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VOCABULARIO
MODA

jeans
jacket
t-shirt
trainers
boots
sandals
earrings pendientes
necklace collar
ring anillo
hat sombrero
polyester
straight recto
watch
belt - cinturn
fit ajuste
tight apretado
loose flojo
sleeveless sin mangas
long-sleeved
hooded con capucha
V-neck
spotted a manchas
stripped a rayas
vest chaleco
scarf pauelo
sandals
stockings medias
suit traje
swimsuit
slippers zapatillas
backpack mochila
bow pajarita
cardigan rebeca
cotton algodn
silk seda
leather cuero
nylon
linen lino
Lycra
denim vaquero
velvet terciopelo
fur piel
woolen lana
trendy de moda
old-fashioned

stylish
wrist mueca
scruffy desaliado
smart elegante
tie corbata
dress up vestirse
hang up colgar
fit encoger
suit adaptar
match adaptar
get changed cambiarse
get dressed vestirse
bracelets pulseras
remarkably
frayed - deshilachado

PHRASAL VERBS

break down estropearse

get away with (+ing) escaparse con,
salirse
con la suya
stand out destacar
keep up with mantenerse al da con
dress up vestirse, disfrazarse
smarten up embellecer
throw on arrojar sobre
deal with hacer frente a
get over supercar
see off despedir
take out sacar
go up subir
sort out clasificar
come up with proponer
look up buscar
(diccionario, ordenador)
look for - buscar
bring back devolver
point out indicar
put off posponer
give away regalar
go through atravesar
put up with aguantar
check out verificar
look after cuidar a
look away apartar la mirada
look back on mirar hacia atrs
look down on despreciar
look into investigar
look over examinar
look up to admirar

take risks
take decisions
take sthg seriously
take after parecerse a
take notice prestar atencin
take care tener cuidado
take your time
take advantage
take part
take place
take up empezar a hacer
take off despegar
take sthg easy - tomar con calma
find out - descubrir
cut up - trocear

MS VOCABULARIO

nerd empolln
bullets balas
gloomy sombrio
upturn repunte, mejora
set-up - preprara
back-up copia de seguridad
breakdown desglose,
descomposicin
crackdown represin
letdown decepcin
endlessly interminablemente
encourage alentar, animar
submit presenter, entregar
appalling atroz
demanding exigent
joyless sin alegra
sophisticated
terrific estupendo, tremendo
enthusiastic
mindless imbecil; sin sentido
browse navegar; vistazo
too much demasiado
suitable adecuado
pleased - satisfecho
talkative
(un)reliable fiable, de confianza
cheerful alegre
insincere
imaginative
dishonest
(un)helpful servicial, amable
pinch pinzar

nosebleed
blood pressure
assertive positivo
bad-tempered
conscientious meticuloso
eccentric
easy-going
funny
impulsive
insecure
loyal
open-minded
optimistic
possessive
reserved
self-confident
stubborn tozudo
vain
wise sabio
moody temperamental
sensible sensate
sensitive sensible
bossy mandn
ironic
responsible
temperature
a cough resfriado
headache
rash sarpullido
blister ampolla
pain in the chest dolor en el pecho
sick enfermo
to be sick vomitar
to be sneezing espirrar
ankle- tobillo
swollen inflamado
his back hurts/aches
swallow tragar
diarrhea
to feel sick/dizzy estar mareado
faint desmayarse
to be allergic to
to have food poisoning
to sprain ones ankle
to have a bruise in a toe
bruise maraton
toe deda
stitches puntos de sutura
bandage

scar cicatriz
rely depender de
rely on contar con
hurry up! - Date prisa!
painkiller
wound herida
endure incluso
sting picar
itching picazn
carry on +ing seguir
go on pasar
aim objetivo
decide to
to be in charge of
to work as a waiter/waitress
to be able to
chat up tartar de seducir
break up dispersar
borrow from pedir prestado
call back rellamar
cut down talar, acortar
checked a cuadros
patterned a dibujos
suede gamuza
pocket bolsillo
socks calcetines
pullover jersey
high heel shoes
zapatos de tacones altos
flat shoes bailarinas
turtle neck cuello alto
wear llevar puesto
delay retraso
terminals
arrivals
luggage/ baggage
passport control
pick up recoger
customs aduanas
porter mozo de maletas
airlines
crew tripulacin
passengers
air-hostes/flight attendant
sit asiento
aisle pasillo
take of despegar
land aterrizar
actually de hecho, en realidad

