Isolation

wards

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

establish

isolation

.wards

for

communicable

diseases

Leprosariums

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

establish

.leprosariums

.Acids

Developed

for

use

in

cauterization

by

Muslim

scientists

.Irrigation

devices

Introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

.Printing

devices

Introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

.Glass-making

devices

Devices

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Surgical

instruments

Muslim

scientists

introduced

many

surgical

.instruments

to

the

West

Cardiac

medicines

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

make

systematic

.use

of

cardiac

medicines

Iron

tablets

dietary

supplement

for

anemia,

developed

by

Muslim

.scientists

Intra-abdominal

tubes

Muslim

scientists

invented

intra-abdominal

.tubes

for

drainage

of

abdominal

abscesses

Test

tube

clear,

cylindrical

glass

tube,

used

in

laboratory

.experimentation.

It

was

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Cataract

extraction

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

perform

surgery

.for

cataract

removal

Animal

experimentation

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

use

animal

.experimentation

for

determining

drug

actions

and/or

toxicities

Hydrocephalus

Muslim

scientists

made

the

first

accurate

diagnosis

of

.hydrocephalus

23

21

Equinoxes

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

determination

of

the

.precession

of

equinoxes

.Leather

shoes

Introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

.Rice

cereal

grass,

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Astrolabe

An

instrument

used

to

determine

the

altitude

of

the

sun

or
other

celestial

bodies.

It

was

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslim

.scientists

.Artificial

teeth

Devices

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslim

scientists

Tri-linear

figures

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

solution

of

trilinear

figures

.Plant

dyes

Introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Negative

numbers

and

symbols

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

.use

of

negative

numbers

and

symbols

Nerve

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

make

an

accurate

description

.of

nerve

supply

to

the

viscera

Opium

narcotic

drug

from

the

fruit

of

the

poppy.

It

was

developed

as

.an

anesthetic

by

Muslim

scientists

Pharmacopoeias

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

production

of

the

.first

pharmacopoeias

Aconite,

or

monkshood

The

dried

poisonous

roots

of

perennial

herbs.

.It

was

developed

as

medicine

by

Muslim

scientists

Veins

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

make

correct

description

of

.the

anatomy

of

veins

Blood

vessels

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

make

correct

.description

of

history

of

blood

vessels

Spinach

plant

having

succulent,

edible

leaves.

It

was

introduced

to

.the

West

by

Muslims

Diarrhea

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

determination

of

the

.communicable

nature

of

diseases

of

which

diarrhea

is

symptom

Psychoses

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

treat

psychoses

with

.narcotics

Boils

and

skin

tumors

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

use

cautery

.as

treatment

for

boils

and

skin

tumors

Crystal

mineral

having

crystalline

structure.

It

was

introduced

to

.the

West

by

Muslims

Pendulum

weight

suspended

from

point

so

that

it

swings

back

and
forth.

It

is

one

of

the

devices

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslim

.scientists

Porcelain

Objects

made

of

hard,

white,

translucent

ceramic,

.introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Compass

device

used

to

determine

geographic

directions.

It

was

first

.introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslim

scientists

Anesthesiology

The

medical

study

and

application

of

anesthetics,

.originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Inhalation

anesthesia

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

use

inhalation

.anesthesia

Vaccination

Muslim

scientists

introduced

vaccination

as

treatment

.for

smallpox

Almanac

An

annual

publication

including

calendars

with

weather
forecasts,

astronomical

information,

tide

tables,

and

other

related
tabular

information,

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Tamarind

substance

from

tropical

tree.

It

was

introduced

to

the

.West

by

Muslims

Otitis

media

Muslim

scientists

made

the

first

accurate

diagnosis

of
)

.otitis

media

(middle

era

infection

Pericarditis

Muslim

scientists

made

the

first

accurate

diagnosis

of

.pericarditis

.Algebra

mathematical

science

originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Smallpox

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

determination

of

the
communicable

nature

of

smallpox.

Also,

they

made

the

first

accurate

.diagnosis

of

this

fatal

disease

Leprosy

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

determine

leprosy

solely

.physical

disease

Square

roots

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

development

of

the

.concept

of

square

roots

Surgery

The

branch

of

medicine

that

deals

with

the

diagnosis

and
treatment

of

injury,

deformity,

and

disease.

It

was

originated

by

Muslim

.scientists

Solar

parallax

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

determination

of

solar

parallax

Trauma

Muslim

scientists

wrote

the

first

treatise

on

trauma

surgery

in

.patients

Jalap

plant

whose

roots

are

used

as

cathartic.

It

was

developed

as

.a

medicine

by

Muslim

scientists

.Cables

For

use

in

shipping,

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Ink

pigment

used

especially

for

writing

or

printing,

introduced

to

the

.West

by

Muslims

Silk

fine,

shiny

fiber

produced

by

fibrous

secretion

of

silkworms.

It

.was

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Measles

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

determination

of

the
communicable

nature

of

measles.

Also,

they

made

the

first

accurate

.diagnosis

of

this

disease

Enema

The

injection

of

liquid

into

the

rectum

through

the

anus

for
cleansing

the

bowels.

This

medical

procedure

was

introduced

to

the

.West

by

Muslim

scientists

Buckwheat

The

edible

fruits

of

an

annual

Asian

plant,

introduced

to

the

.West

by

Muslims

Map

representation,

usually

on

plane

surface,

of

region

of

the
earth

or

heavens.

It

was

first

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslim

.scientists

Calligraphy

The

art

of

fine

handwriting.

It

was

introduced

to

the

West

.by

Muslims

Tuberculosis

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

determination

of

the
.communicable

nature

of

tuberculosis

)(

Steel

(light-weight)

armor

Military

defensive

covering

introduced

to

the

.West

by

Muslims

Rudder

vertically

hinged

plate

mounted

at

the

stern

of

vessel

for

.directing

its

course.

It

was

first

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Pulmonary

circulation

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

make

.correct

description

of

pulmonary

circulation

Thermodynamics

Physics

that

deals

with

the

relationships

between

.heat

and

other

forms

of

energy.

It

was

advanced

by

Muslim

scientists

.Rhubarb

herb

developed

for

medical

use

by

Muslim

scientists

90

Quadrant

An

early

instrument

for

measuring

altitude

of

celestial

bodies,

consisting

of

90

graduated

arch.

It

was

first

introduced

to

the

.West

by

Muslim

scientist

Western

symbol

for

Zero

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

invention

.of

the

western

symbol

for

Zero

Symbols

for

multiplication

and

addition

Muslim

scientists

contributed

.to

the

use

of

symbols

for

multiplication

and

addition

.Colored

glass

substance

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Satin

smooth

fabric

woven

with

glossy

face

and

dull

back.

It

was

.introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Clock

An

instrument

for

measuring

and

indicating

time.

It

was

first

.introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslim

scientists

Carpets

thick

heavy

covering

for

the

floors,

introduced

to

the

West

.by

Muslims

60

Sextant

navigational

instrument

containing

graduated

60-degree
arc,

used

for

measuring

the

altitudes

of

celestial

bodies.

It

was

first

.introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslim

scientists

Saddles

leather

seat

for

rider,

secured

on

an

animal's

back

by

.girth,

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Scammony

root

introduced

for

medical

purposes

to

the

West

by

.Muslims

Sugar

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

describe

the

presence

of

.sugar

in

blood

Sumac

substance

used

in

tanning

leather

and

dying.

It

was

.introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Obesity

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

observe

that

excess

.consumption

of

dietary

carbohydrates

causes

obesity

Gonorrhea

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

determination

of

the

.communicable

nature

of

Gonorrhea

Retina

Muslim

scientists

made

the

first

correct

description

of

the
anatomy

and

physiology

of

the

retina

Paralysis

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

describe

paralysis

as

due

.to

brain

stem

or

spinal

cord

injury

.Hemlock

plant

used

as

an

anesthetic

by

Muslim

scientists

.Soap

cleansing

agent

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Public

health

The

science

of

protecting

and

improving

the

health

of

.community.

It

was

originated

by

Muslim

scientists

.Tourniquet

Muslim

scientists

invented

tourniquets

Bubonic

plague

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

determination

of

.communicable

nature

of

the

bubonic

plague

Veterinary

medicine

The

branch

of

medicine

that

deals

with

the

causes,
diagnosis,

and

treatment

of

diseases

and

injuries

of

animals,

especially

.domestic

animals.

It

was

originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Medical

examiners

Muslim

scientists

established

the

first

board

of

.medical

examiners

Psychiatry

The

branch

of

medicine

that

deals

with

the

diagnosis,
treatment,

and

prevention

of

mental

and

emotional

disorders.

It

was

.originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Preventive

medicine

Medical

practice

that

focuses

on

preventing
physical

or

mental

illness

in

the

individual

or

the

community.

It

was

.originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Mites

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

recognize

scabies

as

being

.caused

by

mites

Irrational

numbers

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

introduction

of

.irrational

numbers

.Lenses

Introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Optic

nerve

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

make

correct

.description

of

the

anatomy

of

the

optic

nerve

.Psychotherapy

Muslim

scientists

made

the

first

use

of

psychotherapy

Paper

money

Currency

in

the

form

of

government

notes

and

bank

.notes.

It

was

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Caesarean

section

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

systematically

.perform

caesarean

sections

Ambergris

waxy

substance

formed

in

the

intestines

of

sperm

whales.

.It

was

developed

as

medicine

by

Muslim

scientists

Extraocular

Muslim

scientists

made

the

first

description

of

the

number

.and

specific

function

of

extraocular

muscles

Gastric

lavage

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

use

gastric

lavage

for
.the

treatment

of

poisoning

.Hernia

Muslim

scientists

introduced

surgery

for

hernia

repair

Strawberry

Fruit

that

consists

of

red,

fleshy,

edible

receptacle,

.introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Compass

V-shaped

device

for

describing

circles

or

circular

arcs

and
for

taking

measurements.

It

was

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslim

.scientists

Mosaic

picture

or

decorative

design

made

by

setting

small

colored
pieces,

as

of

stone

or

tile,

into

surface.

It

was

introduced

to

the

West

.by

Muslims

phlebotomy

Muslim

scientists

invented

technique

for

phlebotomy

for

.stopping

cerebral

hemorrhage

.Pepper

spice

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Flask

small

container,

such

as

bottle,

having

narrow

neck

and

.usually

cap.

It

was

first

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslim

scientists

Secant

straight

line

intersecting

curve

at

two

or

more

points,

.introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslim

scientists

Melon

fruit

having

hard

rind

and

juicy

flesh.

It

was

introduced

to

the

.West

by

Muslims

Domes

structural

design

in

the

shape

of

hemispherical

roof

or

.vault,

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Celestial

sphere

An

imaginary

sphere

of

infinite

extent

with

the

earth

at
its

center

on

which

the

stars,

planets,

and

other

heavenly

bodies

appear
to

be

located.

The

concept

was

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslim

.scientists

Cinnamon

The

dried

aromatic

inner

bark

of

certain

trees.

It

was

.introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

.Urinary

catheters

Muslim

scientists

invented

urinary

catheters

.Cotton

Soft,

white,

downy

fibers,

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Ribbed

vault

An

architectural

structure

introduced

to

the

West

by

.Muslims

Camphor

An

aromatic

crystalline

compound.

It

was

developed

as

.medicine

by

Muslim

scientists

Sulfur

nonmetallic

element.

It

was

introduced

to

the

West

by

.Muslims

Organic

sulfur

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

treat

scabies

with

.organic

sulfur

Linen

Thread

made

from

fibers

of

the

flax

plant,

introduced

as

cloth

.to

the

West

by

Muslims

Alcohol

colorless,

volatile

liquid.

It

was

developed

as

an

antiseptic
by

Muslim

scientists

Globe

body

with

the

shape

of

sphere

representing

the

earth

in

the

.form

of

hollow

ball,

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslim

scientists

Cumin

herb

whose

seeds

are

used

in

cooking

and

were

developed

as

.a

medicine

by

Muslim

scientists

Cholera

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

determination

of

the

.communicable

nature

of

cholera

Cautery

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

use

cautery

for

wound

.coagulation

Kerosene

thin

oil

distilled

from

petroleum

or

shale

oil.

It

was

.introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Venomous

bites

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

treat

venomous

.bites

with

garlic

extract

Tonsillectomy

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

perform

.tonsillectomies

Citrus

fruit

Edible

fruits

including

the

orange,

grapefruit,

lemon,

lime,

.and

kumquat,

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

.Medical

ethics

concept

originated

by

Muslim

scientists

.Velvet

fabric

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Medical

schools

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

establish

medical

.schools

Myrrh

An

aromatic

gum

obtained

from

the

trunk

of

several

trees.

