Doe od oo oem hit ail SMe Tae Te ata SLs BaASCE-PCI COMMITTEE REPORT Guide for the Design of Prestressed Concrete Poles Prepared by ASCE Task Force/PCI Committee on Concrete Poles* (1987 to 1993) WILLIAM Y. FORD (PCVASCE) Chairman THOMAS F. BARBOUR (PCI, STEVEN J. BULL {ASCE) DONALD D. CANNON, JR. (ASCE) BRAD K. FOSSUM (PCV/ASCE) FOUAD H. FOUAD (PCVASCE) DONALD E. KELLAM (PCI) MICHAEL MCCAFFERTY (ASCE) J. RANDY PIKE (ASCE) THOMAS E, RODGERS, JR. (PC) VINCENT SCHUSTER (ASCE) TIM HARDY (ASCE) JOE R. SPRINGER (ASCE) JOHN HARRISON (ASCE) MORRIS S. STOVER (ASCE) SAMUEL HOGG (ASCE] JERRY TANG (PCVASCE) * Committee responsible for preparing draft report. PCI Committee on Prestressed Concrete Poles* (1994 to Present) FOUAD H.FOUADE + Chairman THOMAS F. BARBOUR W. VINCENT CAMPBELL MICHAEL MCCAFFERTY GEORGE D, NASSERt,+ JEFFREY M. DAVIS ALAIN PEYROT WILLIAM Y. FORD+ MORRIS S. STOVER BRAD K. FOSSUM JOE SPRINGER RICHARD R. IMPER JERRY TANG TERRY JOHNSON * Committee responsible for making revisions to draft report. + Contributing Author. + TAC Liaison Member. 94 PCI JOURNALThis document provides guidelines for the design, manufacture, testing, installation and erection of prestressed concrete poles. Both spun-cast and statically cast poles are considered, including cantilevered, guyed, framed and combined structures. The report was developed jointly by the ASCE Task Force on Concrete Poles and the PCI Committee on Prestressed Concrete Poles. Reader comments on the contents of this document are invited. PREFACE Between 1982 and 1984, three reports, titled “Guide Specifications for Prestressed Conerete Poles,” "Guide for Design of Prestressed Concrete Poles.” and “Concrete Poles: State-of-the-Art." were developed by members of the Procast/Prestressed Concrete Institute's Committee on Pre- stressed Concrete Poles and subsequently published in the PCI JOURNAL. In April 1987, after approximately 2 years of meetings and discussions, the Concrote Pole Task Committee of the Committee on Electrical Transmission Structures of the Structural Division of the American Society of Civil neers (ASCE) published 2 conference paper titled “Guide for the Design and Use of Concrete Poles.” The committee that produced this paper encompassed several disciplines: pole producers, users, designers and members of the aca demic community ‘As the pole industry grew, however, it became increas ingly apparent that it would be helpful, from the standpoint of both users and designers, to be able to refer to a single document on concrete poles that combined the attributes of all four of the above mentioned publications. More compa nies were entering into the pole business, making both spun and statically cast poles, while technological advances were rapidly being made in the development of new materials and applications of computers and software. The need for clearer ‘communication with the end user and the ability to offer more complete design assistance was also growing. ‘Coupled with the introduction of newer technologies, pro- ducers and users of poles were gaining experience very rapidly. Because the need to revise and update the existing. November-Oecember 1997 publications was apparent, it became 2 natural evolution 10 form a joint ASCE/PCI committee that would include mem- ‘bers of both organizations as well as some non-member users and advisors, Such a commitiee was formed in ealy 1989. It is the work of that group that has resulted in this document, which is an earnest attempt to combine the best resources of both organizations, ‘While every effort has been made through various review ‘groups to strive for accuracy and clarity, the user is re. minded to always consider the structures described herein as ‘an integral part of a larger system. The user is, therefore, cautioned that the application of these structures should come only after sound engineering judgment has been ap: plied with regard to a particular desived result. Furthermore, an overall treatise covering a wide variety of applications, this document cannot conceivably satisfy all conditions. The user should bear in mind that sometimes specific local re- {quirements may dictate design and usage conditions that dif fer from those described herein. The committee is grateful for the input of its advisory members as well as the comments from those who partici- pated in the development of this report through correspon- dence. The committee also wishes to express its apprecia tion to the members of PCI’s Technical Activities Council who reviewed this report. Comments and suggestions are in- vited from readers and users of this document in order (0 further improve any future revisions of this report. These may be addressed to the chairman of the PCI Committee on Prestressed Conerete Poles or the Technical Director at PCI Headquarters.TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE. 2.2.0... : 95 INTRODUCTION 22.2.0. eee ee eee eee 98 CHAPTER 1 — STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONS AND POLE APPLICATIONS. 1.1 General 98 1.2 Configurations 1.2.1 Cantilevered Structures 1.2.2 Guyed Structures 1.2.3 Framed Structures 1.2.4 Combined Structures 1.3 Applications 1.3.1 Transmission and Distribution Structures 1.3.2 Substation Structures 1.3.3 Lighting Supports, Highway Sign and Traffic Signal Structures 1.3.4 Communication Structures CHAPTER 2— INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS ..... 