at the moment
especially principalmente
specially especficamente
ever alguna vez
even incluso
hard duro
hardly apenas
at the end of al final de
in the end al final
late tarde
lately recientemente
near
nearly casi
blind ciego
deaf sordo
disabled discapacitado
injured lesionado
unemployed
giggle risa tonta
vain credo
eyebrows cejas
to commit a crime
investigate
charge acusar
court tribunal
witnesses testigos
evidence
verdict
guilty culpable
fingerprints
judge
punishment
prison/jail
to be sentenced to
proofs
acquitted absuelto
acquit absolver
the death penalty
to be damp estar hmedo
to be drizzling llovizna
there is a breeze
there are gale-forces
to be windy
blizzard tempestad de nieve
drought sequa
flood inundacin
hailstorm granizada
heat wave ola de calor
hurricane

lightning
monsoon
tornado
thunder trueno
bright - radiante
changeable
clear skies
heavy rain
icy
settled asentado
sunny
thick fog niebla espesa
to be slippery resbaladizo
to be shivering tiritando
to be sweating sudando
to be soaked mojado
to be humid
melt derretirse
sun burnt bronceado
shocked sorprendido
grateful agradecido
relieved aliviado
awesome alucinado
disappointed decepcionado
homesick nostlgico
lonely solitario
nervous
glad/please contento, satisfecho
offended
astonished/amazed asombrado
delighted encantado
exhausted
thrilled emocionado
furious
desperate desesperado
miserable muy infeliz
sad - triste
depressed deprimido
terrified aterrorizado
to be fed up harto
upset alterado
rip - arrancar
burglar ladrn
hijacker secuestrador
smuggle pasar contrabando
vandalism
terrorism
fraud
bribery soborno, cohecho

murderer
set off bombs
scorching achicharrante
cranberry arndanos
blow soplar
yard acorralar
muggy bochornoso
foggy nublado
motorway autopista
slim Delgado, esbelto
likely probable
probably probablemente
to be likely to :
She is likely to be off work for
a time
realize dares cuenta
notice percatar, notar
rise subir
raise hacer que algo suba
discuss converser
argue discutir
avoid +ing - evitar
prevent +ing
remember recorder
remind to/ make sb remember
hope / want sth to happen
expect to imaginar, creer
mind - estar preocupado
matter ser importante
hear recibir sonidos
listen prestar atencin
instead en lugar de
would rather (not) preferira
had better (not) ms vale que
to be good at
watch out tener cuidado
get out salir de un vehculo
get off bajar (tren)
close down clausurar
rough spero
smooth liso, suave
soft suave
sour/bitter amargo
strong
sweet
weak dbil
ashtray cenicero
marble mrfil
tongue lengua

cheek mejilla
chin barbilla
eyelashes pestaas
forehead frente
lips labios
wrinkles arrugas
calf ternero
comb peine
kneel arrodillarse
thumb pulgar
doubt
knock golpear
rub frotar
chew masticar
elbow codo
kidney rin
frown fruncir
shrug encogerse de hombros
brush cepillarse
nap siesta
blanket manta
duvet edredn
jet-lagged
nightmares pesadillas
pillow almohada
sleeping tablets somnferos
yawn bostezar
snore roncar
nail ua
waist cintura
hip cadera
thigh muslo
brain
heart corazn
liver hgado
lung pulmn
wink guiar
hug abrazar
scratch rascar
star mirar fijamente
stretch estirar
orchestra
incomprehensible
recognize
critic
editor
freelance journalist
newsreader
paparazzi

presenter
press photographer
reporter
advertisement
cartoon dibujos animados
crossword crucigrama
review
small ads
weather forecast
pronstico de tiempo
sensational sensacionalista
brazed parcial
censured
row escndalo
quit dejar de
axed - despedido

matar:
general: kill
accidental: manslaughter
a un famoso: assassinate
ladrn:
burglar: a casa privada
robber: banco o negocio
shoplifter: en tienda
pickpocket: en la calle
mugger: calle con violencia
thief: en general