It

was

.developed

as

medicine

by

Muslim

scientists

Glass

mirror

surface

capable

of

reflecting

images

of

objects

placed

.in

front

of

it.

It

was

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

.Lateen

sail

triangular-shaped

sail

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Distance

between

moon

and

earth

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

calculation

of

distance

between

moon

and

earth

Modern

Hospitals

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

design

and

.operation

of

the

prototypes

of

modern

hospitals

Ruler

straight-edged

strip,

as

of

wood

or

metal,

for

drawing

straight
lines

and

measuring

lengths.

It

was

first

introduced

to

the

West

by

.Muslim

scientists

Calipers

An

instrument

consisting

essentially

of

two

curved

hinged
legs,

used

to

measure

thickness

and

distances.

It

was

introduced

to

the

.West

by

Muslims

Surgical

knives

Muslim

scientists

invented

specialized

surgical

knives,

.retractors

and

saws

Racket

device

consisting

of

an

oval

frame

with

tight

interlaced
network

of

strings

and

handle.

It

was

introduced

to

the

West

by
.Muslims

Topical

antiseptics

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

use

topical

.antiseptics

Quadratic

equations

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

solution

of

.quadratic

equations

Solution

of

Cubic

equations

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

.solution

of

cubic

equations

.Cotton

clothing

Introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Catapult

military

machine

for

hurling

missiles,

such

as

large

stones

.or

spears.

It

was

first

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Handkerchief

small

square

of

cloth

used

especially

for

wiping

the

.nose

or

mouth.

It

was

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Bellows

An

apparatus

for

producing

strong

current

of

air.

It

was

.introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Protractor

semicircular

instrument

for

measuring

and

constructing

.angles,

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslim

scientists

Banana

The

long,

edible

fruit,

having

thick

yellowish

to

reddish

skin

.and

white,

aromatic,

seedless

pulp,

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Encyclopedia

comprehensive

reference

work

containing

articles

on

a
wide

range

of

subjects

or

on

numerous

aspects

of

particular

field,

.usually

arranged

alphabetically,

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Muslin

sturdy

cotton

fabric

of

plain

weave.

It

was

introduced

to

the

.West

by

Muslims

Cataracts

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

use

hypodermic

needles

.for

the

removal

of

cataracts

by

suction

Benzoin

balsamic

resin

obtained

from

certain

tropical

Asian

trees

of

.the

genus

Styrax.

It

was

developed

as

medicine

by

Muslim

scientists

Chronometer

An

exceptionally

precise

timepiece.

It

was

first

.introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslim

scientists

.Mechanics

The

physical

science

originated

by

Muslim

scientists

.Eye

glasses

Introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Mortar

and

pestle

club-shaped,

hand-held

tool

for

grinding

or
mashing

substances

in

mortar.

It

was

introduced

to

the

West

by

.Muslims

.Asparagus

Introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Engineering

The

application

of

scientific

and

mathematical

principles

.to

practical

ends.

It

was

advanced

by

Muslim

scientists

Lettuce

seed

Developed

as

medicine

by

Muslim

scientists

compass

with

movable

arm

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

.production

of

the

first

compass

with

movable

arm

Bookbinding

The

process

of

enclosing

and

fastening

of

books

between

.covers.

It

was

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Determination

of

duration

of

the

calendar

year

Muslim

scientists
contributed

to

the

precise

determination

of

duration

of

the

calendar

.year

Determination

of

the

stars'

positions

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

.the

precise

mathematical

determination

of

the

stars'

positions

.Silk

cultivation

process

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Synthesis

of

drugs

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

synthesis

of

.drugs

Anatomy

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

make

detailed
description

of

the

anatomy

of

the

liver,

spleen,

kidneys,

pancreas,
intestines

and

stomach.

Also,

they

made

the

first

systematic

use

of

.human

dissection

for

the

study

of

medical

anatomy

Wounds

dressings

Muslim

scientists

made

the

first

use

of

cotton

for

.dressings

wounds

.Metal

inlay

decorative

process

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Logarithms

and

logarithmic

tables

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

.production

of

logarithms

and

logarithmic

tables

Squatting

posture

Muslim

scientists

introduced

the

squatting

position

.for

obstetrical

delivery

Nutmeg

seed

from

tree,

developed

for

medical

purposes

by

Muslim

.scientists

Sine,

cosine,

tangent,

and

cotangent

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

.the

calculation

of

tables

of

sine,

cosine,

tangent,

and

cotangent

Sine

and

cosine

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

introduction

of

.sine

and

cosine

Cubeb

plant

whose

dried

fruits

were

developed

as

medicine

by

.Muslim

scientists

to

cure

bronchitis

and

urinary

disorders

.Calculus

branch

of

mathematics

advanced

by

Muslim

scientists

Bladder

stones

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

perform

the

surgical

.removal

of

bladder

stones

Water

baths

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

use

water

baths

for

the

.treatment

of

severe

fevers

Acetic

acid

clear,

colorless

organic

acid.

Muslim

scientists

.contributed

to

its

development

as

medicine

Sulfuric

acid

highly

corrosive,

dense,

oily

liquid.

It

was

introduced

to
.the

West

by

Muslims

Nitric

acid

transparent

fuming

corrosive

liquid.

It

was

introduced

to

.the

West

by

Muslim

scientists

Tongue

depressor

thin

blade

for

pressing

down

the

tongue

during

a
medical

examination

of

the

mouth

and

throat.

It

was

invented

by

Muslim

.scientists

(

Mediastinal

abscesses

Muslim

scientists

made

the

first

accurate

.diagnosis

of

mediastinal

abscesses

Lunar

eclipses

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

prediction

of

lunar

.eclipses

.Sandalwood

wood

from

India,

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Latitudes

and

longitudes

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

.rectification

of

latitudes

and

longitudes

Jasmine

extract

plant

extract

developed

as

medicine

by

Muslim

.scientists

Lemon

peel

extract

Developed

for

medical

purposes

by

Muslim

.scientists

Fig

extract

plant

extract

developed

as

medicine

by

Muslim

.scientists

Wound

closure

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

use

silk

and

wool

.sutures

for

wound

closure

)(
Suture

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

perfect

suture

made

from
)

.animal

intestines

(catgut

Obliquity

of

the

ecliptic

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

.determination

of

the

obliquity

of

the

ecliptic

Intestinal

tuberculosis

Muslim

scientists

made

the

first

accurate

.diagnosis

of

intestinal

tuberculosis

Ceramic

tiles

Floor

and

wall

covering

introduced

to

the

West

by

.Muslims

Ginger

plant

of

sweet-smelling

root.

It

was

developed

as

medicine

.by

Muslim

scientists

Darnel

long-day

plant

that

was

developed

as

an

anesthetic

by

Muslim

.scientists

Lavender

oil

An

oil

from

flowers

developed

as

medicine

by

Muslim

.scientists

Musk

oils

substance

derived

from

animal

glands,

developed

as

.medicine

by

Muslim

scientists

Orange

blossom

water

Developed

for

medical

use

by

Muslim

.scientists

Solder

Any

of

various

fusible

alloys,

usually

tin

and

lead,

used

to

join
.metallic

parts,

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Lithotrity

Muslim

scientists

developed

lithotrity,

surgical

procedure

.for

crushing

bladder

stones

for

removal

Colon

cancer

Muslim

scientists

made

the

first

accurate

diagnosis

of

.colon

cancer

Esophageal

cancer

Muslim

scientists

made

the

first

accurate

diagnosis

.of

esophageal

cancer

Genetic

deformities

of

mouth

and

dental

arches

Muslim

scientists
made

the

first

accurate

diagnosis

of

genetic

deformities

of

mouth

and

dental

arches

Honey-based

syrups

Developed

for

use

as

medicine

by

Muslim

.scientists

Pharyngeal

paralysis

Muslim

scientists

made

the

first

accurate

.diagnosis

of

pharyngeal

paralysis

Heart

valves

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

make

correct

.description

of

the

function

of

heart

valves

Pharmacy

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

creation

of

the

first

.pharmacy

.Gauze

dressings

Introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims
)

(
Pi

squared

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

calculation

of

pi

.squared

Windmill

machine

that

runs

on

the

energy

generated

by

wheel

of
adjustable

blades

or

slats

rotated

by

the

wind.

It

was

first

introduced

to

.the

West

by

Muslim

scientists

Pediatrics

The

branch

of

medicine

that

deals

with

the

care

of

infants
and

children

and

the

treatment

of

their

diseases.

It

was

originated

by

.Muslim

scientists

Pulmonary

Medicine

medical

science

originated

by

Muslim

.scientists

Ophthalmology

The

branch

of

medicine

that

deals

with

the

anatomy,
functions,

pathology,

and

treatment

of

the

eye.

It

was

originated

by

.Muslim

scientists

Ear

drum

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

perform

surgery

by

lancing

.the

ear

drum

Treatment

of

poisoning

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

use

emetics

.and

laxatives

for

the

treatment

of

poisoning

Gastroenterology

The

study

of

the

diseases

of

stomach

and

intestines,

.originated

by

Muslim

scientists

.Gynecology

The

medical

science

originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Cartography

The

art

or

technique

of

making

maps

or

charts,

originated

.by

Muslim

scientists

Embryology

The

science

that

deals

with

the

origin,

structure

and
.development

of

the

embryo,

originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Biology

The

science

of

life

and

of

living

organisms.

It

was

originated

.by

Muslim

scientists

Meteorology

The

science

that

treats

atmospheric

phenomena,

.originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Pathology

The

scientific

study

of

the

nature

of

diseases

and

their
causes,

processes,

development,

and

consequences.

It

was

originated

.by

Muslim

scientists

.Internal

diseases

The

medical

science

originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Dermatology

The

branch

of

medical

science

related

to

the

skin,

.originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Ethnology

The

study

of

racial

and

ethnic

groups,

originated

by

Muslim

.scientists

Sociology

The

study

of

human

social

behavior.

It

was

originated

by

.Muslim

scientists

Optics

The

branch

of

physics

that

deals

with

light

and

vision.

It

was

.originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Taxonomy

The

classification

of

organisms

in

an

ordered

system

that

.indicates

natural

relationships.

It

was

advanced

by

Muslim

scientists

Obstetrics

The

branch

of

medicine

that

deals

with

the

care

of

women
during

pregnancy,

childbirth,

and

the

recuperative

period

following

.delivery.

It

was

originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Geography

The

science

that

describes

the

surface

of

the

earth,

.originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Zoology

The

branch

of

biology

that

deals

with

animals

and

animal

life.

.It

was

originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Toxicology

The

study

of

the

nature,

effects,

and

detection

of

poisons

.and

the

treatment

of

poisoning.

It

was

originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Acoustics

The

scientific

study

of

sound,

its

generation,

transmission,

.and

reception.

It

was

advanced

by

Muslim

scientists

Parasitology

The

scientific

study

of

parasitism.

It

was

originated

by

.Muslim

scientists

Pharmacology

The

science

of

drugs,

including

their

composition,

uses,

.and

effects.

It

was

originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Astronomy

The

scientific

study

of

matter

in

outer

space.

It

was

.advanced

by

Muslim

scientists

Physics

The

science

of

matter

and

energy

and

of

interactions

between

.the

two.

It

was

advanced

by

Muslim

scientists

Ecology

The

study

of

organisms

in

relation

to

their

environment,

.originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Chemistry

The

science

of

the

composition,

structure,

properties,

and
reactions

of

matter,

originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Electrochemistry

The

science

of

the

interaction

or

interconversion

of
.electric

and

chemical

phenomena.

It

was

advanced

by

Muslim

scientists

Trigonometry

branch

of

mathematics,

originated

by

Muslim

scientists
who

contributed

to

the

systematic

use

of

this

science

for

astronomical

.calculations

Mineralogy

The

study

of

minerals,

including

their

distribution,

.identification,

and

properties.

It

was

originated

by

Muslim

scientists

.Botany

The

science

or

study

of

plants,

originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Psychology

The

science

that

deals

with

mental

processes

and

.behavior.

It

was

originated

by

Muslim

scientists

.Geometry

branch

of

mathematics

advanced

by

Muslim

scientists

Agronomy

The

application

of

scientific

principles

to

the

cultivation

of

.land,

advanced

by

Muslim

scientists

Genetics

The

branch

of

biology

that

deals

with

heredity.

It

was

.advanced

by

Muslim

scientists

Anatomy

The

science

of

the

shape

and

structure

of

organisms

and

.their

parts.