101 2.1 Physical Characteristics 2.2 Deflection 2.3 Decorative Applications 2.4 Transportation and Erection 2.5 Attached Items 2.6 Guying 2.7 Climbing and Maintenance 2.8 Grounding 2.9 Load Testing 2.10 Foundations CHAPTER 3 — MATERIALS. ceceeeeees 103 3.1 Concrete 3.1.1 Design Compressive Strength 3.1.2 Stress-Strain Curve 3.2 Prestressing Steel 3.2.1 Prestressing Steel Characteristics 3.2.2 Allowable Stresses 3.3 Spiral Reinforcement 3.4 Mild Stee! Reinforcement 96 CHAPTER 4 — DESIGN LOADS ces 105 4.1 General 4.2 Transmission and Distribution Structures 4.3 Substation Structures 4.4 Lighting Supports, Highway Sign and Traffic Signal Suuctures 4.5 Communication Structures 4.6 Other Loads CHAPTER 5 — DESIGN severe 107 5.1 General 5.2 Design Method 3.2.1 Ultimate Strength 5.2.2 Cracking Strength 5.2.3 Zero Tension Strength 5.2.4 Deflection 5.2.5 Shear and Torsion 5.3 Prostress Losses 5.4 Principles and Assumptions of Ultimate Moment Capacity 5.5 Determination of Ultimate Moment Capacity 5.5.1 Equilibrium of Section 5.5.2 Ultimate Moment Capacity Equation 5.6 Cracking Moment and Zero Tension Moment 5.7 Shear and Torsion 5.7.1 Shear 5.7.2 Torsion 5.8 Critical Buckling Loads 5.9 Deflections 5.9.1 Determination of Elastic Deflectc 5.9.2 Determination of Inelastic Deflection 5.10 Joints and Connections 5.10.1 Connections 5.10.2 Bolted Connections 5.10.3 Climbing Attachments 5.10.4 Inserts 5.11 Splicing 5.11.1 Slip Joint Splice 5.11.2 Flange Plate Splice 5.11.3 Bolted Splice 5.11.4 Welded Splice POI JOURNALTABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) 5.12 Additional Design Considerations 5.12.1 Field Drilling 5.12.2 Prestressing Stee! Spacing 5.13 Wood Pole Equivalency 5.13.1 Ultimate to Ultimate Strength Comparison 5.13.2 NESC Factored Loads Comparison 5.12.3 Delleetions CHAPTER 6 — MANUFACTURING AND QUALITY ASSURANCE... 6.1 General 6.2 Design and Drawings 6.3 Manufacturing Process 6.3.1 Spun-Cast Poles 6.3.2 Statically Cast Poles 6.3.3 Materials 6.3.4 Tolerances 6.3.5 Sealing Strand Ends 6.3.6 Quality Control 4 CHAPTER 7 — STRUCTURE TESTING .. 15 7.1 General 7.2 Foundations 7.2.1 Single Pole Structures 7.2.2 H-Frame Structures 7.3 Materials 7.4 Manufacture 7.5 Assembly and Erection 7.6 Test Loads 7.7 Load Application 7.8 Loading Procedure 7.9 Load Measurement 7.10 Deflections 7.17 Failures 7.12 Disposi 7.13 Report 7.14 Horizontal Testing n of Test Structure 7.14.1 Test Arrangement 7.14.2 Equipment Used in Test 7.14.3 Test Procedure for Pole Test — Horizontal Pull November-December 1997 CHAPTER 8 — ASSEMBLY AND ERECTION... 117 8.1 Handling 8.2 Hauling 8.3 Framing 8.4 Field Drilling 8.4.1 Full Length Reinforcing Steel 8.4.2 Drop Out Reinforcing Steel 8.4.3 Circumferential tcc! 8.5 Field Cutting 8.6 Erection 8.7 Climbing 8.8 Field Inspections CHAPTER 9 — FOUNDATIONS ..........-... 119 9.1 General 9.2 Design Considerations 9.2.1 Loads 9.2.2 Soil Exploration 9.2.3 Performance and Reliability, 9.3 Foundation Types 9.3.1 Direct Embedment Foundation 9.3.2 Cast-in-Place Foundation 9.3.3 Precast Foundation GLOSSARY - 121 BIBLIOGRAPHY 122 NOTATION... - 123 APPENDIX A — TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF REINFORCEMENT... +. 124 APPENDIX B — AREA AND CENTROID OF ANNULUS. 222.020 cece cess 125; APPENDIX C — DETERMINATION OF STRAND. STRESS 126 APPENDIX D — SPLICING 126 APPENDIX E — SUGGESTED MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES . 127 APPENDIX F — POLE TEST SETUP .. 17 APPENDIX G— DESIGN EXAMPLES ......2.2. 128 ovINTRODUCTION Prestressed concrete poles were among the first applica tions of prestressing thatthe French prestressing pioneer B gone Freyssinet developed in the 1930s, Today, prestressed concrete poles are used in most parts of the world as trans mission and distribution structures, substation structures, lighting supports, highway sign and traffic signal structures, and communication structures. In some countries, such as India, concrete poles are used almost exclusively. In North America, their use is confined to specific regions such as the southeastern United States, Generally, where timber is plentiful, wood poles are used more often, However, the increased cost of wood and the environmental issues associated with the preservation of trees have resulted in an increased use of concrete poles. ‘Therefore. the potential for a much greater use of precast, prestressed concrete poles in the United States and through- ‘out the world is promising. ‘There are two types of prestressed concrete poles: spun cast and statically cast. Within those types, several cross sectional shapes may be evailable, Spun-cast poles are usu- ally round, but may also be hexagonab, octagonal, or special architectural shapes. The most common shape for statically ‘cast poles is square, although they may also be cast in octag~ ‘onal, flanged I, or other special shapes. Because it is inherent in the process, spun poles will al- ways have a hollow core. The size of the hollow core is de- pendent on the wall thickness, Statically cast poles, how- ever, may be solid or have a hollow core formed by the use ‘of retractable mandrels or fiber voids, ‘This document provides guidelines and a thought process recommended to be undertaken by the user for the proper design and use of prestressed conerete poles. CHAPTER 1 — STRUCTURAL CONFIGURATIONS AND POLE APPLICATIONS. 