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Dissolved Gas Analysis and Its Interpretation Techniques For Power Transformers No Cover
Dissolved Gas Analysis and Its Interpretation Techniques For Power Transformers No Cover
Abstract
This report is an investigation on Dissolved Gas Analysis and its interpretation techniques for power transformers. Aspects covered in this report
include sampling method guidelines, interpretation techniques and standards, results-based guidelines and recommendations.
used to demonstrate interpretation.
A case study is
Acknowledgements:
We thank:
Dr Toan Phung for his help and explanations on ELEC9712 (High Voltage
System) topics
Zulkarnain Muhamad and Ahmad Zarir Makhtar from Petronas Gas Berhad
(CUF-Kerteh) for sharing practical DGA data and photos with us
Yee Yen Fu and Nor Azhar Saad from Asean Bintulu Fertilizer for sharing
DGA reports with us
www.ansi.org
AS
Australian Standard,
www.standards.org.au
ASTM
American Society for Testing and Materials
BS
British Standards
H2
Hydrogen
C 2 H2
Acetylene
C 2 H4
Ethylene
CH4
Methane
C 2 H6
Ethane
CM
Condition Monitoring
DG
Dissolved Gas
DGA
Dissolved Gas Analysis
HPLC
High Performance Liquid Chromatography [Duval et al, 1977]
LTC
Load Tap Changer
OLTC
On-Load Tap Changer
PD
Partial Discharge
ppm
Parts per million
TCG
Total Combustible Gas
TDCG
Total Dissolved Combustible Gas
Glossary
Condition Monitoring
The monitoring a parameter of condition in machinery, such that a signicant
change is indicative of a developing failure.
It is a component of predictive
Fault Gases
Hydrogen, Methane, Ethane, Ethylene, Acetylene, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon
Dioxide; which are used in DGA to diagnose transformer faults.
The degree
Fuller's Earth
A nonplastic clay or claylike earthy material used to purify mineral oil [Wikipedia, 2008d]
Furan
A colorless, ammable, highly volatile liquid with a boiling point of about 31.4
C;
(CH4 );
Pyrolysis
Thermal Decomposition [Wikipedia, 2008f]
(Beta) Scission
The initial step in the chemistry of thermal cracking of hydrocarbons and the
formation of free radicals [Wikipedia, 2008i]
Tap Changer
A mechanism for selecting a desired number of transformer windings to be used
X-Wax
Solid particles of carbon and other hydrocarbon products produced by transformer heat, partial discharge or arcing. Excessive X-Wax buildup along paper
insulation increases its dielectric dissipation factor and may result in excessive
heating and increased risk of fault occurence [IEC 60599, 2007, 4.1, 5.8].
Contents
1
Introduction
1.1 Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
12
16
17
Sampling
18
2.1 Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
2.2 Oine sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
2.3 Online sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
2.3.1
Manual sampling while the transformer
is on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
2.3.2
Continuous automated online sampling 19
2.4 Sampling periodicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
2.5 DGA inaccuracy due to poor sampling technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
Gas
3.1
3.2
3.3
Interpretation techniques
4.1 Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.1
Roger's Ratio method . . . . . . . .
4.1.2
IEC 60599 Ratios method . . . . . .
4.1.3
IEEE (Key Gas) and Dornenburg
Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.4
Duval Triangle Method . . . . . . . .
4.1.5
Single ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Relative diagnostic accuracies of DGA interpretation techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 DGA inaccuracies due to low DG concentrations and lab equipment error margins . . .
4.4 Application to OLTCs . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
21
21
21
23
.
.
.
23
.
.
.
26
30
.
.
31
24
25
28
30
33
4.5
4.6
Case
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Study
35
Pre-trip DG
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
Post-trip DG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
Duval Triangle method applied . . . . . . . .
36
Comparison with Youngblood (Cinergy) ratios 37
Conclusion
34
34
39
. .
. .
for
. .
. . . .
. . . .
biode. . . .
