[Enter Document

Title]

WiMAX

[
2005-06]
[:
]

WiMAX

.. 2024200400010
e-mail nikosd@uop.gr

.. 2024200400034
e-mail pa34@uop.gr

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...................................................................................................................................... 4
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

WIMAX .......................................................................................................... 4
......................................................................................................................... 4
........................................................................................................... 5
..................................................................................................... 6
........................................................................................ 9
802.11..................................................................................................... 9
802.16.............................................................................................. 10
............................................................................ 10
802.16 ................................ 11

802.16 ................................................................................................................... 13
3
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
5
5.1
5.2

........................................................................................................... 13
(PHY)....................................................................................................... 14
WirelessMAN-SC PHY ................................................................................................... 14
WirelessMAN-SCa PHY ................................................................................................. 16
WirelessMAN-OFDM PHY............................................................................................. 17
WirelessMAN-OFDMA PHY........................................................................................... 20
WirelessMAN-HUMAN PHY .......................................................................................... 20
(MAC) .................................................................... 21
............................................................................................................................ 21
(Security Sublayer) ......................................................................................... 22

5.2.1
5.2.2

5.3

.......................................................................................................................................22
..............................................................................................................22

MAC Common Part Sublayer (MAC CPS) ...................................................................... 23

5.3.1 .......................................................................................................................................23
5.3.2 MAC PDUs...............................................................................................................................24
5.3.3 ........................................................................................................24
5.3.4 (Bandwidth RequestBandwidth Allocation) ............25
5.3.5 Scheduling Services...................................................................................................................26
5.3.5.1 Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS) ..........................................................................................26
5.3.5.2 Real-Time Polling Service (rtPS) ..........................................................................................27
5.3.5.3 Non-Real-Time Polling Service (nrtPS).................................................................................27
5.3.5.4 Best Effort (BE) Service .......................................................................................................27
5.3.6 QoS...........................................................................................................................................27
5.3.6.1 QoS (Provision).......................................................................................................28
5.3.6.2 QoS ..................................................................................................................30
Classification.............................................................................................................................30
5.3.6.2.1...........................................................................................................................................30
...............................................................................................................30
5.3.6.2.2...........................................................................................................................................30
5.3.7 ARQ .........................................................................................................................................32
5.3.8 .....................................................................................................32
5.3.8.1 (PMP).........................................................................................32
5.3.8.2 Mesh....................................................................................................................................32

(CS)............................................................................................. 33
MOBILE WIMAX (802.16E) .................................................................................................. 35
6.1
....................................................................................................................... 35
6.2
.............................................................................................................. 37
5.4

6.2.1
6.2.2

6.3
6.4
6.5

OFDMA....................................................................................................................................37
Scalable OFDMA-SOFDMA .....................................................................................................38

......................................................................................................... 38
MAC ............................................................................................... 39
................................................................................................................. 39
2

 - ........................................................................................... 40
7
7.1
7.2
7.3

.......................................................................................................................... 40
............................................................................................................................ 40
....................................................................................................... 41
WiMAX ................................................................................................... 41

7.3.1

2006..........................................................................................................................................41

WiMAX ...................................................................................................... 43
8
, ........................................................................................... 45
8.1
................................................................................................................... 45
8.2
................................................................................................................ 46
7.4

..................................................................................... 47
9
...................................................................................... 47
10 ............................................................................................ 51
10.1 OFDM: .......................................................................................................................... 51
10.2 QAM modulations: ......................................................................................................... 52
10.3 Interleaving OFDM.................................................................................................. 53
10.4 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) ................................................................................... 53
10.5 Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS) Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)54
11 WIMAX FORUM ........................................................................ 57
12 ...................................................................................................................... 58

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1 WiMAX


, WiMAX
WiFi

1.1
,

.

.
,
, IEEE 802.16,

.
(MAN).
802.16
.

,
.

,
.
,
802.16,
, .
,
,
.
, ,

.

, , .
4

, ,
,

.[APR05]
WiMAX 802.16 IEEE
,
DSL. WiMAX , ,
, ,
.
, , WiMAX Forum Certified,
1 70 Mbps ,
.
T1 DSL.
WiMAX PDAs (
) 2007,
.