1.1 General Prestressed concrete poles fall into four structural contfig- urations as follows: + Cantilevered * Guyed + Framed * Combined Applications for these configurations include electrical transmission, distribution structures and substation struc- lures, highway signs and traffic signals, lighting supports, and supports for communication systems, This chapter in- cludes a description of the configurations and the applica- tions of prestressed conerete poles. 1.2 Configurations 1.2.1 Cantilevered Structures Most conerete pole structures are cantilevered single poles directly embedded in the earth or supported by a foun- dation. Typical cantilevered structures are shown in Figs. 12.1 through L214. ‘Camtilevered structures, often called self-supporting struc- tures, are designed fo withstand various combinations of vertical and horizontal loads. Although shear and torsional loads cause stresses on the structure, the design of a can tilevered structure is predominantly controlled by the bend- ing stresses associated with horizontal loads. Horizontal Fig. 1.2.1.2, Cantilevered transmission structures. Left: Square, static cast transmission poles with polymer post Insulators and | immediately ter anchorage 270} Fig. 32.1, Loathelongation curve for in. (12.7 mm) TYPICAL LOAD ELONGATION CURVE diameter stess-relieved 5000, erent seven-wire strand T Grade 270. « [BREAKING LOAD __505 Ute GUARANTEEDULT BREAK STR 41300 POUNDS LOAD xT. WaT Eh ELONG. M9 Lan CN tin ULE ELONGATION ——" S05" NOMINAL AREA "RIS i? comno's Mor Bao pa. 104 PC JOURNALCHAPTER 4 — DESIGN LOADS. 4.1 General This chapter discusses the types of loadings that might be used for the design of each of the following structure applications: * Transmis * Substations * Lighting support, highway signs, and traffie signals, + Communication structures In addition to the discussion of loadings for these applica- tions, « general discussion of other loads is included, For consistency throughout this document and consistency with ‘other ASCE Design Guides, design loads without multipli- cation by load factors will be referred to as “unfactored loads.” Design loads multiplied by load factors will be re- ferred to a8 “factored loads.” and distribution structures 4.2 Transmission and Distribution Structures ‘Transmission and distribution lines are designed t0 ithe stand louding conditions that have been specified by the user and/or governmental agencies responsible for ensuring the safe, reliable and economie operation ofthe system, ‘The loading conditions typically considered to determine the required strength of the transmission and distribution siructues are the ASCE Guidelines for Electrical Trasiis- sion Line Structural Loading (ASCE, 1991); the National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) loads; sate and local safety code loads; local meteorological loss such as combinations of wind, ive and temperature conditions; longitudinal loads ‘such as line terminations and broken conductor Joads; and ‘constriction and maintenance loads For certain load cases, structure deflection may govern the design. Load faciors are applied to the various loading cases a required by code ot as determined to be appropriate by the utility or the designer. The “overload capacity fac- tors” of the NESC (NESC, 1993) are ene example of code load factors. Load factors for climatic, seearity and con- siruction loads are suggested in the ASCE Loadizg Guide (ASCE, 1991). Other than load factors for code loads. these is no required standard for the various load cases and the load factors should be determined using engineering judg ‘ment oF wility guidelines. The NESC provides a set of minimum loads (heavy medium, ight and extreme wind), with specified overload capacity factors, for the various grades and types of con- struction. Most states have adopted the NESC: however, some states or local governments have written and adopted their own safety code to satisfy regional safety require- rents (California, for example, has adopted General Order 95 in lew of NESC). The Rural Electrification Administra- tion (REA) has adopted the NESC but has modified some overload capacity factors and strength requirements Meteorological loads are associated with focal climatic conditions that may occur during the life ofthe tine. These Toads are generally set by the utility or selected by the de~ signer. Typical loads consist of wind, ice and temperatures, Noversber-Decombor 1097 taken singly of in combination, Generally, a high (extreme) wind load and a combination of wind and ice load are both used for the design. The ASCE Guidelines for Electrical ‘Transmission Line Structural Loading (ASCE, 1991) may be referred to for the development of meteorological loads as well as other typical loads Longitudinal loads on a structure fall into three major cat- cegorics: (1) permanent loads due to line termination or change in ruling span; (2) temporary loads due to unbal~ anced ice and wind vonditions: and (3) loads duc to a broken or slack wire, Longitudinal loads resulting ftom a difference in wire tensions from one side of the structure to the other are rela tively casy to determine for dead-end structures. Suspen- sion structures are more