552 cHIPER TEN foOTS OF PLOW, EOUATINS ‘The quotient is therefore x* — 3x? + Bx ~ 12, and the remainder is 15. We can summarize this result by writing wh 20 5x2 = bet Sm (et Ua — Ba 4 Be 12) 415 (Notice that the degree of the remainder is less than the degree of the divisor, in agreement with the di ‘V EXERCISE SET 101 A Jn Exercises 1-20, we long division to find the quotient and remainder. Also, write each answer inthe form pix) = dx}q(x) + R(x}, asin equation (2) in the text 4 $618 tel « $68 Ae4 a Maes Foetl S408 wo, £+o Magee? py, Sr 38t Fee 27 Fo aets 2e 3 wa ue-3 gate ya! yawns wu Bored Fry Bay-* Ana 44216 we 5A ms eee gy Sees Pome Pa2 nfo} wy Mesto = Trere wy, there mn, tht tate Jn Exercises 21-40, use symthetic division to fnd the quotients and remainders. Also, in each case, write the result of the division inthe form p(x) = d(x) + R(x), asin equation (2) in the tet n, 2re-2 np Weed 5 et ada—s. eT gs, WIE RHL mn algorithm.) a ool er 8e 1 x2 5 38-284 etl i Lear bore? tae #452412 ees) - 27 +540 et ge, Sra te Bet | et 0. In Exercises 41-44, se syihetic division 10 determine the quotient 418) andthe remainder R(x) in each case. 4, ESET int: Divide both mumerator and denominator by 3. (Why?) 4? + 6x? — 6x — Ge +h = 3 e atl Se 3x7 +1 _ xt 48, When? + fe + Lis divided by #1 the remainder i =4, Find k 46. (a) Show that when x? + kr + 6 is divided by «+3, the remainder is —21 — 3k (b) Determine a value of k such that x + 3 will be a factor of + kx + 6.47, When x? + 2px ~ 99° is divided by x ~ p, the remainder is ero, Show that p= ¢2 48. Given that x —3 na factor of ? 208 — 443, salve the equation 2° ~ 24 — 4x + 3-= 0. The process of sythtic division applies equally wll when some or al of the cofiients are nonrel complex numbers. bn Exercises 49-52, use sma dvsion to determine the quaint g(x) andthe 37. SEOTEN 102 THE REMANDER THEOREM AN TE FACTOR THEOREM 553 Given: th fla) = dq) + R(x) olds for the following polynomial fis) 28 +5888 TF 9 dle —3 gle) <2 45 — De +22 Ris) = 64437 Evaluate fiv3}, and a teiious wa. Given: the identity fe) = dq) + Ri) holds for the Hint (of sorts): There's an easy way ramainder Rx) in each cae sl. In Exercises 53-9, determine so that dx) is Board Pomt? e+a following polynomials. ata =a K=O 345A HOT dart ade OHO + OP + 190+ 82 Ruy) = 32 ai Evaluate (4) 59, Find the remainder when 1° — Saft + 4a is divided by tor af Bie) poe 88. dx) = 2e-+ 15 pls) = 209-97 2H 160. When f(x) is divided by (x ~ a)(x ~b), the remainder 54. da) = 35 pla) =H ta tt is dx +B. Apply the division algorthes to show that 55. dix) = He $5; pe) =O FD etd pf ALO, a Ya) — afd) 56. dix) = 62 Het Ls pla) = 18 +O Hat “ee ® ba EXAMPLE 1 Solution 10.2 ¥ THE REMAINDER THEOREM AND THE FACTOR THEOREM ‘The techniques for solving polynomial equations of degree 2 were discussed in Chapter 1. Now we want to extend those ideas. Our focus in this section and in the remainder of the chapter is on solving polynomial equations of any degree, that is, equations of the form Slo) = ag + gay he age bag 20 a“ Here, as in Chapter 1, a root or solution of equation (1) is a number r that when substituted for x leads to a true statement. Thus, ris a root of equation (1) provided that f(r) = 0. We also refer to the number r in this case as a zero of the function f: (a) Is =3 a zero ofthe function / defined by ix) = x* +3? — 6? (b) Is V2 a root of the equation x* + x7 — 6 = 07 (a) By definition, —3 will be a zero of fif f|—3) = 0. We have S\-3) = (3) + (—3)? 