39
40
40
42
List of Figures
1. Figure 1: A chemcal bond diagram showing how (naphtenic) mineral oil,
under heat or arcing, breaks down to form hydrocarbon gases
2. Figure [IEC 60599, 2007]: Scission energies required to produce particular
carbon-carbon bonds in fault gases
3. Figure 3: Table of DGA Fault Gases, in order of energy required to produce them
4. Figure 4: Relative gas production with respect to oil temperature
5. Figure 5: Relative gas solubility with respect to temperature
6. Figure 6: Tables of dissolved Fault Gas ratios which indicate pyrolysis due
to overheating, partial discharge and arcing
7. Figure 7: Transformer oil sampling setup at drain point
8. Figure 8: Typical DGA sampling periodicity by utilities
9. Figure 10: Table of key gases used for particular DGA interpretations
10. Figure 9: Sampling syringe and 3-way valve set
11. Figure 11: Diagnostics using the Roger's Ratio approach
12. Figure 12: A owchart approach to Roger's Ratio diagnostics
13. Figure 13: IEC 60599 Dissolved Gas Ratio Diagnostics
14. Figure 14: Simplied diagnostics table for IEC 60599 interpretation
15. Figure 15: IEEE DGA diagnostic guidelines
16. Figure 16: IEEE denitions for transformer condition based on TDCG
17. Figure 17: IEEE recommendations for transformer operation and maintenance action, based on TDCG
18. Figure 18: The Duval Triangle
19. Figure 19: Comparison table of DGA interpretation technique accuracy
20. Figure 20: Plot showing DG reading errors increase as DG concentrations
get lower for factory () and routine (-) testing
21. Figure 21: Table showing variations in laboratory reading errors for medium
and low DG concentrations
22. Figure 22: DG concentration limits for transformers and separate OLTC
tanks requiring attention
10
C2 H4
C2 H6 ratio
11
Introduction
1 in electrical
1.1
Concepts
1 It
is also used in transformer factory acceptance tests, both before, during and after a
2 Analysis
of Furans, although not part of this report because they are considered uids
[Wikipedia, 2008g] at standard temperature and pressure, are useful in predicting buildup of
X-Wax at paper insulation that could possibly lead a future fault [IEC 60599, 2007, 5.8]. Oil
additives such as oxidation inhibitors, and the eect of copper sludge has on oil conductivity
and tan
3 Winding
4 See
Figure 17
12
Figure 1:
under heat or arcing, breaks down to form hydrocarbon gases (Taken from
[Jakob, 2008, Slide 12])
The decomposition
7
8
9
more Fault Gases produced and dissolved in the oil than were there originally
10
[Blackburn, 2008] . Both the amount and types of Fault Gases produced are
5 Also referred to as thermal breakdown [Wikipedia, 2008a, "Faults"]
6 There may be accompanying paper insulation breakdown (also referred
to as cellulose
13
duration
Bond type
C H
C C
C=C
338 kJ/mole
607 kJ/mole
720 kJ/mole
Indication
H2
EthyleneC2 H4 , Ethane C2 H6 , Methane CH4
Acetylene C2 H2
Carbon Monoxide CO , Carbon Dioxide CO2
Hydrogen
Hot metal
Arcing
Cellulose insulation degradation
14
Figure 4: Relative gas production with respect to oil temperature (Taken from
[Blackburn, 2008, Slide 13])
11 This
may include headspace Fault Gas results (see Section 4.6), should the suspect fault
12 The
13 Gas
ratios are used because Fault Gas solubility with respect to oil temperature relative
to one another appears reasonably constant (see Figure 5). Thus DGA samples may be taken
even when the transformer has cooled and their relative ratios would remain similar.
15
Figure 5:
1.2
Applications
DGA concepts are applied to assess oil which insulates conductors, such as
transformer cores and windings, and oil-insulated cables. By using DGA techniques, information about the equipment from which the oil sample was taken
from can be deduced, e.g. has there been overheating (see Figure 4
14 ), has there
been internal arcing within the oil (see Figure 6), has there been atmospheric
ingress. Such DGA interpretations would then be applied to estimate:
