หลักการของรีเลยปองกัน (Protective Relay Principles)

1 51
( Protective Relay Principles )
4.1
Protective Relays
VT CT

( Contact )
Trip Coil CB
CB
EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

4
2 2547

2 51
Bus
7
8
3
4
a
4.1
4.2
( Detection of Fault )
( Level Detection )

Pick up Value
Overcurrent Relay
Pick Up
4

4
2 2547

3 51
( Magnitude Comparison )

I A IB

IA
R
IB
4.2

( Differential Current Comparison )

( I1 - I2 )
Pick Up

( 87 G )
( 87 M )
( 87 B )
( 87 T )
6

4
2 2547

4 51
I' 1
I' 2
I1
I2
(I 1 - I2 )
I1
I2
4.3
7
( Phase Angle Comparison )

2
(I)
(V)
IF
IF
V
ILOAD
IL OAD
R
IF
ILOAD
IL OAD
IF
4.4

4
2 2547

5 51
( Pilot Relaying )

Pilot Channels
Pilot Channels
1) Power Line Carrier ( PLC )
2) ( Microwave )
3) ( Fiber Optic )
4) ( Telephone Wire )
9
( Harmonics Content )
Filter
Order
(Block)
( Harmonics Restraint )
10

4
2 2547

6 51
( Frequency Sensing )
50 60 Hz

11
4.3
3
Electromechanical Relay
Solid State Relay
Digital Relay
12

4
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7 51
4.4 Electromechanical Relay

2
1)
( Electromagnetic Attraction )
2)
( Electromagnetic Induction )
13
F
I
K1
K2
K 1 I 2 - K2
14

4
2 2547

8 51
K1I2 K2 = 0
I =
K2
K1 = Pick up Current
2
1. Plunger Relay
2. Hinged Armature ( Clapper ) Relay
15
I
Coil
Fixed Iron Core
Moving Iron Core
Contact
Gravity
4.5 Plunger Relay

16

4
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9 51
Contact
Contact
Spring
I
C oil
Moving Iron C ore

Fulcrum
Fixed Iron Core
4.6 Hinged Armature Relay

17

Induction
Motor
( Rotor ) Disc Cup
( Non-magnetic Material )
18

4
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10 51
Induction Disk Directional Element

19
4.7 Eddy Current

20

4
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11 51
Flux 1 2
1 = sin (t)
1
2 = 2 sin (t + )
d
1
dt
i1
1 cos (t)
d2
i2
2 cos (t+ )
dt
21
2
F = F2 F1 1 I11 I2
F 1 2 [sin (t+ ) cos (t) - sin (t) cos (t+ )]

F 12 sin ( )
22

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12 51
T 1 2 sin( )
T = K 12 sin( )
Flux 1 2 I1 I2
T = K I1 I2 sin( ) K2
23
T = K I1 I2 sin( ) K2
T
K
K2
I1 , I2
24

4
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13 51
Induction Disk Inverse Time Overcurrent Unit.
Induction Cylinder Mho Unit.
25
26

4
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14 51
4.
5 Solid State Relay ( Static Relay )
4.5
-
- Solid State Relays Static Relays

-
- Discrete Components Integrated Circuits ( IC )
-
27
4.5 Solid State Relay (...)

-
- Static Relays Independent Power Supplies

- Adjustable Logic Elements Fixed
28

4
2 2547

15 51
Static
er
e2
e1
B
R-C
+ A
-
Time
Delay
e0
4.12 Static
29
4.13 Static
30

4
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16 51
4.12
I (R)
Full Wave Rectified
R-C

(Summing Amplifier : A)
A
( er )
Time Delay
31
Static Relay

4
2 2547
32

17 51
Static Relay
33
4.6 Digital Relay

Microprocessor
Digital Computer

Computer Relays Digital Relay

(Multi-Functional)
34

4
2 2547

18 51
Galvan ic
I sola tio n
Trans former
A nti-Alias
Filters
S/H
S/H
Timer
S/H
S/H
MultiPlexer
ADC
Micro
Processor
ROM
RAM
EEPROM
Digital
I/O
Ke yb or d
&
Display
Serial
Comms
S/H
S/H
Opto-Isolator
CB Open
To
Modem
CB Trip
Reed Relay
4.14 Digital Relay Diagram
35
Example of a Digital Transmission Relay
36

4
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19 51
Digital Relay

Isolation Transformer ,
Anti - Alias Filter ,
Sample and Hold , (Switch & Hold Mode)
Multiplexer ( MUX ) ,
Analog to Digital Converter ( ADC ) , A to - D
Microprocessor ,
Memory Unit , ()
Keyboard and Display ,
Data Communication Hardware ,
37
Digital Relay
1. Isolation Transformer
Instrument Transformers
VT 100-120 V
CT 1 5 A