It

was

advanced

by

Muslim

scientists

Orthopedics

The

branch

of

medicine

that

deals

with

the

prevention

or
correction

of

injuries

or

disorders

of

the

skeletal

system

and

associated

.muscles,

joints,

and

ligaments.

It

was

originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Cardiology

The

medical

study

of

the

structure,

function,

and

disorders

.of

the

heart,

originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Horticulture

The

science

of

growing

vegetables,

fruits,

flowers,

and

.ornamental

shrubs,

originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Geology

The

science

that

traces

the

origin

and

structure

of

the

earth,

.originated

by

Muslim

scientists

Geophysics

The

science

that

deals

with

the

physics

of

the

earth

and

its

.environment.

It

was

advanced

by

Muslim

scientists

Human

physiology

The

medical

science

originated

by

Muslim

.scientists

Emergency

rooms

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

design

and

.operation

of

the

first

emergency

rooms

Science

of

midwifery

Muslim

scientists

created

the

science

of

midwifery

.Cassia

herb

developed

as

medicine

by

Muslim

scientists

Iris

and

cornea

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

correctly

describe

.the

anatomy

of

the

iris

and

cornea

Sugarcane

tall

tropical

perennial

of

the

grass

family.

It

was
.introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Grenade

missile

containing

priming

and

bursting

charges.

The

.concept

was

first

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

Clove

plant

whose

buds

are

used

as

medicine.

It

was

developed

by

.Muslim

scientists

Letter

of

credit

letter

issued

by

banks.

The

concept

was

introduced

to

.the

West

by

Muslims

Forge

furnace

or

hearth

where

metals

are

heated

or

wrought.

It

was

.introduced

to

West

by

Muslim

scientists

Borage

An

annual,

bristly

European

herb

having

blue

star-shaped

.flowers.

It

was

developed

as

medicine

by

Muslim

scientists

.Insane

asylums

Muslim

were

the

first

to

establish

insane

asylums

Rose

water

fragrant

preparation

made

by

steeping

or

distilling

rose

.petals

in

water.

It

was

developed

for

medical

use

by

Muslim

scientists

.Needle

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

use

hypodermic

needles

Earth's

circumference

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

.measurement

of

the

earth's

circumference

Lathe

machine

for

shaping

piece

of

material,

such

as

wood

or

.metal.

It

was

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

School

of

pharmacy

Muslim

scientists

established

the

world's

first

.school

of

pharmacy

Trauma

centers

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

design

and

.operation

of

the

first

trauma

centers

The

diabetics

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

observe

the

presence

.of

sugar

in

the

urine

of

diabetics

Glandular

extracts

Muslim

scientists

originated

the

use

of

glandular

.extracts

in

the

treatment

of

endocrine

diseases

Deodorant

substance

applied

to

the

skin

to

mask

or

suppress

body

.odors.

The

concept

was

introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

.Mercury

antiseptics

medicine

developed

by

Muslim

scientists

Equations

to

the

fourth

degree

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

.solution

of

equations

to

the

fourth

degree

Senna

plant

of

the

genus

Cassia.

It

was

introduced

as

medicine

to

.the

West

by

Muslims

Aloe

plant

having

rosettes

of

juicy,

often

spiny-margined

leaves.

.Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

use

it

for

medical

purposes

Turmeric

The

root

of

tropical

plant.

It

was

introduced

to

the

West

by
Muslims

Coriander

An

aromatic

herb

having

parsley-like

leaves.

It

was

.introduced

to

the

West

by

Muslims

for

use

as

spice

Hemophilia

Muslim

scientists

made

the

first

accurate

diagnosis

of

.hemophilia

Hemorrhage

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

use

ice

and

cold

water

.to

impede

or

stop

hemorrhage

Radius

of

the

earth

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

calculation

of

.the

radius

of

the

earth

Arabic

numerals

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

introduction

of

.Arabic

numerals

to

the

West

Modern

number

theory

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

creation

of

.the

modern

number

theory

Sinus

theory

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

invention

and

synthesis

of

the

sinus

theory

Introduction

of

binomial

theorem

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

.introduction

of

the

binomial

theorem

Apogee

of

the

sun

and

moon

Muslim

scientists

contributed

to

the

.calculation

of

the

apogee

of

the

sun

and

moon

Hospital

shifts

Muslim

scientists

were

the

first

to

institute

the
procedure

of

morning

and

afternoon

hospital

shifts

)(

)361-359(

)972-970(

1961

Al-Azhar

Mosque

Al-Azhar

Mosque

was

built

in

Cairo,

Egypt

by

Jauhar
Al-Siqilli

at

the

bidding

of

the

Fatimid

caliph

Al-Mu`izz

in

the

years

359361

A.H./970-972

A.D.

It

is

considered

one

of

the

most

famous

Islamic
mosques

and

one

of

the

greatest

centers

of

religious

learning.

Al-Azhar
was

named

after

Fatimah

Al-Zahra',

the

Prophet's

daughter.

Al-Azhar
became

university

for

the

first

time

during

the

Mamluk

era.

Secular
sciences

were

introduced

in

1961,

when

it

was

upgraded

to

the

status

of
a

modern

university

with

number

of

different

faculties.

It

has

five
minarets

in

different

styles,

thirteen

mihrabs

(Prayer

niches)

and

huge
.library

attached

to

the

mosque

-(

Islamic

Cultural

Center

and

Mosque,

London

)(

)96-86(

)714-705(

.
The

Umayyad

Mosque

in

Damascus

The

Umayyad

Mosque

in
Damascus,

Syria

was

built

in

the

reign

of

Al-Walid

bin

`Abdul-Malik

from
86-96

A.H./705-714

A.D.

It

was

constructed

inside

Roman

temple
dedicated

to

the

god

Jupiter.

Its

layout

was

reproduction

of

the
Prophet's

Mosque

in

Medina.

It

was

the

first

mosque

built

in

Syria

that
had

three

minarets.

All

four

walls

of

the

courtyard

were

decorated

with
mosaics.

These

mosaics

were

well

preserved

and

had

recently

been
restored.

The

mosque

once

contained

an

extensive

library

of
manuscripts
(

)55-50(

)675-670(

.
The

Great

Mosque

of

Qairawan

The

Great

Mosque

in

Qairawan,

Tunisia
was

founded

by

`Uqbah

Ibn

Nafi`

between

the

years

50-55

A.H./670-675
A.D.during

the

Umayyad

era.

It

was

renovated

on

behalf

of

the

Umayyad
caliph

Abdul-Malik

Ibn

Marwan

by

the

Moroccan

governor,

who

built
turrets

at

the

corners

of

the

courtyard

in

order

to

give

it

fortified
appearance.

It

is

considered

one

of

the

four

great

mosques

in

the
Islamic

world

)(

.

Al-Masjid

Al-Jami`

(the

Great

Mosque)

in

Lahore

Al-Masjid

Al-Jami`

was
founded

in

the

17th

century

during

the

reign

of

Sultan

Jahangir.

It

has

a
.dome

constructed

of

elaborately

carved

pieces

of

stone

)(

2793

.
The

Sacred

Mosque

The

Sacred

Mosque

in

Mecca

was

the

first

mosque
built

on

earth.

It

was

founded

by

Abraham

and

his

son

Ishmael

in

the
year

2793

before

the

Hijrah

(the

Prophet's

Emigration).

The

sacred
mosque

encompasses

the

Ka`bah,

shrine

held

sacred

by

more

than
800

million

Muslims,

to

which

they

are

required

to

make

Hajj
(Pilgrimage).

It

has

been

renovated

and

expanded

several

times.

It

also
.includes

comprehensive

Islamic

library

)(

)857

1453

-(

.
Hagia

Sophie

Mosque

in

Istanbul

Hagia

Sophie

was

originally

the

most
renowned

church

in

the

Byzantine

capital

of

Constantinople.

The

church
building

was

constructed

during

the

reign

of

the

Emperor

Justinian

in
the

sixth

century

A.D.

and

was

famed

for

its

immense

dome.

It

was

richly
decorated

with

mosaics

and

costly

marble.

After

the

capture

of
Constantinople

in

1453

A.D.by

Fatih

Sultan

Mehmet,

it

was

converted
into

mosque

and

continued

to

function

as

such

until

it

became

a
museum

during

the

early

years

of

the

Turkish

Republic.

It

is

surrounded
by

tombs

of

Ottoman

rulers

and

their

families,

as

it

was

always
considered

the

premier

mosque

of

the

Ottoman

Empire.

Its

architecture
had

profound

influence

on

the

subsequent

development

of

the
.Ottoman

architectural

style

)(

)263

876

-(

)265

878

-(

.
Ahmad

Ibn

Tulun

Mosque

Ahmad

Ibn

Tulun

Mosque

in

Egypt

was
founded

by

Ahmad

Ibn

Tulun

in

876

A.D./263

A.H.and

completed

in

878
A.D./265

A.H.It

is

situated

in

Al-Saiydah

Zainab

quarter

in

southern
Cairo,

place

in

which

the

ancient

city

of

Al-Qata'i`

was

once

located.
The

general

layout

of

the

mosque

was

modeled

on

that

of

the

Great
Mosque

of

Samarra.

It

has

minaret

with

spiral

staircase

winding
.around

its

exterior

)(

.
The

Sulymaniye

Mosque

This

outstanding

structure

was

erected

in

the
reign

of

the

Sultan

Sulyman

Al-Qanuni.

Selim

I,

the

founder

of

the
Ottoman

Empire,

was

buried

in

tomb

to

the

rear

of

this

mosque.

The
mosque

was

erected

on

hill

near

the

University

of

Istanbul.

With

its
four

minarets,

it

is

considered

one

of

the

major

monuments

of

the
Islamic

antiquities.

The

marble

used

in

its

construction

was

brought
from

the

Marmara

region,

the

Arabian

Peninsula

and

Yemen.

Hasan
Celebi,

the

student

of

Ahmet

Karah,

the

most

famous

of

all

Ottoman
calligraphers,

executed

the

Arabic

inscriptions

which

are

intermingled
with

colorful

ceramic

decoration.

huge

library

was

constructed

in

the
mosque

complex

)(

)192

808

-(

.
Al-Qarawiyin

Mosque

Al-Qarawiyin

Mosque

was

founded

in

Fez,

Morocco

in

192

A.H./808

A.D.

by

Idris

II

during

the

Idrisid

Dynasty.

One
of

the

greatest

achievements

of

Islamic

civilization,

it

is

center

of
worship

and

one

of

the

most

ancient

universities

in

the

world.

It

is

now

a
modern

university

teaching

religious

and

modern

secular

sciences.

Its
pulpit

is

considered

model

of

the

outstanding

beauty

of

Andalusian
.art.

Subsequent

Moroccan

dynasties

have

contributed

to

its

renovation

)(

21

)(

.
` Amr

Ibn

Al-`As

Mosque

`Amr

Ibn

Al-`As

Mosque

was

founded

by

`Amr
Ibn

Al-`As

in

21

A.H.,

in

the

newly

established

city

of

Fustat,

Egypt.
Today

nothing

remains

of

its

original

structure.

The

Umayyads

and

the
Abbasids

renovated

it

several

times.

In

the

Fatimid

era

it

was

luxuriously
.furnished

and

equipped

with

scores

of

lamps

)(

.
Isfahan

Mosque

Isfahan

Mosque

in

Iran

is

also

known

as

'Masjid

AlShah

Al-Kabir'.

Many

scholars

have

been

associated

with

this

mosque

)(

The

Sultan

Mosque,

Kuala

Lumpur

)(

1570

1574

The

Selimiye

Mosque

in

Edirne,

Turkey

The

Selimiye

Mosque

was
constructed

in

1570-1574

A.D.

by

the

Sultan

Selim

II.

This

building

was
the

masterpiece

of

the

great

court

architect

Sinan.

He

designed

many
mosques,

in

addition

to

over

300

other

buildings,

including

baths,
schools,

markets,

caravansaries

and

bridges.

The

mosque

is

famous

for
.the

perfection

of

its

design

and

the

quality

of

its

decorations

)(

)1

622

-(

The

Prophet's

Mosque

in

Medina

The

Prophet's

Mosque

in

Medina

was
built

by

the

Prophet

Muhammad

(PBUH)

in

A.H./622

A.D.

It

was

the
second

mosque

in

the

Islamic

era

and

the

headquarters

of

the

first
Islamic

government.

Moreover,

it

is

considered

the

center

of

Muslims
and

the

symbol

for

their

spiritual,

political

and

intellectual

unity.

In

this
.mosque,

the

first

Islamic

constitution

was

laid

down

)(

)1658-1644(

Delhi

Mosque

Delhi

Mosque

was

founded

by

Sultan

Shah

Jahan

in

the
17th

century

(1644-1658

A.D.)

