Chng I

NGUYN L CHUNG CA H THNG THNG TIN S

1.1. Tng quan v h thng thng tin s
1.1.1. Cc c im ca h thng thng tin s
Cc h thng thng tin c s dng truyn tin tc t ni ny n ni khc. Tin tc c truyn
a t ngun tin (l ni sinh ra tin tc) ti b nhn tin (l ch m tin c truyn ti) di dng cc bn
tin. Bn tin l dng hnh thc cha ng mt lng thng tin no . Cc bn tin c to ra t ngun tin
c th l ri rc hay lin tc, tng ng chng ta c ngun tin l ri rc hay lin tc. i vi ngun tin
lin tc, tp cc bn tin l mt tp v hn i vi ngun tin ri rc tp cc bn tin c th l mt tp hu
hn.
Biu din vt l ca mt bn tin c gi l tn hiu. C rt nhiu loi tn hiu khc nhau tu theo
i lng vt l c s dng biu din tn hiu, th d nh cng dng in, in p, cng
nh sngtu theo dng ca cc tn hiu c s dng truyn ti tin tc trong cc h thng truyn tin
l cc tn hiu tng t (analog) hay tn hiu s (digital) v tng ng c cc h thng thng tin analog
hay h thng thng tin s.
c im cn bn ca mt tn hiu tng t l tn hiu c th nhn v s gi tr, lp y lin tc mt
gii no . Thm vo thi gian tn ti ca cc tn hiu tng t l mt gi tr khng xc nh c th,
ph thuc vo thi gian tn ti ca bn tin do ngun tin sinh ra. Tn hiu analog c th l tn hiu lin tc
hay ri rc tu theo tn hiu l mt hm lin tc hay ri rc ca bin thi gian. Tn hiu in thoi li ra
ca micro l mt th d tiu biu v tn hiu tng t lin tc, trong khi tn hiu iu ch bin sung
(PAM) ca chnh tn hiu li ra micro ni trn l mt tn hiu tng t ri rc.
Trong trng hp ngun tin ch gm mt s hu hn (M) cc tin th cc bn tin ny c th nh s c
v do vy thay v truyn i cc bn tin ta ch truyn i cc k hiu (symbol) l cc con s tng ng vi
cc bn tin . Tn hiu khi ch biu din cc con s (cc k hiu) v c gi l tn hiu s. c trng
cn bn ca tn hiu s l:
- tn hiu s ch nhn mt s hu hn cc gi tr;
- tn hiu s c thi gian tn ti xc nh, thng l mt hng s k hiu l Ts (vit tt ca Symbol
Time interval: thi gian ca mt k hiu).
tn hiu s c th nhn M gi tr khc nhau. Trong trg hp M=2, chng ta c h thng thng tin s nh
phn cn trong trng hp tng qut chng ta c h thng M mc.
So vi cc h thng thng tin tng t, cc h thng thng tin s c mt s u im c bn sau:
- Th nht do c kh nng ti sinh tn hiu theo ngng sau tng c ly nht nh nn tp m tch lu
-

c th loi tr c, tc l cc tn hiu s kho hn i vi tp m so vi tn hiu analog.

Th hai, do s dng tn hiu s, tng thch vi cc h thng iu khin v x l hin i, nn c
kh nng khai thc, qun t v bo tr( OA&M: Operation, Administration and Maintenance) h
thng mt cch t ng cao ;

Th ba, tn hiu s c th s dng c truyn a d dng mi loi bn tin, ri rc hay lin

tc, to tin cho vic hp nht cc mng thng tin truyn a cc loi dch v thoi hay s liu
thnh mt mng duy nht.
Nhc im cn bn cc h thng thng tin s so vi cc h thng thng tin tng t trc y l ph
-

chim ca tn hiu s khi truyn cc bn tin lin tc tng i ln hn so vi ph ca tn hiu analog. Cn

1

phi nhn mnh thm y rng iu ny khng nht quyt vnh vin ng. Do cc hn ch v k thut
hin nay, ph chim ca tn hiu s cn tng i ln hn ph chim ca tn hiu analog khi truyn cc
bn tin lin tc, tuy nhin trong tng lai khi cc k thut s ho tn hiu lin tc tin tin hn c p
dng th ph ca tn hiu s c th so snh c vi ph ca tn hiu lin tc.
1.1.2. S khi ca h thng thng tin s
T cc ngun khc

T
ngun
tin

To
khun

M ha
ngun

M ha
mt

M ha
knh

Ghp
knh

iu
ch

Tri
ph

a
truy
nhp

My
pht

Knh
truyn

ng
b

+
Ti b
tin

To
khun

Gii m
ngun

Gii
m mt

Gii
m knh

Phn
knh

Gii
iu
ch

Gii
tri
ph

a
truy
nhp

My
thu

c trng c bn ca h thng thng tin s l: cc tn hiu c truyn a v x l bi h thng l

cc tn hiu s, nhn cc gi tr t mt tp hu hn cc phn t, thng c gi l nng ch ci
(alphabet). Cc phn t tn hiu ny c di hu hn xc nh Ts l nh nhau i vi mi phn t tn
hiu. Trong thc t c rt nhiu loi h thng thng tin s khc nhau, phn bit theo tn s cng tc, dng
loi mi trng truyn dn tu theo loi h thng thng tin s thc t, hng lot chc nng x l tn
hiu s khc nhau c th c s dng nhm thc hin vic truyn a cc tn hiu s mt cch hiu qu
v phng din bng tn chim cng nh cng sut tn hiu. Cc chc nng x l tn hiu chnh nht c
th c ca cc h thng thng tin s hin nay.
Trong s khi hnh 1.1.1, thc cht l s m t lu x l tn hiu, cc thut ton c bn x l
tn hiu (song khng phi trong h thng thng tin s no cng nht thit phi thc hin y cc thut
ton c bn ny) bao gm:
- To khun dng tn hiu, thc hin bin i tin tc cn truyn th hin dng tn hiu lin tc hay
s thnh chui cc bit nh phn;
-

M ho ngun v gii m ngun tn hiu, thc hin nn v gii nn tn hiu gim tc bit
gim ph chim ca tn hiu s;
M v gii m mt, thc hin m v gii m chui bit theo mt kho xc nh nhm bo mt tin
tc;

M v gii m knh nhm chng nhiu v cc tc ng xu khc ca ng truyn dn;

Ghp phn knh, nhm thc hin vic truyn tin t nhiu ngun tin khc nhau ti cc ch nhn
tin khc nhau trn cng mt h thng truyn dn;
iu ch v gii iu ch s, thng gi tt l MODEM;

Tri ph v gii tri ph, nhm chng nhiu v bo mt tin tc;

a truy nhp, cho php nhiu i tng c th truy nhp vo mng thng tin s dng h thng
truyn dn theo nhu cu;
ng b, bao gm ng b nhp v ng b pha sng mang i vi cc h thng thng tin lin
kt;
Lc c thc hin ti my thu, pht u cui, bao gm lc c nh nhm hn ch ph tn, chng

tp nhiu v lc thch nghi nhm sa mo tn hiu gy bi ng truyn;

Trn s trn, cc khi pha phn thu thc hin cc thut ton x l ngc vi cc khi tng ng
phn pht.
Trong s cc chc nng ni trn th cc chc nng to khun tn hiu s, iu ch v gii iu ch s
l khng th thiu i vi mi loi h thng thng tin s. V mt thut ton m ni, khi iu ch s l
mt khi giao din, thc hin bin i tn hiu s thnh cc tn hiu lin tc ph hp vi vic truyn a
tn hiu i xa. My pht u cui ch thc hin cc thut ton trn tn nhm a tn hiu ln ti tn s
thch hp, khuch i, lc v pht x tn hiu vo mi trng truyn dn bng h thng nten v phi-
trong cc h thng v tuyn. i vi mt h thng thng tin s th MODEM ng vai tr l b no cn
my thu pht th ch nh c bp m thi. Cc khi chc nng cn li khng phi l bt buc i vi tt c
cc h thng thng tin s m ch c mt trong tng h thng c th no .
Cc thut ton x l tn hiu trong s khi trn c th phn thnh hai nhm chnh:
-

Cc thut ton x l tn hiu bng gc bao gm cc thut ton t to khun ti iu ch s ( v cc

khi chc nng ngc li phn thu).
Cc thut ton x l tn hiu tn s cao hay tn hiu thng di bao gm cc thut ton lin quan ti
a truy nhp, tri ph v thut ton trn tn nhm a tn hiu ln tn s cao. Trong phn
tch,nh gi v thit k h thng, cc h thng hon ton c th xem xt c dng bng gc
tng ng trong : mi tn hiu u l tn hiu bng gc hoc bng gc tng ng nh s
dng tn hiu ng bao phc hay cn gi l tn hiu thng thp tng ng.

1.2 Cc ch tiu ca h thng thng tin s

Cc tham s cht lng ch yu i vi h thng thng tin s l chnh xc truyn tin v tc
truyn tin. Cc yu cu c bn i vi cc h thng thng tin s cng l nhanh chng v chnh xc Cn
ni thm y rng, hai yu cu ny ni chung l lun mu thun vi nhau. V nguyn tc, mun truyn
tin tht chnh xc th phi chp nhn gim tc truyn v ngc li, truyn tin cng nhanh th li truyn
tin xy ra cng dy hn.
- Cc c quan v cc t chcchnh lin quan ti vic xc nh cc tiu chun v cht lng mng
-

vin thng. h thng thng tin s ni chung v h thng truyn dn ni chung l:

U ban truyn thng lin bang m (FCC: Federal communicationscommission), xc nh cc tiu

chun cho cc h thng theo h bc m;

Hi ngh cc c quan qun l bu chnh v vin thng Chu u (CEPT: European Conference of
Post and Telecommunications) v vin tiu chun vin thng chu u (ETSI: European
Telecommunicatios standards ntitude), xc nh cc tiu chun cho cc h thng theo h Chu

u;
Cc nhm nghin cu (SG: stady group) ca lin minh vin thng Quc t (ITU: International
Telecommunication Union), trc y l hi ng t vn in thoi v in bo quc t CCITT, v cc
nhm nghin cu ca u ban t vn v tuyn quc t CCIR trc y , nayb l ITU-R. Cc nhm nghin
3