1. The transformer's most recent operating condition,
2. How much derating (or uprating) it should (or could) be safely operated
at in its remaining condition, and
3. How soon the next transformer oil change, ltering, Fuller's Earth treatment or inspection should be.
14 There
are also other sources of gas production, such as from newly facbricated steel and
via reaction of steel with water in the oil [IEC 60599, 2007, 4.3]
16
Pyrolysis
Ratios
PD
Ratios
C 2 H4
Ethane C2 H6
Methane CH4
60%
85%
20%
H2
Methane CH4
Ethane C2 H6
Arcing
Ratios
C2 H2
H2
Methane CH4
Ethylene C2 H4
30%
Ethylene
Hydrogen
20%
Acetylene
Hydrogen
5%
5%
60%
5%
5%
Figure 6: Tables of dissolved Fault Gas ratios which indicate pyrolysis due to
overheating, partial discharge and arcing (Taken from [Blackburn, 2008, Slide
16])
1.3
History
DGA has been used for transformer routine monitoring since the late 1960s
[Duval, 1989]. In 2003, it was estimated that about a million DGA tests were
done annually at laboratories worldwide [Duval et al, 2003]
15 This
15 .
averages to more than 10 DGAs per minute, or > 1 DGA every 6 seconds
17
Sampling
2.1
Guidelines
Transformer operators may obtain gas samples from the gas relays (or Buchholz
relays), but for more accurate and early diagnosis [Wikipedia, 2008a, "Usage"],
2.2
Oine sampling
ASTM D3613 requires that transformer oil sampling be taken via a syringe
[POA, 2007] and stopcock system [Duval, 1989] from a mineral-oil insulated
transformer's drain point to ensure no oil contact with air.
Figure
7:
Transformer
oil
sampling
setup
at
drain
point
(Taken
from
To minimise air ingress, it is important that the syringe not be pulled forcefully,
i.e. the transformer oil's natural gravity ow should be allowed to work the oil
into the syringe [NTT, 2001a].
16 Internationally
recognized standards for gas extraction from oil samples are IEC 60567
18
2.3
2.3.1
Online sampling
Manual sampling while the transformer is on
Some oil-sampling contractors can obtain oil-samples from live transformers for
DGA [IET, 2008], subject to transformer owner clearance of such practice.
2.3.2
There are also manufacturers oering automated online sampling equipment for
undissolved gases [Kelman, 2005-8]. However the gases such equipment detect
from the headspace or Buchholz (gas) relay and are not dissolved, limiting the
rapidity of this CM diagnostic.
Continuous automated online sampling of DG oers cutting edge DGA CM
accuracy and diagnostics. This is addressed in Section 6.1.
2.4
Sampling periodicity
Operator
Periodicity
NGC UK (1998)
Shell (2000)
Syprotec (1995)
Transgrid (2008)
2.5
DGA readings may be skewed by poor sampling technique, which the sampling
operator must guard against, e.g.:
1. Contaminated oil sample containers [IET, 2008]
19
2. Not allowing some oil to ow to clean the drain valve piping before taking
a sample [NTT, 2001a]
17
Figure 9: Sampling syringe and 3-way valve set (Taken from [NTT, 2008b])
17 Oil
at the bottom of the tank may also be more susceptible to contaminants & dierent
20
3.1
Extraction methods
Gas extraction methods specied in IEC 60567 include [IEC 60567, 2006, "Scope"]:
Extraction by vacuum
3.2
3.3
IEC 60559 recommends that DGA interpretation reports should contain the
following [IEC 60599, 2007, 10.]:
1. Method of DGA
2. DG lab equipment sensitivity thresholds and accuracy
3. Transformer date of commissioning, rated voltage and power, sealed or
vented, OLTC type, make and model
4. Oil volume, sampling date and location
5. Special incidents just before the sampling, e.g.
degassing, outage
6. Previous DGA results on the transformer
7. Indication of typical DG values for the equipment, inlcuding healthy and
fault values, and identication of the previous fault types
8. Recommended action, e.g.:
21
CO2
CO < 3
22
Interpretation techniques
4.1
Guidelines
DGA interpretation techniques take into account the amounts of Key Gases
[Blackburn, 2008, "Analysis"] (see Figure 10) found in oil samples (in ppm) and
their relative ratios to each other to arrive at conclusions about the transformer
condition. These techniques include empirical approaches such as Roger's Ra-
19
[Jakob, 2008] , and graphical methods such as the Duval Triangle.