1.2
1999 IEEE IEEE 802.16. ,
WirelessMAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
10 66 GHz.
8 2002. ,

. 2003, 802.16 , ,
.
802.16
/ .
10 66 GHz.
(MAC Media Access Control)
,
. (MAC)
(QoS Quality Of Service) .
802.16a, 30 2000 29
2003, MAN/WAN
(Metropolitan / Wide Area Network) .

(QoS) ,
(Time Division Multiple Access)
(Frequency Division Multiple Access)
(CSMA/CA).
802.16a :

2 11 GHz
(
802.16 10-66GHz)

-- (Point-toMultipoint).
5

W I M A X

I E E E

8 0 2 . 1 6

mesh1
.

802.16 , . H
, ETSI HiperMan .

. WiMAX
Forum.
802.11 (WiFi),
MAN WAN

(QoS)
802.16.
2004, IEEE (IEEE-SA, Standards
Association) , 802.16-2004,
802.16, 802.16a 802.16REVd.

WiMAX Forum.
802.16-2004 ,
.
,
802.11
( ).
802.16 802.16e mobile WiMAX.

. [RC1]

1.3
802.16 ,
2 66 GHz
70Mbps. IEEE 802.16
802.11
, 70Mbps.
WiMAX

mesh. OFDM
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing).
2 GHz
.
QoS, - (Adaptive Antenna System AAS),
(ATM, Ethernet, PPP ...)
..

1 Mesh: ,
.
, "hopping" .
.
ad-hoc [WP1]

, WiMAX :
WiMAX:

WiMAX.
,
10 (,

50 ,
10 ).


.
WiMAX:

PCMCIA laptop
.
WiMAX
WiFi,
.
backhaul
.
WiMAX ,
.[1]
, :
:
802.16-2004
(

802.16a 802.16REVd)

.

(fixed wireless)


.


,

. 802.16-2004
,
.
,
, xDSL
. Intel WiMAX 2.4
, 3.5 5.8GHz. , .

W I M A X

I E E E

8 0 2 . 1 6

:
, 802.16e,
802.16-2004 .
WiMAX .
OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access), OFDM
(Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing),
, , .
,
. [1]

2
2.1 802.11
802.11
- hot-spot ,
mesh. WiFi -
(client-to-access point). ,
(AP-to-AP)
(AP-to-service provider),
, 1,
. 802.11

, , Ethernet,
:

(Access Point)

,
mesh
. ( 802.11)
2007 802.11s.

(QoS)

QoS
. QoS
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
(deployment) .

(AP)
. ,
, , . ,
, .

QoS, ( Voice over IP VoIP),

.
1 Proprietary: , .
.
. ,
.
,
.

W I M A X

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8 0 2 . 1 6

,
. QoS .

:

, mesh ,

(AP) hot-spot

(Wireless Internet Service Providers

WISPs)
, , ...

(, , ...)
(,
, ...)

2.2 802.16

(QoS)

backbone 1

2.3
WiMAX Forum,
, .
[IN1]:

1 Backbone network: .
.
. ,
ARPANET NSFNET.
,
(EGP). ,
. , ,
.[WP2]

10

, ,

, video .

2.4 802.16

, WiMAX WiFi,
q . WiFi
(LAN), WiMAX

(). , WiFi Internet
hotspots, , . ,
WiMAX ,
ISPs.
WiMAX
Internet , .
WiFi,
WiMAX
( ) ISP.

, WiMAX WiFi
. WiMAX
WiFi.
802.11b/g/a , laptop,
WiFi. WiMAX Forum

2007.
WiFi /
WiMAX WiFi / WiMAX / Cellular.
WiMAX
chipsets,
.
WiMAX MAN
11

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hotspots
. WiMAX
WiFi hotspots
WiMAX .
, PAN, Bluetooth Ultra wideband
,
chipsets ,
WiMAX .
WiMAX

. WiMAX, WiFi,
.
: ,
, ,
.





WiMAX,


.
,

802.11.

12


802.16

3
802
OSI, (PHY) MAC (Medium Access Control). 802.16
WiMAX .
802.11 .

( 802.11)
.