It

is

the

biggest

mosque

on

the

Indian
subcontinent.

It

is

built

in

Indian

style,

which

combines

Persian,
Buddhist

and

Hindu

architectural

elements.

It

has

two

beautiful,

slender
.minarets,

each

40

meters

high

)(

)218228-(

)833843-(

.
The

Mosque

of

Samarra

The

Mosque

of

Samarra

was

founded

in

Iraq
by

the

Abbasid

caliph

Al-Mutawakkil

in

the

period

218-228

A.H./833-843
A.D.in

Samarra,

Iraq.

The

mosque

has

minaret

with

spiral

staircase,
with

sixteen

gates

opening

onto

courtyard.

It

is

considered

the

most
spacious

mosque

built

in

the

Islamic

world
(

)236

850(

The

Mosque

of

Sousse

The

Mosque

of

Sousse

was

built

in

Tunisia

by
Abu

Al-`Abbas

`Abdullah

Ibn

Ibrahim

Ibn

Ahmad

Al-Aghlabi

during

the
reign

of

the

Aghlabids

in

236

A.H./850

A.D.

One

of

the

biggest

and

most
beautiful

of

the

surviving

ancient

mosques,

it

occupies

an

important
place

in

the

history

of

Islamic

architecture.

It

has

movable

wooden
mihrab

(Prayer

niche),

similar

to

that

in

Al-Masjid

Al-Jami`

(the

Great
.Mosque)

in

Algeria

and

Jami`

Al-Zaitunah

(The

Olive

Mosque)

in

Tunis

)(

The

Mosque

of

Salah

Al-Din,

Malaysia

)(

The

Mosque

of

`Ibad

Al-Rahman,

Indonesia

)(

)877

1472

-(

.
Qait

Bay

Mosque

Qait

Bay

Mosque

was

founded

by

Sultan

Qait

Bay

in
Egypt

during

the

Mamluk

era

in

877

A.H./1472

A.D.It

is

now

situated

in
Maqabir

Al-Khulafa'

(or

the

Caliphs'

Cemeteries),

Cairo.

It

is

the

last
architectural

achievement

of

Qait

Bay,

and

is

especially

famed

for

the
beauty

of

the

decorations

on

its

dome.

This

dome

was

highly

praised

by
.the

French

archeologist

Jaston

Wiett

)(

622

.
The

Mosque

of

Quba'

The

Mosque

of

Quba'

was

the

first

mosque

built
in

the

Islamic

era.

The

Prophet

Muhammad

(PBUH)

built

it

in

A.H./622

A.D.in

Quba',

about

km

southeast

of

Medina.

The

Holy

Qur'an

referred
to

it

as:

"A

mosque

whose

foundations

have

been

laid

on

piety

from

the
first

day"

Surah

Al-Taubah

(No.

9,

Verse

108).

The

Caliph

`Umar

bin
`Abdul-`Aziz

was

the

first

to

construct

minaret

on

it.

It

has

been
renovated

several

times

throughout

the

ages,

most

recently

by

the
.Saudi

Government

) (

)86-65(

)705-684(

1554.
The

Dome

of

the

Rock

Mosque

(Qubbat

Al-Sakhrah)

The

Dome

of

the
Rock

Mosque

was

founded

by

the

Umayyad

Caliph

Abdul-Malik

Ibn
Marwan

in

Jerusalem

in

the

period

(65-86

A.H./684-705

A.D.)

It

was

built
in

memoriam

of

the

rock

from

which

the

Prophet

began

his

ascent

to
heaven

(Al-Mi`raj).

The

mosque

has

been

renovated

several

times.

It

was
.decorated

with

fine

mosaics

and

Turkish

faience

in

1554

A.H

)(

170

786

1236

.
The

Great

Mosque

in

Cordoba

The

Great

Mosque

in

Cordoba,

Spain
was

founded

during

the

reign

of

the

Umayyad

caliph

`Abdul-Rahman

AlDakhil,

in

170

A.H./786

A.D.It

was

completed

over

period

of

nearly

two
and

half

centuries.

This

mosque

is

considered

one

of

the

greatest
"architectural

achievements

in

the

Islamic

era.

The

famous

"History

Tree
was

planted

in

the

pillared

court

[Sahn],

later

known

as

the

Court

of
History.

The

mosque

was

then

converted

into

cathedral

after

the
Spanish

conquest

of

Cordoba

in

1236

A.D.

For

many

years

it

was

the
greatest

educational

center

in

Europe.

It

has

been

renovated

several
times

Linen

Fibres

Used

to

make

paper

for

writing

)(

Calligraphic

exercise

These

are

exercises

written

by

eminent

.calligraphers

for

learners

to

take

as

models

to

better

their

handwriting

Andalusian

Modes

of

movement

Prolongation

Suggestive

Melodious

rhythm

414

.1032/

Ibn

Al-Bawwab

very

famous

Arab

calligrapher

(died

1032

A.D.),

lived
during

the

Banu

Buyid

rule.

He

was

taught

at

the

hands

of

Ibn

Muqlah.
He

used

the

Arabic

calligraphies

perfectly

and

added

so

much

to

them.
He

mastered

the

following:

Manthur,

Murassa`,

Lu'lu'i,

Washi,

Hawashi,

.Muqtarin,

Mudmaj,

Mu`allaq,

Qasas,

Musalsal

)272328-886/

940-(

Ibn

Muqla

very

famous

Arab

calligrapher

who

lived

during

the
Abbasid

rule

(272-328

A.H./886-940

A.D.).

He

was

minister

for

the

Caliph
Al-Radi

Billah.

He

was

given

the

nicknames

"Prophet

of

Arabic

."Calligraphy"

and

"Master

of

Arabic

Calligraphy

,
The

Six

Pens

These

are

the

main

Arabic

calligraphies:

Thuluth,

Riq`ah,

.Naskh,

Al-Rihani,

Tawqi`,

Muhaqqaq

Perfection

Characters

with

points

and

others

without

points

Rhythm

Rhythm

represents

the

outcome

of

elements

such

as

.similitude,

diversity,

unity,

and

harmony

gathered

together

Timurid

Trend

Balance

This

aesthetic

value

is

to

be

realized

through

designing

the

.letters'

courses

and

directions

Inward

El-badie

name

given

to

Naskh

by

Ibn

Muqlah

Al-Basmalah

Contrast

Moving

from

bold

fonts

to

other

thin

ones

and

from

curved

to

.straight

ones

Transcendence

Symmetry

Harmony

Relationships

between

fonts

whether

curved,

vertical,

.horizontal,

high

or

low

Diversity

This

diversity

is

represented

in

letters

in

regard

to

their

being
bold,

thin,

being

upward

or

downward,

to

the

left

or

to

the

right.

This

.diversity

is

meant

to

save

the

reader

from

dullness

and

boredom

Al-Jamiado

See

also:

Morisco

Distinctive

shape

Movement

These

are

the

positive

elements

in

manuscript.

As

the
letter,

segment

and

word

are

positive

elements

in

Arabic

script,

while

the

.in-between

empty

places

are

the

negative

ones

Taji

(calligraphy

857(

)(

)(

)(

)(

)(
Diwani

Turks

introduced

the

Diwani

script

after

the

conquest

of
Constantinople

by

Muhammad

Al-Fatih

(858

A.H.).

This

script

is

derived

from

the

Riq`ah

Supreme

Office.

It

was

used

in

writing

the

sultanic
grants,

permissions

and

the

divan

orders.

Hence,

it

got

its

present
name.

Mustafa

Ghazlan,

the

Arab

calligrapher,

reestablished

and

added
to

it

many

remarkable

features

and

it

is

also

named

after

him

(Ghazlani
Script).

Also

among

its

famous

users

were

Muhammad

`Abdul-Qadir

and
Muhammad

Ibrahim

(Egypt),

Ibrahim

Al-Rifa`I

(Syria),

Kamil

Al-Baba
(Lebanon),

Muhammad

Tahir

Al-Kurdi

(Saudi

Arabia),

and

Hashim

Al

.Baghdadi

(Iraq)

Al-Raihani

script

Arabic

Script

)(

Farisi

It

is

called

Nast`aliq,

taken

from

Naskh

Ta`liq.

It

is

an

Arabic
script

inspired

by

the

Persian

calligraphy.

The

Persian

calligrapher

Mir
`Ali

Al-Tabrizi

added

many

rules

and

much

beauty

to

it.

It

is
distinguished

for

the

various

widths

of

its

letters

and

the

clear

.distinction

of

its

letters

Kufi

script

Muhaqqaq

script

Maghribi

(script)

Proportional

script

Hijazi

Naskh

Script

Hilali

script

Darij

(the

Current)

The

old

name

of

Naskh

Reed

pen

Marginal

ornaments

Domination

This

represents

the

domination

of

certain

part

of

the
manuscript

over

its

whole

form

in

way

to

attract

the

attention

of

.everyone

Siaqah

(script)

Of

unknown

origin

calligraphy

used

by

the

Persian
traders

(17th

and

18th

centuries).

It

is

similar

to

the

Mu`amma

script.

.Some

of

its

letters

are

to

be

omitted

or

combined

together

Swastika

Chalk

Static

Nature

Infinite

nature

.Tughra

Signature

of

the

Ottoman

Sultan,

Mahmud

Khan

II

Tomar

Outwardness

Sacred

art

(Arabic

Calligraphy

Al-Qur'ani

(old

name

for

Naskh

script

Al-Qar`

kind

of

Naskh

script.

It

is

subtle,

soft

and

more

free

than

the
Naskh

in

its

pen

movement.

It

has

no

interlaces

or

curves.

It

was

used
for

writing

signs,

seals

for

copies

of

the

Holy

Qur'an,

chronologies

and

.writer's

name

reed

pen

Totality

Plain

(simple)

Kufi

Pearl-like

cursive

(Persian

script

Formlessness

Infinitude

Color

Color

plays

an

important

rule

in

asserting

the

aesthetic

aspects

.of

the

Arabic

calligraphy

Malachite

Mudejars

Muslims

who

remained

in

Spain

after

it

had

been
reconquered

by

the

Christians.

They

stuck

to

their

Arab

traditions

and

.transferred

the

Arab

heritage

to

Europe

Mozarabs,

(Arabized

Christians)

Christians

who

lived

with

Muslims

in
Andalusia

and

adopted

certain

aspects

of

Arab

culture

and

used

their

.language.

They

also

showed

great

care

for

the

Arabic

letter

Visual

plane

Deceptive

appearances

Al-Mu`amma

(vague)

phrase

written

in

an

artistic

way

that

makes

it

.hard

to

read

Geometrical

equivalent

Module

Morisco

Muslims

who

remained

in

Spain

after

the

fall

of

Granada.

They
used

Romance

dialect

(taken

from

Latin).

They

used

Arabic

letters

."called

"Al-Jamiado

Nabato-Arameen

Proportions

Measurement

and

proportionality

found

in

writing

letters

.and

words

Unity

and

Harmony

Integrity

of

the

calligraphic

piece

of

work

Fluidity

(
)

Aerial

fluidity

(Persian

Calligraphy

Fusion

)(1940

1879
Paul

Klee

famous

Swiss

artist

(1879

1940)

who

was

inspired

by

the

.Arabic

letter

in

his

abstract

works

Primordial

-1"

-2

-3

-4

Sharpening

of

the

reed

pen

process

of

preparation

for

the

reed

pen
to

use

in

inscription.

It

goes

in

four

steps:

Fath

(slashing)

In

solid

pens
it

is

shorter,

2-

Naht

(scraping):

This

is

to

scrape

the

edges

and

bottom
of

pen.

3-

Shaq

(cutting):

This

is

to

open

cut

in

the

pen's

tip,

The
cut's

length

is

determined

according

to

the

pen's

solidness.

4-

Qat
)

.(chamfering

Limitation

Geometric

interlacing

Inscription

Phrase

sequence

Interlacement

To

connect

by

or

as

if

by

lacing

together

Contemplative

Implications

Farisi

Talisman

Chant

Disparity

This

is

the

disparity

between

the

spiritual

illumination

and

.arts

of

calligraphy

through

the

Ottoman

era

Prolongation

Preference

Dotting

(Pointing)

of

letters

Signature

Fragment

(
Rosetta

Stone

large

tablet

of

basalt

found

near

Rosetta

(1799

A.D.).
Its

polished

surface

has

been

carved

with

Greek,

hieroglyphic

and
demotic

characters.