6 = 8149-6 = BHO ‘Thus, 3 is not a zero of the funetion f: (b) To check if V2 is a root of the given equation, we have (W2)* + (v2)? -6 20 442-6 0 “Thus, Vis a root of the equation 2* + 22-6 =0. a TrueCHAPTER TEN ROOTS OF POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS vision of Polynomi 1. quotient: x- 5; remainder: -11 x2 - Bx 4 4 = (x -3)(x-5)-11 2, Weuse long division: 5x’ Pax x2 — 5x ex- 2 6x-30 28 quotient; x2 + x + 6; remainder: 28 x9 4x2 4 x - 25 (x - 5j(x? +x + 6) + 28 3. quotient: x- 11; remainder: 53 x2 - 6x - 2 (x + 5)lx- 11) +53 120941210 Chapter 10 Roots of Polynomial Equations 4. We use long division: ax +7 3x? + dx ax? - 3x Tx-1 Ix-7 6 quotient: 3x + 7; remainder: 6 9x2 4 4x- 1 = (x-1)GK 47) 46 5. quotient: 3x2-5 x-3; remainder: 8 3 1 413 o8-2x43=(ex+1)(32-3x-3). 8 6 We use long division x= 3x? 43x ~ 1 Vaso? ae 3 x 3x5 +6x7 =3x3 43x 3x? — 4x 3x" ~ 3x aK4T x41 0 quotient: x3 - 3x2 + 3x - 1; remainder: 0 x4. 4x3 4 6x2 «ax 4 T= (x 1108 - 3x2 + 3x- 1) +0. 7. quotient: x4 - 3x3 + 9x2 - 27x + 81; remainder: -241 5542 = (x + 3)(x4- 3x3 + 9x2 - 27x + B1) - 24710.1 Division of Polynomials 1211 8 Weuse long division 4x + 3 2 a = x? 4 8x-4 x41 | ax ae? = 4x? + 4x 3x? + ax - 4 x +3 7 auotient: 4x + 3; remainder: 7x - 4 4x9 - x2 4 Bx - 1 = (x - x + 1)(4X +9) + (7K- 4) 9. quotient: x5 + 2x4 + 4x3 + Bx? + 16x + 32; remainder: 0 x8 64 = (x = 2)(x° + 2x4 + 4x9 + Bx? + 16x +32) +0 10. We use long division x84 2x44 4x3 48x + 16x + 32 x-2 ox +64 16x74 Ox 16x? - 32x 32x + 64 32x- 64 128 quotient: x5 + 2x4 + 4x3 + 8x? + 16x +32; remainder: 128 x8 + 64 = (x - 2)(x9 + 2x4 + 4x? + Bx? + 16x + 32) + 128 11, quotient: 5x2 + 15x +17; remainder: -24x - 83 Sx! - 3x2 4 2 = (x? - 3x + 5)(5x? + 15x + 17) + (-24x - 83)1212 Chapter 10 Roots of Polynomial Equations 12. We use long division: ax4 aes 9 ax® 36x44 54) 2x4 —2dx4 + Sax? =24x4 + 36x? 18x° ~ 27 18x? - 27 0 quotient: 4x4 - 12x? + 9; remainder: 0 8x8 - 36x4 + Sax? - 27 = (2x2 - 3)(4x4 - 12x2 +9) +0. 13, quotient: 3y - 19; remainder: 89y + 35 By9 - dy? 3 = (y® + Sy + 2)(By - 19) + (Bay + 35) 14. We use long division: 248) 4 at ayrasy + ay?—ay-4 | ayt— ys oye ay 4 gS at ay ~ by By sys By? + 2y sy°- By? — toy 2 yy + ty- 4 My y- By-31 iat By +30 quotient: 272+ 3 +31; remainder: "4" y + 30 ) 5 31 141 ayy 2y- 1m (ay? - ay ay(2y2-+ Sy 431). (Ly, 30) 15. quotient: ? - 21-4; remainder: 0 th. 419 + 41? - 16 = (t? - 2t + 4)(2- 21-4) +010.1 Division of Polynomials 1213 16. We use long division: at? st ar Ps 243 ab at? wet* +31? + 2t nett +12 at — 101+3 quotient: 2t? - Gt; remainder: 31 - 10t +3 28 - ott - 12 + 2t + 3 = (19 - 2)(212 - 6t) + (3t2- 10t + 3) 17. quotient: 24+ 29 + 2@ +241; remainder: 0 -t=(2-Aztezaz24z41) 40 18, We use long division: z a2et | Be22- 240 Beez 1 quotient: z; remainder: + Da hezera(@ezsijzpot 19. quotient: ax + {ar +b): remainder: ar? + br+¢ ax? + bx += (x- A (ax + (ar +b) + (ar + br +c) 20. We use long division: ax + (b+arx+ (ar? +br+c) Ba px? s ext d ax? — anc? xan ax (b+ ar)? + ox (b+ are? + Car? - br)x (ar? + br +c)x+ qd (ar? + br + o)x + (ar — br ar +br?