802.16

802.16.
, (PHY)
( , ,
, ...) (MAC),
, , MAC Common Part Sublayer
(MAC CPS) Service-Specific Convergence Sublayer (CS).
, . MAC
CPS MAC
, bandwidth,
. , CS,
,
.
13

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4 (PHY)
802.16
,
. WiMAX
10-66GHz 11 GHz,
( 3GHz) ( 2,4GHz 5GHz).
802.16

.
:

WirelessMAN-SC

WirelessMAN-SCa

WirelessMAN-OFDM

WirelessMAN-OFDMA

WirelessHUMAN :

WirelessMAN-SC

10-60GHz

WirelessMAN-SCa

<11GHz

WirelessMANOFDM

<11GHz

WirelessMANOFDMA

<11GHz

WirelessHUMAN

<11GHz

AAS
ARQ
STC
AAS
ARQ
STC
Mesh
AAS
ARQ
STC
AAS
ARQ
STC
Mesh Topology

Duplexing
TDD
FDD
TDD
FDD
TDD
FDD
TDD
FDD
TDD

4.1 WirelessMAN-SC PHY

Single-Carrier modulation
10GHz 60GHz.
, ,
(Line Of Sight LOS)
(multipath interference). ,
25MHz 28MHz 125Mb/s.

(PMP) .
.
,
,
,
, , .
14

 , FDD TDD
. FDD full-duplex
half-duplex1.
,
,
.
(SS),
.

TDMA DAMA. ,
. ,
, MAC
.
TDM

.
,
(Transmission Convergence - TS)
MAC PDUs2,
, .
randomization, FEC
QPSK, 16-QAM 64-QAM .

TDMA .
MAC PDUs .
.

full-duplex , (BS) , half-duplex

, .
.

PDU ATIS Committee T1A1 :: 1.

, . 2.
, PDU ()

15

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, , ,
.
.
. TDD,
.
FDD .

4.2 WirelessMAN-SCa PHY

WirelessMAN-SCa PHY single-carrier access
NLOS 11GHz.
,
. :

TDD FDD

TDMA

TDM TDMA

Block-adaptive FEC

NLOS

Concatenated FEC Read-Solomon TCM .

16

BTC CTC FEC

FEC ARQ .
FCH.

STC

Robust modes CINR

AAS ()

WirelessMAN-SCa PHY :

Spread BPSK

BPSK

QPSK

16-QAM

64-QAM

256-QAM ()

4.3 WirelessMAN-OFDM PHY

WirelessMAN-OFDM PHY NLOS
11GHz , OFDM .
.
To OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)
, bits .
FDM,
.

17

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8 0 2 . 1 6

R bps
(bandwidth) f, f0.
, bit 1/R.
stream substreams,
. substream data rate R/N bps ,
f . bit
N/R.

N .

. OFDM
. ,
,
, ,
(multipath fading)
.
.
(a) OFDM (b).

50%.
. [1 & ]

18

AAS

ARQ

Mesh Topology

STC ()

Concatenated FEC Read-Solomon

BTC, CTC ()

Transmission Convergence Layer WirelessMAN-SC ()

( 1.25MHz)

: randomizing, FEC interleaving

[]. .
:

BPSK

Gray-mapped QPSK

16-QAM

64-QAM ( ) []

, WirelessMAN-OFDM FDD
TDD. , TDD.
WirelessMANOFDM PHY.
19

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4.4 WirelessMAN-OFDMA PHY

To WirelessMAN-OFDMA PHY WirelessMAN-OFDM PHY
OFDM, OFDMA
.
, .
1.25MHz 1MHz.
mesh.

4.5 WirelessMAN-HUMAN PHY

WirelessMAN-SCa, WirelessMAN-OFDM WirelessMAN-OFDMA
,

.

20

5 (MAC)
5.1
MAC
.
:

, (frame)
.

,
.

MAC (Medium Access Control).

. , MAC

. MAC

, ATM,
.

.

MAC .
MAC
.
:

PDU (framing)
802.16 MAC/PHY .

802.16 .

802.16
MAC .

MAC .

21

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5.2 (Security Sublayer)

5.2.1

IEEE WiMAX forum

.