Thanks

to

that

tablet

it

was

possiple

to

decipher

the

.Egyptian

hieroglyphics

Precincts

of

text

Letter

Semi-talking

characters

Thuluth

(calligraphy

Al-Jalil

(Script

1200(

1225(

(1272

Riq`ah

script

During

the

regimes

of

Sultan

Sulaiman

Al-Qanuni

and
`Abdul-Hamid

(1200

A.H.),

Riq`ah

script

progressed

much.

The

Turkish
calligrapher

Abu

Bakr

Mumtaz

bin

Mustafa

Afandi

(1225

A.H.),

is
considered

as

the

theorist

of

this

script

as

he

devoted

himself

to

study
its

characters

and

letters

and

laid

down

certain

measurements

and
proportions.

It

was

known

as

Hamayon

Script

(1272).

It

spread

all

over
the

Ottoman

Empire

and

replaced

the

Naskh

Script,

which

then

became
almost

sacred

as

it

was

used

for

writing

copies

of

the

Holy

Qur'an

and

.Prophetic

Hadith

)(

Chikestah

This

is

way

of

writing

that

emerged

at

the

early

days

of

the
11th

century,

during

the

reign

of

the

Saffauid

State

(Iran).

It

was

used

in
writing

the

rulings

and

messages.

First,

it

was

called

Chikestah

Ta`liq,

.then,

it

became

Chikestah

Nasta`liq

(
Qiramuz

script

The

script

from

which

the

Farisi

one

is

derived
)

.(uncertain

Epigraphy

Precise

Tip

Pointed

tip

of

pen

or

feather

Monotonous

Calligram

Parchment

Symbolism

(
)

Graphic

emblems

(Turkish

Script

Epigraphic

Blazon

writing

emblem

or

mark

that

includes

the

sultan's

.name,

titles

of

honor

and

is

written

on

all

his

properties

Zulfa

`Arus

(calligraphy

Vitriol

Nib

Strokes

Arboreal

Palmette

.Squirrel

Hair

material

for

making

brushes

for

writing

and

painting

Cipher

Rhomboid

Beauty

of

scripts

Echo

Arabic

Gum

Gum

extracted

from

some

acacia

trees

in

Istanbul

used

in
medicine

and

art

Sacred

formula

Proportionment

(of

letters

Implicit

Monogram

Pigment

Gallnut

Tannic

acid,

used

in

ink,

is

extracted

from

it

(
)

Magic

knots

(Turkish

script

Vowel

points

Vowel

point

(mark)

Any

mark

added

to

the

letter

to

show

its

correct

.pronunciation

400(

, ,

,
` Ilm

Al-Kitabah

(Science

of

Script)

Title

of

the

study

made

by

Abu
Hayian

Al-Tawhidi

(died

in

400

A.H.)

in

which

he

mentioned

the

Kufi
Script

types

known

during

his

life.

They

were

12:

Isma`ili,

Malaki,
Madani,

Andalusi,

Shami,

`Iraqi,

`Abbasi,

Baghdadi,

Musha`ab,

Rihan,

.Mujawwad,

and

Misri

Ghubar

Al-Halabah

(calligraphy)

Very

small

and

short

script,

written

in
the

form

of

compressed

circles.

It

was

derived

from

Al-Riqa`

and

Naskh.
It

used

to

be

written

on

very

small

pieces

of

paper.It

was

given

the

name
Qalam

Al-Janah

(Calligraphy

of

the

Wing)

for

it

was

used

in

writing

.messages

carried

by

the

homing

pigeons

Calligraphy

Qur'anic

Calligraphy

Phoenician

Reed

Diagonally

Colophon

An

inscription

placed

usually

at

the

end

of

manuscript,

.giving

facts

about

its

writer,

publisher,

author

and

date

of

writing

Standard

Proportions

Laid

down

by

Ibn

Muqlah

Perfect

(description

of

Naskh

Interlaced

inscriptions

Mirrored

lettering

Calligraphy

with

human

face

Calligraphy

with

human

shapes

Cryptography

Science

of

translating

messages

into

ciphers

or

codes

Phonetic

transliteration

(Arabic

Script

Anthropomorph

Pictographic

calligraphy

Kufic

writing

Pseudo-kufic

decoration

Ornaments

seem

to

be

writings

in

Kufic

script

.but

are

not

Cursive

script

Inscription

Contour

Kufic

Square

Kufi

(calligraphy

Floral

Kufi

Kufic

plaited

Foliate

Kufi

(
)

Azurite

(blue

color

Allah

Frontispiece

Lithography

Softness

Concentric

Orthogonal

Explosive

Symmetrical

Muhkam

(Moroccan

calligraphy

908(

17

Muhammad

ibn

Hasan

ibn

Muhammad

ibn

Ahmed

ibn

`Umar

Al-Taibi

AlShafi`i

One

of

the

outstanding

figures

of

Arabic

calligraphy.

He

wrote
an

important

book

(908

A.H.)

in

which

he

described

17

types

of

Arabic
calligraphy.

This

manuscript

was

found

in

the

treasury

of

the

Sultan

Al

.Ghuri,

the

last

Mamluk

sultan

who

was

killed

in

the

Marj

Dabiq

Battle

Angular

outlines

Manuscript

Cursive

Trembling

(tremble

Murassa`

(Inlaid

Flexibility

Cuneiform

character

or

characters

formed

by

the

arrangement

of
small

wedge-shaped

elements

and

used

in

ancient

Sumerian,

Akkadian,

.Assyrian,

Babylonian,

and

Persian

writing

Trimmed

Calligraphic

exercise

Space

handling

Matching

between

letters

in

complete

conformity

and

.harmony

Moderate

(description

of

Naskh

script

Truncated

pen

Pencase

Small

case

for

holding

and

keeping

pens

Touch

Feel

Features

Curves

Proportional

Organized

and

well-ordered

(description

of

Naskh

Miniaturist

Luminous

Nabatean

Proportion

Nasta`liq

Naskh

Radii

Dot

Geometry

Lucid

Explicit

Legible

(
)

Wafir

(Moroccan

script

Recto

Aesthetic

Unity

Papyrus

Plenitude

Circumscribe

Backed

brick

Kiln

brick

Headers

Vistas

Basin

Dimensions

Rotating

doors

Monument

structure,

such

as

building

or

sculpture,

erected

as

memorial

Precious

stones

Flutes

"

"

Ground

Column

"

"

Threshold

Star

patterns

Style

Precincts

Apse

Iconic

Needle-like

"

"
Stile

Frieze

Cornice
Eaves

decorative

horizontal

band,

as

along

the

upper

part

of

wall

in

room

Compositions

Rotundity

Three

dimensions

Axonometric

projection

"

)(

30

Isometric

projection

Trap

door

Sculptured

decoration

"
"

Spandrel

Ground

floor

Riser

Majestic

sweep

Naval

architecture

Dovetail

Plumb

line

Alveolus

Parabola

Ogive

Main

entrance

Span

Al-Aqsa

Mosque

Sassanian

prototype

Decorative

motifs

Anhydrite

Staircase

Trap

door

Secret

door

Portcullis

Postern

False

door

Sliding

door

Intermediate

door

Bazaar

Basement

Shaft

Pier

Tower

Turret

Bastion

Watchtower

Pool

Bulb

Slip

Intrados

Court

Rock

crystal

Polygonal

masonry

Stone

masonry

Dry

walling

Hall

"

"
Peristyle

Hypostyle

Arcade

Portal

Porphyry

Elliptical

Egg

and

anchor

""

Capital

Bulbous

capital

"

1630

(1654-1632

"
)

Taj

Mahal

(the

crown

of

the

locality

Alternative

Pavement

Parquetry

Frieze

"
"

Recess

Grooves

Packing

Rustication

Sketch

Cruciform

Quarries

Glaze

or

ware

boards

used

as

covering

of

windows

or

any

surface

Restoration

) (

Schematic

form

Brick

design

Geometrical

expression

Joint

Curve

of

dome

"

"

Pointing

Revetment

Brick

dressing

Setting

Arrow

slit

Material

heaviness

Octagonal

Bilobed

Cemetery

Gesso
Gypsum

widespread

colorless,

white,

or

yellowish

mineral,

used

in
the

manufacture

of

plaster

of

Paris,

various

plaster

products,

and

.fertilizers

Retaining

wall

Drawbridge

Window

sill

Balustrade

Annex

"

.("

Pavilion

Flight

of

stairs

Bailey

1434(

Gur

Emir

Transversal

wall

Screening

wall

Edging

Rim

Screen

Quoin

Dressing

stone

Ashlar

stone

Rusticated

stone

Horseshoe

arch

"

"

Wrought

iron

Fortress

Debris

Shed

Slanted

carving

Excavations

Arena

Roundels

Moldings

Archivault

Hoodmold

Scotia

"
"

Niche

Arch
Vault

Curve

Eaves

Courtyard

Pendentive

Khan

Bay

Bay

window

"

"

Skyline

"

"

Torus

Moat

Wicket

Trap

Basket-work

Imaret

room

for

eating

Anta

Bust

flying

butteress

Compound

pier

Pile

"

"

Pendent

Vestibule

Corridor

Acme

Spire

Cap

Quadrangle

Precinct

Roominess

Enclosure

Anteroom

Marble

"

"

Variegated

marble

Lobby

Anteroom

Underglazed

painting

Diagram

Landing

Drum

Bracket

Pillar

Rafters

Porch

Sanctuary

Cloister

Blind

lantern

Alley

"

"

Fascia

To

adorn

Lintel

Window

blind

Parapet

Hexagonal

Hexafoil

Crypt

Catacomb

)(

Cypress

Edge

Soffit

Plinth

Wooden

Scaffolding

Ceiling

Gable

roof

Inclined

roof

)(

Gable

roof

Spiral

stair

Pilaster

Buttress

"

"

Pediment

Loft

Attic

Barricades

.Astragal

narrow

convex

molding

often

having

the

form

of

beading

City

wall

Curtain

wall

Pole

"

"

Tombstone

Archeological

evidence

Blind

window

Bull's

eye

window

Ocular

window

"

"

Bull's

eye

window

Grille

window

"

"

Splay

window

Reticulate

"
"

Traceries

"
"

Window

grille

"

"

Fanlight

Merlon

Battlement

Oriental

Flap

Loophole

Form

Crestings

Post

Gallery

Cut

rock

Monumental

building

Edifice

Colonnade

"

"

Portico

Adamantine

Masonry

Faucet

Voussoirs

Joggled

vousoirs

Arch

stone

Massive

Mausoleum

Mezzanine

Lunette

arch

Fort

Scalloped

niche

Star

polygon

Socle

Knocker

Daubing

Spire

"
"

Spiral

Apex

Aisle

Cornice

Brick

) (

Adobe

Hollowed

Brick

Fired

brick

Dried

brick

Perforated

brick

Air-dried

brick

Baked

brick

Glazed

brick

Plastic

Tester

Architrave

Crenelations

Decagonal

Jamb

Jamb

post

Vault

(
Groin

vault

Intersecting

vault

Cusped

arch

Elliptical

arch

Barrel

vault

Relieving

arch

Acute

arcade

Horse-shoe

arch

Cinquefoil

arch

Shouldered

arch

Intersecting

vault

"

"
Squinch

arch

Tripartite

squinch

Lancet

arcade

Horseshoe

arch

Stilted

arch

Keel

arcade

Segmental

arch

Ogive

Pointed

arch

Dropped

arch

Multifoil

arcade

Undulating

arch

Rampant

arch

Equilateral

arch

Skew

arch

Parabolic

arcade

Relieving

arch

Equilateral

arch

Ogee

arch

Thrust

of

arch

Pointed

arch

Cusped

arch
Lancet

arch

Transversed

arch

Flat

arch

Flat

arch

Broken

arch

Ogee

arch

Broken

arch

Bell

arcade

Semicircular

arch

)(

Triangular

arch

Foliated

arch

Trefoil

arch

Interlaced

arcade

Undulating

arches

Agate

Rectangular

Baluster

Corner

post

Corinthian

Column

Colossal

order

Rusticated

Column

"

"
Engaged

column

Twisted

Column

Coupled

Column

Guardrooms

Rumpus

room

Entrance

Room

Aperture

Louver

Slit

Canopy

Fountain

Roomy

Sculpture

Banister

Newel

Pedestal

Base

of

column

Reed

mold

Dome

Square

dome

Shallow

dome

Gadrooned

dome

Barrel

vault

"

"

Cross

vault

Cross

vault

"

"

Double

vault

Cupola

Honeycomb

)(

Alhambra

Tesserae

Cavetto

Flight

of

stairs

Citadel

Summit

Pinnacle

Lunette

Cone

Kiln

Arch

Conduits

"

"

