:

- 2010*
,
1.
,
(single production),
, Kurz (1985).

() ,
, , ,
-.1 ,
n n , n
, (i)
, (ii) (
), (iii) ,
(iv) . ,
, , ,
, Metcalfe and Steedman (1981),
: ,
, , ,
, ,
. , Mariolis (2008) (i)

, Kurz (1985) Metcalfe and
Steedman (1981), (ii)
Metcalfe and
Steedman (1981) (joint
production).

.
Study Group on Sraffian Economics,
3 , ,
, 14-15 , 2014. ,
, ,
. ,
,
,
.
1
, , , Hartwig (2004) Trigg and Philp (2008),
, , , Miller and Blair (1985, ch. 4) ten Raa (2005,
ch. 3).
*

 , ,
et al. (2009)
(2009), (2008) , ,
. ,
- (Symmetric Input-Output Tables
SIOT),
, ,
,
. SIOT , ,
, ,
( Steedman, 1984, Faber et al., 1998,
Kurz, 2006).
, , ,
- (Supply and Use Table SUT)
2010. 2 SUT
, ,
. , SUT
la v. Neumann (1945)-Sraffa
(1960, Part II) , ,
( Mariolis and Soklis, 2010, Soklis, 2011,
, 2012, ). ,
(2010)
, ,

: ( 2012),
,
/ ( 2010 ) ,
()
0.50,
1.70-1.80.3 , , ,
,
(, , ..),
- SIOT. :
(2006), Rodousaki (2007), et al. (2007), - et al. (2010),
et al. (2011). , , Mariolis
and Soklis (2010) (2012) .
3
, 2012, :
,
, . ,
2-3
(0,5, . 2012, Greece: Request for Extended Arrangement
Under the Extended Fund Facility Staff report, .15). . Blanchard, O. and D. Leigh (2012),
Growth Forecast Errors and Fiscal Multipliers, IMF Working Paper 13/1, IMF, World
Economic Outlook, Autumn 2012. ,
2

 ,
, ( 2011),
,

1.71 , ,
, , 29% (, 2011).
: 2
. 3 .
, 4 .
2.
n
n , (square),
( Bidard, 1986) (i)
, (ii)
, (iii)
,
( ,
Steedman, 1977, pp. 103-105), (iv) ,
, , (v) , sw (
0 sw 1 ), , (vi)

, s p ( 0 s p 1 ), , (vi)
,
, (-) c T .4
:
(1)
pB pA[I r ] wl
p ( 0 ) , B
, A , I , r ( rj 1 r 0 )
, w ( 0 )

. . European
Commission (2012), Autumn Economic Forecasts, ECB (2012), Monthly Bulletin, .
, 2013
1 (. Greece: First and Second Reviews,
IMF Country Report No. 13/20, . 13). ( , 2013, . 146-147). ,
, Monokroussos and Thomakos (2012) Illing and Watzka (2013).
4
. 1 n

x [ x j ] xT , x ,

x , e j
0,

j 1,

e 1.
3

 , l ( 0 )
.5
[B A] , (1)

(2)
p pH w
H Ar[B A]1 , l[B A ]1 (-)
,
1 (,
, (additive)
Sraffa, 1960, 70, Steedman, 1975, 1976, Filippini and Filippini, 1982).6

:
BxT AxT y T

(3)

y T cTwj cTp dT

(4)

j1

, (1)

pB pA[I r ] wl

( v. Neumann-Sraffa). B
B AF A D , A F , AD

( Leontief- Brdy),

p[B AF AD ] pA pT AF[I r ] wl

pB p[A AD ] pAFr wl
, (ad valorem),

]1 B p[A AD ] pAFr wl
p[I T
[t ] ,
T
i

ti

i (
, Erreygers, 1989, pp. 152-153). ,
, , Kurz and Salvadori (1995, chs 7-9) Brdy
(1970, ch. 1.2), . (
, , ,
Metcalfe and Steedman, 1981, pp. 9-11) ,
, .
6

, , H
Ar rA

Pasinetti (1973), H A[B A]

, ,
1 . , , , H
(-) B ,
.

 xT
, y T , cTwj
j , c Tp
, d T
.
j
T ( (1)),
w j l j x j , pArx

cTwj (1 sw )( w j l j x j )(pcT )1 cT

(5)

T )(pcT )1 cT
cTp (1 s p )(pArx

(6)

(5) (6) (4)

n

T )cT dT
y T (1 sw )(pcT ) 1 ( w j l j x j )cT (1 s p )(pcT ) 1 (pArx

(7)

j 1

xT [B A]1 y T ( (3)),
(2),
n

(w l x ) wlx
j 1

j j

wy T

(8)

T pHy T
pArx

(9)

(8) (9) (7),

y T (1 sw )(pcT )1 (wy T )cT (1 s p )(pcT )1 (pHy T )cT dT

, wy TcT cT wy T pHy TcT cTpHy T ,

y T (pcT )1 cT [(1 sw )w (1 s p )pH]y T dT

, (2),
y T Ky T dT

(10)

K (pcT )1 cT [p (sww s ppH)] . [I K ]

, (10)
y T MdT

(11)

M [I (pcT )1 cT [p ( sww s ppH)]]1

(12)

.
Sherman-Morrison,7 (12)
7

n . , det[I T ] 1 T , T 1 ,
[I T ]1 I (1 T )1 T

(, , Meyer, 2001, p. 124).