+ cred1214 Chapter 10 Roots of Polynomial Equations quotient: ax? + (ar + b)x + (ar? + br +c); remainder: ar3 + br? + cr +d a8 + bx? sox + d= (x- (ax? + (ars b)x + (ar? + br +c)) + (ar8 +br2 + cr +d) 21. quotient: x - 1; remainder: -7, x2-6x-2=(x-5x-1)-7 22. We use synthetic division: a) 3 4 A 3.7 3 7 6 The quotient is 3x + 7 and the remainder is 6. So 3x? + 4x - 1 = (x- 1)(3x +7) +6 23, quotient: 4x - 5; remainder: 0 4x2 x= Ba (x + 1)(4x- 5) +0 24, We use synthetic division: 2) 1 0 4 2 4 2 3 ‘The quotient is x - 2 and the remainder is 3. So xt - 1 = (x + 2)(K-2) 43 25. quotient: 6x? + 19x + 78; remainder: 313. 6x5 - 5x2 + 2x + 1 = (x- 4)(6x? + 19% 4 78) +313 26. We use synthetic division: aJo1 4 6 -4 4 1 3 4 3 1 0 The quotient is x3 - 3x? + 3x - 1 and the remainder is 0. So x4 - 4x9 + 6x2 - ax + 1 = (x- 1)08- 3x2 + 3x1) 40. 27. quotient: x2 + 2x + 4; remainder: 7 x91 (x 2)K2 + 2c 44) +728. 29. 30, a 32, 34, 10.1 Division of Polynomials 1215 We use synthetic division: 2y1 0 0 28 204 ~ 8 1 2 4 0 The quotient is x? + 2x +4 and the remainder is 0, So x8 - 8 = (x= 2)(x2 + 2x + 4} +0. quotient: x4 - 2x3 + 4x2 - 8x + 16; remainder: -33 Ot = (K+ Yt = 2x9 + 4x2 - Bx + 16) - 33 We use synthetic division =) 1 8 0 33 1 1 33 The quotient is x? - 11x + 33 and the remainder is -100. So x3 - Bx2- 1 = (x + 3)(x? - 11x + 33) - 100. quotient: x3 - 10x? + 40x - 160; remainder: 642 4 - 6x3 +2 = (x + 43 - 10x? + 40x ~ 160) + 642 We use synthetic division: v2) 3 = 1 1 32-4 3/8 3-2 3/4 (11/8 ‘The quotient is 3x2 chao and the remainder is -g 1 $0 3x2 ax 4x41 = (x-$)(a2-bx +3) + quotient: x2 + 6x +57; remainder: 576 x3 - 4x2 - 3x + 6 = (X= 10)(x? 4 6x + 57) + 576 We use synthetic division: a)o1 3 38 4 -1 -2 al 1 2 4 0 The quotient is x? + 2x + 1 and the remainder is 0. So x2 + 3x2 + K+ 1 = (K+ 1)G?F + 2x +1) 40.1216 Chapter 10 Roots of Polynomial Equations 35. quotient: x? - 6x + 30; remainder: -150 x9-+ x2 = (x + 5)(x2 - 8x + 30) - 150 36. We use synthetic division: 3/1 0 3 o 42 3.9 36 108 13 12 36 «4120 ‘The quotient is x? + 3x2 + 12x + 36 and the remainder is 120. So x4 + 3x2 +12 = (x ~ 3)(x3 + 3x2 4 12x + 36) + 120 37. quotient: 54x? + 9x - 21; remainder: 0 2 54x38 - 27x? - 27K 414 = (2 ) (sex? + 9x- 21) +0 38. We use synthetic division: W213} 54-27-2714 6 42-10 S40 -63—~=C«*aSSCS The quotient is 54x? - 63x + 15 and the remainder is 4. So 54x3 - 27x? - 27K + 14. = (x42) (s4x- 6ax + 15) +4 1 7 99, quotient: 52-9 x2 + 2x4 remainaer: SZ 013,228, 81), 82 Sit 68 62-2001 (4 )(5 Oy 2), 40. (a) We use synthetic division: al 1 0 -a a a? 1 a oO The quotient is x + a and the remainder is 0. So x? - a2 = (x- a(x +a) +0. (b) We use synthetic division: al 10 0 -a a a® a 1 a a oOat 42. 