Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Surface 1306420284054

    Uploaded by

    Βασίλης Παπατσάς
    20 views8 pages
    dgsdgdh

    Original Title

    _surface_1306420284054

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    dgsdgdh

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    20 views8 pages

    Surface 1306420284054

    Uploaded by

    Βασίλης Παπατσάς
    dgsdgdh

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 8
    A Norationat ANALYSIS OF Exirre TENNIS SERVE ‘AND SERVE-RETURN STRATEGIES ON SLOW SURFACE Ente Gurer,)* Davin Lenoy,!* Rétis Taouvarnce,! ap Jean-Frangors Smzin* 1CR.TAPS. Laboratory, EA 3832, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Unversity of Rowen, Rouer, Prance;*CRHAL. Laborer Hospital Chaves Nicol, Untvirsty of Rowen, Raven, France; and "National Institte of Sport and Physica! Education, Paris, France AusmRact Gilet, E, Leroy, 0, Thowareeg, R, and Stein, HF. A notational analyoio of elite tons sewe and serveretum,stategies on ‘slow surface. J Strength Cand Res 23(2): 882-599, 2009-A notational enalysis of singles events at the French Open Gand Slam tournament was undertaken in 2006 end 2008 to churactrize the garne pattems and stategle of seive and eenorrotun and to determine ther influence on the point isaue on a clay court eurfce. One hundred siteen men's singles matcheo ware video analyze. The flat serve (57.090), particularly down the “T" location {50.3%], allowed servers to ‘vin sigifcanty more points than te topspin (24.196) and alice ‘eres (18.306). When the topsrin was the frst serve stiatogy, servers kept a high porcentage of points won frofy the serve (62.496). Tis stratogy was essontally used on the second servo (61.6%) by playing the "7" location in the deuce court and the vido zoe in tho,achantage cour. Returns to the central zene allowed recevoro to win more points (78.996 on fis serve fand 68.0% on socond sore) than plays to extemal locations. “Tho rool highight the high impact ofthe fist shots ofa epponens on tho rly, Even on cay, the slowest court surface, sores and sorveretuin remain the strokes tht nos infuence the match resus in modern tennis games. ‘Key Wonns ley court expertise, game Patterns, tenia Inrropucrion hhe hand notation system (6) and computerized notational analysis (12) are methods for analyzing the dynamic and complex situations of sport competition and training, They have been widely applied to racket sports. Among the inain functions of rotational analysis (13), tactical evaluation of play has ‘become a major area of interest to notational analysts. Match ‘Radress conespondenc to Eve Gilet, eiogillet@univ-roven. 25(2/532-539 Sorralof Strength and Canitonng Research {© 2009 National Srengdh and Conionng Aoiation 532 JBirna of Strength and Conditioning Researcli analysis ranges from detailed technical analysis to qualitative analysis of performance in competition, Its results provide relevant match information that coaches use to offer feedback to players and optimize their decision making: Moreover, the results particulary reinforce knowledge of play by specifying the relevant performance indicators that Gefine an aspect of performance (25) and by avoiding the subjective judgments of observers (16). ‘Tennis is a dynamic end complex game in which players repeatedly make decisions on positioning for the next shot Players establish strategies to optimize their chances of winning a match based on the opposition-duel relationship. ‘There are 3 basic factors that influence match play: knowl ‘ege of player’ own strengths and weaknesses, knowledge of those oftheir opponents, and environmental factors such as the court surface, weather conditions, time, and psycho Jogical considerations (27). Match analysis has been used to investigate performance indicators such as serve perfor- ‘mance, rally length, stroke selection and exccution, winners and errors (1d), timing factors and shot details (1527), dis- tance covered and positional play (1), and point profiles (28) “The serve and serve-return strokes are a standardized couple of movement actions that have significant bearing on the match results in modem tennis games. The serve stroke Jaciltates winning the rally, either directly through an ace or indirectly through the advantage gained in the sally after great serve. From Gale's (9) mathematical model, a number of statistical studies have demonstrated serve dominance and effectiveness from pointavinning probabilities associated with possible first/occond serving strategies (10,1824). More