cu ny xc lp cc tiuchun di hnh thc cc khuyn gh cho vin thng trn ton cu, bao gm c h
thng m v Chu u.
i vi thng tin s, tham s chnh xc truyn tin thng c nh gi qua t l li bt (BER: Bit
Error Ratio) thng c hiu l t l gia s bt nhn b li v tng s bt truyn trong mt khong
thi gian quan st no . Khi m thi gian quan st tin ti v hn th t l ny tin ti xc xut li bit.
Trong thc t, thi gian quan st khng phi l v hn nn t l li bt ch gn bng vi xc xut li bit,
tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp thc t ngi ta vn thng xem v gi BER l xc xut li bit. Trong
mt s cc h thng th chnh xc truyn tin cn th hin cht lng dch v, v d nh cht lng
ting ni trong h thng thng tin di ng.
Kh nng truyn tin nhanh chng ca mt h thng thng tin s thng c nh gi qua dung
lng tng cng B ca h thng, l tc truyn thng tin(c n v l b/s). Nhn chung dung lng ca
mt h thng tu thuc vo bng tn truyn dn, s iu ch s, mc tp nhiu,
Ngoi cc yu cu v cc tham s ni trn th h thng thng tin s cn c thm yu cu v tnh bo
mt, tin cy, tnh kinh t.
1.3. ng b trong h thng thng tin s
ng b trong h thng thng tin s gm:
ng b v pha sng mang
ng b ng h
ng b v m
1.3.1 Truyn dn thng tin v pha: Khi phc sng mang
Thng tin pha cho ng b sng mang pha thu v nguyn tc c th nhn c hoc t mt sng
mang c truyn trn mt knh ring, hoc t mt sng mang khi phc t tn hiu s thu c. Trong
trng hp sau, thng rt hay s dng trong thc t, li c hai kh nng: tn hiu c truyn i c mt
thnh phn sng mang khng iu ch hoc tn hiu sng mang b nn. Sau y, c hai kh nng ny s
c cp n.
Cc h thng vi tn hiu tham chiu c truyn
Trong mc ny, chng ta s gi thit rng tn hiu s c truyn i bao gm, di mt dng no
, mt sng mang khng b iu ch ng vai tr tn hiu tham chiu. Trong trng hp ny, cng sut
vn c b chia s, mt phn truyn thng tin, phn cn li dung cho ng b. Trong ph ca tn hiu c
truyn i, c mt thnh phn ph vch ti tn s sng mang. Tn hiu tham chiu c truyn i dng cho
khi phc sng mang c p dng tiu biu trong o xa v tinh v trong cc h thng truyn s liu tc
thp, v thng khng c s dng trong cc h thng vin thng v tinh hay mt t.
Ti pha my thu, tn s v pha ca sng mang tham chiu c pht i phi c nh gi. Do
knh truyn c tp nhiu, cc gi tr c nh gi s khc vi cc gi tr thc s. mt phng php ti
u ho gi tr c nh gi c gi l nh gi theo kh nng cc i (maximum likelihood estimation),
theo gc pha c nh gi ca sng mang l gi tr ng vi gi tr cc i ca mt xc sut iu
kin py t , trong y(t) l tn hiu thu c cn l pha ca n.
4

L thuyt v nh gi tham s ti u c gii quyt trong nhiu ti liu khc nhau. mt trong
nhng kt lun quan trng thu c l mch ng b sng mang (c thit k thc hin mt nh
gi ti u pha sng mang) tt nht nn c thc hin bng mt mch vng hi tip, tng t vi PLL.
u im ca mch vng kn ny l kh nng bm theo cc thay i pha chm do khng n nh ca b
dao ng my pht. vic ti u ho PLL c thc hin bng cch chn thch hp b lc mch vng v
cc c tnh phn bit pha. V cc l do thc t, khng c nhiu lm cc phng n thit k do c tnh
in p-pha gn nh hnh sine ca cc b phn bit pha cng tc ti cc tn s v tuyn hay trung tn
chng cho my kh nng chn la. Cc b lc mch vng bc ln hn hai khng th s dng c cho
cc l do v tnh n nh, v vic tch phn l tng ch thc hin c mt cch xp x m thi. C th
ch ra c rng vng kho pha bc 2 l tng l thch hp nht kho vo vi tn hiu c tn s l
hng s, khc vi tn s chy t do ca mch vng.
Vn tn s sng mang (m mch vng phi ng b vi n) khng phi l khng b iu ch
cng chng gy nn cc kh khn g lm do, nh gi thit ph tn hiu phi c mt thnh phn tn s
sng mang c bn c th tch c tng i d dng phn thu. pha my pht, tn hiu iu ch
phi c ghp vi sng mang chun khng b iu ch. Vic ghp ny c th thc hin c theo thi
gian, theo tn s v theo kiu trc giao.

fsc1

fsc2 = 2fsc1

a)
Carrier
extractor

VCD

Phase
discrimnator

f dt
T
b)

b)

Synchenizing
line stols
c)

5
VCO

Unmodulated
subcarrier

Demodulated
signal

e)
VCO

Hnh a) ng bao ph ca mt h thng PSK c sng mang c ghp theo

tn s;
b) B gii iu ch PSK ca h thng c sng mang c ghp nh hnh a
c) Mch khi phc sng mang c ghp thep thi gian;
d) Mch khi phc sng mang c ghp theo tn s;
e) Mch khi phc sng mang ghp trc giao
Tng ca hai cng sut ny l cng sut sng mang tng cng A2.
kho c thnh phn trc giao khng b iu ch, mt mch vng c rng bng nh phi
c s dng. Nhc im ca h thng nh th l s mt thng tin pha sau mt chui tng i di cc
bit 1 hay 0 nh phn. Khi PLL s kho pha vo pha hay ch khng phi vo gc pha bng
0. Vic kho pha khng thch hp nh vy c th loi b c nh p dng m ho hai pha (biphase) thay
cho m ho NRZ. Trong trng hp ny, thi gian di nht ca bt k trng thi pha no cng l T v
rng bng ca PLL phi c chn sao cho c c mt hng s thi gian rt ln hn T.
Khi phc sng mang t mt tn hiu c sng mang b nn
Ta thy c rng bn cnh tn hiu thng tin, mt sng mang tham chiu cung cp thng tin pha c
th c truyn ph thm vo. Tuy vy, trong hu ht cc trng hp, vic s dng ton b cng sut c
c truyn tn hiu mang thng tin th tin li v hiu qu hn. Ph tn hiu pht khi s khng
cha mt thnh phn ph vch sng mang (ch t l khi tn hiu mang thng tin khng cha thnh phn
mt chiu) l PLL (c xem nh mt mch nh gi tham s) khng th p dng c mt cch trc
tip. Vic thm vo mt mch lc s chng li ch g do khng c mt thut ton tuyn tnh no li to ra
c mt vch ph t mt ph lin tc.
Hu ht cc tp tn hiu thng c s dng (hu ht cc loi iu ch thng thng) u c sng
mang b nn, ngoi tr trng hp iu bin ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying), song n li ch thng c
s dng trong truyn dn khng kt hp (noncoherent). Trong nhng mch vng bm tnh sng mang b
nn ny, mt thut ton phi tuyn nht thit phi c thc hin trn sng mang hoc l trong PLL. Mt
trong nhiu gii php l s dng PLL c tnh lu tha 4 tn hiu thu c, c th p dng c cho truyn
dn 4PSK s c trnh by y nh mt v d v phng php khi phc sng mang t mt tn hiu c
sng mang b nn.

1.3.2 Truyn dn thng tin nh thi: khi phc ng h

Mt trong cc u th ca truyn dn tn hiu s so vi truyn dn tn hiu lin tc l kh nng ti sinh
tn hiu s thu c. Vic ti sinh v bn cht l mt th tc ly mu tn hiu thu c, thc hin vo cc
thi im thch hp. Ti thi im thch hp ny, t s tn hiu trn tp l cao nht v xc sut xuyn
nhiu l nh nht. my thu bit c thi im ny, thng tin thch hp phi c truyn theo cch
no t my pht ti my thu. Trong mc ny, cc phng php c c thng tin nh thi ny hay
thng tin ng h ti my thu s c trnh by .
Cc phng php khi phc tn hiu ng h.
V mt l thuyt, thng tin ng h c th c truyn trn mt knh ring bit song phng php
ny rt hy hu mi c s dng. sau y, cc phng php c s dng rng ri khi phc tn hiu
ng h t chnh tn hiu thng tin s s c trnh by.
Thng tin ng h lin quan n thi gian ca mt bit T, c cha trong cc chuyn i ca tn
hiu s c pht i. Tn hiu pht trong thc t cha mt s ln cc chuyn i. c iu l ph ca
tn hiu pht khng cha thnh phn ph vch ca tn s ng h 1/T nu iu ch ngu nhin c p
dng thnh phn ny do phi c ti to li bng mt thut ton phi tuyn no . Cc phng n v
cc mch khi phc ng h vi cc phn t phi tuyn. Khi ch tnh n mt dng bit ngu nhin, trong
xc sut chuyn i bng , th ch c vn ti to mt vch ph tn s ng h cn phi gii quyt.
trong trng hp ny mt php ton phi tuyn. Mch loc thng thp k hiu bng H w c th th hin
mch lc my thu, chng hn, n c th l mt mch lc phi hp. B lc thng thp ng sau mch phi
tuyn thc hin c bi mt PLL cn c tnh vo-ra ti u ca phn t phi tuyn c cho bi

y lncosh x . Thc ra, phi tuyn c th thc hin c khng ch bi mt mch c c tnh vo-ra
phi tuyn m c th thc hin c theo nhiu cch khc.
Mt gii php tt hn nhn c bng cch t phi tuyn vo bn trong mt mch vng kn.
Thc t, iu ny c th t c nh p dng cc tn hiu RZ (Return - to- Zero) i cc, tc l cc xung
c di nh hn T. Tuy nhin, i vi cc tn hiu NRZ th iu khng ng: cc chuyn i mc
xut hin ch ti cc chuyn i bit 1 0 hay 0 1 mch khi phc ng h ch nhn c thng tin li
vo ti cc chuyn i ny.
Theo nhng kt lun ca phn trc , chnh xc ca khi phc ng h ph thuc ch yu vo
thng tin c truyn i. Chng ta thy rng bn cht ngu nhin trong tn hiu ti gy nn mt s
tng phng sai ca sai s nh thi, v ng b ng h c th thm ch mt hon ton do tn hiu c
mt dy di cc s 0 v 1. Do vy, mt vi bin php khc phc no i hi phi c p dng nu
xc sut xy ra cc dy di khng c chuyn i trong tn hiu ti l ng k: hoc l mch ng b ng
h phi c thit k nhm chu c nhng dy di khng c chuyn i nh th vi 2 chp nhn
c, hoc mt s cc chuyn i phi c to ra mt cch nhn to. iu ny c th c thc hin
theo nhiu cch. V d, mt cch iu ch thch hp c cha cc chuyn i ti mi khong bit l iu
ch ta SPSK thng c p dng trong truyn s liu.
Mt kh nng khc l thay v tn hiu NRZ, ta p dng tp tn hiu em iu ch gm mt chuyn
i trong khong thi gian ca mt bit. Tp tn hiu hai pha tho mn cc yu cu sau:

1;0 t T / 2
s1 s 2
0; T / 2 t T
Mt kh nng khc na l p dng b scramber (b xo trn): tn hiu cn truyn c kt hp vi
mt tn hiu gi ngu nhin c tc bit, do s to thnh mt dng bit gn nh ngu nhin vi cc
chuyn i tng i dy.

1.3 Cc phng php truy nhp trong h thng TTS

- FDMA (Frequency Divition Multiple Access: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s). Mi thit b truy
nhp mng bng mt tn s, bng tn chung W c chia thnh N knh v tuyn. Mi mt thit b
truy nhp v lin lc trn knh con trong sut thi gian lin lc.
u im: Thit b n gin, yu cu v ng b khng qu cao.

Nhc im: Thit b trm cng knh do c bao nhiu knh (tn s sng mang
knh con) th ti trm phi c by nhiu my thu pht.

TDMA (Time Divition Multiple Access: a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian) Cc thit b dng
chung mt tn s song lun phin v thi gian.
u im: Trm n gin so vi mt tn s ch cn mt my thu pht phc v
c nhiu ngi truy nhp (phn bit nhau v thi gian).
Nhc im: i hi ng b ngt ngho.
CDMA (Code Divition Multiple Access: a truy nhp phn chia theo m) CcThit b dng chung
mt tn s trn sut thi gian lin lc. Phn bit nh s dng m tri ph khc nhau, nh hu nh
khng gy nhiu ln nhau.
u im: Hiu qu s dng ph cao. Kh nng chng nhiu v bo mt cao, thit
b trm n gin (1 my thu pht).
Nhc im: Yu cu v ng b v iu khin cng sut rt ngt ngho.