Interpretation applied
C2 H4 , C2 H6 , CH4 , H2
CO2 , CO
H2 , CH4 , C2 H6 , C2 H4
H2 , C2 H2 , C2 H2 , CH4 , C2 H6
Figure 10: Table of key gases used for particular DGA interpretations (Taken
from [Blackburn, 2008, "Analysis"])
The following gas ratio methods work best with diaphragm or hermetically
sealed transformers. Kan et al has also noted its applicability to nitrogen sealed
transformers with
enough to treat the gas mixtures as being in equilibrium within the transformer
[Kan et al, 1995, "CO2/CO value for transformers with gas space above oil",]
20 .
O2 entering
H2
istics in terms of
CO
and
CO2
To obtain data related to the transformer's most recent fault, the most recent
DGA results should have gas concentrations from previous DGA results subtracted from it [IEC 60599, 2007, 6.1].
18 Roger's Ratios originated from the Doernenburg method [Serveron, 2007, p8]
19 Also known as the Key Gas Method [Serveron, 2007, Table 3, p4]
20 Although it has been argued that the headspace gases are aected by headspace
purging
21 IEC60599
gases esacping to the atmophere for ventilated transformers [IEC 60599, 2007, 6.1]
23
4.1.1
C2 H6
CH4
C2 H4
C2 H6
R < 10
R < 1
R < 1
22 is as follows23 :
C2 H2
C2 H4
Diagnosis
R < 1
R < 0
Normal deterioration
R < 1
R < 0.5
PD activity
R < 1
R < 0.5
Heating to 150
R > 1
R < 1
R < 0.5
R < 1
1 < R < 3
R < 0.5
R < 1
R > 3
R < 0.5
Overheated contacts
R < 1
R < 1
Transient arcing
R < 1
R > 1
R > 0.5
R < 1
R > 3
R > 3.0
Continuous sparking
R < 1
R < 1
R > 0.5
PD and tracking
Figure
11:
Diagnostics
using
the
Heating 150 -
Roger's
Ratio
approach
C
o
300 C
(Taken
from
A manually faster approach to Roger's Ratio diagnostics may be done using the
following Roger's Ratio owchart [Jakob, 2008, Slide 26]:
24
Section 4.1.5.
Figure 12:
4.1.2
IEC 60599 has a similar diagnostic approach, using dissolved gas ratios [IEC 60599, 2007,
24 :
The IEC 60599 ratios in Figure 13 above should only apply if one of the gas
concentrations exceeds typical values [IEC 60599, 2007, 5.3, Table 2 and 6.1c].
The ratios may also be reproduced in a twin square, graphical format (Figure
31, Appendix).
24 IEC
60599 [Duval et al, 2001] also species that: (a) Faults are considered active if DG
rates continue to rise at 10% per month for hermetically sealed transformers [IEC 60599, 2007,
8.4]; and (b) Higher DG rates of increase such as 50% per week are considered very serious.
25
Figure
13:
IEC
60599
Dissolved
Gas
Ratio
Diagnostics
(Taken
from
Case
C2 H2
C2 H4
CH4
H2
Partial Discharge
Figure
14:
< 0.2
Discharge (Arcing)
> 0.2
Thermal fault
< 0.2
Simplied
diagnostics
C2 H4
C2 H6
table
for
IEC
60599
interpretation
For TDCG baseline acceptance criteria, IEC 60599 allows transformer operators to set their own thresholds, based on forensic evidence [IEC 60599, 2007,
8.2]. IEC 60599 also presents an overall owchart for its DGA interpretation,
reproduced in Figure 32, Appendix.
4.1.3
IEEE 57.104 also has a set of ratios for DG and headspace gas
26
that borrows from the Dornenburg method :
25 Fault
Gases from may help asses the size of a recent large fault [IEC 60567, 2006, "In-
troduction"].
[IEC 60599, 2007, 7.]which uses Ostwald coecients to convert headspace Fault Gas concentrations to a DG equivalent.
26 Found
26
Figure 15: IEEE DGA diagnostic guidelines (Taken from [Jakob, 2008, Slide
29])
Figure 16: IEEE denitions for transformer condition based on TDCG (Taken
from[Jakob, 2008, Slide 33])
27
For new transformer oil TDCG baseline acceptance criteria, both IEC and
IEEE guidelines allow the transformer operators to set their own thresholds
[Jakob, 2008, Slide 31].