recently, strategies based on gender anc court surface have ‘been investigated in relation fo sexve speed at Grand Siam tournaments Firs, the seve is of greater importance in men’s singles than in ladies’ singles. On the frst serve, men players serve faster, geting & lower percentage of serves in but winning a greater percentage of points when the serve sin (626,27). Second, world tour tennis is characterized by play on different court surfaces. The ones used at the 4 Grand Slam tournaments can be classified by their coefficients of| friction and restitution, which affect the ball bounce tra- jectory (2). According to the International Tennis Federation (87) court surface classification, surface speed fills into 3 ‘categories: slow surfaces such as the French Open clay ‘courts; medium surfaces such as the cement, acrylic, or synthetic courts (US. Open and Australian Open), and fast surfaces such as the Wimbledon gress courts. Controversy percsts regarding serve dominance in relation to surface speed. Furlong (6) and Hughes and Clarke (15) found no sigoificant difference between fest and slow surfaces, whereas ODonoghue and Ballantyne (26) and O'Donoghue and Ingram (27) have shown that serves are more effective on faster surfaces. Moreover, although serve speed has been found to be negatively corelated with the proportion of serves that are in, the proportion of points won when the serve isin has been positively correlated with the serve speed fon both the first and second serves in all Grand Slam tournaments (26) Serve ellectiveness depends directly on the opponents serve-rotum skills, Receiving players face high time con- straints (Gerves up to and greater than 200 knnsh™) and variations of the serve trajectory (pin, direation, and ampli- tude). Thus, they must react extremely quickly and are forced to hit in uncomfortable positions because of the serve speed. The serve-return has become 1 of 2 most important shots, along with the serve, in the modem tennis game. However, few studies have analyzed its tactical character: istics. On average, 1596 of all strokes are serve-returns in 12 best-of 3 set tennis match on clay courts against 20% fon faster courts (30). The serve is more difficult to return ‘on faster courts (3,15). However, the number of points won ‘when returning is higher on fast surfaces (about 40%) than on, clay courts (about 30%) (30). “Thhus, the beginning of each point in a moder} tennis game seems particularly essential and even decisive for increesing the chances of winning the point. Nevertheless, pecfor ‘mance indicators other than serve speed and the type of surface need to be investigated Joimnal of Strength and Conditioning Reseatcl | wwwnscajcrong study bas specifically examined the serve and serve-return strategies used by world-class players on slower surfaces using a holistic analysis that integrates the performance indicators of location and spin. Therefore, the purpose ofthe present study was to investigate the game patterns and strategies of serve and erve-retur on a slow surface (lay) 0 specify contextual strategic information, This wes done to determine whether the point isue is also strongly influenced by the characteristics and quality ofthe first strokes produced by all opponents. A notational analysis was thus undertaken for 2 years (2005 and 2006) during the French Grand Stam tournament, Merons Experimental Approach to the Problem This study was a quantitative analysis of tennis based on positional play, shot details, stroke selection and execution, winners, and errors. One hundred twenty-six men’s singles matches fiom terrestrial television tournament coverage were recorded and analyzed (Bigure 1). The matches inciuded in the current research were from the sacond round to the final ‘All matches in which fewer than 100 points were played were excluded from the study to ensure that each match selected ‘was representative of Grand Slam tennis (27). This reduced ‘the number of singles matches analyzed from 126 to 116. ‘Accomputerized notational system was developed to collect data from video recordings of the selected matches. This system was used to produce a spreadsheot for statistical analysis. Tt recorded general information (players, score, ete) ‘and performance indicators for each point about serve and serve-return strokes: the type (frst or second serve; forehand cor backhand), spin (a, topspin, or slice), and location. To fo better understand the strate~ ties developed forthe serveand return, Performance indicators such asthe location ofthe serve @) and the return, as well as their spins, contribute to the proportion of points won di- rectly or indivectly from this serve-return sequence. To our knowledge, only the study of Unierzyski and Wieczorek (2), ‘which describes the game pat terns used by the world’s best players during the final matches at the French Open and Wim- bledon events, has taken the placement of winning serves ‘and returns into account. No g fered he carta en Figure 1. Scherinis iresoltio ofthe lei cout for data eolecton ad ant. Eth vice bax wos “hedin 8 rores: wa ish roceer shod, and" 9h cori ° ‘tolitlol hs tees cook nes vcd 16 gen etengle, ight eclargles eaten amv ofthe cout» ‘hes fetal lated cos ns sngles eles fomed cs ino, Conening ounce, ‘eal 20. ‘vous | ussoer? | manct 200 | 533 is of Blte Tennis Strategies assess serve and serve-return locations, each serve box and half of the tennis court was respectively divided into zones (Figure 1). These indicators also included the type of point (Gerve and at the net, return and at the net, and background rally) and the point won by the serving and receiving players. Serve winners and aces were differentiated according to ‘whether the opponent touched the ball with the racket. Serve-return winners were strokes permitting the receiver to ‘win the point without playing another stroke. Conceming the serve-return errors, forced and unforced errors were not distinguished, to reduce the risk of subjective opinion influencing the data Procedures ‘The video analysis was performed with 2 Panasonic SVHS NV-ES 100 HQ recorder (50 Hz and with a shuttle) and fa 19-inch, high-resolution, color JVC TM-H1900G monitos, “The ball spin ofthe serve was characterized from the curve cof the trajectory after the rebound in the serve box accord: ing the models of Brody etal @) and Durey (6), Because the view of every camera was the same for all matches, « square pattern of the court was created. ‘The parallax distortion was resolved by relating the sizes of the court play zones presented on the video image to those ofa real court. Statistical Analyses Statistical analyses were processed! on the mean of the 116 selected matches using SPSS software. The chi-square tet tnd the Yates correction were used to analyze the serve and return data. These tests were completed by an gnalysis ofthe percentage relative ofthe row or column totals and the post hoc cell contributions of a 2 X 2 table of contingency. Significance was accepted at p = 0.05 (11). Resucrs ‘Tho Serve Characteristics ‘The serving players executed 24,697 shots, of which 15679 were in. Regarding the total number of ist serves, 62.0%6were jn. After the first serve, servers stayed in the backeourt in 96.866 ofthe cases, for only 3.286 eerve and at the net. “The players hit significantly more flat first serves and executed more topspin second serves (V2 ~ 45385, p < 0.0001; Figure 2). ‘A significant association was noted beoveen the spin and location of its serves (x's = 876.1, < 0.00%), with fat serves significantly more often down the “I” near the center sere line and slice and topepin serves in short and wide locations (Figure 3). There also was a significant association between the spin and location of fist servee according to the half of the court (Figure 3): in the deuce court (ight serve box; 224 11443, ¢ < 0.001) and in the advantage coust (left serve bes 2,= 306.0, p< 0.001). A similar association was revealed for ‘second serves in the deuce (2, = 264.8, p < 0.001) and advantage (= 533, p < 0.001) courts, Figure 3 shows the relevant results concerning the proportion of the tops second serves. 534 Biralof Strength and Conditioning Researc “a 3 bind I pee § 18 ce = 1% __|" o 887 7 C| 0%. Bs ‘laure 2 Poprion of spin edn ft and second sare. ‘igen more at fist eve th opin) and ales ses (8 (0 3001) Siete aelopeis econd ores thant (8) endsioe ‘one (8) (p< 0001). ‘The Serve-Return Characteristics “The receiving players executed 15,565 strokes, as presented in Figure 4 ‘More than 80.0% of the serve-teturns were in, with 75.59% plied in the cenirel zone and 245% dovin the line and cxoss- court into the extemal zone (2 = 11862, » < 0.001). A ‘ignificant association was revealed between the serve-return Toeation and the type of serve (1 = 517, p < 0001). The receivers sent the ball to the central zone significantly more often on the first serve (78.8%) than on the second serve (72.08). Conversely returning tothe external zone occurred more often fon the second serve (280%) than on the frst serve (21.296). The Sere, the Serve-Retuo, andthe Winning