difficult to analyze because of the . RRR Fig. 9.3..b. Castin-place foundation (steel base plate. PRR Fig, 9.3.3. Precast foundation [prestressed concrete cylinder pile) PCI JOURNALpole fo the spread footing is the u base plate east to the base of the pole. Light pote bases are usually stall cast-in-place founda- tions with anchor bolts for attachment with anchor base style poles. These bases are designed with or without rein- forcing bars, depending on soit conditions and base size For street light applications, the base may be recessed below the sidewalk so that the finished connection may be covered with grout. For parking lot applications, the bases are formed extending above the pavement to protect the pole from damage by vehicle impact loadings, of anchor bolts and a 19.3.3 Precast Foundation Precast foundations (seg Fig. 9.3.3) are foundations that are cast in a manufacturing facility or fabricated near the site to be erected at the final structure location. The two ‘most common types of precast foundations are prestressed concrete cylinder piles and prestressed concrete piles. ‘Prestressed concrete cylinder piles are fabricated by spin- ring concrete in segmental molds and post-tensioning the segments together to the length specified. These piles are usually avatiable in diameters ranging from 36 to 66 in. (914 to 1676 mm). Cylinder piles may be driven, jetted or «excavated and placed to the desired embedment depth. The conerete pote is placed inside te cylinder pile and held in place by specified backfill The concrete cylinder pile may be used to obtain addi- tional stracture height without inereasing the pole length. ‘This is accomplished by specifying a pile Tength that i cludes the embetment depth plus additional above-ground length for the required stuctare neigh. Precast, prestressed concrete piles may also be insalled by diving, jetting or excavation and placed to the desired cembedment length, Lightly loaded structures may require a single pile founa- tion, The concrete pole may be attached to the pile by plates anchored o the end of the pile andthe base ofthe pole. These plates may be either beited or welded togeter, The concrete pole may also he attached to the single pile by bands or through bolts. Heavily loaded structres may require groaps ‘of piles connected together by a pile cap to resist the loads. “The concrete pole may be cast with the ple cap or attached to the pile cap by abase plate and anchor bots, GLOSSARY This Glossary serves as an aid to the reader understanding the terms used in this Design Guide. Many of these terms have mote than one meaning in the technical literature. The definitions provided herein have been specifically worded so as, to be relevant to the practices used in the concrete pole industry. Cantilevered Structure — A structure that is assumed fixed at one end and free to translate and rotate atthe other endl Circumferential Cracks — Cracks that parallel a cross section of a conerete pole Dead Bad Structure — A transmission or distribution structure on which conductors are terminated. These stnictures may be guyed or unguyed Design Bending Moment — The moment, at various points jn a structure, generated by design factored loads. Distribution Structures — Structures used to distribute electricity of low voltage (normaly up to 50 KV). ‘Dymamometer — An instrument used to measure fore. Dynamometers commonly have dial type scales that allow the reading of loads. First Crack — The load (cracking moment) on a pole at which the concrete extreme fibers can no longer con- tribute tensile resistance Guyed Structure — A structure in which cable supports are used to increase is lateral load resistance. Line Designer — The engineer(s) with overall transmis sion/distribution line design and spewitication writing re- sponsibilities. A line designer is ether employed by or is 2 hired consultant of a utility or company that uses trans. mission structures, Load Cell — A device used to measure test loads. Longitudinal Cracks — Cracks in concrete that parallel the Tong axis ofthe pole November-Dacember 1987 “Manufacturer — The company responsible for the fabrica- tion of the structares. The manufacturer fabricates the structures based on design drawings developed by the structure designer: Maltiple-Point Picks — ‘The process where a pole of struc- tre is suspended or picked up from more than one point. ‘Overload Capacity Factor — A term used by the NESC to designate a load factor. Service loads are multiplied by the overloaé capacity factor to obtain ultimate loads. P-4 Moment — The secondary moment created by vertical Toads acting om the deflected structure. Rake — The amount of horizontal pole top displacement created by installing a pole tilted out of plumb. It is used to negate the pole top deflection anticipated for everyday Toading conditions. Responsible Test Engineer — The person assigned overall responsibility fora structure test. Single-Point Pick — The process where a pole is sus~ pended or picked up using a single lifting point Snug Tight — A term used to describe the condition of the bolts in a connection when the plies of the joint are in firm contact. This is normally attained by a few impacts of an impact wrench or the full effort of a worker using an ordinary spud wrench, Spiral Reinforcement — Mild steel reinforcement that en- closes the longitudinal reinforcement, In concrete poles it is usually continuous throughout the pole length. 