.
,
.
IEEE 802.16 , DOCSIS
last-mile
. , 802.16 ,
802.16 .
:

.
firewall .

,
,

(DoS)

, ...[WS1] .
5.2.2

, IEEE
DOCSIS.
chips
modems.
. PMD (Physical Media
Depended) .
( 40MHz 6/8MHz ),
Read-Solomon, SNR BER
.
802.16.
(SS) PKM
, .
. X.509
, RSA ,

.
22

 ,
. .

. ( )
, .
spoof1 .
,
,
, .
.
MAC PDU .
PKM HMAC SHA-1.
(SAs)
, 802.16 56bit DES

DOCSIS. DES 56bit DES
hardware.
802.16e .
DES, AES (Advanced
Encryption Algorithm). 802.16e EAP (Extensible
Authentication Protocol) . EAP
,
.[WMO]

5.3 MAC Common Part Sublayer (MAC CPS)

5.3.1

IEEE, 802.16 Media Access Control (MAC)

. MAC
.
Time Division Duplex (TDD) and
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) Half Duplex FDD (HDFDD) (TDD)
MAC [1]:

- MAC

( ), . (..
)

1 Alice Bob Bob

Alice.

23

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bit

.. checksum

- (ARQ)

bandwidth

, .

(QoS)

multicast multicast

5.3.2

MAC PDUs

MAC PDU 3 , MAC ,

CRC .
(payload)
.
MAC , MAC

bandwidth.
MAC
mesh ( ),
( ), , Grant
management ( bandwidth BS SS) ..
MAC CPS BS CS
: broadcasting, ranging, .
. 802.16 256
50.[WMO]
5.3.3

SS [PH1]:
1. BS. SS
,

.

BS.

24

2. . SS -
(Channel Descriptor message) BS,
.
3. ( )
BS.
4. . SS BS
BS. BS
.
5. SS . BS
SS
.
6. SS. BS SS
BS.
7. IP . SS IP BS.
8. . SS BS
.
9. . BS
SS.

.
, (SS)
(BS).
SS
BS. [OWM]
5.3.4

(Bandwidth RequestBandwidth
Allocation)

SS
( )
, BS, . -
.

. [PH1]
BW
Request. ,
. bytes
MAC ( ).

.
,
.
. BW Request
25

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8 0 2 . 1 6

,
.

: GPSS (Grant Per Subscriber Station) GPC (Grant Per Connection).
GPC .
GPSS
.
.
,
QoS. , GPSS
GPC.
GPC .
11GHz , WirelessMAN-SC PHY,
GPSS.
BS
:

QoS
,

,
QoS. SS
, SS ,
BS ...
5.3.5

Scheduling Services

scheduling MAC
.
.
802.16 scheduling services QoS
. : UGS (Unsolicited Grant Service), rtPS
(Real-Time Polling Service), nrtPS (Non-Real-Time Polling Service) BE (Best Effort).
5.3.5.1

Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS)

. ,
BS ,

SS.
.

, ,
/.
26

5.3.5.2

Real-Time Polling Service (rtPS)

rtPS
MPEG. BS
SS , .
UGS
,
/ .
BS
SS .
,
, /.
5.3.5.3

Non-Real-Time Polling Service (nrtPS)

nrtPS
,
, FTP.
, ,
/.
5.3.5.4

Best Effort (BE) Service

BE
, ...
,

.
,
/.
5.3.6

QoS

(SLA Service Level Agreements) ,

. WiMAX
(QoS),
. ,
,
.
QoS WiMAX :

video [IQA].

802.16 QoS
.
QoS.

,
27

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( scheduling service) .
:

UGS :
(CBR Constant Bit Rate) VoIP

rtPS :
(VBR Variable Bit Rate) streaming audio video

nrtPS : ,
FTP

BE :

.
SFID (Service
Flow ID).
QoS.
,
CID (Connection ID).
, CID SFID.
QoS (Provision)

5.3.6.1

WiMAX :

WiMAX

(..
) .

QoS
:

Service Class Name

Service Class Name

QoS
,

QoS 802.16
:
28

ProvisionedQoSParamSet : QoS
MAC ,

AdmittedQoSParamSet : BS,
SS, (
, ...)

ActiveQoSParamSet :
.

