552 cHIPER TEN foOTS OF PLOW, EOUATINS
‘The quotient is therefore x* — 3x? + Bx ~ 12, and the remainder is 15. We can
summarize this result by writing
wh 20 5x2 = bet Sm (et Ua — Ba 4 Be 12) 415
(Notice that the degree of the remainder is less than the degree of the divisor,
in agreement with the di
‘V EXERCISE SET 101
A
Jn Exercises 1-20, we long division to find the quotient and remainder.
Also, write each answer inthe form pix) = dx}q(x) + R(x}, asin
equation (2) in the text
4 $618 tel
« $68 Ae4
a Maes
Foetl
S408
wo, £+o
Magee? py, Sr 38t Fee 27
Fo aets 2e 3
wa ue-3 gate ya!
yawns wu Bored
Fry Bay-*
Ana 44216 we 5A ms
eee gy Sees
Pome Pa2
nfo} wy Mesto
= Trere
wy, there mn, tht tate
Jn Exercises 21-40, use symthetic division to fnd the quotients and
remainders. Also, in each case, write the result of the division inthe
form p(x) = d(x) + R(x), asin equation (2) in the tet
n, 2re-2 np Weed
5 et
ada—s.
eT
gs, WIE RHL
mn algorithm.) a
ool er 8e 1
x2 5
38-284 etl
i
Lear bore?
tae
#452412
ees)
- 27 +540
et
ge, Sra te Bet |
et
0.
In Exercises 41-44, se syihetic division 10 determine the quotient
418) andthe remainder R(x) in each case.
4, ESET int: Divide both mumerator and
denominator by 3. (Why?)
4? + 6x? — 6x — Ge +h
= 3 e atl
Se 3x7 +1
_ xt
48, When? + fe + Lis divided by #1 the remainder i
=4, Find k
46. (a) Show that when x? + kr + 6 is divided by «+3,
the remainder is —21 — 3k
(b) Determine a value of k such that x + 3 will be a
factor of + kx + 6.47, When x? + 2px ~ 99° is divided by x ~ p, the remainder
is ero, Show that p= ¢2
48. Given that x —3 na factor of ? 208 — 443, salve
the equation 2° ~ 24 — 4x + 3-= 0.
The process of sythtic division applies equally wll when some or
al of the cofiients are nonrel complex numbers. bn Exercises
49-52, use sma dvsion to determine the quaint g(x) andthe
37.
SEOTEN 102 THE REMANDER THEOREM AN TE FACTOR THEOREM 553
Given: th fla) = dq) + R(x) olds for the
following polynomial
fis) 28 +5888 TF 9 dle —3
gle) <2 45 — De +22 Ris) = 64437
Evaluate fiv3},
and a teiious wa.
Given: the identity fe) = dq) + Ri) holds for the
Hint (of sorts): There's an easy way
ramainder Rx) in each cae
sl.
In Exercises 53-9, determine so that dx) is
Board
Pomt?
e+a
following polynomials.
ata
=a K=O 345A HOT dart
ade OHO + OP + 190+ 82 Ruy) = 32
ai Evaluate (4)
59, Find the remainder when 1° — Saft + 4a is divided by
tor af Bie) poe
88. dx) = 2e-+ 15 pls) = 209-97 2H 160. When f(x) is divided by (x ~ a)(x ~b), the remainder
54. da) = 35 pla) =H ta tt is dx +B. Apply the division algorthes to show that
55. dix) = He $5; pe) =O FD etd pf ALO, a Ya) — afd)
56. dix) = 62 Het Ls pla) = 18 +O Hat “ee ® ba
EXAMPLE 1
Solution
10.2 ¥ THE REMAINDER THEOREM AND THE FACTOR THEOREM
‘The techniques for solving polynomial equations of degree 2 were discussed in
Chapter 1. Now we want to extend those ideas. Our focus in this section and in
the remainder of the chapter is on solving polynomial equations of any degree,
that is, equations of the form
Slo) = ag + gay he age bag 20 a“
Here, as in Chapter 1, a root or solution of equation (1) is a number r that
when substituted for x leads to a true statement. Thus, ris a root of equation (1)
provided that f(r) = 0. We also refer to the number r in this case as a zero of
the function f:
(a) Is =3 a zero ofthe function / defined by ix) = x* +3? — 6?
