) : ( I We

) ( shall :
- 1 :
- 2 :
- 3 :

) ( be going to
:
-1
:

I'm going to do more exercise next

year .
I've bought the tickets .I'm going
to travel to Aswan
next month.

-2
:

The sky is dark . It's going to rain .

-3

I'm going to be a prominent

teacher.
I have decided before + be going to
Do you intend to = Are you +
going to
What is your plan = What are you
going to do

) ( intended / planned / decided

They intended that they are going
to visit Cairo .

:
-4
:

2- shall +

Probably / certainly / possibly / perhaps

I'll probably be at school early

1- will +

tomorrow morning .

-5 :
* I'm sure // I think / I expect / I
hope / I believe / I suppose / I'm
afraid / I promise / I feel sure / I
wonder / I don't think .
I expect that she will do it .
-6 :
I have decided now = will +

+
Will
? +

Will
? +

Will not
= won't

....
....

...........

this time
next ...
in the
following
.
for the
years to
come

shortly
in
years
in a few
days

Will +

In the
Future

3 On-the-spot
decision

4 Offering

5 Requesting

6 Arrangement

7 A threat

tomorr
ow
next

1 A true fact

3- be going to +

2 Prediction

* ) ( will
:

8 Making a promise

:
-1 )
( if :

will +

.....

soon
tonight
in +

-2 :

) ( If

When / After /
As soon as /Till
/ until /The
moment /
3-
Before

 :
I was going to tidy the flat , but I
didn't have time

) ( I didn't tidy the flat . I didn't have time

-2 :

Will/ shall + be +
pp
Will be + pp
Will be in the
process of being
+pp
Am/is/are + going
to +be + pp
Will have been +
pp

Will / shall +

Will be + v + ing

Am/is/are + going
to +
Will have + pp

:


-:

from.to - tomorrow this time next weekfive years from now

4
:

-:
) ( In + .. / By

:
every one / every body /somebody /
) person

*************************************
-3 ) some /
all

):( prepared / arranged / arrangement
:
7- Future
perfect

/


) /

Subject verb agreement

-:

- He is traveling to Assiut tomorrow

) .( He 's got his tickets

( go /come / see / visit / meet / leave / have

) ( a party

8verysimple
near future
5- The
Present




Be
about
to +/

/

For

/
m

************************************
**
-:
-1

( someone / no one / nobody / any one /

3- Present continuous

/ /
/
Will
/ shall
++ have
pp
For /

m
.

-:
Mona is a clever nurse

Hurry up , the programme is about to

start

) +

1- ( was / were + going to

6- Future continuous

Will / shall
+ing + be +
Remember
:
For
m

 15
:
-1 :

Trousers / glasses / scales / gloves /shorts

/spectacles / pyjamas / pliers
-2 ) ( ings
/ Belongings / savings / lodgings
surroundings

-3 :
/ contents / goods / memoirs Alms
/ wages / clothes / cards
billiards dominoes

**************************************
1
:
Boy boys
girl
girls

) ( s/es/ies :
Man
men

2
:
I've just seen a train/an
accident.
?Where's the book I lent you
There are 60 seconds in one
minute.

a / an
The
One

3
:

Were there any

mistakes in your
?homework
Some children are
having a picnic in
the park.

any

2- A large percentage of the older

population is voting against her .
********
1- Two - fifth of the troops were lost in the
battle .
2- Two - fifth of the area was destroyed by
fire .
********
1- Forty percent of the students are in
favour of changing the policy
2- Forty percent of the student body is in
favour of changing the policy .

**************************************
-12 )

(
) (
:

( family / army / government / team /

union /audience / press / council /croud /
crew / staff / majority / minority / gang /
) company /public / cast

:
:

************************************
-4 ) ( each :
************************************
*
-5 ) as well as / along with /

( together with

I as well as Ali am clever

: ) ( and / both .. and

************************************
**
Countable nouns
-6 ) ( either / neither

)
( :
:
: ) (

**************************************

-7
) :( a pair of

/ trousers
/ pants
/ tweezers
People /Jeans
police
/ clergy

/ cattle /
/ cattle / People / police / clergy
vermin
vermin

-13
:

:
) 14-

:

) ( a glass ) (

Glass

Some

) ( an iron ) ( Iron

**************************************

-8 ) ( s

) physics / maths /gymnastics/ athletics /

( news / progress

**************************************
-9
:

************************************
**

10 ) ( more than one

:

**************************************
-11 :
1- Some of the voters are still angry.

Many

There aren't many

cars on the road
Uncountable nouns

this
morning.

How
How many students
many?
are there in your
class?
The
The apples were in
my shopping bag.
Two,
There are six CDs
three
and four DVDs on
etc
the table.
Several
I answered several
question
Few
Few boys could
answer it .
: (
: (

( sheep / deer / fish / salmon )

A sheep was grazing in the
field .
Some sheep were grazing in
the field .
: (
( aircraft / spacecraft )
One craft is going to take off .
Two aircraft are going to take
off .
( s ) (
:
( crossroads / means / series / species /
works )

A car is a means of transport .

Cars are a means of
transport .

6)


mathematics - physics athletics
gymnastics news politics

. ( a - an )
water - money - music - bread - luggage baggage - news - information - oil

.
( some / any / little /much /a great deal of / a

)
A lot of information some money
little water much milk any news
lot of

:
: 1)
experience - freedom - pity - advice - )
( luck - honesty - hope - beauty - help

2)

gold - wood - coffee - tea - paper - iron
. - glass - stone

Types of food : ( 3
Flour butter cheese rice sugar )
( spaghetti yoghurt

liquids: ( 4

coffee oil water- juice lemonade soup )

( concrete

5)

news - traffic - baggage - luggage machinery clothing jewellery hair money - furniture - material - laughter rubbish macaroni - rice- behaviour
accommodation- equipment fun - weather
.

Physics is a difficult subject

. :

:
( bit - piece )
. ( bits - pieces )


a sheet - a loaf - a bottle - a slice - a cup a pair - a bar - a jar - a sheet of paper a
loaf of bread a slice of meat a pair of
shoes a cup of tea - a bar of chocolate a
jar of jam

two sheets of paper - two pairs of shoes

two jars of jam two loaves of bread - two
slices of meat - three pairs of shoes six
bars of chocolate five cups of tea
*********************************************
*************

a lot of many much

a few few a little little
a lot of

many

much

A lump pf
sugar
A spoonful
of sugar
A slice of
meat
A loaf of
bread
A grain of
sand
A speck of
dust
A bottle of
milk
A bar of
soup

A box of
matches
A packet of
cigarettes
A sheet of
paper
A reel of cotton
A packet of
needles
A drop of
water
A glass of
lemonade
A jar of jam

A piece of / A bit of ( cake / news / advice

) /information
) ( An item of
**************************************

s / es / ies
He / She / It .

s/ es / ies

-1 o / ch / sh / ss / x/ z
: es
-2 ) ( y
) ( y ) : ( ies
-3
) : ( s

***********************************************************
-1 . :
-2 : :

any

.
some .
:

hardly scarcely seldom never without

refuse too .. to

.He never had any luck -1

If
.

