Phn 4

H tr quyt nh trn h thng khng y

1.

Quan h khng phn bit c trn h

thng thng tin khng y

SIM(B) = {(u, v) U U | a B, u(a) = v(a)

u(a) = hoc v(a) = }.

R rng,
SIM(B) =

SIM({b})

bB

K hiu SB (u) = {v U | (u, v) SIM(B)} v gi l lp tolerance

ca quan h SIM(B), SB (u) l tp ti a cc i tng v khng phn
bit c vi u bng tp thuc tnh B. Khi trn U ta phn lp
cc i tng da vo quan h SIM(B), mi lp l mt tp SB (u), u
US. H cc lp ny c k hiu U/ SIM(B), y l mt ph ca U
( uU SB (u) = U ),

V d 1.1. Xt h thng thng tin khng y vi ba thuc tnh: A

={Thn nhit, au u, au c } cho trong Bng 1.
U Thn nhit au u
1
cao
*
2
rt cao
c
3
*
khng
4
cao
c
5
cao
*
6 bnh thng
c
7 bnh thng khng
8
*
c

au c
khng
c
khng
c
c
khng
c
*

2.

Entropy th

nh ngha 2.1. Cho A = (U, A) v B A.

E(B) =

n
X
|SB (xi)|
i=1

log

1
|SB (xi)|

vi Card(U ) = n,
Tnh cht 2.1. Cho P, Q A. Nu tn ti mt song nh h :
U/ SIM(P ) U/ SIM(Q) sao cho:
|h(SP (xi))| = |SP (xi))|, i = 1, 2, , |U |,
th:
E(P ) = E(Q).
Tnh cht 2.2 (n iu gim). Cho B, C A. Nu B C (r rng
khi U/ SIM(C) U/ SIM(B)) th E(C) E(B).
Tnh cht 2.3 (Tng ng). Cho C A. Khi U/ SIM(C) =
U/ SIM(A) nu v ch nu E(C) = E(A).

Tnh cht 2.4 (Cc i). Cho C A. Gi tr cc i ca entropy th

ca tri thc C bng |U | log |U |, t c khi SC (x) = U ; x U . Lc
U/ SIM(C) = {U }.
Tnh cht 2.5 (Cc tiu). Cho C A. Gi tr cc tiu ca entropy th
ca tri thc C bng 0, t c khi SC (x) = {x}x U.
Mnh 2.1. Cho T = (U, C D) l bng quyt nh khng y .
Khi , tp R C l mt rt gn ca tp thuc tnh iu kin C trong
bng nu v ch nu R l tp ti tiu tho mn E(R) = E(R D)

3.

ngha ca thuc tnh

nh ngha 3.1. Cho T = (U, C D) l bng quyt nh khng y ,

ngha ca thuc tnh c trong C, k hiu sigC\{c}(c), c xc nh
sigC\{c}(c) = E(C \ {c}) E(C \ {c} D)
Mnh 3.1.
a) 0 sigC\{c}(c) |U | log |U |.
b) c C l thuc tnh ct yu trong C nu v ch nu sigC\{c}(c) > 0.
Khi , Core(C) = {c C | sigC\{c}(c) > 0}.
nh ngha 3.2. Cho T = (U, C D) l bng quyt nh khng y
, R C v c C \ R, ngha ca thuc tnh c i vi R, k hiu
sigR (c), c xc nh
sigR (c) = E(R D) E(R {c} D)

4.

Thut tan tm tp rt gn

B1. Tnh Core(C) := {c C | sigC\{c}(c) > 0}.