4.1.4
A popular [Bandhopadhyay, 2006, Field et al, 2002] method that has been noted
CH4 , C2 H4
and
2008]:
PD : Partial discharge
27 Found in Appendix B of
28 Caveats to this accuracy
decreases in detection accuracy, detected gases involved in the triangle should be reasonably
above the detection limit; (b) Existing gases that were detected in the original oil sample
(during baseline sampling or before a suspect fault) should be subtracted out from the sample
percentages to be substituted into the triangle.
29 Developed
28
C)
C)
C)
Figure 18: The Duval Triangle (Taken from [Blackburn, 2008, Slide 22])
29
4.1.5
Single ratios
CO2 30 O2 31
C2 H2 32
,
and
ratios may indicate paper insulation involvement in
CO
N2
H2
faults, excessive heating or contamination by OLTC oil respectively [Serveron, 2007,
CO2
O2
p11]. However, the diagnosis accuracy of
CO and N2 have been disputed.
CO2
33 because of its temperature depenCO ratio is particularly nebulous
dency and CO2 's higher absorption rate into insulation paper relative to CO
The
at higher temperatures [Kan et al, 1994, 5. Conclusion]. For example, one nor-
CO2
CO2
CO range has been dened as > 7, with CO < 3 [IEC 60599, 2007, 5.4:
CO2/CO ratio]indicating severe overheating of paper insulation [Jakob, 2008,
mal
Slide 28]. However, studies by Kan et al have proposed that incipient faults may
CO2
CO ratios < 10 because CO2 gets absorbed into insulating the paper [Kan et al, 1995] at higher temperatures, depriving DGA samples
CO2
of a representative CO2 concentration. In addition to the
CO temperature deactually be occuring at
CO2
CO ratio method: (a) cannot apply
accurately to new transformer oil for the rst six months because of a lack of
pendence skew, Kan et al also noted that a
chemical equilibrium, and (b) cannot apply accurately to naturally circulated oil
because of the greater likelihood of localised hotspots [Kan et al, 1995, "Cases
where CO2/CO method does not apply",].
O2
N2 ratio, it must be noted that ransformers that have not
been Nitrogen-purged may have signicant amount of Oxygen already inside
O2
[Woolley et al, 2994]. A
N ratio of < 3 may indicates excessive oxygen conWhen applying the
CO2
non-
CO2
O2
CO and N2 must be supplemented
by one of the methods mentioned in Section 4.1.
In short, DGA involving these single ratios of
4.2
Case studies using the IEEE Key Gases approach have shown that [Serveron, 2007,
p5]:
1. There can be high rates of incorrect diagnosis
30 This
ratio has been noted to vary depending on transformer model and its operational
mode [Failhauer et al, 2006]. Due to a lack of diagnostic consistency or distinguishable patterns, the
CO2
ratio was removed from a data mining technique by Esp et al [Esp et al, 1998].
CO
31 Transformers
that have not been Nitrogen-purged may have signicant amount of Oxygen
32 C2 H2
H2
ratios higher than 2 or 3 in the main tank indicates oil contamination from the
33 It
has also been shown that CO2 levels in headspace can uctuate by up to 500ppm per
30
2. Some gas combinations do not t into the specied range of values and
thus a diagnosis of the fault type cannot be given
Studies of DGA technique relative accuracies have shown that the Duval Triangle method has relatively good consistency and accuracy when taking into account cases that are undiagnosable by the other methods [Muhamad et al, 2007].
Method
% No Diagnoses
% Wrong Diagnoses
58
33
35
Dornenburg Ratios
26
15
IECDuval Triangle
Although the Dornenburg method appears more accurate than the Rogers,
Thang et al noted that [Thang et al, 2000]:
Although the Duval Triangle oers relative greater accuracy, it forces the
user into a transformer fault diagnosis because it has no area to account
for gase ratios due to operational aging. Thus the Duval triangle should
only be applied after the gases have been scrutinized for normalcy.
4.3
IEC 60567 [IEC 60567, 2006, Table 5], IEC 60599 [IEC 60599, 2007, 6.2] and
studies by Duval et al have noted that DG volume reading inaccuracies increase
at very low concentrations of DG [Duval et al, 2005]:
31
However, correction factors may be applied to minimise this [Duval et al, 2005].