.There were no shops open -1
some
not any
.She has some money -1

A lot of = plenty of

a lot of lots of

I have a lot of money / friends
**************************************
:
How many pounds
How many sheets
How many loaves
How many kilograms
How many times

1
2
3
4
5

A bag of
flour

a few

Few

.
A Little

.

little

No:

How much money

How much paper
How much bread
How much heavy
How much often

A tube of
toothpaste

.
:
) ( many - much
:
* much
much
( so - very
- as -
) too
The present

simple ) so as too
* many
many ( - a good - a great

some - any - no

Fo some

r
/. m
.

?1- Would you like some tea

2- Can I have some of these
?apples

?Did you buy some clothes

(Perhaps I know that you went out to

Usa
)buy some
ge

 (1 _:
( d

-1 ) ( e
( :
-2 ) ( y
) ( y ) : ( ied
-3
) : ( d

(2 : :
*******************************
*******************
-:

- 1 -2
:
:
-3 :
-4 :

-5 :
If only / I wish + past simple

) I wish I were in London now . ( but I am in Cairo

# Suppose + past simple

)Suppose your father came now. ( he isn't here.
# I'd rather = past simple

) $ I'd rather you didn't do that. ( but you did.
# It' time + past simple
$ It's time he arrived at school.

- 1 ) (ever ) (never -:
**************************************
-2
:
Always usually usually- often ever never- never- seldom rarely
frequently - scarcely

*****************************************
********

+ dont / doesn't +

***************************************
***
? ? +Do /Does+

*******************************
********************
Do /Does + +

+
? ?

*******************************
********************
Am / is / are + pp
- Plants are used to make
fuel .

************************************
**
d / ed /
ied
:

-3
:
-4
-5 :
-6
-7
:
-8
) : ( If
-9
:
10
:
11 ) Here / there /
( why don't

NOTE

:
Belong to / contain / look like / own /
possess
matter / cost
/ mean
/

*******************************

********************
:
After / before / as soon as / when / till / until /
the moment ..
* When he comes , he will do the homework
seldom
frequently
scarcely
occasionally
once
upon a time
ascarcely
few years ago
hardly
How
long ago
normally

from..
frequentlyto
no longer and
between
fromnow
time to time
just
regularly
ainmoment
ago +
aOn
short
time ago +
How often
often
/ usually/

usually
sometimes
often
always
yesterday
rarely
last
neverago
Generally
The
past simple
barely
in
the past
regularly
in +
every
in
themorning
ancient
in the
times
) at ( night / noon
at the
in
theweekends
previous
onceday
a week
one

always

once

) .(
.
-2
.
-3
:
While I was reading, my sister was playing .

am / is / are used to + -ing

? + used to + V-ing. .. Am / Is / Are +

no longer used to
:

any more / any longer

used to

-1 ) ( ago
:
I played football 3 days ago .

be used to:

While
As
Just as

While Ali was sleeping, Ayman jumped into the

water.
While he was touching the water, he fell in.
:

-2 ) ( How long ago ) when

(
sdrow yeK
:

be used to "
" :.inf
:

? How long ago did you study English

am / is / are used to + -ing = am / is / are in

the habit of + ing
used to + inf. = was / were in the habit of +
ing
She used to sleep in class.. = She was in the
habit of sleeping in class.

+ didn't +

+ Did +

While
As
Just as

While he was doing homework , he was listening

to music .
:

**************************************************
******************

When

+ + did +

Continuous
Notes
Fo
was / were +
gni +
rm
:
Past

*****************************************
***************

Was / were + PP

*****************************************

* ( used to :

-1

Didn't use to + inf.

? + use to + inf. .. Did +

asU
eg

:
ing

had + p.p.

***************************************

than

P.P.

whe
n
whe
n

no
sooner
hardly

ha
d

scarcely

than
whe
n
whe
n

p.p

ha
d
did

Hardly

did

Scarcely

that
that

It wasn't
until
It was only
when

It wasn't until I had studied that I

played football .

No sooner

The
moment

By the time
Before
When

***************************************

********************************
*

When

till
until
because

)
(

For
m

-The
lights went
when I was
.............
out.......
studying
English.

***********************************

ing +

***************************************

After
As soon as
When

When Ayman jumped into the water, Ali was

sleeping .
When he fell in, he was touching the water.
**************************************************
The past perfect
*****************

During
On
At
During playing , I fell .

***********************************

Because

Magdy couldnt hear the phone

because he was having a shower.

) (not
).: (was / were

*******************************************************
+ ing +Was / were +

)When

( -:

when

***********
+ WAS / WERE + +
? + ING..
***********************************

all day yesterday / the whole day yesterday

all the time / for an hour yesterday

The moment I arrived home , I watched the

match .
1- Immediately on / shortly after + n/v.ing
Immediately on his arrival ,he watched TV.
2- After + +had + P.P.
= Having + P.P.
= After having + P.P.

The PRESENT

Fo
r
m

perfect

has / have + P . P .

Usa
ge -1

: -2
: -3
: -4

-5
( ) + since + :

: -6
:
Its/This is the first (second)
time..
+ last
+
+ when +
The last
time
+is

Its(This)
thewhen
only
In the last few years/months
In recent
years
over
= hasn't
/ haven't
+ PP since
the
ages / over the years /
over the centuries / /
Its the first time I have been to this
place.

This is the only play I have seen.

Egypt has made great progress in the
last few years.
1- just / already
has / have )

already
:
2- yet / never
( yet ) :

( has / have ) ( never ) - I have never finished my work .

3- for / since

: ( for ) -

for ( ages 2 years /hours/ days along

time a month- the last month / ever / more than /
a short time / several hours half an hour

-I have lived here for 5 years .

( since ) :

since ( 2004- 8 o'clock then April winterthis morning yesterday last week / his
childhood / his death / that time / his birth / the
age of / 19th century / lunch)

- I have lived here since 2003

6- ever

today / this + ( week / morning /

century ) / over the years / through out ages / in
the recent days ( years ) in the last few years
( days)

************
: -1
1- I have written many letters
) )
2- I wrote many letters .
))

***********************************

) ( have been ) -2
: ( have gone
1- I have been to Aswan
2- I have gone to Aswan .