Pelt Generally the players won more points when serving (62.188) than when returning (32985 2, = 3272, p < 0001) ‘The Winning Point and the Type of Serve Winning a point was significatly influenced by the type of serve (= 192% p < 0.001). Payers won sigificantly more points when serving fist serves (6738) than second serves, (65:88) Receivers won significantly more points after second serves (86.234) than fist serves (32.79). The Winning Point and the Spin Used on the Fist Serve “There was a significant association between winning a point andthe eype of pin used when playing.afiestserve (x'a=468, p< 0.001), Servers won more points from a fit first serve (67.6%) than a topspin (24.19) or slice fst serve (18.3%). ‘Tho Winning Point and the First Sorve Spin and Location ‘As presented in Figure 5, 2 significant association was observed between winning a point and the type of spin and location of the frst serve (= 5913, p < 0.01). ‘The Winning Point and the Sorve-Return Location ‘An association was observed between winning apointand the location ofthe serve-retum (27,8 340.0, p< 0.001). Receivers Joiimal of Stcength and Conditioning Researc | wwascejsccorg £ : a : f & { 5 com | FE ae Fal : E rat [venom atin [rr ee Feteane second sve a Pee Oris + S$ FF Half of the court and spin used eset fata eres Some" cot evvelin, Sricanj ate ()erslen@) Fateowesnovitloston betes ctr gs noel) af pein et eves ar toocn een acne conn ho can dla Ft oe (te he wide oct ne aoalge cou, ‘won significantly more points when they sent the ball into < 0.001). Receivers performed more winners after the the central zone than into the external zone (Figure 6). ‘second serve (54.796) than the frst serve (45.344). Nonethe- Moreover, < presented in Figure 6, this associstion Jess, they performed more errors after the second serve depended on the type of serve (3°: = 267, p < 0.001), (78.616) than the first serve (21.496). ‘Discussion “The results ofthe current research show that the serve was a redoubtable shot for winning points either directly or indirectly on the clay court surface. It provided servers with Ba : e 0% - ‘General Onthe el serve Onihe 2nd awe fnthe deuce cout Inthe ed cour Conditions of play Figure 4. Poporion of chan and backhand eonoreturs votunie22 | nouns j mancn 2000 | 535 ‘Analysis of Blite Tennis Strategies and the probability of winning the point. Hitting the frst serve hard is the best serve strategy [to win a high percentage of points and incresse the chances of winning points from second (2 serves @Q). This strategy in- creases the time constraints om receivers by reducing the | time available for executing their shot. Servers thus improve their chances of winning the 100% om Hea z 203 EF om} —| : B ax i > me et 0% ‘Tnepln First servos . + s igre 6, Propsiton of wving pst flown tho" gore) ban afer zones, Sig than the ones the opportunity to accumulate a high percentage of winning. points, particularly from the first serve (673 vs. 53.8% on ‘second serves). This dominance of the serve over the serve return confirmed the results of O'Donoghue and Ingram (27) ‘and Unierayski and Wieczorek (32) ‘When serving the first serve, cite players favored serve speed (flat serve) over spin variation (topspin or slige serves) ‘The winning point rate from flat fist serves (ei) was hhigher than those from topspin and elie ist serves (24.1 and 18.3%, respectively). Moreover, this rate was highest when serving down the “I” Ideation (60.3%). These results agree ‘with the findings of O'Donoghue and Ballantyne (26), who have noted a significant relationship between the serve speed 100% 0% raat otha fst ewe sp an location. Signo mor fa 2768 ant move foppin (9) anda (8) ses eo to wide locaton point afer a second shot, eva uated at 1196 (30), The first serve strategy used on slow surfaces is therefore similar to ‘he strategy employed on fast courts, although more points cean be won directly from the serve on the latter (27) First serve spins, which re- duce serve speed, are employed with the intention of introducing tactical variations in line with the characteristics of the clay court surface, Clay has higher frition and restitution coefficients than the other surftees, resulting in at high and relatively gentle bounce (2). ‘The current research, shows that players used significantly more topspin serves than slice serves (26.6 and 17.7%, respectively). Moreover, the topspin serve strategy was used significantly more offen to send the ball down the “T” location in the deuce court (63.7%) and on the wide side of the serve box (70.0) in the ‘advantage court. ‘These results validate the current knowl edge about playing tennis on a clay surface. The result of a topspin serve is usually 2 shoulder- or head-high and deep bounce, which prevents the receiver from executing an offensive stroke. Two strategies can be employed, depending con the half ofthe court. Fist, in the deuce court, servers hopeto “push” back the receivers and ‘keep them behind the baseline. Second, when serving to the ‘advantage court, players at- tempt to find moze angles t0 Vining point (%) open up the court. Jn both ‘eases, the servers’ intention is to dominate the rally from its Sorvo-returns Figuie 6. reporting polit nel thee eternal ze. 536 _Jétimal of Suength and Conditioning Researct he canerotmlaction Sinan morelstocertstzon start by exerting « terstoral influence to fettate the clay- specific cross-court baseline . Generally, serves are hit x3! back- hand, which is usually consid- ered the weaker side (the proportion of backhand serve-retumns was around 60%). A high bounce on the serve, together with a short angle, helps {o gain initiative and is followed with a pressure stroke. Then, servers play their second shot inside the baseline, which can be hit for 2 winner or as 2 preparatory point-winning stroke, Serving players can use their best shot, such as an inside-out forehend, to the weak side ofthe receiver. Finally, the topspin first serve strategy enables players to obtain high serve fliciency during a complete match by maintaining a high percentage of points won fiom the serve (62.4%). This topspin strategy is classically used on the second serve (1.68) to limit aggressive and offensive serve-returns. “The results chow that a high proportion of serve-retarns ‘were in (8098). This percentage reflects the specificities of the clay game in relation to the characteristics ofthe surface. The height and relative slowness of the bounce (2), associated ‘with the receivers’ xeady position on the court far from the baseline, increases the available time budget for hitting the ball. However, servers always dominate over receivers. Moreover, our results show that the bounce of serve-return strokes was significantly placed into the central zone (75.5%). ‘This location was the most beneficial for winning the point, 1s much after a fist serve (73.384) as after a second serve (65.9%). ‘These data seem to contradict the findings of Unierzyski and Wieczorek (32), who have noted that returning into the external zone geve only a slightly better chance of winning a rally than returning to the central zone. Nevertheless this discrepancy in the data can be explained by the ‘difference in the location of the central zone in the aforementioned and current studies (ie, the middle of the court and fiom the net to the baseline, respectively), Given the high speed of the at first serve and the high bounce resulting ftom the topspin second serve, the strategy to return into the central 25ne allows receivers to minimize the error number ofthe stroke direction while increasing their chances of winning the point, Receivers are then able to find an individual compromise between the velocity and the precision of their racket movement (19). When receiving rapid fist serves, this issue may be expressed by the execution ‘of counterstrokes with a short backswing reduced to a simple hip and shoulder rotation (., blocked return) Players refen with low racket and segment velocities while maintaining ‘good coordination and synchronization within the kinematic + chain from the proximal to distal segments (19). This bbackswing shortening has the advantage of reducing the “movement time” of receivers and, consequently, decreases the time constraints to which they have been subjected Faced with topspin second scrves, receiving players may reach maximum racket velocity st impact. The reditetion in serve speed then enables receivers to execute offensive strokes with a backswing similar to that used for regular ‘ground strokes, Thus, the compromise between velocity and precision is shifted to the velocity side (19). Both these strategies may be used to increase the "time required” to build an effective striking action before the “available time” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Reseatell | wwnnscajcrong thas ran out (1), This may imply, in return, a reduction in “actual available time” (20) assigned to servers, disrupting their motion coordination at the time ofthe splitstep (e, the first step after landing). Servers indeed seem to have greater

    You might also like