Duval et al also noted that DG reading errors for controlled medium and low DG
concentration oil samples varied signicantly from laboratory to laboratory
Best lab
Average
Worst lab
34 :
3%
15%
65%
22%
30%
64%
Figure 21: Table showing variations in laboratory reading errors for medium
and low DG concentrations (Taken from [Duval et al, 2005, Table 2])
34 IEC
60567 [IEC 60567, 2006, 9.3]mentions methods of how to minimize this, including
32
35 , both IEC 60567 [IEC 60567, 2006, 10] and Duval et al recommend
that DGA laboratories publish their lab's accuracy gures on all test reports
[Duval et al, 2005].
4.4
Application to OLTCs
The DG production pattern in an OLTC oil tank is dierent from that of the
C2 H2
36 (see Section
H2 ) is produced
4.1.5). DG concentration limits for untight OLTCs that may require attention
main tank.
Fault Gas
Transformer
OLTC
(H2 )
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Carbon Dioxide (CO2 )
Methane (CH4 )
Ethane (C2 H6 )
Ethylene (C2 H4 )
Acetylene (C2 H2 )
60 - 150
75 - 150
540 - 900
400 - 850
5100 - 13000
5300 - 12000
40 - 110
35 - 130
Hydrogen
50 - 90
50 - 70
60 - 280
110 - 250
3 - 50
80 - 270
Figure 22: DG concentration limits for transformers and separate OLTC tanks
requiring attention (Taken from [Blackburn, 2008, Slide 14])
LTC type
Hydrogen
H2
Acetylene
C2 H2
Ethylene
C 2 H4
Vented
Sealed
Vacuum
> 10 ppm
> 5 ppm
Figure 23:
35 Incorrect
DGA diagnosis would also result in unnecessary downtime and resources wasted
36 C2 H2
H2
ratios higher than 2 or 3 in the main tank indicates oil contamination from the
33
Youngblood et al of Cinergy have also provided LTC DGA ratio limits based
on empirical data [Youngblood, 2003]:
Gas ratio
Ethylene(C2 H4 )
Acetylene(C2 H2 )
Ethylene(C2 H4 )
Acetylene(C2 H2 )+Hydrogen(H2 )
Ethylene(C2 H4 )+Ethane(C2 H6 )+M ethane(CH4 )
Acetylene(C2 H2 )+Hydrogen(H2 )
Ethane(C2 H6 )
M ethane(CH4 )
Ethylene(C2 H4 )
Ethane(C2 H6 )
Limit
0.3378
0.500
0.9157
0.2067
4.83
Figure 24: 90th percentile Fault Gas Ratios (Taken from [Jakob et al, 2003])
4.5
In general, once DGA DG concentration and ratio limits indicate an increasing faults within the transformer, operators will arrange for the transformer
shutdown and inspection.
fault may not be visually apparent upon detailed winding and core inspection
[Makhtar et al, 2008].
and winding dier, some work has been done by Zama et al on estimating the
likelihood of the fault lying in the windings or the core, based on
C 2 H4
C2 H6 ratioss
4.6
helpful in assessing the size of a recent fault [IEC 60567, 2006, "Introduction"].
Headspace Fault Gas analysis is partially addressed in Figure 15, and more
completely in IEC 60599 [IEC 60599, 2007, 7.]which uses Ostwald coecients
to convert headspace Fault Gas concentrations to a DG equivalent.
34
Case Study
37 trip at in 2008 is referred [Makhtar et al, 2008].
Pre and post trip DG results are presented, and an interpretation suggested via
application of the Duval Triangle method.
5.1
Pre-trip DG
Figure 25: 11kV pre-trip DG concentrations (Taken from [Makhtar et al, 2008]).
5.2
Post-trip DG
DG concentrations from a sample taken on 8 July 2008 after a trip incident are
as follows:
37 Transformer
is sealed but not Nitrogen packed, and has on o-circuit LTC in the same oil
35
Figure
26:
11kV
post-trip
DG
concentrations
(Taken
from
(Taken
from
5.3
Figure
27:
Gas
4ppm
Methane
(CH4 )
(C2 H4 )
Acetylene (C2 H2 )
546-2=544
34.4
Ethylene
430
27.1
607
38.4
11kV
DG
concentration
36
percentages
Figure
28:
Duval
Triangle
applied
to
case
study
(Taken
from
we obtain a Duval Triangle that suggests a D2 Fault: High energy arcing with
power follow-through, and possible carbonization and metal fusion [IEC 60599, 2007,
5.2].