QoS Provision Model

, (Authentication Module) BS
,
QoS .

.
,
AdmittedQoSParamSet ActiveQoSParamSet.
: Provisioned Authorization Model Dynamic Authorization Model.
, ,
. ,

. ,

.

29

5.3.6.2
5.3.6.2.1

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QoS
Classification

CID SFID.
(classification module)
.

Classification Module

. 802.16
(per-flow classification)
QoS (per-flow QoS services).
5.3.6.2.2

packet scheduling ,
( TDM)
( OFDM) .
. UL-MAP
DL-MAP. ,
.
.
.

.
,
.

BW Request , .

, , UL-MAP
.

30

Uplink Packet Scheduling Process

,
GPC GPSS:

GPC,
.
. ,

UL-MAP.

GPSS .

( ). GPC, GPSS
.
, .

QoS 802.16
:
(Quantitative Service), (Qualitative Service)
(Best Effort Service).

IEEE 802.16 QoS Architecture

(2.4Gz 5.4GHz),
802.11, (WLAN).
,
31

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(Primary Users),
. (Dynamic
Frequency Selection DFS),
RF ,
. DFS


. [PH1]
5.3.7

ARQ

ARQ 802.16 .

. (
) .
, .
5.3.8

5.3.8.1

(PMP)

BS PMP. BS
.
( )
.
. multicast
broadcast ( ).
SS
QoS. [WMO]
5.3.8.2

Mesh

mesh PMP. SS
BS . mesh SS
SS.
, SS
SS,
BS .
mesh ,
, Mesh BS (Mesh Base Station) Mesh SS
(Mesh Subscriber Station). mesh
(neighbor), (neighborhood) (extended neighborhood).
.

.
, mesh
SS BS.
,
( BS)
,
.
32

 .
BS (
) BS
. BS

. [PH1]

Mesh Network Topology

5.4 (CS)
CS :

( )

MAC CPS

CS , ATM CS packet CS.

ATM IP, PPP
Ethernet.
ATM CS ATM MAC
CPS. ATM CS ATM (cells), ,
PHS MAC CPS. ATM CS
ATM
802.16.
To packet CS :

()
33

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MAC CPS

MAC CPS
()

QoS, ,
.
.

34

6 Mobile WiMAX (802.16e)

6.1
WiMAX, IEEE 802.16-2004,

. , Cetecom Labs ,
150 WiMAX , ,
. , WiMAX,
,
DSL .
802.16, 2009.

2005 IEEE 802.16e ,

802.16.

. WiMAX Forum
, IEEE
802.16e, . ,
WiMAX .
2006 WiMAX


.
WiMAX OFDMA
.
OFDMA (SOFDMA - Scalable OFDMA) IEEE
35

W I M A X

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802.16e 1.25 20 MHZ.

(Mobile Technical Group - MTG) WiMAX Forum,


WiMax Forum.
WiMAX

,
.

,
,
.
WiMAX 5, 7, 8.75,
10 MHZ 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz.
3.5 GHz. WiMAX Forum Network Working Group (NWG),
WiMAX,
IEEE 802.16
.
IEEE 802.16 WiMAX
Forum, WiMAX.
WiMAX
, , ,
.
WiMAX :

: MIMO1

, WiMAX
63 Mbps
28 Mbps 10 MHz

.
36

(QoS): MAC
802.16 QoS. ,
MAP
,
.

: ,
,
. , WiMAX,
1.25 20 MHZ. ,

.
WiMAX
.

, .

: WiMAX
: Extensible Authentication
Protocol- AP , Advanced Encryption Standard-ES-CCM-Counter with Cipherblock chaining Message authentication code, CMAC-block Cipher-based Message
Authentication Code HMAC-keyed Hash Message Authentication Code.
Universal Subscriber Identify
Module/Subscriber Identify Module- SIM/USIM, Smart Cards Digital
Certificates.

: WiMAX ,
50 ,
, VoIP,
.
.

WiMAX,

WiMAX/802.16e.
WiMAX, (Wireless
Broadband-WiBro) 2006, .
WiMAX
3G .
WiMAX
3G 4G .

6.2
6.2.1

OFDMA

802.16e
OFDM,
, .