43. 10.1 Division of Polynomials 1217 The quotient is x? + ax + a@ and the remainder is 0. So x3 - ad = (x a)x? + ax + a2) +0. (e) We use synthetic division: af 1 0 0 oO -a* a ae a at 1 a a a 0 The quotient is x9 + ax? + 22x + a and the remainder is 0. So x4- at = (x- a)(x9 + ax? + ax + a9) +0. (8) We use synthetic division: aj 1 0 0 0 O- -a® aa a at 5 1 a a a af 0 The quotient is x* + ax? + a2x? + a3x + a and the remainder is 0. So x8 - a = (x-alix4 + ax? + a2x? + ade + a4) +0. a(x) = 2x 1 RO) =3 Using the hint from the preceeding exercise, we first divide the numerator and 2x3 + 3x? - 3x 8 denominator by 2 to form the quotient: We use synthetic division: 32} 2 3 -3 8/2 3.9 3 6 6 13/2 ‘The quotient is 2x? + 6x + 6 and the remainder is 2 : a(x) = 3x2- 3x43 1 Rix} =1218 Chapter 10 Roots of Polynomial Equations 44. Using the hint irom exercise #41, we first divide the numerator and denominator 33.42 +5 by 3 to form the quotient: x43 We use synthetic division: 1/3] 5/3 -i o U3 1914/27 -14/81 5/3 --14/9 14/27 13781 1 The quotient is 3 xe. ¢ x+ 8 and the remainder is ze. 45. k=4 46. (a) We use synthetic division: J 1 0 «K =3 9 1-3 K¥9 -3K-27 So the remainder is -3K - 21 {0} Since this remainder must equal 0, then 3K-21 = 0 “3K = 21 K=7 Se K =-7 will result in x + 3 being a factor of x3 + Kx + 6. 47. We use synthetic division: 1 2p -3q? Pp 397 1 3p 3p? ~3q? Since the remainder is 0, we have: 48. If x- 3 is a factor, then synthetic division will reveal the quotient (and thus other factors):49, 51 52. 53. 10.1 Division of Polynomials 1219 So we can now solve the equation: W8-2x2-de +3 = 0 (x-3}02 +x-1) = 0 x-3 20 or xPex-t x=3 ‘We use the quadratic on the second factor: atVied 1sv5 2 2 14V5 So the solutions are 3, "5 lor We use synthetic division: afi -2 3 243i The quotient is x? + (-2 + 3ibx + (-9 - Bi) and the remainder is 14 - 271 g(x) =x 4 (-1 +i) ROX) = 0 We use synthetic division: aif 1 “1 4 -4 =2i =4+2i 4 1 a0 0 The quotient is x2 + (-1 - 2i)x + 2i and the remainder is 0. k=-81220 Chapter 10 Roots of Polynomial Equations 54. We use long division: ee xt 4x-3 | ate 4 xk 4x8 — 3x? are x 4x2 - 3x ax+k 4 k+3 Since this remainder must d¢ 0, we have k +3 = 0, so k = 55. kad 56. We use long division: 3x +t ox axet | 188492 4x +k 18x3 4 3x? + 3x 6x? 4 x+k 6x + x41 k-4 Since this remainder must be 0, we have k - 1 = 0,s0k=1 57. -6V3 +57 588. Since d(4) = 4-4 = 0, then f(4) = Rl4) = 321 59. 0 60. By the division algorithm, we have: $0 The) = (x + a)Ox - b)gix) + (Ax + B) " {a)=Aa+B f(b) = Ab +B10.2 The Remainder Theorem and the Factor Theorem 1221 We now use these values to simplify the expressions: fla)-i(b) _ (Aa +B) - (Ab + B) ab = a-b Aa-Ab a-b _ Aad) = ab =A bifa)-af(b) _ b(Aa +B) - a(Ab +B) bea = b-a abA + bB - abA - aB = bea _ Biba) = "pea =B This proves the desired results. 10.2 mainder Theorem the Fi 1. yes 2 2 uff $-20 -0 BS .20 =0 2 #0 No, it is not a root. 3. yes 4 Teer) eer? (18 = 0 T+tet+1=0 420 No, itis not a root. 5. yes 6. (4+ 1)(4- 2)(4-3) = 0 6 #0 No, itis not a root. 7. yes