M I [( sww s ppH)cT ]1 cT [p ( sww s ppH)]

(13)

[I K ]
( sw w s ppH)cT 0

(14)

( Mariolis, 2008, pp. 660-661 663). (13)

( (2)) , w pH ,
(i) M , (ii)
1, (iii) sw , s p
( B Kurz,
1985, p. 133 Appendix). , , ,
M
1 [(sww s ppH)cT ]1[p (sww s ppH)]cT

1 (, , 2.1
Ding and Zhou, 2007, p. 1224).
sw s p s , (2) (13)

Ms I (1 s)s1 (pcT )1cTp

(15)

, (15)
s 1 ,
. ,
(1 sz ) , z w, p , (5) (6),
(1 sz )(1 t z ) , 0 t z 1 .
, s z sz (1 sz )t z sz .
,
3, .
, (11)
, L lx T , ,
d T ,
L Md T
(16)
M .
(16) la Kahn (1931),
(primary employment)
L I d T
(17)
(secondary employment)
LI L LI [M I]dT

(17)

, ,
.


,
. ,
,
. , ,
i
i . ,
, ImT ,

(18)
ImT mBx
, , .
m
, (4)
n

y T cTwj cTp mBx

dT
j1

[B A]1 y T dT
y T cTwj cTp mB
j 1

, , :
(i).
[B A]1 (pcT )1 cT [p ( sww s ppH)]]1
Mm [I mB

(12)

(ii). H (16)
L M m d T

(16)
(17) , (17)

LI [Mm I]dT

(17)
3.
- 2010

EUROSTAT,
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu,
( )
(), http://www.statistics.gr. SUT
EUROSTAT 65
. ,

, ,
. , SUT

 63 . 8 ,
,

, ,
.

,
. - ,
United Nations (1999, ch. 3
pp. 228-229).
88
.
, l j ,
. ,

63 SUT.
:
(i).
, (1)
(1 ), p e .
(ii). B A 63x63
, , SUT.
(iii). c T 63x1
, SUT.
(iv). j , W j ,
(Compensation of employees)
,
. ,

w j W j l j 1

(v). ( (1)) 9
n

j 1

j 1

1 rj [( b j ) w j l j ]( a j ) 1

(vi). Im 63x1 ,
(
SUT. , m
(18)).
T

.
Mathematica 7.0,
16 .
8
9

H SUT ,
2010,
0 , sw 0
. 1 m
s p 1 , ,

1
i 1, 2,..., 63 . , , AM,
, SD, ,
( ).
iy pM peTi

M p I (pHcT )1 cTp[I H] I (pHcT )1 cT w

( (11), (13)), , ,
M p .10 1
() sw 0 0 s p 1 , () 0 sw 1 s p 1 .11
0 , sw 0 s p 1
1. , m

10

iy

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

1.418
1.837
1.349
1.837
1.554
1.744
1.727
1.827
1.758
1.711
1.743
1.591
1.822
1.675
1.716
1.650
1.805
1.597
1.899

55
17
60
18
45
25
29
19
24
32
26
43
21
33
31
38
22
42
10

, M p ,

, Trigg and Philp (2008).

sw s p s , M s s 1
( (15), p e ). , -
11

.
( (16)), .

20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63

1.766
1.524
1.840
2.530
1.490
1.884
1.725
1.638
1.491
1.734
1.854
1.659
1.457
1.659
1.891
2.125
1.380
1.417
1.727
1.366
1.608
1.877
1.534
1.456
1.014
1.422
1.538
2.122
1.635
1.581
1.394
1.533
1.658
1.872
2.121
2.141
1.675
2.186
1.200
2.003
1.825
1.249
1.924
2.527

23
49
16
1
51
12
30
39
50
27
15
35
52
36
11
5
58
56
28
59
41
13
47
53
63
54
46
6
40
44
57
48
37
14
7
4
34
3
62
8
20
61
9
2

= 1.707
SD = 0.278

10

15

10

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 , sw 0 0 s p 1
m
()

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 , 0 sw 1 s p 1
m
()
1.