sensacin trmica:
scorching/boiling
hot
warm
mild
cold
freezing

kidnapping rapto
blackmail chantaje
drug dealing

mugging asalto
rape violacin
theft robo
robbery atraco
burglary
smugglin

GRAMTICA
COMPARATIVES
Adjetivos regulares de una slaba tienen formas como:
adjetivo
comparativo
Superlativo
Young
Younger
The youngest
Large
Larger
The largest
Slim - delgado
slimmer
The slimmest
Si el adjetivo termina en vocal+consonante(diferente de w) la letra final se
dobla: sad(triste), big, thin(delgado), fat, hot, wet
Los adjetivos de dos slabaas que terminan en consonante seguido de y
(angry, busy, easy, dirty, happy, silly), se forman:
adjetivo
comparativo
Superlativo
dirty
Dirtier
the dirtiest
La mayora de los adjetivos de dos slabas o ms se forman de la siguiente
manera:
adjetivo
comparativo
Superlativo
Careful
More careful
The most careful
Casual
More casual
The most casual
Outrageous (indignante)
More outrageous
The most outrageous
Algunos adjetivos de dos slabas admiten las dos formas (-est, the most):
simple, clever, common, cruel, gentle, likely, narrow(estrecho), pleasant, polite.
Adjetivos regulares toman las siguientes formas:
adjetivo
comparativo
Superlativo
Good
Better
The best
Bad
Worse
The worst
far
Farther, further
The furthest/farthest
old
Older, elder
The oldest/eldest
ADVERBIOS DE GRADO
Estos adverbios se pueden usar antes de adjetivos comparatives: a bit (un
poco), a good deal, a great deal, Little, a lot, much, rather(bastante), slightly
(ligeramente). Helen is much more intelligent than he. This t-shirt is a bit cheaper
than the others.
Estos adverbios se pueden usar antes de adjetivos superlativos: easily,
much, quite (absolutamente, bastante), by far (con mucho).
ADVERBIOS
Muchos adverbios se forman aadiendo ly: quick, quickly; endless,
endlessly; full, fully; gentle, gently (-le pasa a ly); easy, easily (-y pasa a ily);
tragic, tragically (-ic pasa a ically); true, truly (-ue pasa a uly).
Hardly-apenas
Lately-ltimamente
MODALES
Must: obligaciones fuertes en el presente o el futuro impuestos por el que
habla.

Have to: obligaciones fuertes en el presente o el futuro no impuestos por el

que habla.
Had to: recordar obligaciones del pasado
Should (do) / ought to (do): no hay diferencias. Recomendacin.
Should have (done). Ought to have (done)
Need. Neednt. Dont need to. Dont have to.
Pedir permiso: can, could, may, to allow someone to do (permitir), to permit
someone to do (permitir), to let someone to do (dejar que).
Prohibicin: musnt, cant, coldnt
AS AND LIKE
Like puede ser usado como preposicin y va antes de un nombre,
pronombre o gerundio. Se usa para dar comparaciones. Your house is like our
house.
As puede ser usado como preposicin para contar la funcin o trabajo que
una persona o cosa tiene. Puede ir despus de verbo. As a writer, he is good.
Like y such as pueden ser usado con el significado de por ejemplo: I enjoy
films like/such as thrillers.
As puede actuar como conjuncin si va seguida de sujeto y verbo: She cut up
the vegetables as i had taught her.
AGREEING/DISAGREEING
I can play football So can I ; I cant
I cant play football Neither can I ; I can
I have been in Mexico So have I ; I havent
LIKE/DISLIKE
I really like
I prefer to wear
What I absolutely love is
I hate
I wouldnt be seen dead in (No me veran ni muerto en)
THETHE
The more you worry about it, the worse you will feel.
The early we leave, the sooner will get there.
The more I practice my English, the better I will speak.
The hotter it gets, the more difficult it is to sleep.
The more exercise you do, the fitter youll get.
SO/SUCH THAT
-so + adj/adv
The film was so good (that) we went to see it again
He drives so dangerously (that) nobody wants to go with him
-so much/ so many +n
There was so much traffic (that) we nearly missed our fight.
-such a + adj + n contable singular
It was such a good film (that) we went to see it again
- such + adj + n incontable o plural