CU HI N TP CHNG
Cu 1. i su phn tch phn iu ch v gii iu ch s trong cc h thng thng tin s?
Cu 2. Cc phng n khi phc v ng b sng mang?
Cu 3. Cc phng n khi phc ng h?

Chng II: H THNG VI BA

2.1. Gii thiu
Khuyn ngh F.1101 ca ITU R (nm 1994) phn chia h thng vi ba s theo dung lng ca h
thng mt cch hp l nh sau:
* Cc h thng vi ba dung lng nh l cc h thng truyn dn lung thng tin s c tc nh
hn v bng 10 Mbit/s.
* Cc h thng vi ba dung lng trung bnh l cc h thng truyn dn lung thng tin s c tc
t 10 Mbit/s n 100 Mbit/s.
* Cc h thng vi ba dung lng ln l cc h thng truyn dn lung thng tin s c tc trn
100 Mbit/s.
C nhiu tiu chun nh gi hiu sut mt h thng vi ba s nh gi thnh, rng bng s
dng, cng sut pht, t s tn hiu trn tp m, xc sut li bt, thi gian tr ca h thng, trong , h
thng ti u thng c xem l h thng c xc sut li bt nh nht ng vi cng sut pht v rng
bng thng nht nh. T hai vn chnh c quan tm xem xt khi thit k h thng v tuyn
truyn dn tn hiu s l:
* rng bng thng truyn dn.
* Cht lng hot ng ca h thng vi nh hng ca tp m c nh gi qua xc sut li bt Pe.
Mt h thng Vi ba s dung lng nh c th biu din theo s khi c minh ho hnh sau:
X l tn
hiu

iu ch

B lc
song cng
X l tn
hiu

iu ch

X l tn
hiu

Gii
iu ch

X l tn
hiu

B lc
song cng

Gii
iu ch

Hnh 1.32 S khi h thng tin Vi ba s dung lng nh, tc 2Mbit/s

Ti my pht, tn hiu bng tn c bn u vo l lung s 2 Mbit/s m HDB3 c chuyn i
thnh tn hiu nh phn m NRZ, v c x l nh ghp hem d liu qun l h thng, m ha sa
sai, ngu nhin ha, chuyn i M mc, sau c lc, a vo iu ch v khuch i cng sut
pht i. Ti my thu tn hiu RF thu c s c gii iu ch, khi phc bt v chuyn i li thnh tn
hiu bng tn c bn, m HDB3, giao tip h thng khc. My pht v my thu thng c ni n
b lc song cng s dng chung mt ng ten.
Cc h thng vi ba s c th c thit lp vi quy m nh, nh mt tuyn thng tin, nhng c th
thit lp vi quy m ln thnh mng thng tin hay mt phn ca mng thng tin. Ngy nay, ngi ta
thng s dng cc loi mng bi ba s sau:
Vi ba s im ni im: y l loi mng n gin thng gp. Mng gm hai trm u cui v
c th mt s trm lp. H thng ny s dng cc Anten c tnh hng cao.
Vi ba s im ni n nhiu im: Dng vi ba s ny tr thnh ph bin trong mt s vng ngoi
v nng thn. H thng ny gm mt trm trung tm pht trn mt Anten ng hng phc v cho mt s
9

trm ngoi vi bao quanh. Nu khong cch gia cc trm ngoi vi v trm trung tm ln th ta c th s
dng trm lp.
2.2. c im ca h thng vi ba s
Di tn ca cc h thng vi ba s: V l thuyt, gii sng dng cho cc h thng vi ba l t 300
MHz cho ti 60/80 GHz. Trong thc t hin nay, cc h thng vi ba s dung lng nh lm vic trn di
sng t 300 MHz 20 GHz, cc h thng cng tc vi di tn s cao hn (60-80 GHz) hin vn ang
trong giai on th nghim. Cc bng sng dnh cho vi ba c quy nh bi CCIR (y ban t vn Quc
t v Vin thng) nh sau:
NG DNG

BNG SNG GHZ

Cc h thng chng di
Cc h thng chng ngn

2 4
1.5

6 7
15

8 11 13 17
23
28 (60)

Cc c im truyn sng c bn trong h thng vi ba s: Cc h thng vi ba s hot ng trn

nguyn tc truyn sng v tuyn theo tia nhn thng LOS (Line-Of Sight), cc anten pht v thu nhn
thy nhau v c nh hng nhm vo nhau. Trn ng truyn tn hiu chu s nh hng ca mi
trng truyn dn nh l m, ma, a hnh, s thay i ca bu kh quyn
Do c s phn x sng t b mt t, t cc chng ngi a hnh, t s bt ng nht ca bu kh
quyn dc tuyn, tn hiu nhn c ti Anten thu gm nhiu thnh phn c truyn ti theo nhiu tia
bao gm sng chnh LOS v nhiu tia ph. Tc ng 3 ca pha-inh nhiu tia ti cc loi h thng c
dung lng khc nhau l khc nhau.
Vi h thng dung lng thp, pha-inh nhiu tia c c tnh tng i bng phng trong bng tn
truyn dn tn hiu, do thng gi l pha-inh phng. Tc ng ca pha-inh loi ny cng vi tn hao
ng truyn, tn hao do ma v hi nc sinh ra c th khc phc c nh tng cng sut pht ti mt
mc nht nh, ni mt cch khc l nh bo m d tr pha-inh thch hp.
Vi h thng dung lng trung bnh v ln, do ph tn hiu tng i rng, pha-inh nhiu tia
mang c tnh chn lc theo tn s, tc l trong bng tn tn hiu c truyn i, tiu hao do pha-inh
khng nh nhau i vi cc tn s khc nhau.
2.3. Phng n phn b tn s:
Cc h thng vi ba s dng chung mt mi trng truyn dn tn hiu l khng gian v c nh
hng Anten nhm vo nhau, do phi c phng n phn b tn s v cu trc tuyn mt cch thch
hp trnh gy nhiu cho nhau. Cc phng n hai tn s, nhiu tn s v ti s dng tn s thng
c p dng trong thc t. hiu qu s dng ng truyn c tng cao, bin php p dng phn
cc sng cng l mt la chn thch hp.
Phng n hai tn s: Ti mi trm vi ba s dng hai tn s mang f1, f2 cho lin lc hai hng.
Cc tn s f1, f2 c th c gi tr khc nhau hoc cng tn s nhng khc phn cc. phng n hai tn
s c nhiu nhc im nh gy nhiu gia cc trm khi b tr nhiu trm trn mt tuyn. trnh can
nhiu c th khc phc cch b tr cc trm theo hnh zic zc.

Tx

Rx

Tx

Tx

Rx

Rx

Rx
10

Rx

Tx

Tx

Rx

Tx

Hnh 1 -33. Phng n hai tn s cho tuyn vi ba

Phng n nhiu tn s: Trn tuyn vi ba s dng nhiu tn s thu, pht khc nhau.

2.4. S khi tng ng bng gc ca h thng vi ba s

Cc h thng vi ba s l cc t hp phc tp ca cc thit b khc nhau bng tn c bn, trung
tn cng nh cc tn s v tuyn rt cao (tn s cng tc trn ng v tuyn c th ln ti vi chc
GHz). Tuy vy, hot ng ca n v cc c tnh c bn ca n c th phn tch v nh gi tt nh s
khi tng ng bng c bn, trong cc tn hiu u c quy v tn hiu bng c bn hay tn hiu
bng c bn tng ng, cc b lc, cc p tuyn tn s ca cc khi u c quy v cc b lc thng
thp tng ng hay cc p tuyn tng ng bng c bn.
S khi tng ng bng c bn ca h thng vi ba s c trnh by trn hnh 1 -35. Tt c
mi dng sng thi gian hoc l cc tn hiu bng c bn tng ng. Tng t vy, mi p tuyn tn
s u hoc l cc hm thng thp hoc cc hm tng ng thng thp ca cc hm gii thng.

Ngun
tin

Ngun
tin

iu ch

iu ch

Lc pht

KCS

Lc pht

Knh
truyn

Tn hao
nhiu xuyn

Lc
thu

ATDE

Khi phc
ng h

Khi phc
sng mang

Mch quyt
nh

Gii
iu ch

Nhnh xuyn nhiu

Hnh 1-35. S tng ng bng c bn ca h thng vi ba s.

S liu u vo ca h thng vi ba s c s khi nh hnh 1-35 l chui lin tip cc gi tr s
liu phc M mc {ck}, k ch s ca khe thi gian s liu. Mi ck c to ra t mt bng ch ci M im
{m} vi m = 1,2 M
B lc pht (Tx Filter) cn phi c mt p tuyn nhm to mt ph cng xut bc x nht
nh, trong b lc thu (Rx Filter) phi tho mn yu cu lc ch p nhiu. lo b ISI gy bi vic
11

truyn cc chui tn hiu, phn ng ton phn ca knh truyn t u b lc pht ti li ra b lc thu phi
tho mn cc iu kin tiu chun Nyquist th nht.
B khuych i cng sut HPA (High Power Amplifier) ca my pht c s dng khuych
i dng bn dn Gallium arsenide (GET) ln cc n sng chy TWT (Travelling Wave Tube) u c
th s dng trong cc h thng vi ba s mt t.
Knh truyn hnh trong h thng vi ba s l knh lin lc trong tm nhn thng LOS, loi knh c
pha inh nhiu tia thng xuyn xy ra. Tuy nhin, nh ni phn trn, pha inh nhiu tia i vi h
thng vi ba s dung lng nh l pha inh phng, v c th khc phc bng cch tng cng sut pht tn
hiu.
m bo vic truyn lin kt, ti my thu phi c b khi phc, to li sng mang (Carrier
Regenarator). Cng vy, t c vic ly mu ti u tn hiu u ra, my thu cng cn phi c
mch ti to tn hiu ng h (Clock Regeneralor). Thm vo , duy tr mc tn hiu khng ti li
ra thit b v tuyn, mch AGC (Automatic Gain Control) lun c s dng ti mch khuych i trung
tn chnh c lin kt c ti b tin khuych i tn s v tuyn ca my thu.
B tch tn hiu (Detector), di tc dng ca tp n v nhiu s quyt nh tn hiu no c
truyn i t tn hiu c mo thu c. Mt du c quyt nh ca n. Nh vy, mt du s b li nu
vo thi im quyt nh, nhiu hoc ngun mo vt qu (v mt bin ) khong cch t v tr tiu
chun ca tn hiu trn mt phng pha ti cc ngng quyt nh gn nht.
i vi truyn thng tin s, thng s cht lng h thng quan trng nht l t l li bt BER.
Tham s quan trng khc ca h thng l xc sut gin on lin lc di tc ng ca pha ding nhiu
tia. Xc sut gin on lin lc tng cng ca h thng l xc sut c iu kin, vi iu kin l c pha
ding nhiu tia. Nh vy xc sut gin on lin lc tng cng ca h thng l tch ca xc sut pha dinh
v xc sut gin on lin lc tnh t c tnh ca h thng. H thng c xem l gin on lin lc khi
xc sut li bt tng cng BER > 10 -3.
Tm li: cht lng ca mt h thng vi ba s b tc ng b cc ngun gy gim cht lng nh
sau:
* Mo tnh gy bi cc b lc ch to khng l tng v bi pha dinh nhiu tia.
* Cc mo phi tuyn ch yu gy bi b khuych i cng sut.
* Tp m v nhiu ni ti h thng hay t cc h thng v tuyn khc. trong s cc ngun nhiu
ny, nhiu t cc knh ln cn v cc knh ti dng tn s (Co channel) l tc ng mnh nht.
* Hot ng khng hon ho ca cc b khi phc sng mang v khi phc tn hiu ng h.
nh gi tc ng ca cc ngun tr ngi trn tuyt i vi cht lng h thng (BER) c th
dng cc phn mm m phng bng my tnh. Vic ny gip ch rt nhiu cho nghin cu v thit k h
thng.
CU HI N TP CHNG II
Cu 1. Cc phng n xy dng mt h thng vi ba dung lng va?
Cu 2. Cc k thut iu ch trong h thng vi ba?