2 ,
,
1 i ,
.
iL eM p eTi

11

( (16)). ,
, iLI ,
, iLII (iL )1
( (17) (17)),
. , 2 iL , () sw 0
0 s p 1 , () 0 sw 1 s p 1 .

0 , sw 0 s p 1
2. , m
i

iL

iLI

iLII (iL )1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39

79.882
114.831
29.004
36.842
42.803
47.249
52.774
38.158
49.931
31.765
33.498
29.304
42.201
31.560
32.603
39.195
37.095
28.004
32.456
32.090
42.889
60.485
141.375
18.905
36.814
32.954
43.077
27.763
28.986
69.327
41.236
22.378
31.138
45.276
51.601
31.778
20.020
36.926
13.107

4
2
48
28
19
14
9
23
12
41
35
47
20
42
37
22
25
50
38
39
63
8
1
59
29
36
17
51
49
6
21
55
44
16
11
40
58
27
61

71.236
97.518
21.781
19.537
31.344
31.855
37.737
21.054
34.249
17.066
18.121
17.085
25.192
17.597
17.801
25.746
20.441
15.647
13.8544
16.241
53.719
43.110
109.731
8.760
18.523
17.960
29.888
17.607
13.811
51.644
27.607
12.925
17.510
26.838
28.340
23.916
11.403
21.879
5.536

0.108
0.151
0.249
0.470
0.268
0.326
0.285
0.448
0.314
0.463
0.459
0.417
0.403
0.442
0.454
0.343
0.449
0.441
0.573
0.494
0.253
0.287
0.224
0.537
0.497
0.455
0.306
0.366
0.523
0.255
0.331
0.422
0.438
0.407
0.451
0.247
0.430
0.407
0.578
12

40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63

30.404
30.945
25.574
23.573
0.833
31.354
36.365
49.587
36.292
33.658
21.640
27.125
34.125
37.827
45.649
51.924
37.074
69.688
14.933
67.164
36.303
22.046
42.974
98.221

46
45
53
54
62
43
30
13
32
34
57
52
33
24
15
10
26
5
60
7
31
56
18
3

= 39.314
SD = 24.866

17.827
12.799
14.532
14.145
0.535
22.618
25.239
26.368
23.152
21.633
13.500
16.089
20.517
19.782
22.460
28.344
23.116
45.160
10.803
46.426
19.233
16.889
23.862
66.645

0.414
0.586
0.432
0.400
0.357
0.279
0.306
0.468
0.362
0.357
0.376
0.407
0.399
0.477
0.508
0.454
0.377
0.352
0.277
0.309
0.470
0.234
0.445
0.321

= 24.699
SD = 21.392

= 0.378
SD = 0.128

400

300

200

100

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0 , sw 0 0 s p 1
m
()

13

150

100

50

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

50

0 , 0 sw 1 s p 1
m
()
2.

0 ) :
( m
(i). 63 (
,
), (-) ,
. r
, 47 (
). H ,
. pH ,
23 (
),
1 ( (2)). , ,
, sw , s p , M . ,
, 1 2 23
.
(ii). sw , s p , (sww s ppH)cT 0 , ,

( (14)).
K ( (10)),
1 (pcT )1 ( sww s ppH)cT , 1 , ,
T
T
ytT Kyt
, t 1, 2,... , (
1 d

Lange, 1943, Chipman, 1950) .

14

(iii). M p ,
1, Perron-Frobenius , ,
1.527,
, 1

:
i
y (
1) 10.5%, 3
, m (sw 0.345 s p 0.655)1 ,
. ,
M p . , ,
1 iy , iL ( 21
( )), 1 2.

0 ,
3. , m

(iv). SD 1 2,
iy iL
(, 1 2).
(v). 6 ( 6/ 63 9.5% ) iLII iLI (
2). 2
4 .
(vi). O Spearman
iy iL ( 1 2) 0.75,

iy
15

 iL . iy iL

-: , , 17
(1 , 6
10 ), 16
iLI .
(vii). 54
( ,
),
, , ,
.
,
() 55 (
), , ,
, () 56 (
),
, () 57
( ),
,
, ,
, ... , , 3 4
, 54, 55 57. , 3
- 8
, iy 2 , 2
(, 55 57) 11
, iL 50 . ,
54 1 6 iLII iLI .
(viii). 1 2 .
,
( 2,
).
(ix).
, ,

, 3 iy 4
, ,
iy iL ( iy iL , ), 5
, ,
16

 .12
, , 1 2
.
3. ,
0
m
sw 0.02
sw 0.04
sw 0.04 sw 0.06
sw 0.06

s p 0.50 s p 0.50 s p 0.60 s p 0.60 s p 0.80

54
55
56
57

iy

3.549
3.567
3.130
3.610
3.159

3.455
3.471
3.065
3.512
3.089

2.994
3.011
2.592
3.053
2.620

2.925
2.942
2.544
2.981
2.571

2.365
2.382
1.968
2.422
2.000

iL

69.365

67.901

58.214

57.192

45.298

(x). H
0,
. , , , m
sw 0 s p 1 ,
,
23.
1.758 0.282.