Stylobates

Convex

cyma

Concave

cyma

Fashioning

Modeling

Architrave

Joist
Beam

Any

of

the

parallel

horizontal

beams

set

from

wall

to

wall

to

support

the

boards

of

floor

or

ceiling

Alcove

Lantern

aperture

Chalet

Ancon

"

"

Stretchers

Stone

cist

Volute

Scroll

Helmet-form

minaret

Rotunda

Rubble

Ramparts

"

"

Uniaxial

Bulwark

Equilateral

Polygon

Winding

Model

Spherical

triangle

"

"

Triangular

prisms

Duct

""

Foundation

complex

Building

complex

Concave
Mihrab

Almost

all

prayer

niches

are

concave

from

inside

the

mosque,

thus

the

name

Mihrab

means

concave

Concave

Keep

Shelter

Openwork

Anchor

Layout

An

arrangement

or

plan,

especially

the

schematic

.arrangement

of

areas

Scheme

of

orientation

)(
)

Balcony

(of

minaret

Rubble

courses

Access

Entrance

Main

entrance

Triple

entrance

(
Bent

entrance

Course

of

building

materials

"

"

Lawn

Ramp

Stairway

Corbelled

Bolt

Machicolation

Oblong

Transverse

Garret

Trowel

"
"

Plan

Abode

Convex

Grille

Pattern

Shrine

Molded

Stone

bench

seat

Prayer

room


Depicted

"
"

Stucco

Hospice

"

(
Joggle

joint

between

two

pieces

of

building

material

formed

by

notch

and

fitted

projection

Flagstone

Castle

Console

Architectonic

Light-flooded

Keystone

Hinge

"

"
Stalactites

An

icicle-shaped

mass

of

calcite

that

hangs

from

the

roof

of

cave

Cabin
Seating

box

Lodge

"

"

Spatula

Truncated

Vaulted

Cube

"
"

Plaster

Passage

Minaret

Dormitory

Skylights

Spring

of

arch

Pulpit

Bombe

Spiral

ramp

Catenary

curve

Hewn

Concordant

Chevrons


Loggia

Belvedere

Perspective

Bird's

eye

view

Ant's

eye

view

Ordered

Columns

Confrontation

Cyma

Mortar

Any

of

various

bonding

materials

used

in

masonry,

surfacing,
and

plastering,

especially

plastic

mixture

of

cement

or

lime,

sand,

and
water

that

hardens

in

place

and

is

used

to

bind

together

bricks

or

stones

"

"

Gargoyle

Place

for

Ablution

Salient
Embossed

In

fortification

Campaniform

Bell-shaped

Spa

Cenotaph

Semicircular

Demi

column

Semidome

Sphere

Coffer

Anaglyph

"

"

Stereotyped

Prototype

Maquette

usually

small

model

of

an

intended

work,

such

as

sculpture

or

piece

of

architecture

Bosses

Lantern

Dormer

window

)(

Lime

Halo

Geometric

Hypocaust

Framework

Facade

Facet

Ample

Hypotenuse

"

Dado

Uniformity

Labyrinthine

Surmounted

Tile

Earthenware

Crackleware

Glazed

pottery

or

glassware

bearing

decorative

surface

network

of

fine

cracks

Splash-glazed

ware

Hunt

carpets

Monochrome

Ultramodern

The

latest

fashion

Rubious

Flute

Rounded

groove

specifically

one

of

the

vertical

parallel

grooves

on

classical

architectural

columns

Utensils

Purple

Sofa
Divan

Settee

Marine

blue

Aquamarine

Chisel

Curtains

Material

that

hangs

in

window

or

other

opening

as

decoration,

shade,

or

screen

Style

Bangle

Floral

forms

Acanthus

Thorny

plant

leaves

used

by

almost

all

artists

in

all

ages

Swags

An

ornamental

festoon

of

flowers

or

fruit

Clich

Iridescent

colors

Water

colors

Amphora

two-handled

jar

with

narrow

neck

used

for

keeping

and

carrying

liquids

Fringe

decorative

border

or

ending

of

hanging

threads,

cords,

or

strips,

often

attached

to

separate

band

Oval

Icon

representation

or

picture

of

sacred

or

sanctified

Christian

.personage,

traditional

to

the

Eastern

Church

Tankard

large

drinking

cup

having

single

handle

and

often

hinged

cover,

especially

tall

pewter

or

silver

mug

Buckle

Corona

Wreath

Diadem

Vessel

Epigraphy

Epigraphy

is

the

technique

of

decoding

aesthetic

patterns

Inventiveness

To

flourish

Color

fading

Imperial

style

Brooch

relatively

large

decorative

pin

or

clasp

Reel

device,

such

as

cylinder,

spool,

or

frame,

that

turns

on

an

axis
and

is

used

for

winding

and

storing

rope,

tape,

film,

or

other

flexible

materials

Egg

and

dart

decorative

design

Alkaline

glaze

Trimming

with

shears

Batik

Method

of

decorating

fabric

used

for

centuries

in

Indonesia.

With
melted

wax,

design

is

applied

to

the

cloth

(cotton

or,

sometimes,

silk),
which

is

then

dipped

in

cool

vegetable

dye.

Areas

covered

by

wax

do

.not

receive

the

dye

and

display

light

pattern

on

the

colored

ground

Interlaced

borders

Aesthetic

sense

Chevron

Bead

decoration

consisting

of

usually

continuous

series

of

small

spherical

shapes,

as

on

convex

molding

Harpy

One

of

several

loathsome,

voracious

monsters

with

the

head

and

trunk

of

woman

and

the

tail,

wings,

and

talons

of

bird

Creative

imagination

Dado

The

pedestal

or

lower

portion

of

wall,

decorated

differently

from

the

upper

section

Rhythmic

precision

Aesthetic

taste

Aigrette

Aquarelle

Linear

Islamic

decorative

art

Islamic

geometric

decorative

art

Intertwined

foliated

decorative

Arabesque

Luster

The

surface

glossiness

of

ceramic

ware

after

glazing

Star-shaped

octahedral

figure

Casting

in

sand

` Arjah

Head

cover

decorated-with-silver

and

coins,

used

in

Syria

and

Jordan

Plane

carpenter's

tool

with

an

adjustable

blade

for

smoothing

and

leveling

wood

Frit

Fused

or

partially

fused

materials

used

in

making

glass

Irano-Buddhist

art

Stylized

art

Cochineal

dark

red

dye

Quattrocento

The

15th-century

period

of

flouring

in

art

and

literature

Cornucopia

An

ornament

or

design

taking

the

figure

of

goat's

horn

overflowing

with

fruit,

flowers,

and

grain,

signifying

prosperity

Coffer

decorative

sunken

panel

in

ceiling,

dome,

soffit,

or

vault

Daisy

plant

of

the

composite

family

Zigzag

Color

schemes

13

-12
Mesopotamian

Art

An

artistic

style

distinctive

for

its

usage

of

colors;

it

.emerged

in

Islamic

art

during

the

12th

and

13th

centuries

45

Overlapping

squares

Corporal

level

Fret

An

ornamental

design

Geometric

concept

Sinusoidal

Textiles

Mathematical

perspective

Key

motif

recurrent

thematic

element

in

an

artistic

or

literary

work;

or

dominant

theme

or

central

idea

Ten-pointed

star

Rhythmical

prototype

Spiritual

light

term

used

in

Persian

miniature

art

Harmony

Aesthetic

arrangement,

as

in

design,

marked

by

proper

distribution

of

elements

Batula

veil

covering

women's

faces

in

the

Gulf

region

and

some

parts

of

Saudi

Arabia

Pastel

colors

Nosegay

small

bunch

of

flowers

Trefoil

An

ornamental

design

Blossom

Yashmak

veil

worn

by

Muslim

women

to

cover

the

face

in

public

Bronze

Luster

Rug

Machine

made

rug

Color

plain

Crystalline

Violet

.Bench

long

seat,

often

without

back,

for

two

or

more

persons

To

tarnish

Porcelain

Milieu

An

environment

or

setting

Beige

Color

combination

Dark

and

light

effect

Contemplative

Sarcophagus

Color

contrast

Lining

Covering

the

inner

part

of

material

Parquetry

Trappings

Ornamental

covering

or

harness

for

horse

Uniformity

Homogeneity

Juxtaposition

To

place

side

by

side,

especially

for

comparison

or

contrast

Transfiguration

of

landscape

Decor

Incising

Priming

Masterwork

To

encroach

Gradation

of

color

Gild

To

cover

with

or

as

if

with

thin

layer

of

gold

Ground

Earthen

Billets

Incrustation

Tessellated

flooring

Formula

Tricot

Glaze

To

fit,

furnish,

or

secure

with

glass

Transparent

glaze

Crackled

glaze

Metallic

glaze

Polychromy

Ornamentation

Interlacement

To

connect

by

or

as

if

by

lacing

together

Trimming

Crackle

Configuration

After

the

imagination

phase

comes

the

formulating

one

for

the

work

of

art

Throwing

(pottery

Paintings
Drawings

Design

Fresco

The

art

of

painting

on

fresh,

moist

plaster

with

pigments

dissolved

in

water

Miniature

Basketry

Embroidery

Inlay

Contrasting

material

set

into

surface

in

pieces

to

form

design

Insets

Something

set

in,

as

piece

of

material

set

into

garment

as

decoration

or

trim

Hatching

The

process

of

decorating

with

fine

lines

used

in

graphic

arts

to

show

shading

Motif

recurrent

thematic

element

in

an

artistic

work

Trellis

structure

of

open

latticework,

especially

one

used

as

support

for

vines

and

other

creeping

plants

"

Veins

Color

diversity

Taffeta

smooth

fabric

made

of

silk

Pictography

Color

contiguity

Iridescence

Conventional

Marquetry

Material,

such

as

wood

or

ivory,

inlaid

into

wood

surface

in
an

intricate

design

and

veneered

to

another

surface,

especially

in

furniture,

for

decoration

To

coruscate
To

dazzle

To

glitter

Coruscation

Convolutions

Equestrian

statue

Torso

statue

of

the

human

body

with

the

head

and

limbs

omitted

or

removed

Embossed

statue

Headless

statue

Bust

Rippling

Color

harmony

pleasing

combination

of

colors

Discord

Hybrid

The

offspring

of

genetically

dissimilar

parents

or

stock,
especially

the

offspring

produced

by

breeding

plants

or

animals

of

.different

varieties,

species,

or

races.

This

sense

is

also

found

in

arts

Equilibrium

Proliferation

Topaz

Any

of

various

yellow

gemstones,

especially

yellow

variety

of

sapphire

or

corundum

Unification

Foliage

representation

of

leaves,

flowers

and

branches

for

architectural

ornamentation

)(

Foliated

arabesque

complex,

ornate

design

of

intertwined

floral,

foliate,

and

geometric

figures

Floriated

foliage

Tulle

Medley

of

colors

Blend

Thickness

Chandelier

Trefoil

Bilobed

Trough

Geranium

plant

whose

leaves

were

used

as

elements

of

decoration

by

the

Greeks

and

later

adopted

in

the

Islamic

art

Fronton

a.