They played such awful music nobody wanted to dance

They were such beautiful shoes (that) I bought them
VERBOS SENSITIVOS
Look/feel/smell/sound/taste +adj
+like + n
+as if +clusula
Feel like = want = would like
GERUNDIO/INFINITIVO
+ING: like, love, adore, admit, avoid(evitar), cant help (no puede dejar de) ,
cant stand (no puede soportar), carry on, deny, enjoy, fancy (apetecer) , finish, give
up (nenunciar), keep on (seguir), imagine, mind, involve, miss, postpone, practice,
stop, suggest, detest, feel like, hate, loathe(detestar), dislike, dont mind, finish,
consider, its not worth (no vale la pena), its /there is no use, there is no point (no
tiene sentido).
Siempre se usa despues de preposiciones (excepto to), despus de
combinaciones de adjetivos y preposicin (proud of, capable of(capaz de), keen on
(interesado en), afraid/frightened(asustado)/terrified(aterrorizado)/scared of,
happy/pleased/glad/anxious/sad/worried about,good/wonderful/fantastic/ bad/
awful/terrible at), despues de phrasal verbs y despues de combinaciones de
verbos y preposiciones (insist on, consist of, approve of, believe in, apologise for,
succed in, acusse someone of, congratulate someone on.
+TO+ : afford(permitirse), ask, choose, help, hope, intend, preffer, agree,
appear, decide, expect, happen, have, learn, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise,
refuse, seen, teach, tend, threaten (amenazar), want, would like. Used to.
Se usa despues de ciertos adjetivos (difficult, posible, happy,certain,
simple), con encourage(alentar)/permit/allow/persuade/teach/force someone to
do,
AMBOS INDISTINTIVAMENTE SIN CAMBIAR EL SIGNIFICADO: start, begin,
continue, attemp(intentar), intend(tener intencin), cant bear(no poder soportar)
WOULD LIKE, WOULD PREFER, WOULD HATE, WOULD LOVE van seguidos
de to+infinitive cuando se refieren a una occasion o evento especial: Would you
like to dance?
LIKE, LOVE, HATE, PREFER:
+ to + : especfico
+ing : generic
REMEMBER:
+ing: hecho pasado
+to+: recorder para hacer algo. Hacho que todava no ha pasado
FORGET:
+ing: nunca me olvidar, hecho pasado
+to+: olvidarse para no recorder. Hecho que todava no ha pasado
TRY:
+ing: probar a ver si funciona, experimentar
+to+: intentar hacer algo (en general sin poder hacerlo por ser difcil)
MEAN(tener intencion):
+ing: intentar, involucrandose en la accion
+to+ : tener intencion

GO ON:
+ing: continuar
+to+ : cambiar de actividad: When we finished shopping, I think I will
go on to see a film
STOP:
+ing: dejar de hacer algo para siempre
+to+: para para hacer algo
NEED:
+ing: pasiva. The car needs cleaning=The car needs to be cleaned
+to+ : no pasiva
REGRET(lamenter):
+ing: para hechos pasados
+to+ :dando malas noticias
BE USED TO (estar acostumbrado), GET USED TO (acostumbrarse) + ING
UNCOUNTABLE AND PLURAL NOUNS
- Uncountable nouns: behavior, traffic, weather, accommodation, health,
progress, scenery, rubbish, work, politics, athletics, economics, physics,
milk, wine, electricity Pueden ir acompaados de a piece of: furniture,
information, advice, homework, research, news, luck, bread, toast
(tostada), luggage, equipment. Otras expresiones son: a piece/slice of
cake, a clap of thunder (un trueno), an item of news, a loaf of bread. A
great deal of (una gran cantidad de), plenty of (un montn de)

Plural and collective nouns: arms, belongings, clothes, manners

(modales), outskirts (afueras), scissors (tijeras), trousers, shorts, crew,
police, staff.
Diferencia entre a few/few y a little/little. Sin a tiene un tono ms
negativo: I have seen little inprovement in your work recently. I have
seen a little inprovement in your work recently.

SOME, ANY, NO
En general, usamos some en oraciones afirmativas, y any en negativas e
interrogativas. Sin embargo, tambin se usa some en interrogativas en las que se
ofrece algo a alguien( Would you like some cake? ) o cuando esperamos que la
respuesta sea afirmativa ( Do you have some information about your museum?).
Tambien usamos any para mostrar que no tenemos preferencias: You can take me
to see any film at the cinema. I dont mind which. Al usar no, nobody, no one,
nothing ponemos el verbo en afirmativo.