37

6.2.2

W I M A X

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8 0 2 . 1 6

Scalable OFDMA-SOFDMA

IEEE 802.16e ,
OFDMA. SOFDMA

.
.

6.3
802.16e :TDD, FDD,
Half-Duplex FDD. WiMAX
TDD. WiMAX Forum
FDD TDD
FDD.

38

6.4 MAC
802.16 , ,
. MAC DOCSIS,
(burst),
, .
MAC
,

.
,
MAP , ,

.

6.5
IEEE (PHY) C .
Ethernet WiFi,
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
TCP/IP, SIP,
VoIP and IPSec. , 3GPP (3G Partnership
Project) 3GPP2 (3G Partnership Project 2)
,
(roaming)
, .

.
WiMAX Forums Network Working Group,
, WiMAX ,
802.16, Service Provider Working Group
, ,
NWG.
WiMAX IP
.,
.
WiMAX .
IP ,
,
.

WiMAX
. ,

. ,

.

39

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7
7.1
WiMAX
. 4G
802.20 High Speed Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA),
OFDM,
HARQ, FEC, IMO-SS WiMAX.

WiMAX
WiFi ,
.
DSL
.
, ,
WAN . IEEE 802.16
50
.
.
WiMAX
VoIP, , .

WiMAX
.
WiMAX
.
40

 WiMAX
.

.
,
WiMAX ,
1 .
( ),
WiMAX
,
. , ,
WiMAX 50 .
,
, WiMAX ,
.

7.2
2005, Nokia Intel
, IEEE 802.16e
, .
,
WiMAX
.
Motorola Intel 2005,
WiMAX IEEE 802.16e,
.
Motorola, ,
Intel.

7.3 WiMAX
2005

Los Angeles, , ,
San Francisco Towerstream. Seattle Sprint
Speakeasy.net. Winnipeg.
Entel.

7.3.1

2006

20 2006, Telecom
WiMAX Bucaramanga. To 2006
WiMAX Orbitel. 150 WiMAX
WiMAX .

20 2006, WiMAX
Westminster.

, WiBro/ WiMAX m
802.16e.
41

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2006 WiMAX
.

WiMAX

, WiMAX
!

WiMAX ,
. , WiMAX
,
Internet, ADSL, ISDN .
, WiMAX

802.16
Intel,
WiMAX.
2005 WiMAX 2
, , 2006
, 5 .
, 100
.
WiMAX,
.

, WiMAX
.
42

 , WiMAX ,
.
3G .
WiFi 802.11
, WiMAX. Intel
WiMAX
.
Centrino1 WiMAX
, , ,
.
Nokia 802.16,

WiFi WiMAX.

7.4 WiMAX
WiMAX ,
, ,
WiMAX Cosmoline. 10
20.475.000 ,
1.650.000 . 18
, , Tellas, Vodafone, Hellas On Line, Forthnet,
Clearwire Europe.
WiMAX , , .


, :

.

,
, .
.

Broadband on Demand.

802.11 .

.


.

1 Centrino: - Intel,
( Pentium ), chipset
lap-top.[WP3]

43

W I M A X

I E E E

8 0 2 . 1 6

44

8 ,
8.1
,
. , WiMAX
,
. WiMAX ,
.

, WiFi ( 802.11).
hotspots . , MAC
(PHY)
(WAN) (MAN).
802.11g 802.11a .
,
, (hotspots).
IEEE 802.11, 802.11n
(draft),
WiFi, WLAN
WMAN.
3G 4G
..
, Verizon EVDO
Sprint Cingular, mobile WiMAX
OFDMA, ,
.
WiMAX
.
WiMAX
.

.

WiMAX Forum., 500
,
802.16 IEEE, , i .
WiMAX
802.16e.
, DSL ,
3G
, Voice over IP.

45

W I M A X

I E E E

8 0 2 . 1 6

8.2
WiMAX
IEEE 3G .
, WiFi,
.
, Intel,
Nokia, Intracom Motorola.

. , WiMAX
.
. ,
, .
(4G) ,
WiMAX,
WiFi.
WiMAX
. ,
, ,
.