Electronics
VT CT
38

4
2 2547

20 51
Digital Relay
2. Anti-Alias Filter
Isolation Transformer
( Noise )

Filter Analog Digital

( Sampling Rate ) 2

39
Digital Relay
3. Sample and Hold

2 Mode
Microprocessor Mode
Switch Mode Input
Amplifier
Hold Mode Mode

ADC 25 s
40

4
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21 51
Controlled by
Microprocessor
Input
Analogue
Signal
To ADC
4.15 Sample and Hold

41
Digital Relay
4. Multiplexer ( MUX )
Analog Digital ( ADC )
ADC

Multiplex (MUX)
ADC
42

4
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22 51
Digital Relay
5. Analog to Digital Converter ( ADC )

Analog Multiplexer (MUX)
Digital Microprocessor
6. Microprocessor

Trip CB
Software ( Algorithm )
43
Digital Relay
6. Microprocessor ()
Software
Programming Language
Computation Algorithm
Data Communication Algorithm
Unauthorized Access Prevention and Security Operation
44

4
2 2547

23 51
Digital Relay
7. ( Memory Unit )
RAM ( Ramdom Access Memory )
Input Sample Data Faults
Data
ROM ( Read Only Memory )

PROM ( Programmable Read Only Memory )
EPROM ( Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory )
45
Digital Relay
7. ( Memory Unit )
(ROM)
EPROM User
Programmable
EEPROM ( Electrical Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory ) Flash Memory
Set
46

4
2 2547

24 51
Digital Relay
8. ( Keyboard and Display )

47
Digital Relay
9. Data Communication Hardware

RS 232 RS 485
RS 232 Series Port
10 kbits/sec

RS 485 Parallel Port

10 Mbits/sec
32 Devices
48

4
2 2547

25 51
Digital Relay
49
4.7 ( Relay Tripping Circuit )

1. Series Sealing
PR
52a
TC
) Series Sealing
Auxiliary Contactor Contact

Contact Auxi. Contact Contact
Contact Contact
Trip Contact
Trip
50

4
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26 51
4.7 ( ... )
1. Series Sealing ()
:
(Matched) Trip
Contactor Impedance
5%
Contact
Contactor

Contactor
51
4.7 ( ... )
2. Shunt Reinforcing
PR
52a
TC
) Shunt Reinforcing
Contact Trip Circuit Breaker

Auxiliary Contactor (Reinforce) Contact
Trip
52

4
2 2547

27 51
4.7 ( ... )
2. Shunt Reinforcing (..)
Contact 2
Contactor
Trip
Trip Circuit Breaker

53
4.7 ( ... )
3. Shunt Reinforcement with Sealing
PR
52a
TC
) Shunt Reinforcement with Sealing
Shunt Reinforcing
(Low Torque) Contact
54

4
2 2547

28 51
4.7 ( ... )
3. Shunt Reinforcement with Sealing
Shunt Reinforcing
Contact
Contact Contactor
Contact Circuit Breaker
55
4.8 ( Supervision of Trip Circuit )

, , Contact, Switch

4.17
56

4
2 2547

29 51

PR
52a
TC
R
Lamp
) Circuit Breaker
PR
52a
TC
52b
Lamp
) Circuit Breaker
4.17
57

(Push Button)

(Pilot Protection)
4.17 )
58

4
2 2547

30 51

PR
52a
TC
R
A
B
C
Alarm
) Circuit Breaker
4.17 ()
59

A B
C
A B
A C

60

4
2 2547

31 51
4.9

ANSI C37-2
DEVICE NUMBER
61
Device Number
Device
Number
Definition and function
Device
Number
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Master Element
Time-Delay Starting or Closing Relay
Checking or Interlocking Relay
Master Contactor
Stopping Device
Starting Circuit Breaker
Anode Circuit Breaker
Control Power Disconnecting Device
Reversing Device
Unit Sequence Switch
Reserved For Future Application
Over-Speed Device
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Synchronous-Speed Device
Under-Speed Device
Speed or Frequency Matching Device
Shunting or Discharge Switch
Accelerating or Decelerating Device
Starting-to-Running Transition
Electrically Operated Valve
Distance Relay
Equalizer Circuit Breaker
Temperature Control Device
62

4
2 2547

32 51
Device Number (..)
Device
Number
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.

Synchronizing or Synchronism-Check
Device
Apparatus Thermal Device
Undervoltage Relay
Flame Detector
Isolating Contactor
Annunciator Relay
Separate Excitation Device
Directional Power Relay
Position Switch
Master Sequence Device
Brush-Operating or Slip-Ring ShortCircuiting Device
Device
Number
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.

