‘eke Fo examples Dv (983) showed, weak ea exon ‘es ei edt bal scsi of i io ‘fin mesmgs tof essere model nats 0b pat of he Sn of mea er: Antex plea sens, Ze (196; Seta Pece 8 Zale 1993), sheds not co be ited to behavioral rare eneta exposure he pooe erie pecoance 8 clio of rfooaton gustan and te aad chang condoned ric scquaiton Sometimes wes se cates cle conta Sata fo kamplestwel-pucecd stay ott conace hat ‘Ber uting lvton ke avng + vacuum cer sick nor ‘eto four an, enue the more ine people Fenton watching copra Vth ea they know (Morea, Lewis Jal 1992, Al hese propor als and prolens sage tht lack of sophicaton and pcos oe ‘pt explication pes in ou fel Aid and hung faci that ‘tc sce than 60 Year of esearch, dpe some rl eons ea, hate 8 Skene 1986; McLeod & MeDonld 988) wes come. sScton reece sll oat fave theory power concep af ‘eae tat woul hve cles opraton! detains for diene ‘etl parpowes and clear connections song varying epson as ‘se, Wit gate ateation to ence explcton mb pomble ht in the next 50 year the fd wil rode beer concep boldag Mocks. fos longi wal ra improve theory Buin in cut fla pronde a more infeed basis for camantnton snd orn ton peace ‘soe dicusion shows concept exition i no easy ask re through he ete eal proce of scent earch, Before aging + seach project the flee concetalion wl prove a {guidance on wa ro messed bow to maar and eoneocy ll ke the reting dita mare wel. Atte pric lc tm improve the icin of earch, msn ht oe ds ot ale eras atl daa. Of cour the mares gos wel aynd thant wane is dct reated how we can imepe vide sipping ety 4 rach hypotesie. ‘As Fig 2:4 show, evo rps of lationship a sukancouly per coring rte ing way snl, vec ad we sot elatotips Ambiguities in whi-conceplaoaipe ener se ‘son nan over the ervearcocet pens Inter orden ‘xpi ithe bss fru to enablshboth conepuy sad epic isthe we ae teing be ight hypothe Ure ome trary der coe, Ret may be err sidney ipo between conrp npoes ony ifthe aly ofthe enter eae it ‘sablihed Comer ul rel, meaning evidence a Sopprt of he all bytes, caight suger te lack of tppont forthe seh pote o probleme in within-oncepe rons (ck of ray adr eb in theatres ad orb Reta econ ‘ory tos welled eompicaleoeton or ¢ welerlael shuld clfora resonate conte and measured, For example if the cides ows no tcc tween news mea exposure an knowing of cure tn odd indate potential problen in our measene of oto both the rare atic, Ife ob «Suit negate laonsipberven& ea ‘export vale ad he knowledge on cet aa ae than pe ing to the conclasion that more espnue leads to fe owl *hoald go bck examine how each variables oacprazed and ss ont Elton ul Try Comin a ved. decision on wheter to ec ul hypothesis therefore ot is fil one bare on he conventional eiteionof sgn tthe, {Fal concept oe in that requ a solid foundation nace pcton Tn sdtion, a8 we showed inoue empires! sess example ay sets el ae te af ho hh ect of toy of some particule recurcingphenrmeon we ca et tila parlor set of measures, et ux cone 0 ete concept of eae: sara We cin co a as at cof focining concern" om 4 pala type of media content daring ‘rpms Ths conception would be appropri for he method we te 0 Sense he concep etetingelfepor dasin umpe trey. When Sevelping the quetonnae ens into) to measure neon ae ipo coment ee tng nina ting the sue come acre tha me ely on in the eet Werther asume that soins are capable fell eoporang thet Conscious fos in alloesing ie mental resources ator at exe frie, These urine he wes of el epor measure he (ry ofstemon. For example, sich mesares would no an) dats on ‘hao in involuntary atenon, such momen change metal “reson ia eopons changing exter sl (Lag 1990; Reeves fal, 1985), Nor would the sFtepore messes be apropsity when Sradyng those who cannot report thelr bebaroe ce psyholopal cond tone relably (eg, young cilden) Ini, hough let that hos inp mexsucement srateny i heaygaded deco, the othe de of th coin ithe one ited bythe chee messes in hat erences one tan make abuts thereeal dim invtving the concept Beg mesued ‘hie why we tated tha any revestch hypoth nly 8 pra epee seston of theoreti teen Tutors the measure tat We chaoe ls species the variance hci alae for dara ana This more than ane of choosing long diferent lnc of mestrement eal a su ofthe eng wala he kindof aration na sample that apeted by an empl ‘asble. For exampe atetion eo news way be eared on 9 ea Urominay ale st we wou be set examine difrences oly amone tho wo clint ave pid ateton pews and those wo report hey ave ners hypothesis onthe elle of diesen vale of aetion, se il eed «se igerthan the oming| one, We eon mesa 0 on on thee pote ori le itl, me oy nou ae, 8 {Doin itera se, We sue tha cack of hae sens, dete thee

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