.
43.222
25.543.
, ,
, (
(12), (16) (17)), :
4, sw 0 s p 1 ,
:
- , iy . ,
, , , 1.03
0.
m
- O
[B A]1 MmeTi
iIm pmB

, , Abraham-Frois (1991, p. 204), Bowles and Boyer (1995), Naastepad (2003),

Hein and Vogel (2008), Onaran and Galanis (2012).
12

17


i
.
- , iL .
, , 25.8,
0.
m
- O , iLI ,

, iLII (iL )1 .
- i
i, Gi .13
- i
i, Ii .
- i
i
i, Ex
:
.
- i
i
i, Im
:
.
i
i
i
i 1
- , , Ti 1 Ex
Im
( Ex
Im
) ,
0 Ti 1 *

.
4 :
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1, ( 79%)
. 79%
1.
0.74, 0.62,
23, ,
-,
( ,
), (i)
( ) ,
(ii) (..
, , , ). , ,
, , ,
,
( ) .
13

18

 3.4. , 32/36 (= 89%)

,
1. 1.22, 1.20,
63,
2.
(iii). -,
, , iy , iIm iL . 14
: 2, 9, 23, 25, 27, 30, 31, 35, 36, 46, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57,
59, 60, 62 63 ( 1).
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( 25) ( 27)),
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- , 42% ,
, -.
(iv). - :
(). -
( 51%),
.
1.

1 - 2
3.
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( 50%),
. -: 30, 31, 54, 55, 57, 56, 59.
- (,
30) (
67%), .
(). -
( 20%),
. -: 2, 23, 27, 30.
- ( 27)
( 20%),
.
(). -
( 73%), .

14

, () : () .

19

 - 23, 25, 36, 52, 54, 57, 60 63.15

- 62 ,
.
(). - 23
.
.
(). -
( 32%),
. - 27, 31, 35, 46, 53, 55, 56
59. ,
.
(). -
( 42%), .
- 27, 30, 31, 55 56.
, 30 55
(1.43 1.73, )
(60.2 43.0, ), 30
, , (9.4%)
.
(v). -,
, (
28, 29 48),
( 3, 28, 29, 32 48),
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32 ). ,
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(vi). 3 40,

1. , ,
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6 13, . ,
21,
,

36 52,
, SUT
, ,
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3.0% ( 19.5%) () .
15

20


, 1.16

4.

4. , ,
, ,
sw 0 s p 1

iy

i
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

0.93
1.21
1.00
0.18
0.89
0.45
0.98
0.57
1.17
0.38
16

iIm
0.31
0.35
0.22
0.90
0.41
0.74
0.43
0.70
0.34
0.75

iL
62.3
85.9
21.4
3.6
25.1
12.9
32.6
11.8
37.6
5.7

iLI

iLII (iL )1

Gi

Ii

Exi

i
Im

Ti

71.2
97.5
21.8
19.5
31.3
31.6
37.7
21.1
34.2
17.1

(%)
14.3
13.5
1.6
441.6
24.7
146.7
15.8
78.2
8.9
198.8

(%)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

(%)
0.9
1.4
0
0
0
0
0.6
0
0
0

(%)
12.9
4.7
28.1
12.3
9.4
36.8
3.0
10.7
0.2
24.5

(%)
15.0
19.1
7.8
622.9
30.3
159.6
20.9
94.4
0.8
38.4

0.92
0.39
0.44*
0.04
0.47
0.37
0.25
0.20
0.46
0.78

iIm / iy , ,

, ()

sw 0 0 s p 1 , ()

0 sw 1 s p 1 , () sw s p s .
, , ,
a priori .

21

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
AM
SD

0.32
0.37
0.54
0.94
0.71
0.70
0.07
0.43
0.43
0.18
0.01
0.54
3.46
0.90
1.40
1.07
1.12
1.23
1.31
1.43
1.05
0.85
0.81
0.41
1.51
1.13
1.02
1.13
1.09
1.08
1.33
0.91
1.25
1.01
1.12
1.16
1.26
1.13
1.09
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1.33
1.26
1.43
1.66
1.73
1.23
1.58
1.08
1.46
1.37
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1.57
2.01
1.03
0.53

0.82
0.76
0.72
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0.72
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6.0
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20.5
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, . (2008) : ,
Study Group on Sraffian Economics, 2008,
, .
, . (2011) .
http://theo-mariolis.gr/files/gr/Publications/pop_arthra/18.pdf
, . (2014) , ,
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35