5.4
37
Gas ratio
Ethylene(C2 H4 )
Acetylene(C2 H2 )
Ethylene(C2 H4 )
Acetylene(C2 H2 )+Hydrogen(H2 )
Ethylene(C2 H4 )+Ethane(C2 H6 )+M ethane(CH4 )
Acetylene(C2 H2 )+Hydrogen(H2 )
Ethane(C2 H6 )
M ethane(CH4 )
Ethylene(C2 H4 )
Ethane(C2 H6 )
Figure
to
29:
CUF-K
Youngblood
11kV
(Cinergy)
transformer
90th
Pre-incident
Post-incident
Pf ailure
0.3378
N IL
N IL
0.708
210%
0.500
0.878
176%
0.9157
0.004
0.205
22.3%
0.2067
0.051
24.7%
4.83
15.36
318%
incident
percentile
38
Limit
Fault
ratios
Gas
(2008)
Ratios
compared
(Taken
from
6.1
Although not yet widespread, online DGA monitoring systems have been in
use
38 since 1980 [Yamada et al, 1981]. Advantages include [Lindgren, 2003, Side
20]:
1. Theoretically more accurate diagnosis, including better resolution of rates
of DG, e.g. to discriminate between faults and contamination by OLTC
oil
2. The ability to uprate individual transformers and run it closer to thermal
limits
3. Since lab DGA often contains air, online monitoring will have much better
resolution of actual air leaks in the transformer
4. Possible capture of DG at higher temperature solubility limits, thus negating the eects of DGA inaccuracy at low DG concentration levels (see
Figure 20)
5. Lower-cost online or portable dissolved hydrogen concentration monitors
being used to decide whether a complete DGA is necessary [Belanger et al, 1977]
Some disadvantages are that [Duval et al, 2003, "On-Line Monitoring Devices"]:
1. Many of the online DGA monitors mentioned in [Duval et al, 2003, Table
VI] do not detect all Fault Gases, i.e. they detect mainly
CO , CO2
H2 , C2 H2 , CHX ,
which ag arcing faults well, but are less eective for detecting
38 Duval
in 2003 estimated that about 18000 online DGA monitors had been installed world-
39
6.2
Duval Triangle (Section 4.1.4) could be modied and rened to involve an analogous, square shaped percentage-ratio-reference chart, given enough forensic
DGA data [IEC 60599, 2007, 8.1.2] to verify the chart's demarcations and diagnostic accuracy.
6.3
Studies have shown that biodegradeable oils tend to release about three times
more ethane (C2 H6 ) than mineral oil during thermal heating tests. This would
result in IEC 60599 DGA interpretations having to be modied for biodegradeable oils, in particular, the
C2 H4
C2 H6 ratio:
40
C 2 H4
C2 H6 ratio applied
to biodegradeable oil (Taken from [IEC 60599, 2007, Annex B] and edited to
Figure 30: Proposed graphical interpretation of IEC 60599
reect ethane production data from [Muhamad et al, 2008, Fig. 8]).
41
Conclusion
DGA methods have been used since the 1980s to gauge transformer condition
for:
1. factory acceptance tests,
2. site acceptance tests (e.g. for new oil),
3. predictions of remaining time to next transformer maintenance, and
4. post-mortem fault analysis
DGA sampling involves careful preparation of oil samples to ASTM D3613.
The extraction of gas from oil requires calibrated lab equipment compliant to
IEC 60567.
The actual DGA interpretation technique may rely on many dierent methods
mentioned in IEC and IEEE standards; the Duval Triangle method being one
of the more consistent methods.
Some future developments in DGA include [Blackburn, 2008, Slide 33]:
42
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Appendix A
Graphical representation of IEC 60599 DGA ratios39
Figure 31:
39 Gas
volume production is nearly quadratic with voltage, and linear with arc duration
50
Appendix B
IEC 60599 DGA interpretation owchart
Figure 32:
51