12

Chng III: ISDN

3.1. Cc nguyn tc ca ISDN
3.1.1. nh ngha ISDN
Theo CCITT (nay l ITU), mng vin thng s lin kt (IDN: Integrated Digital Network) l mng
vin thng bao gm cc h thng chuyn mch s c ni vi nhau bng cc ng truyn dn s
truyn a cc tn hiu s. ( Khuyn ngh Q.9, I112).
Cng theo nh ngha ca CCITT (ITU), mng s lin kt a dch v (ISDN: Integrated Services Digital
Network) l mng lin kt s (IDN) c th thit l cuc ni s t u cui ti u cui cho mt phm vi
rng cc dch v, bao gm cc dch v thoi v phi thoi ( in thoi, s liu, facsimile, video).
(Khuyn ngh I.110).
T nhng nh ngha trn chng ta thy rng, IDN l mng vin thng trong ngoi tr u cui
thu bao v phn kt ni t u cui thu bao ti mng, ton b phn cn li u c s ho. Do cc
khc bit v dch v v u cui thu bao, i vi IDN cn tn ti nhiu mng ring r phc v cc dch
v khc nhau nh mng in thoi, mng truyn s liu ISDN l bc pht trin hn na ca IDN
trong ton mng k c u cui thu bao ln giao tip gia mng v ngi s dng (giao tip mng
khch hng) u c s ho hon ton. Hn th na, i vi ISDN, mi dch v ca khch hng u
c phc v bi mt mng tp trung duy nht, tc l ISDN c y cc chc nng ca c mng in
thoi ln ca mng truyn s liu i vi khch hng (ngi s dng) th ISDN l mt mng vin
thng s cung cp mi dng v vin thng theo ng dy thu bao vi mt giao din tiu chun ho.
Cc tiu chun lin quan ti ISDN gm cc khuyn ngh nhm I.100 v cc c tnh chung ca ISDN, cc
khuyn ngh nhm I.200 v cc dch v, nhm I.300 v cc chc nng v cc kh nng ca mng, cc
khuyn ngh nhm I.400 v cc giao din mng- khch hng, cc khuyn ngh nhm I.500 v giao tip
gia cc mng ( giao tip ISDN-ISDN v giao tip ISDN-mng khc nh cc mng in thoi cng cng
PSTN, mng s liu chuyn mch knh CSPDN, mng s liu chuyn mch gi PSPDN) v cc
khuyn ngh nhm I.600 v qun l, khai thc, bo tr.
3.1.2. Cc nguyn tc ca ISDN
Theo ITU-T Rec.I.120, cc nguyn tc ca ISDN l:
1) im c trng chnh ca khi nim ISDN l vic h tr mt gii rng cc ng dng thoi v phi
thoi trong cng mt mng. Yu t then cht ca vic lin kt dch v i vi mt ISDN l s
cung cp mt gii cc dch v s dng mt tp hn ch cc ni ghp giao din mng-khch hng
a mc ch. Khi ni giao din mng-khch hng th mng y c ngha l mng thng tin.
Chnh giao din qui nh iu kin truyn a s liu gia mng thng tin v thit b u cui ca
ngi s dng. Nu iu kin c xc nh mt cch chnh xc th mt lot cc kiu thit b
u cui, min l tho mn iu kin , c th s dng c ti giao din . Ni cch khc,
nguyn tc th nht ca ISDN l s phc v a dch v v nhiu kiu thit b u cui (cho nhiu
ng dng khc nhau) ca ngi s dng u c th trao i s liu vi mng thng qua giao din
mng- khch hng.
2) ISDN h tr mt lot cc dch v bao gm c kt ni chuyn mch ln khng chuyn mch. Cc
kt ni chuyn mch trong mt ISDN bao gm c kt ni chuyn mch knh ln chuyn mch gi.
Cc kt ni khng chuyn mch y l kt ni kiu thu ng ring.
13

3) Trong chng mc thc tin cho php, cc dch v mi c a vo mt ISDN nn c thu xp

tng thch vi cc kt ni s c chuyn mch tc 64 kb/s. Trong mt ISDN, tc truyn
c s dng ch yu l 64 kb/s (l tc dng cho cc h thng s ho ting ni iu ch xung
m PCM).
4) Mt ISDN s c tnh thng minh nhm mc ch cung cp cc c trng dch v, cc thit b u
cui c th c trang b vi mc thng minh cao. Tc l, cc khch hng c th s dng c
cc chc nng cao cp do ISDN cung cp nh chuyn i, tr v x l s liu, hoc c th c
hng cc chc nng truyn dn ca mng nh cc thit b u cui thng minh c trang b cc
chc nng nh th.
5) Mt ISDN cso th c thc hin theo mt s cu hnh tu theo tnh hnh c th mi bc. Mc
m rng v giai on pht trin cc mng thng minh trong mt nc tu thuc vo nc
v khng ging vi cc nc khc. Do vy, phng php t ti mt ISDN cng nh dng thc
ca ISDN c a ra th c th khng ging nhau gia cc nc khc nhau.
3.2. Cc knh v giao din ISDN
3.2.1. Cc loi knh trong ISDN
Mt phn xc nh ca dung lng ti tin ca mt giao din mng- khch hng trong ISDN c gi
l mt knh. Cc knh trong ISDN bao gm cc knh lu lng v knh bo hiu. Cc knh lu lng
trong ISDN u da trn tc 64 kb/s (bao gm cc knh B v H). Cc knh bo hiu (knh D) th da
trn tc 16 kb/s.
1.1. Knh B: Knh c tc 64 kb/s, c s dng cho trao i thng tin s vi cht lng cao
(bao gm ting ni s ho theo iu ch xung m PCM hoc s liu) gia cc thit b u
cui khch hng theo phng thc chuyn mch knh hoc chuyn mch gi.
1.2. Knh H: Knh H gm hai loi chnh H0 v H1 dnh cho khch hng trao i thng tin vi cc
ng dng hi ngh truyn hnh, fax tc cao theo phng thc chuyn mch knh v dng
cho truyn dn s tc cao. Knh H0 c tc 384 kb/s. Knh H1, tu theo chun p dng,
c chia thnh knh H11 c tc 1.536 Mb/s ( theo chun Bc M v Nht Bn), v knh
H12 c tc 1.920 Mb/s ( theo chun chu u).
1.3.

Knh D: Knh D c tc 16 kb/s hoc 64 kb/s dnh cho bo hiu nhm iu khin cuc gi
hoc dnh cho khch hng trao i thng tin cuc gi theo phng thc chuyn mch gi.

3.2.2. Cc giao din mng-khch hng.

Giao din thuc ISDN bao gm giao din mng khch hng v giao din ISDN-mng khc. Giao
din mng- khch hng xc nh c im k thut ca kt ni gia trang thit b cui v thit b mng,
cho php cc thit b u cui khch hng thc hin lin lc. Giao din gia ISDN v cc mng khc n
nh cc c im k thut ca kt ni gia ISDN v cc mng khc nh mng in thoi cng cng (
PSTN: Public Switched Telephone Network), mng s liu chuyn mch knh, mng s liu chuyn
mch gi Cc c im k thut ny bao gm cc c trng vt l ca mch lin lc, giao thc thng
bo bo hiu v trao i dch v cho php cc thit b u cui ngi s dng ca cc mng khc nhau
trao i thng tin c vi nhau theo nhng dch v nht nh.
3.2.3. Giao din mng-khch hng:
Giao din mng-khch hng c tiu chun ho da trn tin l cc dch v khc nhau nh in
thoi, fax v truyn s liu u c th thc hin c. i vi cc mng chuyn dng, ti mi giao din
14

th thit b u cui v giao din c ni vi nhau trn c s 1:1 tc l mi mt giao din ch ni ti mt

thit b u cui. Trong ISDN th nhiu thit b u cui (ti a 8 thit b u cui) c th c ni ti
mt giao din, tc l cc thit b u cui ca khch hng c th ni vi giao din trn c s 1:n (n8).
Cc c im ca giao din mng-khch hng ca ISDN c th tm tt nh sau:
1) Ngi s dng c th la chn mt dch v mong mun, tc truyn, kiu ni trn c s mi
cuc gi;
2) S dng cc u cm tiu chun, nhiu thit b u cui c th ni ti mt giao din;
3) Kh nng d dng di chuyn c bo m.
Cu hnh tham chiu giao din mng-khch hng ca ISDN c trnh by trong khuyn ngh I.411
v c m t trn h.1.
Cc nhm chc nng: NT1 (NT: Network Termination) l kt cui mng 1 c cc chc nng kt cui
thu bao, cp ngun, m v ghp; NT2 l kt cui mng loi 2 c cc chc nng x l giao thc cc lp 2
v 3, ghp, chuyn mch tp trung, NT2 c th l tng i t ng ni b PABX (Private Automatic
Branch Exchange) hoc l thit b iu khin u cui (my tnh ch: host computer) ca mng my tnh
ni b LAN (Local Area Network); TE1 (TE: Terminal Equipment) l thit b u cui loi 1 v l cc
thit b u cui tiu chun c trang b giao din ISDN nh in thoi s, thit b u cui truyn s liu
thng thng; TA (TA: Terminal Adapter) l b thch ng u cui thc hin chc nng bin i giao
din nhm bin i giao din ca cc thit b u cui thng thng sang giao din ISDN.
Cc im tham chiu: S v T l cc im tham chiu ISDN, trong khi im R l im tham chiu
khng phi ISDN, giao thc cho im tham chiu R c quy nh bi nh sn xut thit b phi hp TA.
Giao din mng-khch hng c th hin thng qua mt th d trn h.2.
3.2.4. Cu trc giao din.
Vic kt hp cc knh c gi l cu trc giao din. Cu trc giao din th hin cu trc v mt
knh ca cc knh ghp cc i i qua mt giao din ti im tham chiu. Giao din mng-khch hng
ca ISDN c cc loi giao din vi cc cu trc c m t trn bng 1.
3.2.5. Giao din mng:
Vic pht trin ISDN bt k mt bc no cng din ra trong mt thi k nht nh, di hay ngn l
tun thuc tnh hnh v nhu cu dch v ISDN, trnh cng ngh-k thut, kh nng ti chnh ca
tng nc. Trong thi k ny c th thy c l cha th c ngay mt mng ISDN n nht rng khp
ton quc hoc ton cu. Cng vi cc ISDN, trong thi k ny cn c nhng mng khc nh mng in
thoi cng cng, cc mng truyn s liu theo cc phng thc chuyn mch khc nhau do cn phi
kt ni cc ISDN vi nhau v cc mng khng phi ISDN nhm phc v nhng dch v cn thit. Mt
ISDN c kt ni vi cc mng khc qua cc giao din ti cc im tham chiu (theo cc khuyn ngh
nhm I.500):

Kx: i vi mng in thoi (ITU-T Rec.I.530) v cc mng truyn s liu chuyn mch knh
(ITU-T Rec.I.540) hoc chuyn mch gi (ITU-T Rec.I.550);

M: i vi cc h thng chuyn bit cung cp mt s dch v nh teletex hoc MHS (Message

Handling System: H x l thng bo);

P: i vi ngun ti nguyn ring bit c cung cp bi nh cung cp dch v ISDN;

N: i vi ISDN khc (ITU-T Rec.I.520).