(b) Is V2 a root of the equation x* + x7 — 6 = 07
(a) By definition, —3 will be a zero of fif f|—3) = 0. We have
S\-3) = (3) + (—3)? 6 = 8149-6 = BHO
‘Thus, 3 is not a zero of the funetion f:
(b) To check if V2 is a root of the given equation, we have
(W2)* + (v2)? -6 20
442-6
0
“Thus, Vis a root of the equation 2* + 22-6 =0. a
TrueCHAPTER TEN
ROOTS OF POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
vision of Polynomi
1. quotient: x- 5; remainder: -11
x2 - Bx 4 4 = (x -3)(x-5)-11
2, Weuse long division:
5x’
Pax
x2 — 5x
ex- 2
6x-30
28
quotient; x2 + x + 6; remainder: 28
x9 4x2 4 x - 25 (x - 5j(x? +x + 6) + 28
3. quotient: x- 11; remainder: 53
x2 - 6x - 2 (x + 5)lx- 11) +53
120941210 Chapter 10 Roots of Polynomial Equations
4. We use long division:
ax +7
3x? + dx
ax? - 3x
Tx-1
Ix-7
6
quotient: 3x + 7; remainder: 6
9x2 4 4x- 1 = (x-1)GK 47) 46
5. quotient: 3x2-5 x-3; remainder: 8
3 1 413
o8-2x43=(ex+1)(32-3x-3). 8
6 We use long division
x= 3x? 43x ~ 1
Vaso? ae
3
x
3x5 +6x7
=3x3 43x
3x? — 4x
3x" ~ 3x
aK4T
x41
0
quotient: x3 - 3x2 + 3x - 1; remainder: 0
x4. 4x3 4 6x2 «ax 4 T= (x 1108 - 3x2 + 3x- 1) +0.
7. quotient: x4 - 3x3 + 9x2 - 27x + 81; remainder: -241
5542 = (x + 3)(x4- 3x3 + 9x2 - 27x + B1) - 24710.1 Division of Polynomials 1211
8 Weuse long division
4x + 3
2 a
= x? 4 8x-4
x41 | ax
ae? = 4x? + 4x
3x? + ax - 4
x +3
7
auotient: 4x + 3; remainder: 7x - 4
4x9 - x2 4 Bx - 1 = (x - x + 1)(4X +9) + (7K- 4)
9. quotient: x5 + 2x4 + 4x3 + Bx? + 16x + 32; remainder: 0
x8 64 = (x = 2)(x° + 2x4 + 4x9 + Bx? + 16x +32) +0
10. We use long division
x84 2x44 4x3 48x + 16x + 32
x-2 ox +64
16x74 Ox
16x? - 32x
32x + 64
32x- 64
128
quotient: x5 + 2x4 + 4x3 + 8x? + 16x +32; remainder: 128
x8 + 64 = (x - 2)(x9 + 2x4 + 4x? + Bx? + 16x + 32) + 128
11, quotient: 5x2 + 15x +17; remainder: -24x - 83
Sx! - 3x2 4 2 = (x? - 3x + 5)(5x? + 15x + 17) + (-24x - 83)1212 Chapter 10 Roots of Polynomial Equations
12. We use long division:
ax4 aes 9
ax® 36x44 54)
2x4
—2dx4 + Sax?
=24x4 + 36x?
18x° ~ 27
18x? - 27
0
quotient: 4x4 - 12x? + 9; remainder: 0
8x8 - 36x4 + Sax? - 27 = (2x2 - 3)(4x4 - 12x2 +9) +0.
13, quotient: 3y - 19; remainder: 89y + 35
By9 - dy? 3 = (y® + Sy + 2)(By - 19) + (Bay + 35)
14. We use long division:
248) 4 at
ayrasy +
ay?—ay-4 | ayt— ys oye ay
4 gS at
ay ~ by By
sys By? + 2y
sy°- By? — toy
2
yy + ty- 4
My
y- By-31
iat
By +30
quotient: 272+ 3 +31; remainder: "4" y + 30
)
5 31 141
ayy 2y- 1m (ay? - ay ay(2y2-+ Sy 431). (Ly, 30)
15. quotient: ? - 21-4; remainder: 0
th. 419 + 41? - 16 = (t? - 2t + 4)(2- 21-4) +010.1 Division of Polynomials 1213
16. We use long division:
at? st
ar Ps 243
ab at?
wet* +31? + 2t
nett +12
at — 101+3
quotient: 2t? - Gt; remainder: 31 - 10t +3
28 - ott - 12 + 2t + 3 = (19 - 2)(212 - 6t) + (3t2- 10t + 3)
17. quotient: 24+ 29 + 2@ +241; remainder: 0
-t=(2-Aztezaz24z41) 40
18, We use long division:
z
a2et | Be22- 240
Beez
1
quotient: z; remainder: +
Da hezera(@ezsijzpot
19. quotient: ax + {ar +b): remainder: ar? + br+¢
ax? + bx += (x- A (ax + (ar +b) + (ar + br +c)
20. We use long division:
ax + (b+arx+ (ar? +br+c)
Ba px? s ext d
ax? — anc?