B2. R := Core(C)
B3. Tnh E(R) v E(R D)
B4. While E(R) 6= E(R D) do
1. For c C \ R do
Tnh sigR (c)
2. Chn c sao cho sigR (c) = max{sigR (c0) | c0 C \ R}
R := R {c}
3. Tnh E(R), E(R D)
B5. R := R \ Core(C)
B6. For c R do
2. If E((R \ {c}) Core(C)) = E((R \ {c}) Core(C) D) then
R := R \ {c}
B7. R := R Core(C)

U
u1
u2
u3
u4
u5
u6
u7
u8

c1
low
*
medium
high
high
low
high
low

c2
2
4
4
2
4
4
*
2

c3
compact
sub
compact
compact
*
compact
sub
sub

c4
4
6
4
*
4
4
6
6

d
high
low
high
low
low
high
low
low

Thc hin tng bc thut ton trn ta thu c kt qu sau:

B1. Tm li:
Xt c1
SC\{c1}(u1) =
SC\{c1}(u2) =
SC\{c1}(u3) =
SC\{c1}(u4) =
SC\{c1}(u5) =
SC\{c1}(u6) =
SC\{c1}(u7) =
SC\{c1}(u8) =

{u1, u4};
{u2, u7};
{u3, u5, u6};
{u1, u4};
{u3, u5, u6};
{u3, u5, u6};
{u2, u7, u8};
{u7, u8};

S(CD)\{c1}(u1) =
S(CD)\{c1}(u2) =
S(CD)\{c1}(u3) =
S(CD)\{c1}(u4) =
S(CD)\{c1}(u5) =
S(CD)\{c1}(u6) =
S(CD)\{c1}(u7) =
S(CD)\{c1}(u8) =

{u1},
{u2, u7},
{u3, u6},
{u4},
{u5, u6},
{u3, u6},
{u2, u7, u8},
{u7, u8}.

SigC\{c1}(c1) = E(C \ {c1}) E((C \ {c1}) D).

=

n
X
|SC\{c1}(ui)|
i=1

log

1
|SC\{c1}(ui)|

9
1
= log 3 > 0.
8
4
Do c1 l thuc tnh ct yu.

n
X
|S(C\{c1})D (ui)|
i=1

log

1
|S(C\{c1})D (ui)|

Xt c2
SC\{c2}(u1) =
SC\{c2}(u2) =
SC\{c2}(u3) =
SC\{c2}(u4) =

SC\{c2}(u5) =
SC\{c2}(u6) =
SC\{c2}(u7) =
SC\{c2}(u8) =

{u1, u6};
{u2, u7, u8};
{u3};
{u4, u5};

S(CD)\{c2}(u1) =
S(CD)\{c2}(u2) =
S(CD)\{c2}(u3) =
S(CD)\{c2}(u4) =

{u1, u6},
{u2, u7, u8},
{u3},
{u4, u5},

{u4, u5};
{u1, u6};
{u2, u7};
{u2, u8};

S(CD)\{c2}(u5) =
S(CD)\{c2}(u6) =
S(CD)\{c2}(u7) =
S(CD)\{c2}(u8) =

{u4, u5},
{u1, u6},
{u2, u7},
{u2, u8}.

SigC\{c2}(c2) = E(C \ {c2}) E((C \ {c2}) D) = 0.

c4 cng khng phi l thuc tnh ct yu. Hay ni cch khc Core =
{c1}.
B2. t R := {c1}.
B3. Tnh E(R) v E(R D).
SR (u1) =
{u1, u2, u6, u8};
SR (u2) = {u1, u2, u3, u4, u5, u6, u7, u8};
SR (u3) =
{u2, u3};
SR (u4) =
{u2, u4, u5, u7};
SR (u5) =
{u2, u4, u5, u7};
SR (u6) =
{u1, u6, u8};
SR (u7) =
{u2, u4, u5, u7};
SR (u8) =
{u1, u2, u6, u8};

SRD (u1) =
{u1, u6},
SRD (u2) = {u2, u4, u5, u7, u8},
SRD (u3) =
{u3},
SRD (u4) =
{u2, u4, u5, u7},
SRD (u5) =
{u2, u4, u5, u7},
SRD (u6) =
{u1, u6},
SRD (u7) =
{u2, u4u5, u7},
SRD (u8) =
{u2, u8}.