**************************************
) ( since ) -1
( when

-:

-I haven't seen Ali since I was in Cairo .

4- lately / recently

( recently )
( lately )
:
:
5- up to now / so far
-
( )

for ) ( ago ) 2
( began to )

 -:
:
-1

+ has / have + PP . for + (

)

: -7

+ began / started to + .
+ ago

) (

just ) 3
ago

+ last + . in +
:(
= The last time + .. was
in
+
+ last + .. a moment
=

hasn't
/ haven't
PP .. since +
ago
/ a short
time
ago/ just+now

= + has / have + just / already +

PP

) (

ever ) -8
: ( never

+ has/ have + never + PP + such + a/an

)
( since ) -4
+ +
+ est
: ( for
most
/It (or) This is the
+
+
+ hasn't +
/ haven't
+
PP for
+
has/have + ever
+ PP

PASSIVE VERBS

{believe forget hate know like mean

prefer seem understand love}
Ex I have known my friend for ten years now .

************************************************

It 's /has been + + since last

Passive
have has + been + P.P

: -5
Present perfect continuous

+ has / have +never + PP

before
It's the first time + has / have + ever +
PP

: ( yet ) ( still ) -6
+ am / is / are + still + + ing

{travel wait work live sleep stay}
Ex I have been working for three years.
-2


{ start finish stop begin buy - join }
.Ex He has joined this school since 2004
-3
I have phoned

you three times
-4

* Formation : (have \ has + been + V + ing )

* :

(Since for) + ( now \ still \ not\ the last ( past)
\ never \ How long \ all + time )
Ex I have been waiting for you all morning./ She has
been sleeping for the last three hours now.\ We have
been studying for three hours, we havent finished
yet.

: .To Be + p.p

: to Be
:
-

.
My car was stolen last night.
))

.
This hotel was built in 1997
Nabil has been invited to a birthday
.party
)

+ hasn't / haven't + stopped / finished +

v+ing yet

(
.
.A mistake was made -

:
. - 1
. ( verb to be )

- 2

. ( by ) - 3
. by - 4
# I saw him
He was seen
by me
Tense

Passive

Present simple

am / is / are + PP
Arabic is spoken in
.Egypt

Present
continuous

am / is / are + being +
pp
My car is being
.repaired

Past simple

was / were + pp
I was invited to the
.party

Past continuous

was / were + being + pp

I thought I was being
.watched

Present perfect

has / have + been + pp

.The bill has been paid

Past perfect

had + been + pp
I knew why I had been
.picked for the team

Future simple

will / shall + be + pp
.A car will be bought

:
Future
perfect

will / shall + have + been +

pp
The money will have been
.spent

will-shall-canwould-shouldcould-maymight-musthas to-have tohad to-will

have toneednt-ought
to-used togoing to
Perfect
modals

be + pp +
.More oil may be found
?Who is going to be invited

+ have been + PP
The bill should have been
.paid

:
It + v. to be +( pp
that +
+ v to be + PP + to + )
(

)+

+ v to be + PP + to +have + PP
( )
I
know / we believe

Know / believe / fear / say / think /
.predict / agree / hope

:
don't / doesn't
.am not / is not / aren't + p.p
.wasn't / weren't + p.p didn't

Active

Passive

The police dont

allow big cars
into the city
.centre
Mr David
doesnt allow
smoking in his
.office
Tom didnt
answer the
.exam

Big cars arent

allowed into the
.city centre
Smoking isnt
allowed in Mr
.Davids office
The exam wasnt
.answered by Tom

Nobody / No one
. never ever
not

Active

Passive

Nobody has ever

beaten me at
.chess
No one must ever
.break the law

I have never
been beaten at
.chess
The law must
.never be broken

.
to / for

: to
give / offer / pass / write
/ sell / bring / show /
lend / read / hand /
deliver / tell / owe / pay

: for

fetch / build / get /

find / buy / save / leave
keep / call / cut /
make work / book

active

Passive

He gave me a
nice camera.

He bought me a
.mobile

I was given a
.nice camera
A nice camera
was given to
.me
I was bought a
.mobile
A mobile was
.bought for me

get
verb to be

:
arrest / catch
/ destroy damage /
burn / marry
kill
beat /

Active

The police caught the bank

.robbers

Passive

The bank robbers got caught .

make/see/hear/watch

let . to
allowed to
He saw them go out
.He let me go

They were seen to

go out
I was allowed to go
out

.adv
.
Active
Passive

You must plan your work

.carefully
Your work must be carefully
.planned

(.to + inf)
( .to be + p.p)
.
Active
Passive

I want you to tell me the truth.

(be)
.I want to be told the truth

(v.+ ing)
( .being + p.p)
.
Active I hate people telling me
lies.
Passive

.I hate being told lies

be let
: .p.p
myself / himself / herself / itself /
ourselves / themselves / yourself /
yourselves
Active
Passive

He doesnt let others laugh at

him.
He doesnt let himself be
.laughed at

This tree needs to be cut

This tree needs cutting

:
Clean / demolish / install / fix / cut /
repair / polish
*******************************************
******

:1- Don't +
__________ mustn't be
+ PP
( .
*********************************************
****
-2

**********************************
open : -3
/ begin
The door opened ( was opened ) easily
*********************************************
****
( be born) -4

He was born in 1992.

: by +
build / invent / discover / design /
write / damage / compose / destroy
:(

need )

Need + to be + pp
need +
+ ing
Ex . We need to cut this tree

**********************************
/ ( ) locate ) -5
: ( /
My house is located in Atwab
They have located ( found ) the
damaged car .
******************************************
/

-6
:

Amazed / broken / interested / pleased /

worried
*********************************************
****
. Changing from Passive
into Active

:

. ( 1 )
. be ( 2 )
. ( 3 )
I think we are being followed.
We are

She may speak German well.

:
Must
Can't
May
+ be + V+ing
Might
could
What is Ali doing in his room?
I'm not sure. He may be studying.
What is Linda doing?
She must be working on her computer

:
Must have + PP.

Be

Cant have + PP.

( . Present Cont)
IF
. followed May have + PP.

: Might have + PP.

I think someone is following us.

Could have+ PP= may have/might have
us to we
+PP

. being followed

The garden has just been watered.
They have just watered the garden.

*********************************
**********************

:
must
cant
may
+ inf.
might
could
I am certain that he isnt clever.
He cant be clever
Perhaps she speaks German well.

The streets are wet. It must have rained last

.night
He was here a minute ago. He cant have gone
.too far
He doesnt get the same train any more. He
.may have changed his job
I havent seen Melissa for ages. She might
have moved. (=Perhaps she moved.)