15

Cu hnh tham chiu cho cc giao tip mng c th hin trn hnh h.3.
3.3. Bo hiu trong mng ISDN
3.3.1. Bo hiu mng-ngi s dng.
3.3.1.1. Cu trc giao thc ISDN.
Vic x l bo gi v iu khin cuc lin lc qua giao din mng-khch hng c thc hin trn
knh bo hiu (knh D). giao thc knh D l giao thc s dng qua giao din mng-khch hng, thc cht
l tp cc quy tc gii quyt cuc lin lc t ngi s dng ti mng v ngc li. do giao thc ny ch
m t giao tip ngi s dng-ngi s dng nn n ch c cu trc ba lp (tng ng l khng c cc
phn i tc ca knh D i vi cc lp t u cui ti u cui). Ba lp ca giao thc knh D l (hnh
h.4):
- Lp 1: M t cuc ni vt l gia TE1, TA ti NT 1 hoc NT2 (m t kt ni vt l ti cc im tham
chiu S v T). Ch tiu lp 1 c quy nh trong khuyn ngh I.430 v I.431 ln lt cho truy nhp
-

c s v truy nhp s cp;

Lp 2: Giao thc lp 2 cho giao din mng- ngi s dng ca ISDN c tn gi tt l LAPD (Link
Access Procedure-D Channel: Th tc truy nhp tuyn knh D). Giao thc ny m t cc th tc
bo m lin lc khng li qua knh vt l v n nh cuc ni logic gia ngi s dng- mng. Giao
thc ny c m t trong khuyn ngh Q.921.
Lp 3: L giao thc bo hiu c s dng gia thit b u cui ca ngi s dng v ISDN nhm
iu khin cuc gi c bn, iu khin v yu cu cc dch v b tr. Cc th tc bo hiu v iu
khin ny c m t trong cc khuyn ngh CCITT Rec.Q.930 (hoc ITU-T Rec.I.450) (cc nguyn

l chung bo hiu ngi cng mng), Q.931 (I.451) (cc thng bo bo hiu iu khin cuc gi c
bn) v Q.932 (I.452) (m t cc thng bo cho cc dch v ph tr).
3.3.1.2. Bo hiu mng-ngi s dng.
Bo hiu gia ngi s dng v mng nhm iu khin thit lp, gii phng cuc gi ti mt ngi
s dng khc. Bo hiu gia ngi s dng v ISDN thc hin trn knh D, theo th tc c m t chi
tit trong khuyn ngh Q.931 ca CCITT. Hin nhin cc thng bo bo hiu ny phi c mng chuyn
tip ti thit b u cui ngi b gi, tuy vy bo hiu trong ni b mng ISDN (bo hiu lin i cho ti
tng i ch) c thc hin bng h thng bo hiu knh chung s 7 (SS7: Signaling System No.7), v
vy ti cc tng i xut pht v tng i ch vic phi hp gia cc tin bo hiu theo khuyn ngh
Q.931 v SS7 phi c phi hp. Do lin quan ti SS7, qu trnh bo hiu iu khin cuc gi trn knh
D s c m t sau.
3.3.2. Bo hiu lin i bng SS7 trong ISDN.
3.3.2.1. Khi qut v bo hiu knh chung.(CCS: Common Channel Signaling)
Bo hiu knh chung l h thng bo hiu c thit k nhm chuyn cc thng bo bo hiu gia
cc trm chuyn mch c trang b vi x l ( th d cc tng i in thoi loi SPC- Stored Program
Control- nh AXE) bng cch s dng cc knh bo hiu hon ton tch ri vi knh lu lng. Nh
vy, vi mng s dng bo hiu knh chung, vic bo hiu nhm iu khin thit lp, qun l, gii phng
cuc gi v trao i thng tin ca cuc gi c bn c thc hin trn cc h thng vi cc knh tch bit
nhau. Cc li ch nh bo hiu knh chung bao gm:
Cho php cc thit b mng t, kim tra v gii phng nhanh cuc gi do mng bo hiu knh chung
c th qun l, kim tra tt c cc thnh phn ca tuyn i vi mt cuc gi nhm xc nh xem cc thit
16

b phc v lp tuyn cho cuc gi c kh dng hay khng v xc nh c mi ngun lc cn thit cho
mt cuc gi;
Bo ton rng bng tn trn c ly ln do c th bo hiu trn knh bo hiu ring nh bo hiu
ngoi bng, mt knh bo hiu c th phc v cho nhiu ng trung k; (do tc bo hiu chm)
Chi ph thit b gim do s dng thit b bo hiu t hn v khng cn n thit b bo hiu ring cho
tng mch nh i vi bo hiu knh kt hp;
H tr c cc dch v b sung
3.3.3.2. Khi qut v bo hiu s 7 (SS7)
SS7 l mt mng bo hiu knh chung c thit k cho bo hiu lin i h tr c cc dch v thoi
v phi thoi. SS7 c ti u ho i vi bo hiu hng thng bo (message-oriented), s dng cc
trung k hot ng ln ti tc 64 kb/s. Bo hiu gia cc nt mng bo hiu vi nhau trong SS7 c
m t trn h.5. Trong , mt thit b u cui bo hiu ST (Signaling Terminal) mt tng i (nt) gi
thng tin bo hiu ti mt ST tng i kia thng qua ng bo hiu l mt knh 64 kb/s. Knh dng
cho bo hiu c th l mt trong cc knh ca h thng truyn dn lu lng PCM thng thng hoc c
th l mt tuyn bo hiu dnh ring. Knh bo hiu tch ri khi knh lu lng v mt knh bo hiu
phc v cho mt rt ln mch lu lng (traffic circuit).
SS7 c th h tr c nhiu dch v vin thng mi trong cc mng nhau nh PSTN, ISDN, IN
(Intelligent Network: Mng thng minh), PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network: Mng thng tin di ng
cng cng mt t) nht l cc mng di ng s. i vi ISDN, SS7 l bo hiu tiu chun, tc l ISDN
phi c mt b phn cu thnh khng th thiu l SS7 do cc h thng bo hiu c khng nhanh chng
v linh ng cho cc ng dng ISDN. Thc ra do ch phc v bo hiu lin i, khng c SS7 vn c th
t chc mng khch hng c cung cp dch v ISDN song khi cc dch v ISDN c xut ch
c thc hin c lp trong cc tng i ni ht ring r, cc tng i ni ht ISDN ny lc hot ng
nh cc c o ISDN.
V tr ca SS7 trong ISDN c th m t n gin nh trn h.6.
Cc u im r rt ca SS7 c th k ra nh sau:

Bo hiu nhanh chng: Thi gian thit lp cuc gi gim xung di 1 giy trong hu ht cc
trng hp;

Dung lng bo hiu cao: mi tuyn bo hiu c th x l cho vi ngn cuc gi ng thi;

Tin cy: nh s dng nhiu trc bo hiu an xen c th la chn nn mng bo hiu rt an
ton;

Mm do: h thng c th cha ng nhiu loi tn hiu v c th s dng cho nhiu mc ch

hn l ch dng cho bo hiu in thoi.
SS7 c cu trc c bn c th hin trn h.7 gm cc phn chnh sau: (1) phn truyn thng bo
MTP (Message Transfer Part), c vai tr nh mt h thng chuyn ti tin cy cc thng bo bo hiu gia
cc im bo hiu, hon ton khng ph thuc ni dung cha trong thng bo; (2) Phn ngi s dng
UP (User Part), cha cc chc nng v cc th tc cn thit cho cc loi ngi s dng khc nhau ca h
thng bo hiu. UP to ra cc thng bo bo hiu truyn i v x l cc thng bo bo hiu. UP to ra
cc thng bo bo hiu truyn i v x l cc thng bo bo hiu nhn c. Cc loi UP ca SS7 l
Phn ngi s dng in thoi TUP (Telephone User Part), Phn ngi s dng s liu DUP (Data User
Part) v Phn ngi s dng ISDN (ISUP: ISDN User Part).
17

Bo hiu bng SS7 tun theo cc giao thc c cu trc nh sau:

Phn truyn thng bo MTP gm 3 mc, ng vi ba lp thp nht trong m hnh OSI;

Phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu SCCP (Signalling Connectinon Control Part), b sung

mt s chc nng giao thc lp mng;

Phn ngi s dng UP, cung cp chc nng bo hiu u cui chuyn mch thoi v
cc dch v phi thoi.
SS7 c m t chi tit trong mt lot khuyn ngh ca CCITT. Cc khuyn ngh ny m t tng
qut SS7 (Q.700), m t ton b nghi thc bo hiu SS7 (Q.701 Q.704: m t MTP; Q.77, Q.716: m t
SCCP; Q.721 Q.725: m t TUP; Q.741: m t DUP; Q.761 Q.766: m t ISUP), m t cc dch v
ph tr ca ISDN (Q.730) v khuyn ngh v qun l, bo tr v khai thc (Q.795).
3.4. Qu trnh bo hiu trong ISDN.
3.4.1. M hnh giao thc iu khin cuc gi trong ISDN.
M hnh giao thc iu khin cuc gi ISDN c m t chi tit trong ti liu tham kho.
3.4.2. Qu trnh bo hiu trong ISDN.
Cc th tc iu khin v bo hiu cuc gi ISDN c m t qua lu giao tc bo hiu gia
giao thc knh D v ISUP (bo hiu s 7) nh trn hnh h.10.
Trong h.10, mt s th tc c vit tt bng ting Anh nh sau:
Cc bn tin giao thc knh D:
SETUP (Set-up):
ALERT (Alerting):

Thit lp
Bo chung

CONN (Connect):
DISC (Disconnect:)
REL (Release):
CONN ACK (Connect Acknowledge):

Kt ni
Ct kt ni
Gii phng
Xc nhn kt ni

REL COM (Release Complete):

Gii phng hon thnh

Cc bn tin bo hiu s 7:
IAM (Initial Address Message):

Thng bo a ch u

ACM (Address Complete Message):

ANN (Answer No Charge):

a ch u hon thnh
Tr li

REL (Release):
RLC (Release Complete):

Gii phng
Gii phng hon thnh

3.4.3. Bo hiu gia ISDN v PSTN.

ISDN s pht trin trn c s cc mng hin ti do vic trin khai cc tng i s v qu trnh s ho
mng truyn dn s din ra trong hng thp k. V vy vic kt ni gia ISDN v cc mng khc l mt
i hi tt yu. Khi ISDN c kt ni vi mng khc, bo m iu khin cuc gi phi thc hin
giao tc (interworking) bo hiu. khng nh hng ti qu trnh khai thc ca cc mng hin ti,
ISDN s phi giao tc vi cc mng hin ti trn c s khng dn n nhng i hi thay i nhiu lm
i vi cc mng hin ti, tc l cc chc nng chuyn i giao thc phi thc hin ti cc tng i
ISDN.