ADVERBIOS DE FRECUENCIA
Allways, never, often, normally, seldom (rara vez) , sometimes, usually
Se colocan despues del verbo to be, antes de los dems verbos en presente o
pasado, despus del verbo auxiliar para los dems tiempos, al principio de la
oracin para denotar nfasis,
REPORTED SPEECH
-agree / offer / refuse / promise / threaten (not) do sth
-advise / ask / convince / encourage (incitar) / invite / persuade / remind /
tell / warn (advertir)/ promise / refuse / urge
to do sth
-apologize for / accuse sb of/ admit /blame sb for (culpar) / deny / insist on
/ recommend / regret (lamentar) / suggest (not)/admit to/argue for
doing sth

QUANTIFIERS
- all, every,most.
o all, most en general. all the, most of para concretar.
o every+ singular contable= all of a group
o all/ most of + pronombre objeto: all of us; most of them.
- no, none, any. none como pronombre.
- both, neither,either
o Both Pierre and Marie Curie were scientists. Neither Pierre nor
Marie was/were aware of the dangers of radiation. Marie Curie
wanted to study either physics or maths. In the end she studied
both subjets. She and her husband both won Nobel prize.
o Neither of them realized how dangerous radium was.
ORDEN DE LOS ADJETIVOS
Los adjetivos de opinin siempre van antes de los adjetivos descriptivos.
Los adjetivos descriptivos generalmente siguen esta orden:
Size-shape(forma)-age-color-nationality-material
CONDICIONALES CON IF
Zero condicional: If/when present tense | present tense
First conditional: if present tense | future tense
Second conditional: if past tense | would/could/might
Third conditional: If past perfecto | would have/could have/might have +
past participle.
USE TO/WOULD
Use to va seguido de infinitive. En negativo es I didnt use to.
Would se usa en situaciones del pasado que fueron repetidas. I would get up
for work at seven, then get the bus at seven-thirty.

Get/be used to doing significa estar acostmbrado o acostumbrarse a algo.

Siempre va seguido de gerundio.
CLAUSULA CONCESIVAS

Burst (estallar), creep (arrastrar), shut (cerrar), sink(hundir), weep(llorar)

PASIVA
La pasiva se forma con el verbo to be y el past participle del verbo
transitivo. Con modales se forma con modal+be+past participle. A veces se puede
usar get en lugar de be (salvo con present perfect continuos y future continuos).
A veces puede haber dos objetos: My uncle give me some money. I was
given some money. Some money was given to me.
The president is believed to be in contact with the astronauts.
He is said to have poisoned his opponents.
ALL/THE WHOLE

All se usa con nombres en plural, y nunca puede ser usado con nombres
singulares: nunca se podr decir All company is moving; tendremos que decir The
whole company is moving.
Por lo tanto the wole solo es para singulares. As pues no se puede decir:
The whole businesses are affected by computerization. Si que podemos decir:
whole businesses are affected by computerization; pero en este caso nos estamos
refiriendo a cada negocio de manera individual.
Con pronombres posesivos usamos whole: Your whole carrer has benn
ruined.
Se puede usar all of y the whole of: All of us were sad; The whole of the
world is watching the event.
EL ARTCULO
- El articulo indefinido a/an cuando estamos hablando de algo en general,
o de cuando lo mencionamos por primera vez.
- El artculo the se usa en los siguientes casos:
o Cuando nos referimos a algo de lo que ya hablamos o que es de
conocimiento comn.
o Cuando solo existe uno: the Earth.
o Con ros, mares, ocanos, montaas, regiones, grupos nacionales
y pases que son grupos de estados: the United States
o Con construcciones: the prisin, the office
o Con especies: the polar bear, the cat
o Con superlatives
o Con instrumentos musicales
o Cuando especificamos algo
- No usamos artculo en los siguientes casos:
o Con la mayora de las calles, pases, montaas individuales,
pueblos, ciudades, lagos
o Cuando hablando de deportes: We play football
o Cuando hablamos de algo en general
o Con enfermedades
- Expresiones:
o Go to prission si ests condenado. Go to hospital si ests enfermo.
Go to the prisin o go to the hospital si vas a visitar a alguien.
o Expresiones sin artculo: to go to bed, to have lunch, dinner,
breakfast, to go on holiday, to go to work, in October, to hold
office
CLUSULAS RELATIVAS
Pueden ser definidos o indefinidos, si dan informacin esencial para la
oracin o informacin complementaria, respectivamente.
- Pronombres relatives: definidos (which/that y who/that) e indefinidos
(which y who; that nunca).
- Tambien se puede usar when, where y why.
- Who y whom significan lo mismo. Whom es una palabra formal que solo
puede ser usado como objeto de un verbo o con una preposicin: Ryth,
who cannot sell her house as a result of this new rail route, says she will