Must have
Cant have

May have
Might have
could have

+ been + V+ing

What was he doing in the early morning?

He must have been doing the exercises.
The light was on in his room after midnight.
He must have been studying.
may / could
: might
could have + PP
:
Could have + PP.
He hasnt visited us for a long time. He could have
been busy. (= He may/might have been busy)
He was able to do the job but he didnt.
He could have done the job.

IF

Will
Can
May

must

.

Would

Could

IF
might

IF

Would
Could Have+ pp
might

*******************************************************

: ( If ) -

If = only if / if only
= as long as / so long as
= provided
( that )
if / providing

= on condition that
= in case / in the event that
Should*******************************************************
+

: ( If ) -2

case
of /with/

Were + (In
/by
)
+
+ ing
the event
Were +In
+ to of
+
*******************************************************
: -3

= if he doesn't do his best , he will fail

= unless he does his best , he'll fail
*******************************************************
( if I were you , I'd) -6
.
*********************************
*******************
1-should :
2- Were :

3-Had :

If +
Had
+

+ +
Had
+
+(PP unless ) -4

( if )
:
If he doesn't study = unless he studies
Unless = if( not ) = except if
*******************************************************

Without
+ ing
But for
Without = if it weren't for + / v+ ing
But for = if it hadn't been for + / v+ ing
******************************************************
otherwise / or ) -5
( else / or
( if / unless )

He must do his best , otherwise he will fail

that -2

-3
-4


:
Direct

Reported

Present simple

Present continuous

Present perfect

Past simple

Past continuous

Present perfect cont

Past simple

Past continuous

Past perfect

Past perfect

Past perfect cont

Past perfect cont

direct
: direct

: -1

Direct
say to
says to
said to

Reported
tell
tells
told

direct
say
says
said

Reported
ay
says
said

Direct
this
year
month
here
ago
tonight
next year
last year

Reported
that year / month
there
before
that night
the following year
the year after
the year before
the previous year

 -1

Question (2

and said that

-2
and asked
-3 . and
__________________________________________________
Orders, requests and advice (3

direct
:indirect
-1 said to asked / told /
. advised / warned / begged
-2 :
to -
not to - .
-3 . to / not to
-4


.

. and

I wish / If only

direct reported
:
-1
Reported
ask
asks
asked

Reported
could
wouldn't
had to
must have +
pp

Direct
can
won't
must

must

Direct
say / say to
says / says to
said / said to

today
tomorrow
yesterday

Reported
would
should
might

Direct
will
shall
may

couldn't

can't

I wish / If only

I wonder I dont know Id like to know

Could you tell me - He wanted to know I
. have no idea

I wish I knew. = I don't know.

I wish you had time. = You don't have
time.
I wish the teacher did something to
solve the problem.
= The teacher doesn't do anything to
solve
If only I lived in a quiet place. = I live
in a noisy place.
I wish I knew Paul's phone number.
= I don't know it.

-2
:
if / whether -
.
- .
-3 .
-4
. do / does / did
-5


.
:

I have to work hard.

Reported
those
then / at that
time
that day
the
next
(following) day
the day before
the previous day

Direct
these
now

:
-1

.
said a moment ago / just
. now
-2

.
-3 if
.
-4 and that
/ and added that
-5
say
claim / complain / mention / indicate /
assert / agree / promise / admit /
explain
-6
would / should / could /
might
used to/ ought to / would rather / had
better / would like / it is time
-7 must
.

___________________________________

= I wish I didn't have to work hard.

There are a lot of people in this place.
= If only there weren't many people in
this place.
I wish / If only
:
I failed the Chemistry test.
If only I hadn't failed the Chemistry
test.
I didn't know that Gary was ill.
I wish I had known that Gary was ill.
I feel sick. I ate so much cake
yesterday.
I feel sick. If only I hadn't eaten so
much cake yesterday.
I didn't apply for that job.
I wish I had applied for that job.
The weather was cold while we were
away.
I wish it (was - were - had been would be) warmer.

wish to + inf. = want to

I wish to see the manager, please.
If you wish to reserve a table, please
telephone after 5 oclock.
Hope + + future simple / present
simple
I hope she comes tomorrow.
OR: I hope she will come tomorrow.
Wish + n. (wish someone something)
I wish you a speedy recovery.
I wish you good luck.
.I wish you a happy life
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Had been + v+ing

when/since / for/ all day / all weekend
:

I wish / If only

:
If only she hadn't told the police,
wait / do / work / stay / play / watch / sleep /
everything would have been all right.
paint / read / write / talk / run / walk / travel,
I wish he hadn't wasted all his money.
etc
He would have bought a new house.
I had been studying my lessons
regret ing
when suddenly I heard a loud noise.
: I wish
He had been painting the wall
I regret not studying hard.
when suddenly he fell off the ladder.
= I wish I had studied hard.
When
When I met him, he had been working
could + inf for
she / he / you / would
two hours.
hours
they / it
They
They had been waiting for an hour
I wish I could ride a horse.
before
I wish he would visit me next week.
the train arrived.
If only I could visit Honolulu next year.
What had he been doing when the

accident happened?
He was tired because he had been
working since dawn.
He was covered in paint. He had
been painting the room since we left.

:( )
We
We were good friends. We had known
each other for 10 years.
years
.

break down / stop /

close / open/ end / finish
:
She was late for the meeting because
her car had broken down.

:
When I met Ahmed, he had finished
typing 3 reports
__________________________________________________
Relative Clauses

:
. who
whom
:who
. This is the woman. She owns the house
.This is the woman who owns the house
The talk was given by a man. He used to live in
.Russia
The talk was given by a man who used to live in
.Russia
I spent two hours talking to Ali. I'd met him only
.once before
I spent two hours talking to Ali, whom / who I'd
.met only once before
: which

 The job was very tiring. He applied for it a week

.ago
The job which (that) he applied for a week ago was
.very tiring
The job for which he applied a week ago was very
.tiring

The company, which is in Cairo, employed 200

.people
: that / who
.The man for whom he works is German
.The man that he works for is German
.The man who / whom he works for is German
: that

= He was the last man to leave the ship.

:
It + is / was + + who / that
It + is / was + + which / that
It was Peter who broke the window.
It was the bus that delayed us.
TO BE )
:
:

: which
:who that
He got very bad marks in the test, which This is the best book that I have ever read.
The book was made into a film. It was
made
.written 20 years ago
He was the best king that / who ever sat on the throne.
his parents very sad.
The book which was written 20 years ago
One of the boys kept laughing, which
that
.was made into a film
annoyed
: which
The book written 20 years ago was made
the teacher very much.
The house cost him a lot of money. He
.into a film
. whose lived in it.
:( )
The house in which he lived cost him a lot
The man felt very sad. His wife died in the
The book is about famous writers. It is on
of money.
.accident
The house that he lived in cost him a lot
.the second shelf
The man whose wife died in the accident felt very
of money.
The book (which is) on the second shelf is
.sad
about famous writers.