18

V mt cng ngh, mng vin thng quc gia (MVTQG) nc ta vn cn trong qu trnh s ho
nhm tr thnh IDN hon thin trong tn lai gn, v mt dch v th dch v c bn ca MVTQG hin
nay v trong tng lai gn vn ch yu l in thoi hoc truyn s liu trong bng thoi, tc l v chc
nng th phn c nh ca MVTQG hin c vai tr ch yu nh vai tr ca mt PSTN.
Do khun kh ca ti liu v ph hp vi tnh hnh thc tin ni trn, trong ti liu ny ch xem xt giao
tc bo hiu gia ISDN v PSTN ( vi dch v m tn 3.1 KHz hoc in thoi) m s khng cp ti
vn giao tc gia ISDN vi cc mng khc.
phi hp bo hiu c gia ISDN v PSTN, nhng vn sau phi tho mn:

Bo hiu lin i trong PSTN l SS7;

Bo hiu lin i trong PSTN khng phi l SS7.

Chng ta s ln lt xt giao tc bo hiu trong c tnh hung ny.

3.4.3.1. Bo hiu lin i trong PSTN l SS7.
Nh trn trnh by, bo hiu gia cc nt trong ISDN s dng giao thc Phn ngi s
dng ISDN (ISUP), tuy vy bo hiu SS7 gia cc nt ca PSTN s dng giao thc Phn
ngi s dng in thoi (TUP) m mt TUP khng th trao i vi mt ISUP c. phi
hp bo hiu c gia ISDN v PSTN, ti tng i ISDN c ni vi tng i PSTN cn c
ISUP ln TUP v thit b bo hiu ca tng i ISDN khi c nhim v thc hin nh x cc
thng bo bo hiu ISUP v TUP.
Giao tc bo hiu gia cc nt bo hiu ca ISDN v PSTN trong trng hp bo hiu ca
PSTN l SS7 c m t trn h.11 v h.12.
3.4.3.2. Bo hiu lin i trong PSTN khng phi l SS7.
Khc vi bo hiu s 7 trong trng hp trc, bo hiu lin i trong PSTN trong trng hp ny l
bo hiu trong bng (R1, R2, No.4 hoc No.5 ), nc ta bo hiu ny thng l R2. Ti tng i ISDN
ni ti PSTN khi ny phi c chc nng giao tc bo hiu thc hin nh x cc thng bo bo hiu ISUP
thnh cc tn hiu bo hiu thch hp v ng li. Cn lu rng, i vi PSTN kh nng truyn thng
tin ch l tn hiu m tn (audio) 3.1 KHz (thoi thay s liu trong bng thoi) do hin nay gia ISDN
v PSTN mi ch phi hp phc v c cc dch v ny, cc dch v khc vn cn ang trong qu trnh
nghin cu pht trin thm. Chc nng ca tng i thc hin giao tc l phi kim tra xem cuc gi c
th ri khi ISDN c khng bng cch xem xt kh nng mang yu cu bi ch gi. Nu nh ch gi
yu cu kh nng mang m thanh 3.1 KHz hoc ting ni th tng i thc hin giao tc mi gi tn hi
thng thng nh hi m chung phi c chuyn i thch hp ngi s dng c th nghe c.
Qu trnh giao tc bo hiu phc v cc dch v m thanh 3.1 KHz gia ISDN v PSTN c trnh by
mt cch chi tit trn h.13.
Tng i giao tc cn c nhim v chn cc yu cu kt ni s khng c phc v ti PSTN (fax,
telex, data s) hoc cc cuc quay nhm dch v: fax-thoi, telex thoi
3.5. Phi hp hot ng gia ISDN v PSTN
Cc dch v mang ca ISDN c th thc hin giao tc vi PSTN theo phng thc mch (knh) bao
gm: (1) Dch v mang 64 kb/s dng cho truyn thoi; (2) Dch v mang 64 kb/s dng cho truyn s liu
trong bng thoi (bng m tn rng 3.1 KHz); (3) Dch v mang 64 kb/s khng hn ch (Rec.I.530).

19

Qu trnh giao tc gia ISDN v PSTN i hi mt s chc nng giao tc IWF (InterWorking Fution)
sau:

n nh kh nng v phng thc chuyn thng tin (hin vn cn tip tc nghin cu);

Giao tc bo hiu, bao gm chuyn i bo hiu gia bo hiu trong PSTN v SS7-ISUP, cung
cp cc ch th giao tc cho tng i ni ht ISDN nhm thng bo v giao tc ISDN-PSTN, h tr
vic nh x gia cc tn hiu lin i trong bng ca PSTN v cc tn hiu bo hiu truy nhp thu
bao ISDN (nh trong phn bo hiu trong ISDN trnh by);

chuyn i analog-digital v digital-analog theo cc lut m ho A/ (PCM) ti cc phng tin

truyn dn nhm phi hp gia giao din thu bao digital ISDN v giao din thu bao analog
PSTN, (Rec.530);

H tr trao i thng tin s liu gia cc u cui s liu c km modem ca PSTN vi cc thit
b u cui s ISDN, trao i tham s cho cc giao tc (xc nh tiu chun ca modem gm loi,
s iu ch, tc ) (Rec.I.515);
Giao tc cng nh cc chc nng giao tc gia ISDN v PSTN c m t k lng trong cc khuyn
ngh I.515. I.530.
ng truyn
TE1

R
TE2

NT22

TN12

S
TA
im tham chiu
Ch gii:
Nhm chc nng

Hnh 1. Cu hnh tham chiu cho giao din mng-khch hng

Bng 1. Cc kiu giao din mng-khch hng

Giao din
Giao din c s

Cu trc giao din

B(64kb/s)+ B(64 kb/s)+D(16 kb/s)

ng dng
Thu bao thng thng

Giao din knh B

Tc 1544 kb/s (Bc M) (Nht)

PABX, LAN

nhm s cp

23B (64 kb/s) + D (64 kb/s)

Tc 2048 kb/s (Chu u)
30B (64 kb/s) + D (64 kb/s) + khe ng b l lin
lc nghip v

Giao din knh H

nhm s cp

Tc 1544 kb/s: 4 H0(384 kb/s) hoc 3 H0+D (64

kb/s) hoc H11 (1536 kb/s) (M)
Tc 2048 kb/s: 5H0(384 kb/s)+D (64 kb/s) hoc
H12 (1920 kb/s) (Chu u)

CU HI N TP CHNG III
Cu 1. Cu trc knh trong ISDN?
20

Hi ngh truyn hnh, fax

cao tc

Cu 2. Bo hiu trong ISDN?

21

Chng IV
H THNG THNG TIN QUANG
4.1. Tng quan v h thng thng tin quang
4.1.1. Lch s pht trin
- T nhng nm 1950 cng vi s pht trin mnh ca k thut bn dn, bn cnh cc trazitor v vi
mchth photodiode c nhy cao dng trong cc my thu quang cng c ch to.
- S pht trin ca k thut Laser ( Light Amplification by Emission of Radiation) vo nm 1960 to
ngun pht quang c cng ln v c ph n sc, c bit diode laser bn dn lm quang iu ch
di rng, m ra mt ha hn mi v thng tin quang, tip n l s ra i ca LED (Light Emission
Diode ) l my pht quang thch hp cho h thng thng tin quang n gin c gi thnh hp l.
- Mi trng truyn nh sng l si thu tinh, v nguyn tc truyn nh sng ngi ta bit t lu.
Mi n nm 1970 xng thu tinh Corning USA mi sn xut c si quang c tn hao 20dB/km.
Cc phn t khc cu to nn ng truyn sng nh sng nh phn t ni tip, b phn nhnh c sn
xut t nm 1976 nhiu nc nh Nht, M, Anh.... Cc ng truyn thng tin bng nh sng c
nghin cu, th nghim v da vo thc t.
- Cng ngh ch to si quang pht trin t c suy gim b 0,25dB/km.M ra kh nng to ln
cho thng tin quang. T nm 1979 h thng truyn dn bng cp quang c cho hng.
- Bn cnh vic nghin cu v xy dng cc tuyn thng tin quang lc a, cctuyn cp quang trn
bin cng c xy dng rt nhanh.
-Tuyn TAT-8 l tuyn cp quang trn bin u tin dc lp vo cui nm 1988, thng 4 nm 1988
tuyn cp s 3 bng qua Thi Bnh Dng c xy dng. v tip l tuyn cp s 4 bng qua Thi Bnh
Dng, tuyn cp PTA-1 gia m v anh.
- Tuyn TAT-8 gm hai i cp bc sng lm vic 1300nm, dung lng mi i 280mb/s tng
ng vi 7560 knh thoi 64kb/s. Gi thnh tuyn cp l 360 triu USD, tuyn ny di khong 6700km
vi 125 trm lptui th c tnh 25 nm.
- Tuyn TAT-9 ni M - Canada v Anh, Php, Ty Ban Nha dung lng l 2x560Mb/s qua i Ty
Dng khai thc s dng vo nm 1991, bc sng lm vic 1500nm.
- Nm 1989 tuyn cp gia Nht v M c a vo khai thc, vi tng chiu di12300km, c
nhnh r sang Hawaii v Guam. bc sng lm vic l 1300nm vi chi ph l 600 triu USD.
- Nm 1990 tuyn cp bc Thi Bnh Dng ni Pacific city Oregon( M) Ti Morio gn Tokyo (
Nht ) c dung lng l 260Mb/s.
Nm 1993 xy dng tuyn cp PACRIM - EAST ni gia c - Newzeland - Hawaii
Nm 1996 c tuyn cp PACRIM - EAST t c ti Guam.
Chu mng cp bin cng c xy dng sm nh cc tuyn Hng kng - Nht Bn v Triu
Tin xy dng nm 1990. Singapore - Hng Kng - i loan xy dng vo nm 1992.
- T nm 1995 tuyn cp Thi Lan - Vit Nam - Hng Kng c xy dng v khai thc.
- Ngoi cc tuyn cp quc t, hu ht cc nc xy dng cc tuyn cp ni a, nhm phc v thng
tin qun s, dch v bu in, truyn thanh truyn hnh vv
- Vit Nam cc ng thng tin quang c s dng nh tuyn cp quang trn ng dy 500kv
Bc Nam p ng nhu cu thng tin c v tc v dung lng.
4.1.2. Cu trc h thng thng tin quang
22

Gm c:
- Ngun tn hiu
- Mi trng truyn dn
- Ngun thu tn hiu
a/ S khi ca h thng thng tin quang iu ch trc tip(IM/DD)
Ghp
knh

M ha

Kch
thch

Ngun
quang

O/E

K
sa

E/O

SQ

Tch
sng

SQ

K
san
bng

Tch
ng h

Tch
knh

Gii m

Quyt
nh

Khi ghp knh s: Thc hin ghp knh tn hiu theo phng php diu ch xung m PCM
Khi m ho: Bin i m ca tn hiu thnh m ng dy ph hp vi mi trng truyn dn
l si quang v thun tin cho khi phc ng h, gim st v nng cao kh nng sa li ca h
thng.

Thng thng trong h thng thng tin quang ngi ta s dng m ng dy l m mB/nB
(n>m) v m CMI.
Khi kch thch:Ngun quang thng dng LED v LD, c hai linh kin bc x sng nh sng

nhn thy hoc vng gn hng ngoi. S khc nhau gia hai ngun sng cng sut ra, rng
ph,tnh tuyn tnh v gi thnh.
LED c cng sut ra t l vi dng kch thch, n thch hp cho c iu ch anlalog v iu ch
s, so vi Laserdiode th cng sut ra cng nh tn s iu ch ca Led thp hn, mt nhc
im na l rng ph ln vo khong 40nm, nh sng bc x ca LED khng tp trung, nh
sng khng kt hp, gc m pht x ca LED n 900(theo phn b Lambert) khc phc
nhc im ny ngi ta ch to LED bc x cnh (ELED). Laserdiode pht sng kt hp chm
tia bc x hp, gc bc x ch vo khong 50- 10 0, bi vy hiu sut ghp nh sng vo si quang
ln ngay c loi si c khu s b, ph bc x ca LD hp hn nhiu so vi LED (= 12nm). Nhc im ca LD l ph thuc nhit ca dng ngng cho nn phi c mch t ng
iu chnh nhit n nh in lm vic, bi vy gi thnh ca LD cao. Ngi ta cn dng
loi LD n mod DFB truyn dn tn hiu quang vi tc cao (hng Gb/s).
Thit b thu u cui:

Cc xung quang c bin i thnh xung in thng thng qua cc b tch quang l cc diode
PIN hoc APD (Avalanche Photodiode). Khi hot ng tch sng cc diode lm vic vi thin p
ngc.