21Spun-Cast — Fresh concrete placed in @ mold and spun to form a pole. Statially Cast — Fresh concrete placed by gravity and vie brated in mo Strain Poles — Single poles subjected to permanent pull from cables, such as poles used to support traffic signals snd highway signs. Structure Designer — The engineeris) with specific e- sponsibility for the structural design of the poles. This person is usually employed by or is 2 hired consultant of a ‘company that fabricates concrete pole structures. ‘Sweep — A measure of deviation from straightness. ‘Taper — The unit of measure describing the change in di ameter of a section over a unit of length. ‘Test Rigging — Collectively, all the ropes, chains, cables and tackle used to apply load to a structure being sub- Jected to testing ‘Transmission Structures — Single pole or H-frame structures ‘used to transmit high voltage electricity tabove 50 kV). Ultimate Load — A maximum design load that includes the appropriate overload capacity factors and any addi- tional factor of safety specified. Ultimate Moment Capacity — The resisting strength of a member, also referred to as @M,, oF the nominal strength imobtiplied by the capacity reduction factor @. User — The person(s) responsible (or the acquisition of concrete pole structures. ‘Zero Tension — The load at which a crack, having previ- ‘ously opened by exceeding the tensile stress, will open again (also known as the decompression load or the re- peated cracking load), BIBLIOGRAPHY |. AASHTO, "Standaad Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires and Traffic Signals,” AASHTO Subcommittee on Bridges and Structures, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C, 1994, 78 pp, 2. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Struc tural Concrete (ACI 318-95)" Americen Conerote astute, Farmington Hills, Ml, 1995, 3. ANSI. C2 National Electrical Safety: Code, 1990 Edition, ‘Ameican National Standards Institute, New York, NY, 1990, 4 ANSI 05.1-1992, “Specifications aad Dimensions for Wood Poles.” American National Standards Inctitute, New York, NY. 1992, 5. ASCE, "Guide for the Design and Use of Concrete Poles prepared by Conerete Pole Task Commitee. American Soci ety of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, 1987, 52 pp. 6. ASCE, Guidelines for Electrical Tranamssion Line Structural Loading, ASCE Manual No, 74, American Society of Civil wingers, New York, NY. 1991 Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures,” ASCE Standard 788, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY, 1995, 8, ASTM, “Specification for General Requirements for Pre- sessed Concrete Poles Statically Cast,” ASTM C 935.90, V. 4.08, American Society for Testing and Materials. Philadel hia, PA, 1992, 9, ASTM, "Standard Specification for Spun Cast Prestressed ‘Concrete Poles,” ASTM C 1089-88, V. 405, American Soci ety for Testing and Materials, Phidelphia, PA, 1992. 10, Bolander J, J, Sowlat, K..and Neaman, A. E,, “Design Con: siderations for Tapered Prestressed Concrete Poles.” PCL JOURNAL, V. 33, No, I, January-February 1988, pp. 44-66, 11, Canadion Standards Association Standard AI4.1-M, Concrete Poles, October 1977. 12, Dilger, W. H., and Rao, $. V. Krishna Mohan, “High Perfor ‘mance Conerete Mixtures for Spur-Cast Concrete Poles," PCI JOURNAL, V. 42, No. 4, July-August 1997, pp. 82-96, 13, Dilger, W.H., Ghali, A. and Rao. S. V. Krishns Mohan proving the Durability and Performance of Spun-Cast Con crete Poles." PCLJOURNAL, V. 41, No. 2, March-April 1996, pp. 68-90, 122 14, BIA, “Structural Standards for Stee! Antenna Towers and Ans ‘enna Supporting Structures.” Electronic Industries Assoc! tion, EIAITIA-22-, 1994 15, Fouad, Fouad I, and Hamilkon, W. F., “Analysis and Design of Prestressed Concrete Spun Poles,” Proceedings, Ninth Na- tional Conference on Electtnie Compotation, February 1936, pp. 602614 16, Fouad, Fouad H., and Mullinax Jr, B.C. “Spun Concrete Dis tribution Poles — An Alternative!” Tranonission and Distr ‘ution, V_44, No. 4, April 1992, pp, 52-58, 17, Fouad, Fouad HL, Seott, Norman L., Calvert, Elizabeth, and Donovan, Michael, “Performance af Spun Prestressed Con crete Poles During Hurricane Andrew.” PCI JOURNAL, V. 39, No.2, March-April 1994, pp. 102-110. 18, Fouad, Fouad H., Sherman, Doug, and Werner, Rolf J, “Spun Presiressed Concrete Poles — Past, Present, and Fu- tre." Concrete International, V. 14, No. I, Novernber 199% pp. 25-29, 19, IBEE, "Guide for Desion of Substation Rigid-Bus Structures,” ANSWIEEE Standard 605, American National Standards Inst tute, New York, NY, 1987, 20. Lin, T. ¥., and Bums, Ned H., Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures, Third Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New Yor, NY, 1981 21, MeSaveney, Leonard G., “Production and Erection of Pre: stressed Concrete Poles fora Railroad Eletification Project.” PCI JOURNAL, V. 52, No, 5, September-October 1987, pp. 25 22, NEMA, "Outdoor Substations.” Publication SG6, Par 36. 23. OSHA. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (7 '89 Eution), Washington, D.C, 1989, 24, PCI Committee on Prestressed Conk 1 Poles, “Guide for De- No. 3, May-lune 1983, pp. 22-87, 25. PCI Commitice on Prestressed Concreve Poles, “Guide Speci fications for Prestressed Concrete Poles," PCI JOURNAL, V.27, No 3, May-June 1982, pp. 18-29, 26. PCI Design Handbook, Fourth Edition, PrecasvPrestressed, Concrete Institute, Chicago, IL, 1992 27. PCI Technical Activities Council and PCL Committee on Building Code, “PCI Standard Design Practice,” PCI JOUR PCI JOURNALNAL, V. 42, No.2, March-April 1997, pp. 34-46, 28. Preston, H. Kent, Practical Prestressed Concrete, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, NY, 1960, 340 pp. 28, Rodgers Jr, T. E., Anderson, W. C., and Change, D. R.. “Guide for Design and Specifications for Concrete Pole Struc lures,” IEEE Committee Report, Transaction Paper, V. PAS- 94, No. 4, July-August 1976, 30, Rodgers J, Thomas E., "Prestressed Concrete Poles: Stte-of- the-A." PCI JOURNAL, V. 28, No. 5, September-October 1984, pp. $2-108, 31. Rodgers Jr, Thomas E., “VEPCO Design and Use of Pre- stressed Concrete Poles.” Vieginia Flectrie and Power Co, Richmond, VA, 1976 32, Rodgers Jr, Thomas E., “A Usiiy"s Development and Use of| Prestressed Concrete Poles,” PCI JOURNAL, V. 17, No. 3, May-June 1972, pp. 8-13. 33, Rossen, B. T., Rohde, JR., and Klovsky, R., “Behavior and Design of Static Cast Prestressed Concrete Distribution PCI JOURNAL, V. 1, No, 5, September-October 1986, pp. 94-106. NOTATION rea of shear reinforcement within a distance s A, = area of annulus of eross section A, = gr0ss area of sector sea of ith strand width of compression face {eb width of rectangular section or diameter of cir culate section stance from extreme compressive fiber to neutral -oncrere compression force = distance from extreme compressive fiber to centroid of steel reinforcement listance of ith strand fom extreme compressive fiber secentricity 2 distance of ith strand to neutral axis E= modulus of elasticity of section (also MOE) 4, E,= modulus of elasticity of prestressing steel EPA = effective projected area ecified compressive strength of concrete = compressive strength of concrete at time of initial prestress, fective compressive strength of concrete due to prestress Specified yield strength of steel eld strength of mild reinforcing steel timate strength of prestressing steel modulus of rupture fective stress in ith strand after losses tensile strength of concrete ‘moment of inertia of eross section J, = gross moment of inertia of section polar moment of inertia factor relating centroid of concrete compressive force C, to neutral axis ‘Noversber-Decombor 1997 k= effective buckling length factor L = unsupported buckling length cracking moment ‘nominal moment strength at section -M, = zero tension moment 1M, = applied factored moment P zeffective prestress P., = critical buckling load (Q= moment of area above centroid r= inside radius 1, = outside radius ‘= spacing of shear or torsional reinforcement 1 = wall thickness of conerete section 1T,,= factored torsional force T, = strand tension force T, = torsional resistance of concrete section V, = nominal shear strength provided by concrete V= volume of pole Y= nominal shear strength V, = nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforce- ‘ment V, = factored shear force W-= weight of conerete pole y= distance from centroidal axis to extreme tensile fiber £5, = conerete strain corresponding to maximum stress = concrete strain at level of strand due to effective stress strand strain due to bending strand strain due 1 effective stress ,, = strand stcain at ultimate 6, = ullimate concrete strain at rupture $= capacity reduction factor B, = reduction factor applied to ¢ to obt equivalent rectangular stress block = torsional coefficient es be depth of 123APPENDIX A — TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF REINFORCEMENT LENGTH VARIES LONGITUDITIAL REINFORCEMENT SPIRAL ‘REINFORCEMENT SPIRAL SECTION A-A SECTION ACA SECTION A~A SECTION A-A LONGITUDINAL, REINFORCEMENT ‘COVER (MINN) ‘LONGITUDINAL, REINFORCEMENT LONGITUDINAL, REINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT 14 PCI JOURNALAPPENDIX B — AREA AND CENTROID OF ANNULUS. Area: Ay = Ay — Ay _ f% wer NEUTRAL Ay ARER Aas. ¥ Area of Annulus ‘ 1, Determination of 4, area, Consider, half of the aren 4 «hence y= yao as Let: x= r,cos@and de = (-r,sind\d@ ‘Therefore! Sa-f ire —iFeos7 0G, sinewde e 72 sinosing do ° =o fsin?g ao ng)” a (29-sin29) or A, = 2(@,-sin®,) Centroid of Annulus ‘The centioid of the annulus is the point of intersection of two axes which place the body in equilibrium, Axis 1 bi- sects the area of the annulus and Axis 2 divides the annulus into two equal areas, ‘Area of annulus: ‘or3(@y — sin@,) — 'f2r?(s— sin®s) were oa-1n'( 2-91) an e2-a0( Gis) Area above Axis 2: A= Mir}(Os~ sins) —r3(O,—sinOy, where Oy/2 =a November-December 1997 os y in which the central angle @, = 29: oa wn ( les") 2. Determination of A; area. © (@,-sine,) with radius v; and central angle O, (ar) 0,/2= tan and ae).) years) 6, =a Since y is known, x is found by tial and error until Yad 128APPENDIX C — DETERMINATION OF STRAND STRESS 4, Strand strain at ultimate: Strand sirain at ultimate refers to the following quantities: cowenesson cONOETE LONE % ‘A. Strand strain due to effective prestress: Effective prestress of strand 4 ‘Area of strand modulus of elasticity of strand ACOA ss B. Concrete strain atthe level of the strand due to effec- ° tive prestress: ‘otal effective presires of strands ° Se L “*~ Gross area of concrete % modulus of elasticity of strand Z ‘C. Strand strain due to bending: = 2, fld=9 a: ‘The quantity is positive in the tension concrete zone and where negative inthe compression concrete zon. 6, = concrete strain at ultimate = & In summary, Ea = fie + Eee + Eb d= distance from compression side to strand 2. Stcand stress fig Of the ith strand: = location of neutral axis Fos ™ Gi X Modulus of elasticity of strand APPENDIX D — SPLICING 1. Slip Joint Splice 2. Flange Plate Splice 3. Bolted Splice 4, Welded Splice 128 PCI JOURNALAPPENDIX E — SUGGESTED MANUFACTURING TOLERANCES. 