What = the thing that / the things that

The things that we saw astonished us. = What we
:
who / which / whom
.saw astonished us
John Smith was interviewed on TV. He is a famous
. comma
The thing that annoys him is that his friend always
.runner
. that
.comes late
John Smith, (who is) a famous runner, was
The company which / that he works for
What annoys him is that his friend always comes =
.interviewed on TV
.late
.sells computer

The company for which he works sells

computer
The woman who / that killed her husband
.was sentenced to death

.to + inf
:
The first / second/last/only

Ali was the first student who arrived at

comma school.
: that
= Ali was the first student to arrive at
school.
Mr. Ahmed, who is 45 years old, is a famous
.politician
He was the last man who left the ship.

which where
there

. The shop was so big. He worked in it

.The shop in which he worked was so big
.The shop where he worked was so big
He went to Acapulco. He spent most of his
.holiday there
He went to Acapulco where he spent most of
.his holiday
: which when

Conjunction

The day was remembered for long.

They met on it.
on /which
they met
As wellThe
as / day
besides
in addition
to / was
remembered
for
long.
together with
The day
when
they
ing

met
was

remembered for long.
/ furthermore
/

In addition
moreover
Although / though / even though / even if :

(

+ )

The) +
death
of his
son
was
an
experience
+ as well asfrom

+ he never fully
which
But / however
/ yet / on the other hand
recovered.

/nevertheless
/ inaspite
of thetofact
thatI devote a
It isn't
subject
which

great deal of thought.
Is that the film in which he kills his
Despite / in spite of / with all / for all /
To
/ in mother?
order
as to +
regardless
ofto/ / so with
whom I spoke a
For + v +The
ing man
ing

moment ago is a university

professor.
However
+

manager
whom
I sentthat
the letter
So that/ The
in order
thatto/ in
the hope
+ didn't
+ to
give

agree
me(the
job )
+Whatever
can
/ may
/ +will+

+

+

:
+

Could
/
might
/as
would+

Lest
V.+: Active
+ should +
For fear that
ING
The man is very kind. He works in this
office.
For
rear /ofas +/ since
/ v + ing
Because
whonot
works
innot
this
office is very
= notThe
to =man
in order
=so
as
to

kind.
Theofman
in to
this
is very
Because
/ dueworking
to / owing
/ onoffice
account
kind.

of / through / thanks to
ing but
+

1- Not only :
also

Being
+

The
officer

treated me very well. I met

Being
polite
,ofhe/
loves
For
the
lack
for
want
of //+as
a result
of ..
2Not
only

+ her

him
at
the
ing
but alsopolice
station.
also

The officerBut
whom/
who/
that I met at the
But

.
As
well
police
4- Both and +
3-
+
me
not only
station
treated
very
5- Neither

nor

well.
+

The officer I met at the police station
6-Either

or

treated me
SoNeither
7/ therefore
/ that's
+why

/
consequently
+ ..
very well
nor

/thus/
hence / accordingly
8- + neither
nor

9- + + so / that

10-so + ++
that
11- + + such a/an
+ that

12- such a/an + ++ that

suggest

agree

arrange

decide

spend

expect

(time)
hope

risk

learn

include

offer

miss

plan

appreciate

promis

consider

e
celebrate

seek

want

deserve

request

guarant

ee
hesitat

e
prove
/

/ + + + enough to +
+ ..

can't help
threaten
swear
refuse
fancy
volunteer
prepare
imagine
decide
complete
pretend
deny
fail
involve
choose
understand
endure
manage

seem
tend
wish

determine

hurry

.to + inf
: ing

( )

Gerund
Infinitive

+ + &
too
+ / + to + +
..:
)


to + inf (

enough

would
to + inf
.I'd like to finish my work early today
I'd prefer to drink
coffee.
.inf
:to

ing

Remember to + infinitive

He remembered to close the gate.

.
Remember + gerund

resist
resume
put off
delay
postpone
necessitate

She would rather stay at home.

Let me have a look at that letter.

.to + inf
: ing

He remembered seeing the man. = He

saw the man and later remembered.
Forget to + infinitive
(

Nadia forgot to meet the customer. = She

didn't meet the customer.
Forget + gerund

Nadia forgot meeting the customer.

= She met the customer but then couldn't
remember the occasion.
Regret to + infinitive

He regretted to say that my brother had

an accident.
= He was sorry that it was necessary to
say it.
Regret + gerund

admit
avoid
dislike
enjoy
finish
practise

He regretted saying that my brother had

an accident.
= He was sorry that he had said it.

Try to + infinitive
(

Try to open the door. = See if you can

open the door.
The prisoner tried to escape, but he was
caught.
Try + gerund
/
))
A: I have a bad headache.
B: Try taking an aspirin. = Take an aspirin
and see the result.
Stop to + infinitive

He stopped to read his newspaper.
= He stopped what he was doing to read
the paper.
Stop + gerund

He stopped reading his newspaper. = He

had read what he wanted to read.
:not ING
Thank you for not coming late.
I apologize for not posting your letter.
Prefer +V-ing+ to + ING
I prefer using the internet to watching
TV.
: to v + ing

be accustomed to
get used to
own up to

lead to

due to

owing to

Pronouns and Reflexive Pronouns

object to
look forward to

object
me
Him
Her
It
Us
you

possessive
My mine
His
Her / hers
Its
Our / ours
Your
/

reflexive
Myself
Himself
Herself
Itself
Ourselves
Yourself

Them

yours
Their

yourselves
themselves

get round to
in addition to

contribute to

be opposed to

They

- 1
:
I will solve the problem myself.

thanks to

*******************************************************
: ING

be busy
have difficulty (in)
Its no use
There is no point in
Cant stand

What about

: 2
alone / without any help / on + + own
He mended the car by himself.
= he mended the car alone.
= he mended the car without any help.
= he mended the car on his own.

(by) 3
.

Be worth
Its a waste of
Feel like

theirs

Its a waste of

*******************************************************
wash take
/ shave
dress / shower /
to /
relax be used to

subject
I
He
She
It
We
You

I wrote the article by myself.

4
:

I washed myself and dressed. ()

I washed and dressed .
: 5
1 behave yourself.

Hala visited her friend, didn't she?

The watch TV, don't they?
: 3
He has a book, doesn't he?
They have a car, don't they?