xan ax
(b+ ar)? + ox
(b+ are? + Car? - br)x
(ar? + br +c)x+ qd
(ar? + br + o)x + (ar — br
ar +br?+ cred1214 Chapter 10 Roots of Polynomial Equations
quotient: ax? + (ar + b)x + (ar? + br +c); remainder: ar3 + br? + cr +d
a8 + bx? sox + d= (x- (ax? + (ars b)x + (ar? + br +c)) + (ar8 +br2 + cr +d)
21. quotient: x - 1; remainder: -7,
x2-6x-2=(x-5x-1)-7
22. We use synthetic division:
a) 3 4 A
3.7
3 7 6
The quotient is 3x + 7 and the remainder is 6.
So 3x? + 4x - 1 = (x- 1)(3x +7) +6
23, quotient: 4x - 5; remainder: 0
4x2 x= Ba (x + 1)(4x- 5) +0
24, We use synthetic division:
2) 1 0 4
2 4
2 3
‘The quotient is x - 2 and the remainder is 3.
So xt - 1 = (x + 2)(K-2) 43
25. quotient: 6x? + 19x + 78; remainder: 313.
6x5 - 5x2 + 2x + 1 = (x- 4)(6x? + 19% 4 78) +313
26. We use synthetic division:
aJo1 4 6 -4 4
1 3 4
3 1 0
The quotient is x3 - 3x? + 3x - 1 and the remainder is 0.
So x4 - 4x9 + 6x2 - ax + 1 = (x- 1)08- 3x2 + 3x1) 40.
27. quotient: x2 + 2x + 4; remainder: 7
x91 (x 2)K2 + 2c 44) +728.
29.
30,
a
32,
34,
10.1 Division of Polynomials 1215
We use synthetic division:
2y1 0 0 28
204 ~ 8
1 2 4 0
The quotient is x? + 2x +4 and the remainder is 0,
So x8 - 8 = (x= 2)(x2 + 2x + 4} +0.
quotient: x4 - 2x3 + 4x2 - 8x + 16; remainder: -33
Ot = (K+ Yt = 2x9 + 4x2 - Bx + 16) - 33
We use synthetic division
=) 1 8 0
33
1 1 33
The quotient is x? - 11x + 33 and the remainder is -100.
So x3 - Bx2- 1 = (x + 3)(x? - 11x + 33) - 100.
quotient: x3 - 10x? + 40x - 160; remainder: 642
4 - 6x3 +2 = (x + 43 - 10x? + 40x ~ 160) + 642
We use synthetic division:
v2) 3 = 1 1
32-4 3/8
3-2 3/4 (11/8
‘The quotient is 3x2 chao and the remainder is -g
1
$0 3x2 ax 4x41 = (x-$)(a2-bx +3) +
quotient: x2 + 6x +57; remainder: 576
x3 - 4x2 - 3x + 6 = (X= 10)(x? 4 6x + 57) + 576
We use synthetic division:
a)o1 3 38 4
-1 -2 al
1 2 4 0
The quotient is x? + 2x + 1 and the remainder is 0.
So x2 + 3x2 + K+ 1 = (K+ 1)G?F + 2x +1) 40.1216 Chapter 10 Roots of Polynomial Equations
35. quotient: x? - 6x + 30; remainder: -150
x9-+ x2 = (x + 5)(x2 - 8x + 30) - 150
36. We use synthetic division:
3/1 0 3 o 42
3.9 36 108
13 12 36 «4120
‘The quotient is x? + 3x2 + 12x + 36 and the remainder is 120.
So x4 + 3x2 +12 = (x ~ 3)(x3 + 3x2 4 12x + 36) + 120
37. quotient: 54x? + 9x - 21; remainder: 0
2
54x38 - 27x? - 27K 414 = (2 ) (sex? + 9x- 21) +0
38. We use synthetic division:
W213} 54-27-2714
6 42-10
S40 -63—~=C«*aSSCS
The quotient is 54x? - 63x + 15 and the remainder is 4.
So 54x3 - 27x? - 27K + 14. = (x42) (s4x- 6ax + 15) +4
1 7
99, quotient: 52-9 x2 + 2x4 remainaer: SZ
013,228, 81), 82
Sit 68 62-2001 (4 )(5 Oy 2),
40. (a) We use synthetic division:
al 1 0 -a
a a?