The

arched

part

that

is

located

on

the

shafts

of

temple
entrance

of

temple

in

classical

architecture.

b.

work

of

art

that

decorates

the

top

of

mirror

or

cupboard

Parallel

strands

Braid

Ornamental

cord

or

ribbon,

used

specially

for

decorating

or

edging

fabrics

Jar

Tooled

leather

Aesthetics

Flask

container

often

somewhat

narrowed

toward

the

outlet

and

often

fitted

with

closure,

especially

broad

flattened

necked

vessel

Amethyst

precious

stone

Connoisseur

Gesso

preparation

of

plaster

of

Paris

and

glue

used

as

base

for

low

relief

or

as

surface

for

painting

Mat

decorative

border

placed

around

picture

to

serve

as

frame

or

provide

contrast

between

the

picture

and

the

frame

Border

Edge

Sagger

Qur'an

stand

reading

desk

with

slanted

top

holding

the

books

from
which

scriptural

passages

are

read;

it

is

usually

used

for

holding

copy
of

the

Glorious

Qur'an

Bead

string

small,

often

round

piece

of

material,

such

as

glass,

plastic,

or

wood,

that

is

pierced

for

stringing

or

threading

Knitting

Porphyry

Hewn

stone

Contour

Shape

Halftone

picture

in

which

the

gradations

of

light

are

obtained

by

the
relative

darkness

and

density

of

tiny

dots

produced

by

photographing

the

subject

through

fine

screen

Bosses

Raised

areas

used

as

ornamentation

Imaginative

intuition

Amulet

Craftsmanship

Craftsman

Watered

silk

(moire)

Incision

Fascia

broad

and

distinct

band

of

color

Color

sensation

Fillings

Ornamental

material

for

filling

cavity,

whether

of

the

same

material

and

color,

or

of

different

ones

Mat

High

relief

Cameo

technique

for

carving

on

seals

or

gems

or

hard

materials

Aquatint

Low

relief

Spiral

Sash

Moldings

An

embellishment

in

strip

form,

made

of

wood

or

other
structural

material,

that

is

used

to

decorate

or

finish

surface,

such

as
the

wall

of

room

or

building

or

the

surface

of

door

or

piece

of

.furniture

Ornament

Knickknack

small

ornamental

article

Scallop-niche

Applique

Musical

ornament

Annulet

Basin

Fauna

catalog

of

the

animals

of

specific

region

or

period

Vividness

of

color

Ring

Crude
Raw

Unrefined

Beads

Lusterware

Pottery

or

porcelain

having

metallic

sheen

produced

when

metallic

oxides

are

added

to

the

glaze

Porcelain

Majolica

ware

Tin-glazed

earthenware

that

is

often

richly

colored

and
;decorated,

especially

an

earthenware

of

this

type

produced

in

Italy

.under

effect

of

Islamic

art

it

was

widely

spread

during

the

Renaissance

Slipware

Tin

glazed

earthenware

Ceramics

Panache

bunch

of

feathers

or

plume,

especially

on

helmet

Tuft

Streak

Hook

curved

or

sharply

bent

device,

usually

of

metal,

used

to

catch,

drag,

suspend,

or

fasten

something

else

Color

scheme

Checkered

lines

Tempera

painting

medium

in

which

pigment

is

mixed

with

water

soluble

glutinous

materials

such

as

size

or

egg

yolk

Background

Pentagon

Cinquefoil

design

having

five

sides

composed

of

converging

arcs,

usually

used

as

frame

for

glass

or

panel

Khamsah

hand-shaped

amulet

taken

as

charm

against

evil

or
injury;

it

symbolizes

the

hand

of

Lady

Fatimah,

daughter

of

the

Prophet

.Muhammad

(peace

be

upon

him)

Fillet

Decorative

design

Dowsing

rod

Fillet

ridge

between

the

indentations

of

fluted

column

Fantastic

Stick

long

piece

of

plaster,

wood

or

rock

that

made

adhesive

to

column

or

wall,

or

taken

as

an

ornamental

framework

Spun

glass

material

consisting

of

extremely

fine

glass

fibers,

used

in
making

various

products,

such

as

yarns,

fabrics,

insulators,

and

structural

objects

or

parts

Zodiac

Iconography

set

of

specified

or

traditional

symbolic

forms

associated

with

the

subject

or

theme

of

stylized

work

of

art

Hue

The

property

of

colors

by

which

they

can

be

perceived

as

ranging
from

red

through

yellow,

green,

and

blue,

as

determined

by

the

dominant

Frets

Several

ridges

set

across

the

fingerboard

of

stringed

instrument,

such

as

guitar

Brocade

Damask

Finishing

The

decorative

work

required

for

building

or

one

of

its

parts

to

make

it

perfect

Twirl

Spouted

Flask

Potter's

wheel

Divan

The

seat

of

Turkish

official

Diorama

Tresses

Decagon

Ansate

Having

handle

or

part

resembling

handle

Knobby

Triquetrous

Key

pattern

An

ornamental

design

Scroll

An

ornament

or

ornamental

design

that

resembles

partially

rolled

scroll

of

paper

Exquisite

Chef-d'oeuvre

Masterpiece

Lace

Quadruped

Quatrefoil

Draftsman

Painter

Depiction

Drawing

Graffito

drawing

or

an

inscription

made

on

wall

or

other

surface,

.usually

so

as

to

be

seen

by

the

public

(
)
Stylized

drawing

term

used

in

Islamic

art,

especially

the

Persian,

signifying

the

conventionalization

of

figures

to

particular

style

Patronage

Gold

foil

Gold

rolled

or

beaten

into

sheets

somewhat

thicker

than

gold

leaf

Gorget

Stuffing

Padding

put

in

cushions

and

upholstered

furniture

Pommel

Knob

Astrological

symbolism

(1834-1798

Egret

plume

Fath

`Ali

Shah

(1798-1834)

of

Qagar

Dynasty

used

to

wear
a

crown

ornamented

with

jewels.

On

this

crown

were

fixed

some

egret

.plumes

colored

in

black

to

suit

his

majestic

beard

Glazier

One

that

cuts

and

fits

glass,

as

for

doors

and

windows

Engraved

glass

Blown

glass

"

"

Stained

glass

Enamel

glass

Carved

glass

Translucent

glass

Embellishments

Trappings

Underglaze

decoration

Decoration

Incised

decoration

Sgraffito

Decoration

produced

on

pottery

or

ceramic

by

scratching
through

surface

of

plaster

or

glazing

to

reveal

different

color

underneath

Tracery

Ornamental

work

of

interlaced

and

branching

lines

Zoomorphic

Stamped

decoration

Vegetal

ornament

Nap

soft

or

fuzzy

surface

on

fabric

or

leather

Emerald

brilliant

green

to

grass-green

transparent

variety

of

beryl,

used

as

gemstone

Lily

Any

of

various

plants,

having

variously

colored,

often

trumpet

shaped

flowers;

it

is

often

used

in

decoration

Water

lily

Vermilion

Tulip

Poppy

Vase

Dress

attire

special

uniform

for

occasions

and

ceremonies

To

adorn

To

emboss

Grotesque

style

of

painting,

sculpture,

and

ornamentation

in

which
natural

forms

and

monstrous

figures

are

intertwined

in

bizarre

or

fanciful

combinations

Sapphire

Dormant

Alloy

Studio

(17

Prayer-rug

Turkish

prayer

carpet

decorated

with

compact

niches
)

(17th

century

Cloud-band

An

ornament

Warp

Lamp

ware

or

metal

vessel

containing

oil

or

alcohol

burned

through

wick

for

illumination

Plagiarism

Plane

surface

Bucket

Brilliance

of

color

Coinage
Monetization

Mintage

(
Herringbone

pattern

consisting

of

rows

of

short,

slanted

parallel
lines

with

the

direction

of

the

slant

alternating

row

by

row

and

used

in

masonry,

parquetry,

embroidery,

and

weaving

Bowl

Tureen

Dervish's

bowl

Persian

dervishes

used

to

use

it

as

vessel

for

drinking

or

to

raise

charity

therein,

and

they

used

to

hang

it

around

their

necks

Minium

An

inner

covering

of

material

that

resists

rust

Opaline

The

opal

color

which

is

near

to

that

of

clouds

Tip

Thong

Shawl

Champleve

technique

of

decorating

metal

in

which

areas

that

have
been

hollowed

out,

as

by

incising,

are

filled

with

colored

enamel

and

then

fired

Net

Lattice

Something,

such

as

decorative

motif

or

heraldic

bearing,

that

resembles

an

open,

patterned

framework

Human

figures

Fragment

Tassel

bunch

of

loose

threads

or

cords

bound

at

one

end

and

hanging

free

at

the

other,

used

as

an

ornament

on

curtains

or

clothing

Zoographical

band

Ribbon

Checkered

Divided

into

squares

Fragmentary

Consisting

of

small,

disconnected

parts

Emblem

Coat

of

arms

An

arrangement

of

bearings,

usually

depicted

on

and

around

shield,

that

indicates

ancestry

and

distinctions

Needlework

Tracing

reproduction

made

by

superimposing

transparent

sheet

and

copying

the

lines

of

the

original

on

it

Pouring

lip

Decanter

vessel

with

cover

and

handle

for

keeping

drink

Trammel

Ovum

figure

Outward

form

Physical

appearance

Candlestick

Pallium

Artisan

craftsperson

Casting

Molding

To

imbue

To

dye

To

stain

or

dye

deeply

Pigment

Conch

Tortoise

shell

hard

material

used

to

inlay

wood

and

make

combs

Geometrical

strictness

Swastika

symbol

formed

by

cross

with

the

ends

of

the

arms

bent

at

right

angles

in

either

clockwise

or

counterclockwise

direction

Joggled

voussoir

One

of

the

wedge-shaped

stones

forming

the

curved

parts

of

an

arch

or

vaulted

ceiling

Keystone

The

central

wedge-shaped

stone

of

an

arch

that

locks

its

parts

together

Sandals

Chest

box

of

the

Qur'an

decorated

box

in

which

copy

of

the

Holy

Qur'an

is

preserved

Elliptic

decorative

ornament

Cupboard

Syenite

volcanic

rock

Illustration

Visual

matter

used

to

clarify

or

decorate

text

Profile

Portrait

Silhouette

Inanimate

image

Mace

ceremonial

staff

borne

or

displayed

as

the

symbol

of

authority

of

legislative

body

Tray

Quilt

coverlet

or

blanket

made

of

two

layers

of

fabric

with

layer

of
cotton,

wool,

feathers,

or

down

in

between,

all

stitched

firmly

together,

usually

in

decorative

crisscross

design

Fourfold

braid

motif

Decorative

expression

that

denotes

braided

hexagon

and

octagon

forms

Rib

High

light

Large

pot

Any

of

various

usually

domestic

containers

made

of

porcelain

as

round,

fairly

deep

vessel

for

serving

food

Stereotype

metal

printing

plate

cast

from

matrix

molded

from

raised

printing

surface,

such

as

type

Platter

Slip

Thinned

potter's

clay

used

for

decorating

or

coating

ceramics

Splash

Trinket

Lost

wax

process

China

clay

Mat

glaze

Luster

Any

of

various

substances,

such

as

wax

or

glaze,

used

to

give
an

object

gloss

or

polish;

originally

it

is

an

Islamic

invention

that

.appeared

during

the

eighth

century

A.D

Talisman

An

object

marked

with

magic

signs

and

believed

to

confer

on
its

bearer

supernatural

powers

or

protection;

it

is

often

engraved

on

walls

Hoop

One

of

pair

of

circular

wooden

or

metal

frames

used

to

hold

material

taut

for

embroidery

or

similar

needlework

Shade

of

color

Baldachin

heavy

rich

fabric

of

silk

and

gold

carried

or

placed

over

a
bed,

throne,

or

person

protecting

him

from

the

blazing

sun,

rain,

or

wind

Porch

Lampshade

Any

of

various

protective

or

ornamental

coverings

used

to

screen

light

bulb

Verso

Color

dimness

Background

shade

Gear

Equipment,

such

as

tools

or

clothing,

used

for

particular

activity

Inimitability

Pergola

Arbor

Headband

Headband

An

ornament

that

looks

like

rope

to

fix

the

turban

on

one's

head

Knot

length

of

line,

thread,

ribbon,

or

other

thin

material

that

is
curved

or

doubled

over

making

an

opening;

decorative

and
geometrical

term

originated

and

widely

spread

during

the

Seljuk

era,

.and

it

is

well-known

in

most

trends

of

Islamic

art

Arcade

Blind

arcade

series

of

non-open

arches

for

decorating

walls

Chalcedony

Agate

Hard

red

precious

stone,

used

in

making

seals

and

jewelry

Assay

mark

Fixed

mark

for

detecting

the

quality

or

quantity

of
something

Craftsman's

mark

Test

mark

Iconology

The

branch

of

art

history

that

deals

with

the

description,

analysis,

and

interpretation

of

icons

or

iconic

representations

Museology

The

discipline

of

museum

design,

organization,

and

management

Color

deepness

Classical

Archaic

Crimson

Horn

device

for

projecting

sound

waves,

as

in

loudspeaker

Ram's

horn

An

ornamental

design

Chestnut

Fish

scales

small,

flattened,

rigid

and

definitely

circumscribed

plate
forming

part

of

the

external

body

covering

especially

of

fish;

it

is

often

.taken

as

shape

of

ornaments

13

Alhambra

fine

example

of

Islamic

art

found

in

Granada,

Andalusia

(13th

century)

Velvet

Brocaded

velvet

Solid

cloth

Lined

cloth

Dappled

cloth

Tapestry

Diapered

cloth

Bulging

long-necked

bottle

Beakers

Small

pots

made

of

copper,

silver,

pottery,

or

glass,

used

as
containers

for

drinks

and

perfumes.

They

have

tall,

narrow

pouring

lip.

.Their

making

and

use

were

common

during

all

the

Islamic

ages

Printing

blocks

Color

dullness

Goblet

drinking

vessel,

such

as

glass,

that

has

stem

and

base

Footed

bowl

Chain

Caricature

Cavetto

concave

molding

with

cross

section

that

approximates

quarter

circle

Kaoline

fine

clay

used

in

ceramics

and

refractories

and

as

filler

or

coating

for

paper

and

textiles

Pseudo

inscription

Intensity

of

color

Cardboard

material

similar

to

thick,

stiff

paper,

that

is

made

of
pressed

paper

pulp

or

pasted

sheets

of

paper.