seek(solicitar) compensation. The people for whom this new housing

development is planned are unhappy about the lack of public transport.
Whose=cuyo

ENOUGH
Se usa en los siguientes casos:
- Despus de adjetivo o adverbio
- Antes de nombre incontable o contable plural
- Como pronombre: Enough has been made of this in all the papers
- Con un adverbio modificativo: There is hardly enough memory I the
computer
- Con ciertos adverbios de nfasis: Funnily enough, we heard from him
only last week.
TOO/VERY
- Ambos pueden ser usados antes de un adjetivo o adverbio, pero too
indica una excesiva cantidad de algo y very es simplemente un
intensificador: It is too cold in Winter for many plants to survive; It is
very cold in Winter but a few plants do manage to survive.
- Too sirve para mostrar que dos cosas o personas tienen algo en comn.
Va al final de la oracin. Dictionaries are useful in school and in the
home too.
- Too puede ser usado como intensificador: a lot of people ear too little
Money to pay tax. Aqu tiene significado de demasiado.
CLUSULAS
- Although (aunque), despite (a pesar de), even if, even though (an
cuando, an si), in spite of(a pesar de), much as(tanto como),
though(siquiera), whereas (mientras que), while
- Because, in case, just in case, so, so as to(de manera que), so that(de
modo que), in order to, in orther that, to, for since
I WISH/IF ONLY (ojal)
I wish I hadnt been so rude to my mother last night.
I wish I was/were lying on a beach somewhere instead of being here. I wish
I could speak Japanese.
He wishes his daughter would wear smarter clothes.
AS IF/ AS THOUGH (como si)
He looks as if hes tired. He is
He looks as if he was/were exhausted. He isnt
WOULD RATHER (preferira)
Id rather you didnt go to the disco tonight
Shed rather they hadnt gone to an Italian restaurant
The government would rather not give out to many benefits to young
people.
NMERO

Los siguientes sujetos toman el verbo en singular: crossroads(cruce de

caminos), headquarters(sede central), series, news, athletics, politics, mathematics.
Thirty kilometres is a long way to go. For pounds isn't enough to buy a
meal with. More than one vote is going to be disappointed. One of my friends is
from Russia. The United States is governed from Capitol Hill. Your hair is too
long. Every house has its own garage. Everybody/everyone in the room agrees
more housing should be built. No one likes eating blue food.
Los siguientes sujetos toman el verbo en plural: jeans, scissors(tijeras), the
plice, sunglasses, premises(locales), stairs, clothes.
A group of, the majority of, a lot of builders try to cut corners (muchos), a
number of people had to stand at the concert, all of us believe in freedom, both of
the students were late handing in their homework(ambos).
Los siguientes sujetos toman el verbo tanto en singular como en plural (en
general singular): family, staff, team, government, committee, public, firm
(empresa), neither, each of, none of
USOS DE RATHER
- Como adverbio: Eddies humour is rather surreal at times (algo)
- Usado con would significa preferir: I would rather go to a live show than
watch a video.
- Como preposicion para contrastar objetos: the jokes were about society
in general rather than being purely political.
- Como adverbio: I rather like your hair cut short. (me gusta mucho)
GRAMTICA DE LOS PHRASAL VERBS
- Cuando se usa en oraciones intransitivas (no hay objeto) el verbo y la
preposicion no pueden ir separadas
- Cuando la particula es un adverbio, los phrasal verbs transitivos pueden
ser separados o no:

key in (teclear)
Cuando la particula es una preposicin, la separacin no es posible: My
older sister keeps getting at me!
Con tres phrasal verbs la separacin ya es siempre imposible

TIEMPOS VERBALES:

MODALES