23

 Photodiode PIN in p lm vic thp, nhy thu nh sng thp, tp m t, gi thnh r. Cn

diode APD in p lm vic t 100v-300v, gy nn tp m ln; nhy thu nh sng cao, gi thnh
t hn PIN.
- Khi khuych i san bng lm nhim v khuych i tn hiu v san bng nng cao t s tn
hiu trn nhiu im quyt nh.
-

Khi quyt nh gii m tn hiu a v dng tn hiu s vi dng m tng ng u ra ca

thit b ghp knh pha pht.
thc hin ti sinh tn hiu, gii m v tch knh chnh xc phi c tn hiu ng h ng b
vi phn pht.

Trm lp:
Do hin tng suy gim v tn sc tn hiu trn ng truyn cho nn c ly truyn sng khng th
ko di ty c, cho nn khi thc hin h thng thng tin ng di cn thit phi c trm lp (hoc
trm khuych i trung gian). Trong thng tin quang IM/DD trm lp bao gm ba khi c bn sau:
-

Khi O/E bin i tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in.

Khi khuych i, sa dng tn hiu in.
Khi E/O bin i tn hiu in c sa dng thnh tn hiu quang truyn tip tc trong
si quang.

4.1.1.2. H thng thng tin quang Coherent.

a) Khi qut:
Trong h thng thng tin quang iu ch cng v tch sng trc tip (IM/DD) lung bit c
a vo iu ch trc tip sng mang quang, u thu tn hiu quang c tch sng trc tip bng cc
Photodiode ly ra tn hiu in bng gc. l nguyn l truyn dn thng tin n hng. Vi truyn
dn hai chiu ngi ta dng hai si quang truyn tn hiu t my pht n my thu. Tuy nhin hiu sut
s dng si quang ca h thng ny khng cao nhng n vn c s dng t trc n nay v c trong
tng lai, bi v gi thnh ca n r va lp t n gin.
tn dng kh nng truyn dn ca si quang, ngi ta nghin cu v a vo th nghim h
thng thng tin quang kt hp (Coherent). h thng ny s i tn quang c s dng my thu bng
cch trn trng quang ca b dao ng ni vi tn hiu quang thu c. Cc u im c bn ca h
thng thng tin quang kt hp so vi h thng thng tin quang IM/DD l:
Nng cao nhy my thu:
Trong h thng thu trc tip nhy my thu b hn ch bi bng tn cao, tn s cng cao th nhy
my thu cng gim. Trong h thng thng tin quang Coherent c s dng phng php Homodyne hoc
Heterdyne cho php tng khong cch gia hai trm lp, tng tc truyn trong cc tuyn thng tin
ng trc v tng s knh trong mng ni ht hoc thu bao. nhy my thu c nng len t (1520dB) so vi thu trc tip.
Nng cao kh nng truyn dn:
Vi phng php ghp knh theo tn s (FDM) cc h thng thng tin quang Coherent c dung lng
truyn dn rt ln. iu ny c th thng qua v d sau: Nn trong vng ca s quang 1,55m (tn s
200THz), chn rng ph truyn (chng hn 1,47m- 1,57m) th trong vng ny c th truyn
khong 109 knh thoi tng ng.
Nng cao kh nng la chn knh:
24

Kh nng chn lc knh pha thu a trn kh nng ngun thu c th iu chnh c tn hiu ti.
Nh vy ngi s dng c th c th la chn c knh mong mun trong nhiu knh.
Kt hp thu Coherent vi khuych i quang:
C th to nn cc tuyn thng tin s c dung lng ng truyn ln v tng khong cch gia hai
trm lp ( c th t 10.000 km) kh nng ny c ng dng trong cc tuyn trc v cc tuyn cp
quang di bin.
Tuy nhin bn cnh cc u im thng tin quang Coherent cng c nhng nhc im: S cu trc
phc tp ca ngun thu ko theo s i hi cao v n nh ca Laser bn dn dng lm ngun pht dao
ng ni v ngun pht tn hiu, yu cu nghim ngt v nhit , dng nui, nhiu pha, phn
cc,v.v, gi thnh cao.
Tuy vy do cc u im ca n nn h thng thng tin quang Coherent vn chim v tr then cht ca
n trong mng vin thng tng lai.
b) S khi h thng
LD

Trn
quang

iu ch
ngoi
KCS

SQ

Lc IF

D
TS

LD

Gii

ra

iu ch
K

AFC

Phn pht gm laser bn dn, b iu ch tn hiu v b khuych i cng sut.

Laser bn dn hot ng ch ch n mod c rng ph hp, thng l loi DFB c
rng ph 0,1 nm, hoc Laser c b cng hng ngoi (Laser cch t c rng bng tn c (10MHz100MHz).
Cc loi LED v Laser a mod khng thch hp bi v yu cu rng ph phi hp, n nh
nhit cao, nhit phi iu khin trong gii hn 0,01 0C m bo n nh tn s ca Laser.
B iu ch:
Thc hin theo hai phng php tng ng vi dng iu ch.
-

B iu ch ni x ca ngun Laser (Trc tip nh trong h thng FSK).

B kch thch iu ch trng quang pht ra t ngun Laser bng cc thit b thch hp nh:

ASK, PSK hoc DPSK.

Gia si quang v cc b thu pht nn a thm vo cc b cch ly trnh phn x sng.
Phn thu c cu to phc tp nht, n bao gm mt b trn quang, mt Laser dao ng ni,
mt photodiode, mt b tin khuych i, mt b gi iu ch, b t ng iu chnh tn s.
B trn quang l mt mng 4 cng nh b ghp nh hng siu cao tn, hai trng quang cc
cng vo c trn vi nhau v cng tuyn tnh hai cng ra ca b trn.
Trong mt my thu n gin nht ch c 1 u ra ca b trn a n 1 photodiode, dng in sau
tch sng t photodiode c a n b tin khuych i, lc thng di hn ch rng bng tn
nhiu. Tn hiu a vo b gii iu ch tng ng dng iu ch my pht, mt phn tn hiu u ra
b lc thng di c a vo mch iu khin tn s t ng AFC a n iu khin b dao ng ni.
25

4.1.3. Cc u im ca thng tin quang

So vi h thng thng tin in s dng h thng cp ng c in th thng tin quang s dng h
thng si quang cng nh cc linh kin pht, thu quang biu hin nhiu u im, y chng ta nu ln
mt s trong cc u im :
a) H thng thng tin quang c tc truyn dn ln bng thng rng nn c th truyn mt khi
lng thng tin ln n hng trm GHz.km, vi c ly xa hn 100 km khng cn trm lp, n p
ng c i hi thng tin trong tng lai.
b) Si quang c kch thc nh, nh tn t vt liu, lp t thun tin, vn chuyn d dng.
c) Tn hiu truyn trong si quang khng b tc ng ca nhiu in trng cahwngr hn nh ca cc
my mc cng nghip, khng b xuyn m gia cc ng truyn, khng c cc tia nhiu x ra
ngoi, thun tin trong vi truyn tn hiu trong cc khu cng nghip, trong my bay, tu thy,
d) Si quang lm bng thy tinh, cht in mi nn c n hi cao, bn vng vi mi trng, c
th dng trong cc vng c phng x, khu cng nghip ha cht, du kh
e) Vt liu ch to si quang sn c, r tin nn gi thnh sn xut thp.
Do c nhiu u im si quang c s dng rng ri cho mng din thoi, truyn s liu trong mng
my tnh, truyn thanh, truyn hnh
Tuy nhin n cng c nhng nhc im nht nh nh kh u ni hn so vi si kim loi, cng
ngh ch to i hi phc tp hn, vic cp ngun cho trm trung gian phi c ng ring
Cc tham s c bn ca h thng thng tin quang
Nh trnh by trn ba yu t chnh cu thnh h thng thng tin quang l ngun quang, si quang
v ngun thu. Cc yu cu c bn ca h thng thng tin l c ly truyn, tc truyn cng nh rng
bng, li bit cng nh trn tp m.
Hai c im in hnh ca h thng truyn dn tng t l t s tn hiu trn tp (S/N) v rng
bng tn (BW), cn vi truyn dn s th c trng tng ng cho hai i lng ...) trn l xc sut li
i vi tn hiu tch ra hoc t s li BER v tc Bit (BR-Bit rate) thay cho chim ph ca bng
tn.
p ng cc yu cu trn cn ch n cc thng s ca cc yu t trong ng truyn nh:
- Vi ngun bc x nh sang (LED, LD).
+ Cng sut ra cc i, cng sut ghp vo si quang.
+ Di tn bc x (bc sng bc x).
+ Ph bc x.
- Vi si quang.
+ ng knh li.
+ suy gim
+ Mt m s.
+ Tch BxL.
+ Chit sut, phn b chit sut.
- Vi ngun thu quang (PIN, APD)
+ nhy.
+ Di tn lm vic.
+ in p lm vic.
26

Thng thng ngi ta lu n cc tham s sau:

4.1.3.1.Tham s in quang
Khi xc nh mi quan h gia tn hiu v nhiu, o rng bng tn c s khc nhau ph thuc vo
v tr o thuc v pha in v pha quang. Bi vy cc tham s in quang c phn bit nh sau:
a)
T s tn hiu trn nhiu v t s sng mang trn nhiu c o v xc nh v pha in ca
h thng in quang, chnh l t s ca in p, dng in hoc cng sut in.
Tham s t s li bt (BER) ca h thng truyn dn s lun c o sau b tch sng tng ng
vi tham s in S/N.
b)
rng bng tn in (BW)e l khong tn s trong p ng ca tn hiu nh h s khuch

c)

d)

i in, cc t s dng in hay in p nm trong gii hn xc nh. Cc nh ngha hu ht

l rng bng tn dB, ti y p ng tn hiu ch bng 0,707 gi tr ca n bng tn
bng khng.
T s tn hiu v sng mang trn nhiu c o v xc nh cng quang ca h thng tng
ng, chnh l t s cng sut tn hiu quang trung bnh thu c trn Pr trn cng sut nhiu
quang tng ng.
rng bng tn quang (BW)o l khong tn s m ti cc mc cng sut quang nm trong
gii hn xc nh. Thng ngi ta s dng rng bng tn quang mc 3dB l di tn s

iu ch cng sut quang gim n 0,5 gi tr so vi gi tr tn s bng khng.