46

9
AAS

Adaptive Antenna System

AES

Advanced Encryption Algorithm

ARQ

Automatic Repeat Request

BE

Best Effort

BER

Bit Error Rate

BS

Base Station

BTC

Block Turbo Code

BWBS

Broadband Wireless Business

Services

CS

(Service-Oriented) Convergence
Sublayer ( MAC )

CBR

Constant Bit Rate

CID

Connection Identifier

CTC

Convolution Turbo Code

DAMA

Demand Assigned Multiple Access

DES

Data Encryption Standard

DFS

Dynamic Frequency Selection

DOCSIS

Data Over Cable Service Interface

Specification

DoS

Denial Of Service

47

W I M A X

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DSL

Digital Subscriber Line

EAP

Extensible Authentication Protocol

FCH

Frame Control Header

FEC

Forward Error Correction

FDD

Frequency Division Duplexing

FDM

Frequency Division Multiplex

GPC

Grant Per Connection

GPSS

Grant Per Subscriber Station

HMAC

Hashed Message Authentication

Code

HARQ

Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest

IETF

Internet Engineering Task Force

IP

Internet Protocol

LAN

Local Area Network

LOS

Line Of Sight

MAC

Medium Access Control

MAN

Metropolitan Area Network

MBWA

Mobile Broadband Wireless Access

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output

MTG

Mobile Technical Group

NLOS

Non Line Of Sight

nrtPS

Non-Real-Time Polling Service

NWG

Network Working Group

OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplex

OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiple Access

48

OSI

Open System Interconnection

PAN

Personal Area Network

PHY

Physical Layer

PHS

Payload Header Suppression

PKM

Privacy Key Management

PMD

Physical Media Depended

PMP

Point To Multipoint

PPP

Point to Point Protocol

QoS

Quality of Service

rtPS

Real-Time Polling Service

SA

Security Association

SFID

Service Flow ID

SLA

Service Level Agreement

SNR

Signal to Noise Ratio

SOFDMA

Scalable OFDMA

OFDMA

SS

Subscriber Station

STC

Space Time Coding

TCM

Trellis Coded Modulation

TDD

Time Division Duplexing

TDM

Time Division Multiplex

TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access

TS

Transmission Convergence

UGS

Unsolicited Grant Service

VBR

Variable Bit Rate

VPN

Virtual Private Network

VoIP

Voice over IP

internet

49

W I M A X

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WAN

Wide Area Network

WiFi

Wireless Fidelity

WISP

Wireless Internet Services Provider

Internet

WLAN

Wireless LAN

LAN

WMAN

Wireless MAN

MAN

50

10
10.1 OFDM
OFDM

.
link,
, .

(Error Correction Coding).
OFDM . ,
. data stream
.
OFDM intersymbol (intersymbol interference ISI)
. To ISI bit rates
bits . OFDM data rate
, . , Ts
stream , OFDM NTs.
ISI. , NTs
.
, , OFDM
:
OFDM (multipath)
OFDM
(SC) , .



(SNR).
OFDM
.
OFDM quadrature phase
shift keying (QPSK).
bits. OFDM/QPSK MMDS
(Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service)
6 MHz
512 12 kHz.
ISI ,
.

. ,
64 512 QPSK
. QPSK
64/512. , ,

, ISI.

51

W I M A X

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802.16
. QPSK
, :
64-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) 16-QAM
.
[1] [WIL2]

10.2 QAM modulations:

16 QAM

8 TCM 16QAM.
2-bit , b3b2, I.
, 2-bit , b1b0, Q.
I Q .
2/4 4 bit
2 bits. , 2
.

TCM 16 QAM.

16 QAM

TCM 3/4 16QAM.

,
bits .
bits
bits. u0u1u2, u2, u1
u0. , 2-bit
, b3b2, I 2-bit , b1b0, Q.
,
.

TCM 16 QAM.
52

2/3 64 QAM

TCM 2/3 64QAM.

, bit
. u1
u0. 3-bit , b5b4b3,
I. 2-bit , 3-bit
, b2b1b0, Q. I
Q .
4/6 6 bit 4 bits. ,
4 [1].

TCM 2/3 64 QAM.

10.3 Interleaving OFDM

interleaving OFDM
.
bits. OFDM
bits
. ,

[CD1].
interleaving:

(burst errors)

10.4 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ)

.
.
,
.