1, Length: #2 in. (50.8 mm), or #1 in. (25.4 mm) or +2!/s in, 3.2 mm) per 10 ft G.05 m) of length, whichever is sreater. 2. Cross section: (a) Outside dimension: £0.25 in. (6.3 mm) (b) Wall thickness — minus 12 percent with a mini- sum of 0.25 in (6.3 mm) (Note: This requirement may be waived provided that stuc- tural adequacy and doraility are not impaired. Plus toler~ ance of wall thickness is limited by Tolerance No, 4, “Weight.") 3. Sweep: 0.25 in, (6.3 mm) per 10 fe (3.05 m) of length, Sweep tolerance is applicable to the overall length or any 10 £3.05 m) segment thereof. Its @ measurement ofthe de ation of the pole’s surface from a straight line joining wo surfaces inthe same plane 4. Weight: Plus 20 percent and minus 10 percent of ealew- lated value 5. Reinforcement placement: () Individual longitudinal elements: phus 0.25 in. (63 ‘mm), and 40.125 in, (3.2 mm) for the centroid of a group. (b) Spiral reinforcement: spacing may vary #25 per- ‘cent, but the tocal required quantity per foot (0.305 'm) of pole length should be maintained 6. Bolt holes: (a) Location: £0.125 in. (3.2 mm) for holes within a group. +f in. (25.4 mm) for the centerline between groups and 2 in, (50.8 mm) from the end of the pole. (b) Hole diameter: #0.0625 in, (1.6 mm) of the specified value, Bolt hole diameters should be specified at least 0.125 in, (3.2 mm) greater than the bolt diameter. (©) Alignment: the alignment of holes within a group should not vary from the longitudinal pole center: line of that group by more than one-half of the hole diameter. 7. Aperture and hand-hole location: #2 in. ($0.8 mm) lon- gitudinally and + 1 in. (25.4 mm) transversely from the des- ignated location. APPENDIX F — POLE TEST SETUP DYNAMOMETER REACTION. FRAME DEFLECTION REACTION CONCRETE stag TEST POLE {SLIP November-December 1997 wrAPPENDIX G — DESIGN EXAMPLES. ‘The following examples illustrate how prestressed conerete poles may be used in typical transmission line structure applications, The examples include: 1, Self-supportng single pole 2 Guyed angle pole 3. Heframe structure with X-bracing ‘Conductor information used for all examples is listed in the following table: Conductor Area (sq ‘vin, 7 strand EHS steel 0792 795 kemil 26/7 ACSR 0.7264 397.5 kemil 18/1 ACSR 0.3295 #4/0 6/1 ACSR 0.1935 Note: 1 in, = 25.4 mm; 1 sq in, = 645.2 mm"; Diameter (in.) Weight per foot (Ibs) 0375 0273 1.108 1.094 oma 0432 0.563 0.291 2444, ‘The span lengths, line angles, and loading conditions are specified in each exemple. ‘ peo & * q e+ ‘4S pee a " eual'sonceo eeera ft (ROSS SECTION OF POLE 128 EXAMPLE 1 — SELF SUPPORTING SINGLE POLE Pole Properties: vera length = 85 ft (26 m) Embedment = 10 ft (3 m) ‘Top diameter = 11 ft (3.3 m) Bottom diameter = 29.4 in (747 mm) Weight = 17,000 Ibs (7711 kg) Concrete strength = 9000 psi (62 MPa) 16. "sin. (12.7 mm) diameter strands (270K) Esfecive prestres force per strand = 14,272 Ibs (63482 N) PCI JOURNALRound pole section properties. Note: 110.308 m1 = 25.6 rams Lain Design loads for 400 ft (122 m) horizontal 65 ms Leu in, = 16987 ms (6231 and vertical spans, 1-degree line angle. ‘Height above. Outside Inside ] “Moment of | sere | ay [ace | mem | Smet ool ° 2 | Ss 2 : " | ‘Section moda us (ewin.) 7 676 90 131 18 Case 1=NESC Medium | _ Case 2— High Wind 3— Broken Conductor — | (one sick Vertisl 390 be L701 17016 Transverse 30's 30h Vite ach of ice condor Vertes 1260 be eros 340 Ibs /670 oe Transverse 7701 TSO ths 40580 ibs Longitudinal 2299 hs be Fach dee pinay aistribtion cables Vert 20s 206s 2700s Transom S201 Tots hs ‘One peut wie Vertcl 450 bs 15010 wots “Tansee 450 S806 0}. ‘Wind presse on pole L Ops pst pst Note 2405 Not p= a8 ile cle NESE pci ed tr ‘€ase 1 NESC Medium, Unfaclored | Cracking Utimate Detition | Asal force | Shear force moment rament mament Height it) ny {sy (tbs) ekips) ‘ekips) (oips) 750 soa ° ° 00 ° ° 740 2938 0s xo 00 8 %6 660 2521 am 170 52 3 100 S10 200 sue to | 138 « we 480 sn sais 23 as | wt 20 ‘tos voszs ssa sat | = 370 woo tgs seis at os sho a8 1339 asi4 482 261 3s 761 ae 4964 536 36 300 698 15320 sus 569 29 200 325 18.186 $396 3 ar 09 037 amt 5596 oa 406 00 25708 sl 198 466 om Noes 8=O9S my Bea ag HTD AEN November Docernbar 1907 Tips 1360 129Case 2 — High Wind, Teint | Gace] Uae penin | astttre | saree | ment | Some | eet Height (f) in) I bs) bs) (ekips) (iekips) (fekips) 70 om ° 0 on 0 0 xo ea Py er) * 6 60 5694 1592 1754 | 1 33 100 50 en am 3s ms & te 480 | 35.66, 5012 4613 37 83 184 400 2547 eat 5678 | 102.7, 96 m2 no ase ne oo iat ie Fe xo mus mn m1 va 1 xi ns nn ws cs i i m8 wo 1630 se eo ina us » mo 7st vase wt iss 6 » toa mi sa ou sas va on oo | om | teas om wa wt ts Nacincoata nite RAGA ps Cae 3 ~ Broken Cond. Teatant | Gaeteg | Ui Drawn | Ate | Shere | ‘met’ | Stara | mt rise ‘a ‘on tn iin | ele | tm 50 an ° ° 0 ° 0 mo mal 2 % oa a % 0 29s pba on 3 5 i m0 aes om en bs 1 io ins ‘a os ms ® i no noe ou 0 neo % m2 no hat a eo im im os Mo on ve? 0 18 i» Fa us tos 20 as iss te ™ no 10 vee ms waa ts » m0 tos ot ois isa v8 wo 100 ! 