4.1.3.2. Tham s quang
- Cng sut yu cu ti thiu ca ngun quang
- tn hao
- rng bng tn ca tuyn
4.2. Cc phn t quang c bn trong h thng thng tin quang
4.2.1. Si quang
a) Phn loi
- Theo vt liu: Si quang lm bng thy tinh thch anh, si quang lm bng thy tinh hn hp hoc si
quang lm bng cht do.
- Theo kch thc hnh hc ca li v v si quang.
- Theo phn b chit sut: chit sut nhy bc, chit sut bin i u.
- Theo phng thc truyn lan: si n mode, si a mode.
Trong phn loi theo mod truyn lan l ph bin hn c.
b) Cu trc
- Si quang c ch to t thy tinh thch anh c ch s chit sut n = 1.5 hoc bng cht do c tn
hao b.
- Si quang c cu to t hai lp in mi, li si c chit sut n1, lp v chit sut n2 (n1>n2).
C hai loi si quang: a mode v n mode
-

Si a mode c chit sut thay i t ngt gia li v v gi l si a mode c chit sut nhy
bc, vit tt l MM- SI.
Si a mode khc c chit sut li bin i u t no n n2 (no > n2), vit tt l MM- GI.
Si n mode c chit sut nhy bc, vit tt l SM- SI.

4.2.2. Cp quang
a) Gii thiu chung
27

Si quang mun a vo s dng trong cc tuyn thng tin phi bc thnh si cp. Si quang khi
mi sn xut ra ch c bc trong mt lp nha mng bo v mt ngoi ca n, lp v s cp tip c
ng knh khong 250m, lp v ny c th tch ra khi si quang d dng, khng nh hng n li
si.
Khi sn xut cp, m bo tnh n nh, bn vng c hc, phi lm lp v bo v cp, cht n
v cc vt liu gia cng v cp thng lm bng kim loi hoc nha tng hp c bn cao, cht n
thng l cht nhn chon y cc khe h ca cp. Cc vt liu gia cng c th l si thp, bng thp
hoc tng hp c sc bn ln.
b) Phn loi
- Theo cu trc:
+ Cp c cu trc i xng c in nh cp kim loi.
+ Cp vi li c rnh dng rng lc, si quang c xp trong cc rnh ca li cp.
+ Cp c cu trc bng dt, cc si quang c b tr trn tng bng, trong rut cp c nhiu bng xp
chng.
- Theo mc ch s dng:
+ Cp dng trong mng thu bao ni ht, mng nng thn
+ Cp trung k gia cc tng i.
+ Cp dng trong thng tin ng di.
- Theo iu kin lp t:
+ Cp chn trc tip
+ Cp lp t trong cng
+ Cp treo.
+ Cp lp t trong nh

c) Mt s loi cp quang in hnh

- Cp bng dt
- Cp li c khe rng lc
- Cp th trong ng
- Cp treo

4.2.3. Cc phn t quang - in

4.2.3.1. Diode bc x nh sng
* Nguyn l ca LED
- Da trn hin tng bc x nh sng t pht ca LED trong qu trnh ti hp bc x gia in t v l
trng, xy ra trong vng hot tnh khi cu trc d th kp c cp phn p thun.
- C hai dng chnh:
+ LED bc x mt v LED bc x cnh.
4.2.3.2. Diode laser phun
a) Nhn xt:
Diode laser phun bn dn l ngun pht quang dng ch yu trong cc h thng thng tin quang
si c rng di tn ln hn 200 MHz v trong cc h thng thng tin quang si ng di, c tc
28

ln. So vi LED, Diode laser phun c u im l: Cng sut ghp vo si ln hn nhiu, rng ng
ph hp, phn ng thi gian nhanh v rng iu ch ln. Tuy nhin cu to ca n phc tp, cn phi
n nh nhit cao.
b) Nguyn l hot ng:
Da trn s bc x nh sng cng bc trong vng hot tnh ca chuyn tip d th kp bn dn.
c s hot ng ca nh sng laze, cu trc ca n phi t c cc iu kin:
- Vng hot tnh ca chuyn tip d th kp phi tr thnh mi trng nh sng bc x ti hp.
- S phn hi quang ca nh sng bc x cng bc trong vng hot tnh ca lase phun phi l
dng, ngha l phi t c s ng pha ca cc tia ti v tia phn x lin tip hai ln ti cc
mt gii hn 2 u ca laser dc theo trc ca vng hot tnh.
- Ngun bm bn ngai i vi laser phun l dng thin p thun t ln chuyn tip
S hot ng ca n din ra nh sau:
Khi cu trc chuyn tip d th kp ca n t di thin p thun, in t t vng N v l trng
t vng P phun vo vng hot tnh v chng b giam ti y do hng ro th. S ti hp bc x t pht
xy ra trong vng hot tnh. nh sng bc x b giam trong vng hot tnh s pht i mi hng. Nhng
photon bc x truyn dc theo trc ca vng hot tnh i n b mt phn cch gia laser v khng kh s
b phn x ti y v truyn dc vng hot tnh nhiu ln. Nhng photon ny p vo cc nguyn t vng
hot tnh trng thi kch thch lm cho chng pht ra nh sng cng bc c cng tn s vi nh sng
p vo. Khi dng bm nh hn gi tr dng ngng th cc nh sng bc x cng bc pht ra trong
vng hot tnh b hp th ht trong n, nn nh sng ca laser pht ra ngai l nh sng bc x t pht
tng t nh LED. Khi dng phun tng vt gi tr dng ngng, trong vng hot tnh xy ra trng thi
o mt . S bc x cng bc chim u th so vi s bc x trong vng ny. Vng hot tnh ca n
tr thnh mi trng khuch i i vi nh sng bc x cng bc khi chng truyn v phn x nhiu
ln ti cc mt cui ca laser gi l cc mt gng. Khng gian vng hot tnh gia hai gng to mt
hp cng hng. Khi chiu di ca hp cng hng ny t c iu kin cng hng, ngha l c s
phn hi quang dng vi bc x cng bc th trong diode laser xy ra qu trnh dao ng v nh sng
bc x cng bc c khuch i ln hn b tn hao trong hp cng hng ri c pht ra ngoi qua
mt gng ca diode laser.
nh sng ca diode laser pht trong ch ny (gi l ch laser) c tnh ng b c v khng
gian v thi gian (c tnh n sc v nh hng khng gian cao) vi cng sut ln hn nhiu so vi bc
x t pht.
c) Phn loi:
- Laser Fabry Perot: L diode laser phun
- Laser n mode: l laser bn dn phun cng tc trong ch ch c mt mode dc v mt mode ngang,
c dng trong h thng thng tin c tc bit ln khong cch xa, c bit l trong h thng thng tin
quang kt hp. V cu trc, laser n mode li c chia thnh 2 loi chnh:
+ Lase phn hi phn b (DFB)
+ Lase n mode cng hng lin kt.
4.2.3.3. Diode tch sng quang
a) Gii thiu
- l phn t c bn ca my thu trong h thng tin quang si. N c nhim v bin i tn hiu quang
truyn dn dc si quang t my pht v dng tn hiu in.
29

b) Nguyn l hot ng:

- Lm vic da trn hiu ng quang in. Diode tch sng quang dng trong h thng thng tin quang si
phi p ng cc yu cu sau: C nhy cao, phn ng thi gian nhanh, tp m thp, tin cy cao, gi
thnh thp v c kch thc ph hp vi kch thc ca li si quang.
- Diode tch sng quang ch to t cht bn dn vi chuyn tip P-N hot ng theo nguyn tc hiu ng
quang p p ng tt c cc yu cu trn. Do , ch tp trung xt nguyn tc cng tc v cc tham s
c trng c bn cho cc diode tch sng quang bn dn chuyn tip P-N v hai dng ci tin dng ch
yu l PIN v diode thc APD.
4.2.3.4. Diode PIN
a) Cu to
- c cu to t cht bn dn gm 3 vng. Vng bn dn gia vng P v vng N l vng bn dn tinh
khit gi l vng I (intrinsic), v vy n c tn l diode PIN.
- C di t 1,3 1,5 m vi cc lp bn dn, thin p ngc t vo diode PIN cng tr ti v phn b
in trng bn trong diode PIN.
b) c im
So vi diode P-N, n c cc u im sau: do vng I c in tr cao nn in trng trong n v v
vy, rng vng I chim gn ht ton b vng ngho v rng vng I c th iu chnh bng cch
thay i trong qu trnh ch to. Thnh phn dng quang in do chuyn ng ko theo chim u th hn
so vi thnh phn dng khuch tn v s hp th nh sng xy ra ch yu trong vng I. V rng vng I
c th chn ln t hiu sut lng t v nhy cao.
Tuy nhin, do phi tnh n thi gian p ng nn dy vng I c chn mt cch ti u.
4.2.3.5. Diode quang thc APD
- c s dng trong h thng thng tin quang si m cng sut sng ti b gii hn.
- c im:
+ Dng quang in c tng cng rt ln nh hiu ng nhn thc xy ra do s ion ha do va chm ca
cc cp in t - l trng s cp sinh ra trong vng ngho khi hp th nh sng vi mng tinh th trong
vng nhn thc to cc cp in t - l trng th cp.
4.3. Cng ngh mi trong h thng thng tin si quang hin nay
4.3.1. Cc b khuch i quang
4.3.1.1. B khuch i quang bn dn Fabry-perot (FPSLA)
C cu to v nguyn tc hot ng tng t vi Laser bn dn Fabry-perot, ch khc ch l n lm
vic ch thin p di ngng dao ng.
4.3.1.2. B khuch i quang bn dn sng chy (TWSLA)
C cu to v nguyn tc hot ng tng t vi Laser bn dn Fabry-perot, ch khc ch l h s
phn x ti hai u hp cng hng gim nh gn n 0, lm vic ch khuch i cho qua mt ln.
gim h s phn x ca cc mt gng hai bn hp FP, dng k thut ph cc lp chng phn x
ti hai u kt hp vi vic chn 2 lp trong sut hai u hoc ch to 2 mt gng lch so vi lp hot
tnh c th t c gi tr cc nh ca R ( 10-4).

30

u im quan trng ca n l c th lm vic c trong c 3 vng truyn dn quang v c th ghp

thnh n khi trong mt chip vi my thu hoc my pht quang trong cc vi mch quang in rt tin
cy.
4.3.1.3. B khuch i quang si EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier)
- L b khuch i quang si trn t him Ec-bi.
- c dng ph bin v lm vic tt vng bc sng 1,525 1,560 m, c suy hao si quang nh nht.
- Nguyn l lm vic: Bng vic trn mt lng thch hp cc ion cht Ec-bi vo trong li si quang to
ra loi si quang c kh nng bc x nh sng vi bc sng 1,525 1,560 m khi truyn qua n.
4.3.2. H thng thng tin si quang Soliton
- L h thng thng tin mi da trn s truyn dn phi tuyn tn hiu quang trn si quang.
- u im: Khng mo dng xung trn qu trnh truyn dc si vi c ly rt ln.
- Mc d cha c a vo s dng trong thc t nhng c tnh u vit ca n v ang c chng
t qua cc cng trnh nghin cu thc nghim trn th gii v t c tin b ln trong lnh vc ny.
4.3.3. Vi mch quang in (OEIC)
- Nguyn tc chung: l m bo cho nh sng truyn trong chng c truyn dc theo ng dn sng
quang hc gn trn mt chung thnh mt khi duy nht. Do vy, cc thnh phn khc nhau trong n
phi c s ph hp v vt liu bc sng v cu trc khi ghp vo chng to thnh khi c ch tiu
theo yu cu ra.
- u im:
+ Kch thc gn, nh, lm vic tin cy, tiu hao nng lng t v c sn xut hng lot nn gi thnh
c th gim khi cng ngh cho php.
CU HI N TP CHNG IV
Cu 1. So snh gia h thng thng tin quang trc tip IM/DD vi h thng thng tin quang kt hp
Coherent.
Cu 2. Trnh by cu trc ca si quang, cp quang?
Cu 3. Nguyn l lm vic v cc c trng c bn ca cc phn t quang - in bn dn trong cc h
thng thng tin si quang?

31

32