1 a oO
The quotient is x + a and the remainder is 0.
So x? - a2 = (x- a(x +a) +0.
(b) We use synthetic division:
al 10 0 -a
a a® a
1 a a oOat
42.
43.
10.1 Division of Polynomials 1217
The quotient is x? + ax + a@ and the remainder is 0.
So x3 - ad = (x a)x? + ax + a2) +0.
(e) We use synthetic division:
af 1 0 0 oO -a*
a ae a at
1 a a a 0
The quotient is x9 + ax? + 22x + a and the remainder is 0.
So x4- at = (x- a)(x9 + ax? + ax + a9) +0.
(8) We use synthetic division:
aj 1 0 0 0 O- -a®
aa a at 5
1 a a a af 0
The quotient is x* + ax? + a2x? + a3x + a and the remainder is 0.
So x8 - a = (x-alix4 + ax? + a2x? + ade + a4) +0.
a(x) = 2x
1
RO) =3
Using the hint from the preceeding exercise, we first divide the numerator and
2x3 + 3x? - 3x 8
denominator by 2 to form the quotient:
We use synthetic division:
32} 2 3 -3 8/2
3.9 3
6 6 13/2
‘The quotient is 2x? + 6x + 6 and the remainder is 2 :
a(x) = 3x2- 3x43
1
Rix} =1218 Chapter 10 Roots of Polynomial Equations
44. Using the hint irom exercise #41, we first divide the numerator and denominator
33.42 +5
by 3 to form the quotient:
x43
We use synthetic division:
1/3] 5/3 -i o U3
1914/27 -14/81
5/3 --14/9 14/27 13781
1
The quotient is 3 xe. ¢ x+ 8 and the remainder is ze.
45. k=4
46. (a) We use synthetic division:
J 1 0 «K
=3 9
1-3 K¥9 -3K-27
So the remainder is -3K - 21
{0} Since this remainder must equal 0, then
3K-21 = 0
“3K = 21
K=7
Se K =-7 will result in x + 3 being a factor of x3 + Kx + 6.
47. We use synthetic division:
1 2p -3q?
Pp 397
1 3p 3p? ~3q?
Since the remainder is 0, we have:
48. If x- 3 is a factor, then synthetic division will reveal the quotient (and thus other
factors):49,
51
52.
53.
10.1 Division of Polynomials 1219
So we can now solve the equation:
W8-2x2-de +3 = 0
(x-3}02 +x-1) = 0
x-3 20 or xPex-t
x=3
‘We use the quadratic on the second factor:
atVied 1sv5
2 2
14V5
So the solutions are 3, "5
lor
We use synthetic division:
afi -2
3
243i
The quotient is x? + (-2 + 3ibx + (-9 - Bi) and the remainder is 14 - 271
g(x) =x 4 (-1 +i)
ROX) = 0
We use synthetic division:
aif 1 “1 4 -4
=2i =4+2i 4
1 a0 0
The quotient is x2 + (-1 - 2i)x + 2i and the remainder is 0.
k=-81220 Chapter 10 Roots of Polynomial Equations
54. We use long division:
ee xt
4x-3 | ate 4 xk
4x8 — 3x?
are x
4x2 - 3x
ax+k
4
k+3
Since this remainder must d¢ 0, we have k +3 = 0, so k =
55. kad
56. We use long division:
3x +t
ox axet | 188492 4x +k
18x3 4 3x? + 3x
6x? 4 x+k
6x + x41
k-4
Since this remainder must be 0, we have k - 1 = 0,s0k=1
57. -6V3 +57
588. Since d(4) = 4-4 = 0, then f(4) = Rl4) = 321
59. 0
60. By the division algorithm, we have:
$0 The) = (x + a)Ox - b)gix) + (Ax + B)
" {a)=Aa+B
f(b) = Ab +B10.2 The Remainder Theorem and the Factor Theorem 1221
We now use these values to simplify the expressions:
fla)-i(b) _ (Aa +B) - (Ab + B)
ab = a-b
Aa-Ab
a-b
_ Aad)
= ab
=A
bifa)-af(b) _ b(Aa +B) - a(Ab +B)
bea = b-a
abA + bB - abA - aB
= bea
_ Biba)
= "pea
=B
This proves the desired results.
10.2 mainder Theorem the Fi
1. yes
2
2 uff $-20 -0
BS .20 =0
2 #0
No, it is not a root.
3. yes
4 Teer) eer? (18 = 0
T+tet+1=0
420
No, itis not a root.
5. yes
6. (4+ 1)(4- 2)(4-3) = 0
6 #0
No, itis not a root.
7. yes