B4. Ta c, E(R) 6= E(R D). V vy chng ta s kim tra xem trong

ba thuc tnh cn li thuc tnh no c ngha hn i vi R chn
b sung vo R.
Trc ht ta xt SigR (c2) = E(R D) E(R {c2} D).
SR{c2}D (u1) =
SR{c2}D (u2) =
SR{c2}D (u3) =
SR{c2}D (u4) =
SR{c2}D (u5) =
SR{c2}D (u6) =
SR{c2}D (u7) =
SR{c2}D (u8) =

{u1},
{u2, u5, u7},
{u3},
{u4, u7},
{u2, u5, u7},
{u6},
{u2, u4, u5, u7},
{u8}.

1
SigR (c2) = ((3 4 log 4 + 3 2 log 2 + 5 log 5)
8
(2 3 log 3 + 4 log 4 + 2 log 2))
Tng t ta c
1
SigR (c3) = ((3 4 log 4 + 3 2 log 2 + 5 log 5)
8
(3 log 3 + 2 4 log 4 + 4 2 log 2));
1
SigR (c4) = ((3 4 log 4 + 3 2 log 2 + 5 log 5)
8
(3 log 3 + 2 4 log 4 + 4 2 log 2)).
Nh vy sigR (c2) ln nht v ta chn c2 b sung vo R.

By gi ta xt R = {c1, c2}, ta c E(R) 6= E(R D). Do li tnh

tip SigR (c3) v SigR (c4).
SR{c3}D (u1) =
SR{c3}D (u3) =
SR{c3}D (u5) =
SR{c3}D (u7) =

SR{c4}D (u1) =
SR{c4}D (u3) =
SR{c4}D (u5) =
SR{c4}D (u7) =

{u1};
{u3};
{u2, u5, u7};
{u2, u5, u7};

{u1};
{u3};
{u5};
{u2, u4, u7};

SR{c3}D (u2) =
SR{c3}D (u4) =
SR{c3}D (u6) =
SR{c3}D (u8) =

SR{c4}D (u2) =
SR{c4}D (u4) =
SR{c4}D (u6) =
SR{c4}D (u8) =

{u2, u5, u7},

{u4},
{u6},
{u8}.

{u2, u7},
{u4, u7},
{u6},
{u8}.

1
SigR (c3) = ((2 3 log 3 + 4 log 4 + 2 log 2) (3 3 log 3))
8
v
1
SigR (c4) = ((2 3 log 3 + 4 log 4 + 2 log 2) (2 2 log 2 + 3 log
8
Nn ta chn C4 vo R. Lc ny, vi R = {c1, c2, c4} ta c
E(R) = E(R D).

B5. v B6. Theo trn ta c {c1, c2} khng phi l tp rt gn. Ta ch

cn xt {c1, c4}.
S{c1,c4}(u1) =
{u1, u6};
S{c1,c4}(u2) = {u2, u4, u7, u8};
S{c1,c4}(u3) =
{u3};
S{c1,c4}(u4) = {u2, u4, u5, u7};
S{c1,c4}(u5) =
{u4, u5};
S{c1,c4}(u6) =
{u1, u6};
S{c1,c4}(u7) =
{u2, u4, u7};
S{c1,c4}(u8) =
{u2, u8};

S{c1,c4}D (u1) =
{u1, u6},
S{c1,c4}D (u2) = {u2, u4, u7, u8},
S{c1,c4}D (u3) =
{u3},
S{c1,c4}D (u4) = {u2, u4, u5, u7},
S{c1,c4}D (u5) =
{u4, u5},
S{c1,c4}D (u6) =
{u1, u6},
S{c1,c4}D (u7) =
{u2, u4, u7},
S{c1,c4}D (u8) =
{u2, u8}.

R rng, E({c1, c4}) = E({c1, c4} D). V c1 l thuc tnh ct yu v

{c1} khng phi l tp rt gn. Vy tp rt gn i vi bng quyt nh
khng y ny l R = {c1, c4}.

Bng thu gn nhn c:

U
u1
u2
u3
u4
u5
u6
u7
u8
Lut quyt nh?

c1
low
*
medium
high
high
low
high
low

c4
4
6
4
*
4
4
6
6

d
high
low
high
low
low
high
low
low