085 12,998 431s 250.9 164 406, co | aw sas as me i Nowe = 0305 130 Ta cB PB=AASN IAG = 1S POI JOURNALESE wrt 9 Round pole section properties EXAMPLE 2— GUYED ANGLE POLE Pole Properties: ‘Overall length = 80 ft (24.4 m) Embedment 10K 3 m) 10 in. (254 mm) 27.3 in. (693 mm) Weight = 14,500 Ibs (6577 kg) Conerete strength = 10,000 psi (69 MPa) (2 "hin, (12.7 mm) diameter strands 70K) Effective prestress force per strand 14,275 Ibs (63495 N) Helgi above ‘Ouskie | ‘Moment of Section ‘round (ft) ameter (in) (sain Inertia in’) ‘modus (eu in.) 700 100 30. © sis Jot 690 woz 52 e sol 110 610 ne 0 as { 990 | 166 520 139 a4 ot mu 246 Bo isa io ia amt 347 400 16s or BI ama 385 300 86 26 136 951 sa 200 208 us 3 7355 o07 Joo 20 6a a tosi0 916 a0 251 83 240 4583 1139 Noes 10.305 me Via = 25.4 mm Fin. = 685 mn Fev in. = 1387 6231 mm Design loads for 400 ft (122 m) horizontal span, $50 ft (168 m) vertical span, 50-degree line angle. (Case I=NESC Medium | Case2— High Wind (Case 3~ Broken Conductor One sisienie Verical 200 be 30 Ibe 3016 ‘Transverse Asi bs 2572s 190s ach of tee conductors Verical 890 tbs 500 ths 250 bs S00 Ibs Transverse i 11.165 fos N46: Isto hs 3620 hs Longtoinst 3885 Bs ‘Wind presse on pole ops pst ops ele T= 45 Wl cs November-December 1997 131Case 1 = NESC Medium, | ‘Resultant ‘Unfactored ‘Cracking ‘Ultimate oie seatee | ‘Sem | “Seam! | mt | Star wasn ah oS ea ate 610 56 visa | 708 27 12.2 38 8s 20 % non | ona | 30 168 ote 80 38 38.553 a2 | 3k 78 @ | 136 400 33 39392 as | to 02 o | w soo 20 ast a9 ry 354 es | oo Guy tensions iba: (1) = 10,822 (2) = 11,965): ce 2h a [Sag] Te otnte | nitive | meee | cee | cee] em wie | oc | wage | Suse | gos | ote | stn 0 a5 3001 2185. 00 | w 9 Cae we ON oN ao ote | tive | mtee | ce | Scant | am mages are aie |S oe foam fo s S mf te | ms | om |S oo | | _ tam 1s a us oe News ASO Tas Eot eT BES NT RRP LR 122 PC! JOURNAL32 ze smo oe Soe Square pole section properties EXAMPLE 3 — X-BRACED H-FRAME Pole Properties: Overall length = 75 ft (22.9 m) Embedment = 9.5 ft (2.9 m) ‘Top diameter = 11 in. (279 mm) Bottom diameter = 23.4 in, (594 mm) ‘Weight = 21,275 Ibs (9650 kg) Conerete strength = 6000 psi (41 MPa) 32 fin, (12.7 mim) diameter strands (270K) Bifective prestress force per strand 24,570 Ibs (109287 N) Inside hole formed by fiber tube void. Height above ‘Oude Taside Moment of Section round (0) diameter in) iameter in.) ‘Area (im) Inertia (in) modulus (x in) 655 0 00 2 1220 m2 ons na 00 ps 9s 22 375 a v0 12 120 312 sos mas 00 182 ua 408 85 146 00 26 3817 32 365 158 00 249 si 656 300 159 60 256 6666, | wi 200 ies 80 202 9575 { ross 100 202 m0 m8 ast 116 00 218 0 363 17829 195, Note: = 0.05 my, in. = 54 am 159m = 645 mm Lin, (6387 me Fin = 416231 Design loads for 900 f (274 m) horizontal span, 1200 ft (366 m) vertical span, 2-degree line angle. Each of two shicldwiee Vertical Transverse Bich of thre condciors Vertical Transverse Longitudinal ‘Wind pressure om each pole (Case 1=NESC Medium S40 bs 880 Ibe 2960 be 1760 6 pst (Case 2— High Wind soos 360 Ibs 890 bs 0b 110s £890 hs 1610 os. 270108 130/260 3260 Ibs 016s ‘Spot Opet Now AAS Nil phe 4K Noverber-December 1997 133Case 1 - NESC Medium, ‘aatfrce | Aree | Siear | Rett | Uafhcored | Cracking Height | Detection | Poke Foie? | free | oment—soment- | moment @ | tay | ens) (ips) hips) | fens) ek) | ips) 65 2 | oo 00 ry 00 00 ° os 2 ls ls 09 oo 00 ° o sis to | ota 14 36 13 3a 25 2 sos 05 a6 wz) 3a 149 ss 13 ws os re as “9 97 “43 “ im 383 os | st 3s a sia a1 ns as 300 or | 38 367 42 us | au ui 292 200 03 6 a2 45 ne) 183 a9 100 on 66 61 ar ou 282 ns 46 oo 00 on 60 ny hos os ast ssi Grose brace axl force = 140 pe ASNT Fp 136K pies = 0505 m= 254 wa Case 2 ~ High Wind, T “torce [Avance | Shear Reliant] Cracing Height Dtction | Pole rae? | fore | moment | moment « din) | Ah) ‘in (kins | ip 55 19 00 00 - 00 o as 19 os 09 on ° ° 75 \6 4s 4s as as os la 2s 213 on ss as la 19 no 202 a | 65 la 209 4a un 200 u vat 200 06 in 100 02 ns 00 00 ‘Cross-brace antl force = 2148 Kips NowitAada0s mn Tm =35a Case 3 - Broken Conductor. Datcon Taro Thar oe Rent oat | Genatng | Uhmaie Magne | fect) Poe?/ Peer) Poe?) Polet [PoE | Poet | fle? moment | manent ay | tiny dip) | oy | ip) ips | ep | akin | aki | in | ws | 2s | 41 | oo | 00 | oo | o | op | o | 0 ° ws | a2 | as | or | or | or | o | a | 00 | o ° ss | 99 | 33 a7 | as | ao | ar | oe | os | as | 2 505 7 26 | 40 62 49, 17 34a WW? | SS. 3 es | os7 | ag | ss a7 | ao | ar | eas sow |r ws | oa9 | as | 6s | ws | ae > | ime | sas) ou | as woo | as | a9 | os) oa | ae | uy | es | aus | ot | oe mo | ou | ot | no as3 |e | a7 | ame) suk) | 100 03 1 144 we | 49 a7 | ma | ot6 Bs M6 oo | 00 | oo | ws | ms | a9 | ar | mma | er | or | 583 ‘Crost-brace all free Nast 30S a2 p= ASIN Vip = 136 134 PCI JOURNAL1 175 .W. Jackson Boulevard Suite 1859 Chicago, Ilinois 60604 Phone 312-786-0300 “Guacteaetue — Fax 312-786-0959 JR 412 Reprinted from the copyrighted JOURNAL ofthe ProcasvPrestressod Concreto Incttue, V. 42, No. 6, Nevember-Decombor 1997,