8
:
(never/scarcely/rarely/hardly/seldom)
He never watches films, does he?
---- 5
1 I 'm happy with him, aren't I ?

4 make yourself at home.

She had an accident, didn't she?

4
:

5- make yourself heard

He will read a book, won't he?

4 Let us go out, will you?

6- please yourself

yes, he will.

2 help yourself .
3 enjoy yourself.

7- make your meaning clear

*******************************************

Question Tag
- 1

:
, ------------------
+ ?
,------------------
+ ?
She is cooking lunch, isn't she?
They aren't sleeping, are they?
She has got a mobile, hasn't she?
He can't read French, can he?
2
(don't/doesn't/didn't )
:
Ayman plays well, doesn't he?

3 Let's go out, shall we ?

5 Open the door, will you?

They can't help you, can they?

No, they can't.

) 5
everyone/everybody/No
(one/Nobody/someone/Somebody
: (they)
No one failed the test, did they?
Everybody arrives early, don't they?
) 6

2 I am not happy with him, am I ?

(Everything/Nothing/This/that
(it)

Everything is done, isn't it?

That is good, isn't it?
(These/those) 7
: (they)
These/Those are funny, aren't they?

6 Don't open the door, will you?

7 You'd better go now, hadn't you?
8 He 'd rather take a taxi, wouldn't
he?
9 I think he will come tomorrow,
won't he?
10 I don't think she can swim, can
she?
***********************************
********
Expressing

ability , possibility and permission

can :
: /
( can) 1
:
can + =

 am / is / are able to +

am / is / are capable of +
v + ing
+ have / has the ability to
+
1 He can answer the questions.
= He is able to answer the questions.
= He is capable of answering the
questions.
= He has the ability to answer the
questions.
: (1)
(can)
(will be able to)
He can come tomorrow.
= He will be able to come tomorrow.
: (2)
( can)

can = you are allowed /
permitted to+
You can drive my car.
= you are allowed to drive a car.
You can go out.
You can't take the book.

: (3)

( can / could)

:
We could ban cars on Fridays.(it is
possible)
We can use electric cars. (it is
possible)

:
could +
was / were able
to----------------- was / were capable of
------------ had the
ability---------------------He could buy a car.
He was able to buy a car.

+ couldn't
He couldn't play football.
She couldn't buy the mobile.
:

He could climb the tree.

He was able to climb the tree.

:


----
Could have + p.p
He could have watched TV , but he
preferred to read.
She could have gone out, but she
stayed at home.

:
couldn't have + p.p
He couldn't have killed the man. He
was in prison.
They couldn't have left the room . it
was closed.
: could
1 - Could / can I get you a cup of
tea?
2 We could go to the club.
3 Could / Can you tell me the time ,
please?
4 could / can /may I leave early
today?
*******************************************

1-

No one can deny that

plays an important
role in our life.
2- It's a credit of source for
me to be given this
lovely chance to talk
about one of the most
interesting subjects and
express my deep
feelings towards it.
3- We can safely say that
.. has a great impact
on our life .
4- It is taken for granted
that
5- There is no doubt that
is one of the most
difficult problems facing
developing countries
**************************************
*****************

2
.
: )
(Capital letter ).(full stop

.

) . (Spelling mistakes
===========================================
======


,
.
:
.

..........

)

(
,
,
.

-1
:
1 Concerning advantages : / is a) One advantage of is to +
that+

Ex :

100 _ 15
-

:
.1


.
.2


.
.3


)
(
.

.4
.

2- Body :
.5




.
.6




) ( .

b) Another advantage of .. is to + / is
that+
c) As well as that .
d) The good thing about is to + / is
that+

2- Concerning disadvantages :
a) One disadvantage of .. is to + /
is that+
b) Another disadvantage of .. is to +
/ is that+
c) As well as that .
d) The bad thing about is to + /
is that+

-:

1- In a nutshell, / to sum up,

2- In short = In brief = briefly = In
a
word
3- Last but not least,
4- At last = lastly = finally =
eventually
5- From my point of view = in my
opinion
6- Finally, I'd like to say that .
7- We can come to the conclusion
that

**************************************
*****************
: -2
: ) ( -1
- This problem can be defined as .
: -2
This problem is due to the fact that
: -3
- To solve or put an end to this problem, we
should .
- Here's another idea .
- We should get blood out of a stone to
..

**************************************
*****************
: -3
. -1
. -2

**************************************
3- conclusion :

life .

1- In fact / As a matter of fact .

2- plays an important part in our

3- It's a double edged weapon .

4- It's a mixed blessing .
5- has a lot of advantages and
disadvantages .
6- It 's the backbone of .
7- It's the lifeblood of
( industry / agriculture / commerce )
8- We can't do without .
9- By hook or by crock = By all possible
means .
10- In the field of .
( education / medicine / tourism . )
11- sooner or later
12- We should ..
- do our best
- wage war upon

- start campaign against

- make great efforts
13- We should fight for
( freedom / independence / a better
future )
14- Our duty is to .
- spread health awareness
- learn foreign language
- raise the standard of living
- reclaim the desert
-eliminate illiteracy
- make full use of
- pave the way for
15- We should put an end to
( violence terrorism extremism pollution
racial discrimination fanaticism the problem
of unemployment ..)
16- It's important to note that ..
17 We have to take into account that
.
18- It's worth saying that .
19- Generally speaking , . = by and large
20 There is no doubt that ..
21- In the course of the last years ,
22- practical steps have been taken
23- all over the world
24- thanks to science and technology
25- .had been one of man's dreams
26 - Great progress will be made in the field
of
27- with the help of .. we can lead a
happy and comfortable life .
28- for the good of society .
29- to get foreign currency
30- .. helps us to keep in touch with..
31- Can you imagine life in the absence of
..?
32- In fact, it's impossible to lead a happy life
without
33- The youth have to respond to

34- we look forward to the time when peace

prevails
35- . is one of the chief sources of
wealth
36- they should be ready to sacrifice their
lives .
37-It plays an essential role in our life .
38- It goes without saying that a country
doesn't achieve development or program
without depending on . (Science culture
knowledge modern invention)
39 The outlook to the future mustn't be
gloomy or dark. We hope it will be secure
and promising
40- Indeed, nothing is more important,
useful, interesting than ..