It

is

used

for

making

.cartons

and

signs

Crochet
.

Vines

Corona

The

projecting

top

part

of

cornice

Attire

Carving

Paste

Cloisonn

Enamelware

in

which

the

surface

decoration

is

formed

by

different

colors

of

enamel

separated

by

thin

strips

of

metal

Plate

Kilim

tapestry-woven

Turkish

rug

or

other

textile

with

geometric

designs

in

rich,

brilliant

colors

Quantitative

Mug

cylindrical

drinking

cup

usually

having

handle

Lapis

Lazulli

)Weft

(woof

Element

Griffin

fabulous

beast

with

the

head

and

wings

of

an

eagle

and

the

body

of

lion

Opal

translucent

mineral

of

hydrated

silica,

often

used

as

gem

Carafe

glass

or

metal

pot,

often

with

flared

lip,

used

for

serving

water

and

other

liquids

Blanket

stitch

Stitch

single

complete

movement

of

threaded

needle

in

sewing

or

surgical

suturing

Feather

stitch

Chain-stitch

decorative

sewing

stitch

in

which

loops

are

connected

like

the

links

of

chain

Herringbone

stitch

Fly

stitch

Running

stitch

Yarn

Nimbus

radiant

light

that

appears

usually

in

the

form

of

circle

or
halo

about

or

over

the

head

in

the

representation

of

god,

demigod,

saint,

or

sacred

person

such

as

king

or

an

emperor

Steeping

To

soak

yarn

in

certain

liquids

in

order

to

soften

it

Dull

Untwining

Twine

The

Period

of

Formation

title

given

to

the

Umayyad

era

when

talking

about

the

Islamic

art

Stoneware

Biscuits

Bisque

Clay

that

has

been

fired

once

but

not

glazed

Terra-cotta

hard,

waterproof

ceramic

clay

used

in

pottery

and

building

construction

Interstices

Spaces,

especially

small

or

narrow

ones,

between

things

or

parts

Vervain

Verbena

Bead

string

Equestrian

Horse-riding

Mosaic

picture

or

decorative

design

made

by

setting

small

colored

pieces,

as

of

stone

or

tile,

into

surface

Mosaic

of

faience

Silver-gilt

To

decipher

Deciphering

the

pattern

Separating

the

shapes

that

constitute

the
decorative

pattern

finding

their

centers.

Putting

shapes

together

in

.different

way

creates

new

patterns

Art

.
Arabesque

Ornaments

that

are

attributed

in

all

languages

to

the

Arabs.
These

are

complex,

ornate

designs

of

intertwined

floral,

foliate

and

.geometric

figures.

It

is

also

characteristic

of

Islamic

arts

Polychromy

Fictile

art

Miniature

small

portrait,

picture,

or

decorative

letter

on

an

illuminated
manuscript

Turkish

Miniature

Persian

miniature

Mosul

Work

An

artistic

style

of

molding

inlaid

metals

which

flourished

during

the

12th

century

in

the

city

of

Mosul,

Iraq

Toreutics

The

art

of

working

metal

or

other

materials

by

the

use

of

embossing

and

chasing

to

form

minute

detailed

relieves

Concrete

art

Primitive

art

Abstract

art

kind

of

art

that

does

not

imitate

nature

but

it

may

be

inspired

by

nature

Portraiture

Conventional

art

Illumination

The

art

or

act

of

decorating

text,

page,

or

an

initial

letter

with

ornamental

designs,

miniatures,

or

lettering

Archaic

art

Prehistoric

art

Figurative

art

It

has

interest

in

representing

humans

and

animals

Mosaicist

Islamic

decorative

arts

Turquoise

Denominator

Pedestals

Mold

frame

or

model

around

or

on

which

something

is

formed

or

shaped

Color

darkness

Amice

Palmette

leaf

scrolls

Color

brightness

Palette

Triptych

Almond-shaped

Color

Silver-white

Off-white

Orange

red

Scarlet

Rust

red

Brick

red

Carmine

Madder

red

Garnet

red

Ochre

red

Claret

red

Pink

Olive

green

Blue

Ultramarine

blue

Sky

Blue

Cobalt

blue

Lemon

yellow

color

Ochre

yellow

Auburn

moderate

reddish

black

Violet

(color

Dark

brown

Turquoise

(color

Secondary

color

Viridian

Emerald

Bright

green

Salmon

colored

Vermilion

(color

Cream

yellow

Loud

color

Sienna

Buff

Ivory

pale

or

grayish

yellow

to

yellowish

white

Honey

color

Ruby

(color

Amber

Pink

Cadmium

color

Brown

red

Faded

color

Pale

color

) (
Lilac

Any

of

various

shrubs

of

the

genus

Syringe,

widely

cultivated

for

its

clusters

of

fragrant

purplish

or

white

flowers

Impressive

Gilt

Novelty

Incense

burner

Refulgent

Cognate
Allied

in

characteristics

Harmonious

Anthropomorphic

Intarsia

decorative

inlaid

pattern

in

surface,

especially

mosaic

worked

in

wood

Pendentive

Interlaced

Multiform

Polychrome

Polygon

Crumbled

Iridescent

Producing

display

of

lustrous,

rainbow-like

colors

Moire

Fabric,

such

as

silk

or

rayon,

finished

so

as

to

have

wavy

or

rippled

surface

pattern

Uniaxial

Flamboyant

Characterized

by

waving

curves

suggesting

flame

Fixative

varnish

used

especially

for

the

protection

of

crayon

drawings

Punched

Filigree

An

intricate,

delicate,

or

fanciful

ornamentation

Replica

Twining

Conservative

Imitation

Tendril

twisting,

threadlike

structure

by

which

twining

plant

grasps
an

object

or

plant

for

support;

it

is

used

as

decorative

units

in

Islamic

art

Heraldry

Cushion

Pestle

Coral

Atelier

Palmette

stylized

palm

leaf

used

as

decorative

element

Fan-shaped

Flabelliform

Glazed

Floriated

Floriated

Having

floral

ornaments

or

floral

forms

Sundial

An

instrument

that

indicates

local

apparent

solar

time

by

the
shadow

cast

by

central

projecting

pointer

on

surrounding

calibrated

dial

Jar

stand

Tapered

Rectilinear

Tint

Denticles

Beveled

The

pointless

or

non-straight

edge

of

any

wooden

or

stony

".statute

Metalwork

Artifacts

Lantern

An

often

portable

case

with

transparent

or

translucent

sides

for

holding

and

protecting

light

Finial

An

ornament

fixed

to

the

peak

of

an

arch

or

arched

structure,

or
an

ornamental

terminating

part,

such

as

the

screw

of

lampshade.

In

.Persian

gold

ornaments

it

often

takes

the

shape

of

lion

griffin

Guilloche

An

ornamental

border

formed

of

two

or

more

curved

bands

that

interlace

to

repeat

circular

design

Interlaced

design

An

ornamental

design

Plated

Repousse

The

technique

of

hammering

and

pressing

designs

in

relief

Inlaid

Decorated

with

pattern

set

into

surface

Mat

Dull,

often

rough

finish,

as

of

paint,

glass,

metal,

or

paper

Treatment

Detailed

treatment

Opacifier

chemical

agent

added

to

material,

such

as

rocket

propellant,

to

make

it

opaque

Opaque

Not

reflecting

light

or

having

no

luster

Pasting

smooth

viscous

mixture,

as

of

flour

and

water

or

of

starch
and

water,

that

is

used

as

an

adhesive

for

joining

light

materials,

such

as

paper

and

cloth

Cobalt

Forged

metal

Mi`raj

Namah

Persian

miniature

depicting

the

Night

Journey

of

the
)

Prophet

Muhammad

(peace

be

upon

him

Mantel

An

ornamental

facing

around

fireplace

or

it

is

the

protruding

shelf

over

fireplace

Lined

coat

Intricate

Having

many

complexly

arranged

elements

Lozenge

Four-sided

planar

decorative

figures

with

diamond-like

shape;

rhombus

that

is

not

square

Ochre

Any

of

several

earthy

mineral

oxides

of

iron

occurring

in

yellow,

brown,

or

red

and

used

as

pigments

Spindle

Bed

spread

Tablecloth

Foiled

An

ornament

Elephant-shaped

decoration

Al-Maqamat

of

Al-Hariri

During

the

13th

century,

Al-Hariri,

an

Iraqi

man
of

letters,

wrote

his

masterpiece

Al-Maqamat,

comprehensive

book

of
pictures,

in

which

he

depicted

the

social

and

artistic

features

of

the
Abbasid

era

through

series

of

interesting

stories.

All

pictures

included
in

that

book

were

drawn

by

Yahya

Al-Wasiti

Hilt

Foreground

Stalagmites

cone

of

calcite

rising

from

the

floor

of

cave

Brocaded

with

gold

or

silver

threads

Tinned

)(

Fluted

long,

usually

rounded

groove

incised

as

decorative

motif

on

the

shaft

of

column

Bed

sheet

Motifs

Decorative

features

made

of

the

leaves,

rather

than

the

branches,

of

tree

Collage

An

artistic

composition

of

materials

and

objects

pasted

over

surface,

often

with

unifying

lines

and

color

Coiled

Camouflaged

Gilt

Bulging

Domestic

Interlocked
Woven

To

become

united

or

joined

closely,

as

by

hooking

or

dovetailing

Pew

Zone

Royal

huntsman

Landscape

Panoramic

view

picture

depicting

an

expanse

of

scenery

Shadowless

landscape

Symbolic

landscape

Transfigured

landscape

known

miniature

in

Persian

art

Perspective

Engraved

Carved

Tiger-shaped

decoration

Adorned
Embellished

Decorated

Cyma

recta

molding

for

cornice,

having

partly

convex

curve

in

profile,

used

especially

in

classical

architecture

Moresque

Characteristic

of

Moorish

art

or

architecture

Foliated

Vogue

Mauve

moderate

grayish

violet

to

moderate

reddish

purple

Hand-warmer

Inborn

talent

Medallion

Something

resembling

large

medal,

as

an

oval

or

circular

design

used

as

decoration

Enamel

vitreous,

usually

opaque,

protective

or

decorative

coating

baked

on

metal,

glass,

or

ceramic

ware

Dogtooth

decorative

design

and

ornament

Botanic

Vegetal

Copper

Brass

Relief

Copy

Weaving

Print

fabric

Semilunar

Glass

blowing

Color

purity

Carving

Engraving

Intaglio

intaglio,

design

cut

into

stone

or

other

material,

or

etched

or
engraved

in

metal

plate,

producing

concave

effect

that

is

the

reverse

.of

relief

or

Cameo

Inscriptions

Something,

such

as

the

wording

on

coin,

medal,

monument,

or

seal,

that

is

inscribed

Carpet

Pattern

Prototype

Painting

Depicting

miniature

Example
Model

Sample

Seven-circles

pattern

key

pattern

of

Islamic

decoration

Blossoms

Flowers

and

roses

that

are

used

in

decorating

rugs,

ceramics

and

pots

Medal

flat

piece

of

metal

stamped

with

design

or

an

inscription

commemorating

an

event

or

person,

often

given

as

an

award

Loom

An

apparatus

for

making

thread

or

yarn

into

cloth

by

weaving

strands

together

at

right

angles

Niello

Any

of

several

black

metallic

alloys

of

sulfur

with

copper,

silver,

or

lead,

used

to

fill

an

incised

design

on

the

surface

of

another

metal

Halo

luminous

ring

or

disk

of

light

surrounding

the

heads

or

bodies

of

sacred

figures,

such

as

saints,

in

religious

paintings

Mortar

vessel

in

which

substances

are

crushed

or

ground

with

a
pestle

Pediment

wide,

low-pitched

gable

surmounting

the

facade

of

building,

window

or

mirror

boards

Fragile

Easily

broken,

damaged

or

destroyed

Frontispiece

facade,

especially

an

ornamental

facade

or

small

ornamental

pediment,

as

on

top

of

door

or

window

Wedge

Facial

Unique

Pale

pink

Rosettes

Workshop

Plane

leaves

""

Tracing

paper

Brand

Descriptive

Pose

.Cross

guard

decorative

loop

or

tassel

attached

to

the

hilt

of

sword

Ruby

Corundum

group

of

precious

stones

slightly

less

than

diamond

in

hardness

Yatagan

Turkish

word

signifies

short,

curved

sword

Handle

part

that

is

designed

to

be

held

or

operated

with

the

hand

Hyacinthus

Bulbous

herb

of

the

Lily

family

Jasper

Jade