Polarity or Polarizing Voltage Device
Undercurrent or Underpower Relay
Bearing Protective Device
Mechanical Condition Monitor
Field Relay
Field Circuit Breaker
Running Circuit Breaker
Manual Transfer or Selector Device
Unit Sequence Starting Relay
Atmospheric Condition Monitor
Reverse-Phase or Phase-Balance
Current Relay
Phase-Sequence Voltage Relay
63
Device Number (..)
Device
Number
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.

Incomplete Sequence Relay
Machine or Transformer Thermal
Relay
Instantaneous Overcurrent or Rateof-Rise Relay
AC Time Overcurrent Relay
AC Circuit Breaker
Exciter or DC Generator Relay
Power Factor Relay
Field Application Relay
Short-Circuiting or Grounding Device
Rectification Failure Relay
Device
Number
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.

Overvoltage Relay
Voltage or Current Balance Relay
Time-Delay Stopping or Opening
Relay
Pressure Switch
Ground Protective Relay
Governor
Notching or Jogging Device
AC Directional Overcurrent Relay
Blocking Relay
Permissive Control Device
Rheostat
64

4
2 2547

33 51
Device Number (..)
Device
Number
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.

Level Switch
DC Circuit Breaker
Load-Resistor Contactor
Alarm Relay
Position Changing Mechanism
DC Overcurrent Relay
Pulse Transmitter
Phase-Angle Measuring or Out-ofStep Protective Relay
AC Reclosing Relay
Flow Switch
Frequency Relay
DC Reclosing Relay
Device
Number
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.

Automatic Selective Control or
Transfer Relay
Operating Mechanism
Carrier or Pilot-Wire Receiver Relay
Lockout-out Relay
Differential Protective Relay
Auxiliary Motor or Motor Generator
Line Switch
Regulating Delay
Voltage Directional Relay
Voltage and Power Directional Relay
Field-Changing Contactor
Tripping or Trip-Free Relay
65
IEC 60617
Symbols
Description
Symbols
Description
Overspeed relay
Undercurrent relay
Unders peed relay
I2
Negati ve sequence rel ay
Distance relay
U2
Negati ve sequence
voltage Relay
Overtemperature relay
Undervol tage rel ay
Directional overpower
relay
Instantaneous
overcurrent rel ay
Underpower relay
Inverse ti me overcurrent
relay
Inverse ti me earth fault

overcurrent rel ay
66
Thermal relay

4
2 2547

34 51
IEC 60617 (...)

Symbols
Description
Symbols
Description
Definite ti me earth
fault overcurrent rel ay
Directional overcurrent
relay
U I
Voltage restrained /
controlled overcurrent
relay
Directional earth fault

relay
cos
Phase angle relay
Power factor relay
O I
Autoreclose relay
Overvoltage relay
Ursd
Neutral point
dis placement relay
Earth-fault relay
Underfrequency relay
Overfrequency relay
Id
Differential relay
67
4.10
1. ( Overcurrent Relay )
[ 50 , 51 , 50/51 , 51V ]

2
1) Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay ( 50 )
-
2) Time Delay Overcurrent Relay ( 51 )
-

4
2 2547
68

35 51
(..)
Time Delay

Inverse Time
( T-I curve )
Standard Inverse
Very Inverse
Extremely Inverse
Definite Time
69
- Overcurrent Relay
70

4
2 2547

36 51
Setting
Plug Setting Multiplier ( PSM )
CT
Time Multiplier Setting ( TMS )

(Coordination)
(Selectivity) Breaker
71
4.18 - Overcurrent Relay

4
2 2547
72

37 51
IEC 60255
characteristics ;
TMS=1.0
- Overcurrent Relay IDMT
73
- Overcurrent Relay Curve 74

4
2 2547

38 51
( 51V, Voltage-Controlled and Voltage-Restrained Overcurrent Relay )
( Short Circuit )
Voltage Dip
( Overload )
51 V Overcurrent
Short Circuit Overload
Back up Protection
75
2.
(Ground Fault Relay)
3
1. Residually Connected Ground Relay
[ 50N , 51N , 50/51N ]
76

4
2 2547

39 51
A
B
C
E /F
O /C
O /C
O /C
4.19
A
IA
IB
IC
IN
E /F
O/ C
O /C
O/ C
4.20 3 4
77
2. Zero Sequence Ground Relay [ 50 GS , 51 GS ]

- CT Window
50 G
4.21 Zero Sequence Ground Relay

4
2 2547
78

40 51
3. Neutral Ground Relay [ 51G ]

-
Neutral
50 G
4.22 Neutral Ground Relay
79
3.
( Directional Overcurrent Relay ) [ 67 ]

(Multiple Sources) Loop Network
2
(Reference or Polarized Source)
Fault
Positive Torque Maximum
Torque Line Maximum Torque Angle (MTA)
80