**************************************
*****************
: -1
Certainly- in fact actually as a matter
of fact

: -2
Moreover furthermore in addition to
that

: -3
On the contrary contrary to this
however although- nevertheless

: -4
In like manner - in the
same way similarly likewise
correspondingly

: -5
For example for instance such as
like .
: -6
As a result consequently therefore
accordingly

: -7

In my opinion to my mind I think

that I believe that we are strongly in
favour of we are against we are
opposed to

O
:
1-spare no effort to
2- make great efforts to
3-severe shortage
4Fruitful results
5on a large scale
6serious problem
7hold back progress
8a major setback / obstacle
9relieve pressure on
10a large sector of
11waste time
12drug addiction
13vital subject
14needless to say that
15 It's doubtless that all of us owe
much to ..

-:

It's a worldwide fact that
is so important and can play a
vital role in our life as individuals on
one hand and change the shape of life
all over the world as a whole on the
other hand. First of all, it has a lot of
good effects and advantages which if
well-exploited , will
change and modify our life completely
to the best so we should do our best to
develop it by all possible means. In my
opinion, it's the golden key to a happy

life full of peace and success. If it has

any bad effects or disadvantages, they
will be of no importance, if outweighed
by its marvelous merits and
benefits.
Out of its great importance, I
think that we can't do without it
whatever the drawbacks it may cause.
Above all, it helps in the progress and
prosperity to any person or nation.
Realizing the importance of it, the
government hasn't forgotten its role
and spares no effort to help spread it
everywhere. As a student, I believe that
if the government and the individuals
put their hands together and share the
responsibilities, we'll actually reap
fruitful harvest now or in the near
future. To sum up, can help
us live happily and peacefully and build
up a new society void of any
defects.

-:

No one can deny that

is so serious and dangerous. It
can turn our life upside down and make
it unbearable . First of all, it has a
lot of bad effects and disadvantages,
which we can't count, on the individuals
and the whole society, so we must do
our best to put an end to it very soon.
In my opinion, it has spread widely
among us, so we should put our hands
with the government to try to find
immediate and urgent solutions before
its disastrous effects and results
aggravate .

Important still ,
we must take into consideration that
it's one of the worst problems ever
faced and may easily lead to other
grave problems. Let's now ask
ourselves how this bad phenomenon
has come to take its place and
imposed itself in front of us. I
think it doesn't help any person or
society to make any progress or
advance. To sum up, can't
help us live happily or peacefully in a
society void of any defects.

**************************************
**********************

At first we can say that
nobody can deny the ( good /
bad ) effect of
( ( on our ( life /
health / society ) . On the other
No
one
hand
, can deny that
is government
a serious problem
It has
does its .best
to bad
effects
us ./ we
can't
so . we
( solveon
/ help
build
/set count
up /
must
fightdo
) our best to put an end to its
( ) of
by all
possible
disadvantages
this
serious
means
.
For
this
reason
the
phenomenon which haswe
spread
citizens
among us seriously . It may lead to
should do
our best
to ( share
/
deviation

of some
youths
. we
fight ) ( ) .

must
take into consideration that it
Mass media should throw the light on
is( an
important
problem
we must
the importance of
/ the bad. effect
solve
this problem
by
all possible
It is fact..)

can play a
means
it doesn't
help
man
to
vital
roleas
in our
life . It has
good
effects
make

and lead
happy life .
on
us .progress
we up
must
ourhelp
best us
to develop
ToSo
sum
it do
can't
to build

it .Besides, It's the golden key to a

happy life . It's the basis of our
progress in all fields . It helps us in the
battle . It will lead to positive results of
prosperity . On the other hand , it will
help to raise the standard of living .
No doubt that is of great
importance to all of us . We must take
into account that it's important . To sum

paragraph

The person who I admire very

much is ... I admire him,
because he / she achieved his /
...her goal in the field of
He / she does his / ....

.her goal

This person affects me greatly

and formed my character and
my point of view, so I respect
him and thank him
greatly

In short, we cant ignore or
forget those who have
affected us and formed our
.views and ideas in life
*********************************
*********************************
********

-:

This topic makes our brain reel because of

its importance and effectiveness on our daily
.life


.



.
There is no doubt that.. Is/are
.harmful and dangerous
. ...........
The fact that is/are very harmful because
it/they lead/leads to poverty and
.unhappiness
of man that
There
is no doubt
...........

.plays
an important
.
Part
in ouris/are
dailythe
life
.
Sometimes
most
important
.factor
destroying
desired goal

in
the
because
a

itThere
has
of.........
advantages
is nolot
doubt
that

.
we

.. is the most
which
Conclusioncannot count
serious problems that faces us now
-:

but
we can
state
some
of
a days

In shortof
have/has
asolves
bad effectaon our daily
it.
First
all:it

.because
It
life, so let us hope the situation has indeed
has of
badproblems
effects and disadvantages
lot
which
.changed,
and the future
will be better
that we can't
count it,

life.
.........,
face
us
in
our
it
is

,
considered
The
first of all
: it golden
causes more
.
and more
troubles
and obstacles
in
key
to the
happy
life
our life .it may spread deviation and
**************************************

crimes
in our
society. It is
****************

it aishateful
the enemy
bassthat
of
considered, as
..
Useful
subjects
destroys
our society
we should
our
progress
in so
all
In fact
essential
part in the life
stand
as .plays/play
one man an


.
of
everyone
aspects

to put an
end to this
. .......
bad
phenomenon

which has , spread

to

it canseriously
help us

in
the
recent
No one can deny that ,. is/are very
build
society
leads/lead to
days
. our because
important
it/they
finally,
we
can
come
toofthe

.welfare
and
happiness
manend
of this topic that this problem is as
Above
all, it's considered
bad as bad could be
the
backbone
of
andany
we should
get rid of it
in order
to live
civilized
country
so we

..........
.
Sometimes Is/are the most important factor in
.achieving a desired goal
. ....
is/are the turning point in our life/human ..
history because it/they is/are among humanity's
greatest achievement in the 21st
.Century
I believe that the 21st Century will be known as
. .the century of
Conclusion
All in all, ..has/have a great effect on our
life, so I realize that all I can do is to write these
lines to support it/them because we can't do
.without it

support it. In other words

we have to work together
to improve and develop it
Finally; we can come to
the end of this topic that we
cannot imagine life in the
absence of .