4
2 2547

41 51
Position Of Operating Current

Maximum Torque
Positive Torque
Operating Current
Negative Torque
Angle Of Maximun Torque
Minimum Pickup Current
Polarizing Voltage or Current
4.23
81
(Directional Ground Relay ) [ 67N ]
AUX CT
Polarizing
Input
Polarizing
Input
87 G
87 G
Operating
Current
AUX CT
Operating
Current
AUX CT
4.24

4
2 2547
82

42 51
( Directional Power Relay ) [ 32 ]

83
Trip Direction
GEN
Line to Ground Fault
32
Trip
Utility System
Industrial System
4.25
84

4
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43 51
4. ( Distance Relay ) [ 21 ]
( Transmission Line )
Impedance
Distance Relay
Impedance
Reactance Admittance
R-X Diagram
85
R
R
Impedance Rela y
Mho Relay
Reacta nce Relay
Quadrilateral Relay
R
Lenticular Relay
4.26

4
2 2547
86

44 51
5. ( Differential Relay ) [ 87 ]
Relay (Sensitivity)
( Internal Fault )
, ,
CT 2
Pick Up
87
Overcurrent Differential Relay

Current Transformer
To Trip Circuit
Overcurrent Relay
Operating winding
Three Phase A C Machine
4.28 Overcurrent Differential Relay

4
2 2547
88

45 51
Percentage Differential Relay

2
Operating Coil
Restraining Coil
Operating Coil
I0 = I2 - I1
Restraining Coil
I +I
= 1 2
2
89
Percentage Diff. Relays

CT
CT Saturation
O pe rat e
Curre nt
I0 = I 2 - I 1
O p eratin g Z on e
R e straint C urre nt
I2 + I1
2
4.30 Fixed Percentage Relay

4
2 2547
90

46 51
Operate
Current
I0 = I2 - I 1
Operating Zone
Non-o perating Zone
Restraint Current
I2 + I1
2
4.31 Variable Percentage Relay

91
6.
( Phase Balance Current Relay ) [ 46 ]

Negative Sequence
Current
Negative Sequence Relay
92

4
2 2547

47 51
7.
( Synchronism Check and Synchronizing Relay ) [ 25 ]

93
G
VT
25
Synchronizing Relay
VT
Diatribution Bus
Generator
Breaker to be
Closed
To Load
4.32
94

4
2 2547

48 51
8. ( Voltage Relay )

Overvoltage Relay [ 59 ]

Undervoltage Relay [ 27 ]
Voltage Balance Relay [ 60 ]

Negative Sequence Voltage Relay
95
9. Phase Sequence Voltage or

Reverse Phase Voltage Relay [ 47 ]
Phase
96

4
2 2547

49 51
10. ( Frequency Relay ) [ 81 ]

Load Shedding
97
11. ( Thermal Relay ) [ 49 ]

Motor
Generator
Transformer
2
Replica Type Temperature Relay
Temperature Relay
98

4
2 2547

50 51
1. Replica Type Temperature Relay

Bimetal
Motor
2. Temperature Relay
Temperature Instrument
- Thermal Detector
- Thermal Couple

-
-
-
99
12. ( Pressure Relay )

100

4
2 2547

51 51
101
102

4
2 2547

หลักการของรีเลยปองกัน (Protective Relay Principles)

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หลักการของรีเลยปองกัน (Protective Relay Principles)

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1 51

( Protective Relay Principles )

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

( Phase Angle Comparison )

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

4.4 Electromechanical Relay

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

4.5 Plunger Relay

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

Moving Iron C ore

Fixed Iron Core

4.6 Hinged Armature Relay

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

Induction Disk Directional Element

4.7 Eddy Current

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

F 1 2 [sin (t+ ) cos (t) - sin (t) cos (t+ )]

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

Induction Disk Inverse Time Overcurrent Unit.

Induction Cylinder Mho Unit.

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

- Solid State Relays Static Relays

4.5 Solid State Relay (...)

- Static Relays Independent Power Supplies

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

4.6 Digital Relay

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

4.14 Digital Relay Diagram

Example of a Digital Transmission Relay

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

Filter Analog Digital

3. Sample and Hold

Hold Mode Mode

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

4.15 Sample and Hold

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

5. Analog to Digital Converter ( ADC )

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

ROM ( Read Only Memory )

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

8. ( Keyboard and Display )

9. Data Communication Hardware

RS 485 Parallel Port

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

4.7 ( Relay Tripping Circuit )

Auxiliary Contactor Contact

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

Contact Trip Circuit Breaker

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

Trip Circuit Breaker

) Shunt Reinforcement with Sealing

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

4.8 ( Supervision of Trip Circuit )

EEPW 0424 Electrical Power System Protection

4.8 ( Supervision of Trip Circuit )