It is taken for granted that
................plays a very important role in our
life nowadays
On the one hand, it helps us in our work,
education and even in public life . On the
other hand , it enables us to enjoy our life .
Moreover, it protects us against the current
problems of the world . It is the role of mass
media and people in charge to spread the
awareness among people to take interest
in .....................Unless we take
interest in ...............,we may face a lot of
troubles and will lag behind the world
. progress
To sum up , I can say that everyone should
............. take interest in
*********************************************
******************************

It is taken for granted

that................ is very dangerous. It causes a
. lot of diseases
It affects the environment badly . It may
result in serious problems . It holds our
progress back . This problem is caused
by ................ and ............... it is the role of
individuals , schools and mass media to
spread the awareness among people to avoid
........................ Unless we avoid this problem
. we may suffer a lot and may spoil our life
To sum up , I can say that every one should
, does his best to eliminate this problem
**************************************
**********************

There is no doubt that .plays an
effective role in our life . We should Know that
this ( helps / hinders) our progress and
development .The government does its best
to(encourage /discourage ) this by all possible
means. On the other hand it is considered an
important step to improve and develop our
society. Mass media should have a role to play .
Mass media should culture people well in this
field . People should co operate with the
government. From my point of view , we can
)say that we should do our best to benefit from
it by all possible means and this can be ( avoid
done by several ways . Briefly, and as it was
mentioned before ,we can say that if we follow
these suggestions ,we will lead a better life .
Thus we must do our best to see our loving
.country Egypt live in happiness and prosperity
.......
.
)

(
/ )
(
.
.
.


.
.

) (
.


.

.

" * "
At the beginning that we can't ignore
that . play an important role in our
life, so we must do our best to develop
. it
has a good effect not . ..
.only on us, but also on our society
Today all .
fully in Egyptians should share
society to develop it through this
.matter
In addition to that is
one of the most considered
important matter which deserves
to write about
it
. .
We must ask ourselves this question
why is this matter important? this
matter is important because
As a result of all that . .
that It is clear .all that factors
this matter play a vital role in the life of

man and society. Thus, we should care

.for this matter
" -
: "
Smoking - over population - traffic jam
The disadvantage of . over
population - pollution - shortage of food
- housing problem - unemployment money is the root of all evil - war - rise
.in prices
" "
At the beginning we can't ignore
that . is the most dangerous and
serious problem, so we must do our
. best to solve it
has a bad effect not . ..
.only on us, but also on our society
.
Today all Egyptians should share fully
. society to solve it through this matter
In addition to that is
considered one of the most important
.matter which deserves to write about it

. .
We must ask ourselves this
question "why is this matter very
important? " this matter is dangerous
. because
As a result of all that all that factors. .
It is clear that this matter is very
dangerous in the life of man and
society.
for this
25 Hassan
AliThus,
Street,we should
10 Orabicare
street,
.
problem
Zamalek,
Cairo,

Cairo,
Egypt.
Money-Having a carth -T.V-Travelling )
Egypt.
5 May
2010.
abroad-Means
of transport
(
At present, there is no doubt
thatplays an increasingly
indispensable role in life. We are all
aware that, like everything else,
has both favorable and

Generally .unfavorable aspects

speaking, the advantages can be listed
as follows. First of all, makes
peoples everyday life more convenient.
In addition, .. connects its users
with the outside world. Most
importantly, with a., peoples life
.will be greatly enriched
Nevertheless, it is a pity that every
medal has two sides and the
disadvantages of .cant be
ignored. To begin with, there will be a
danger of spending too much time on it
therefore ignoring what you should
concentrate on. Worst of all, ..may
.plunge you into an unexpected trouble
As is known to all, .. is neither
good nor bad itself. Its effects on
people depends, to a large extent, on
how.is used. Now that the
disadvantages have been put out, they
will be paid attention to and eliminated
.to some degree
:
. There is no doubt that
plays an important Part in our daily
because it . life
which we has a lot of advantages
can not count but we can mention
some of it. First of all: it solves a lot of
problems which face us in our life. it is
considered The golden key to the happy
it , life
is the base of our progress in all
aspects
it can help us to build our ,
society
it's considered , Above all
of any the backbone
civilized country so we must encourage
and support it. In other words we have
to work together to improve and
develop it

Finally; we can come to the end of

this topic that we can not imagine life
. in the absence of

:
There is no doubt that
is the most serious problems that .
faces us now .because It has bad
effects and disadvantages that we
can't count it, first of all it causes
more and more troubles and obstacles
in our life .it may spread deviation and
crimes in our society. It is considered as
a hateful enemy that destroys our
society so we should stand as one man
to put an end
to this bad phenomenon
which has spread seriously
. in the recent days
finally, we can come to the end of
this topic that this problem is as bad as
bad could be
and we should get rid of it
in order to live in happiness.

*****************************************
*****

2 - Writing letters :

:
: -1
:

( ) -
-
( Egypt)
**************************************
: : --2
th
5 May 2010

May 5, 2010

( Dear) - 3


Dear Ali

/ Dear Friend

:
Dear father

/ Dear uncle

Dear Sir / Dear teacher / Dear Mr. / Dear

Dr

************************************
**

: -4

- 1
:
1- I'm very glad to write this letter to
you .I hope everything is going well.
2- I'm very pleased to write to you.
3- It's really a pleasure to write to you.
4-Forgive me for not writing earlier. I'd
like to comfort you that I'm fine.
5- It was a long time since I heard from
you. I hope that you and your family are
quite well.
-2
:

1-I've just received your letter and I

feel happy to write back .
2- It was thoughtful of you to send me
that nice letter . I hope everything is
going well with you .
3- Thank you very much for your letter
.
4- How nice it was to hear from you .
*********************************************
*******************

/ ) : -5
(..... / /
:
1- I'm sending this letter hoping
that
2- I'd like to tell you that
3- Will you be kind enough to tell
me about ?
4- I'd like to offer you my hearty
congratulations on ..
5- As for the content of your
letter , I'd like to tell you that

6- Regarding the information you

required , I can tell you that
**************************************
*****************
: -6
1- I look forward to seeing you in due
course. Best wishes .
2- I wish you the best of everything in life .
3- I hope to hear from you soon .
4- I'm eagerly waiting for your reply .
:
- Yours,
- Yours sincerely,

- Faithfully yours,

Proverbs



------------------------------


A jack-of-all trades
master of none

A little knowledge is a
dangerous thing

A living dog is better

than a dead lion

)
(
A man can do no more
than he can

)
(
A man can not serve
two masters

)
(

A drowning man will

clutch a straw

a fox is not taken
twice in the same
snare

)
(

A friend in need is a
friend indeed

)
(
A guilty conscience
needs no accuser


A hungry man is an
angry man

-------A bad Workman

Blames His Tools

)
(
A bird in the hand
worth ten in the bush


A burnt child dreads
fire

)


(
A cat has nine lives

A cock crows on his
own dunghill

)
(

A man is known by
the company he keeps

A man's house is his
castle

A penny saved is a
penny gained

)
(
A secret between
more than two is not
secret


A soft answer turneth
a way wrath

()
A stitch in time saves
nine

""

A tree is known by it's
fruit

()
A word to a wise is
enough


Absence makes the
heart grow fonder

Actions speak louder
than words