53

W I M A X

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,
.

10.5 Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS) Multiple-Input

Multiple-Output (MIMO)
,
, , SNR,
.

. ,
,
,
, .
AAS MIMO AAS
, MIMO
.
AAS

,
, . , AAS

. ,
,
.
(
), .[HUT]

AAS

54

 AAS

MIMO .
, MIMO ,
.

( Bit Error Rate) (Bit/Sec)
. space-time processing
( )
. ,

AAS [1],
70. ,
MIMO
. MIMO
,
, ,
. [WPC], [BLTJ].
(
[IN2],[IEEE2],[CRC1],[WIL1],[WIL2],[TJ] ), ;
Shannon,
, MIMO. ,
Shannon, ,
SNR = , :
55

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C = log 2 (1 + ) Bit / Sec / Hz

.
:
C = log 2 (1 + h 2 ) Bit / Sec / Hz , h .
C ,
.
SIMO , h=[h0,h1,hm1] :
C = log 2 (1 + hh * ) Bit / Sec / Hz
MIMO N .
M x N , ,
H. [BLTJ], [BLMT] :

C = log 2 det( I m + * ) Bit / Sec / Hz , SNR

MIMO
. , M = N
Ca :
C a = M log 2 (1 + ) Bit / Sec / Hz

56

11 WiMAX Forum
Agilent
Airspan Networks
Alvarion
Aperto Networks
Atheros
Compliance Certification Services
Ensemble Communications
Fujitsu Microelectronics America
Hughes Network Systems
Intel
Intracom
NewsIQ
NIST
Nokia
OFDM Forum
Powerwave Technologies
Proxim
Redline Communications
RF Integration
Siware
SI Works
SR Telecom
Telenecity Group
Towerstream
Turbo Concept
Wavesat
Wi-LAN
Winova Wireless

57

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12
[APR05] Apress : WiMAX Operators Manual Building 802.16 Wireless Networks 2nd
Edition, 2005
[BLTJ] Bell Labs Technical Journal, vol.1, pp.41-59, Autumn 1996 : Layered space-time
architecture for wireless communication G. J. Foschini
[BLTM] Bell Labs Technical Memorandum, 1995 : Capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian
channels I. E. Telatar
[CD1] CommsDesign.com : OFDM Uncovered Part 1 - Steve Halford, Intersil; Karen
Halford
[CRC1] CRC Press: Signal Processing For Mobile Communications Handbook - Mohamed
Ibnkahla
[HUT] Helsinki University of Technology, Communications Lab : An overview of Adaptive
Antenna Systems Hafeth Hourani
[IQA] Inbuilt QoS Advantage WiMAX - Aravind Seshagiri 2005
[1] IEEE Signal Proc. Mag, vol.14, pp.49-83, Nov.1997 : Space-time processing for
wireless communications A. Paulraj, C.B. Papadias
[IEEE2] Proceeding of IEEE Vol.92 No.2, February 2004: An Overview of MIMO
Communications A Key to Gigabit Wireless A. J. Paulraj, D. Gore, R. U. Nabar, H.
Bolcskei
[1] Intel: Understanding WiFi and WiMAX as Metro-Access Solutions
[IN2] Intel Technology Journal Vol.8 Issue 3: Multiple-Antenna Technology in WiMAX
Systems - Atul Salvekar, Sumeet Sandhu, Qinghua Li, Minh-Anh Vuong, Xiaoshu Qian
[RC1] Redline Communications : From a to e: The 802.16 Standard Evolution - Kevin F.
R. Suitor
[1] , /
: IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX),
2005 ., ., .
[PH1] Prentice Hall : Multimedia Wireless Networks - Technologies Standards And QoS
[TJ] Telenors Journal: Telektronikk : Breaking the barriers of Shannons capacity: An
overview of MIMO wireless systems David Gesbert, Jabran Akhtar
[WIL1] Wiley Publications: Wireless Information Networks, Second Edition - Kaveh
Pahlavan, Allen H. Levesque
[WIL2] Wiley Publications: OFDM-Base Broadband Wireless Networks Design &
Optimization - Hui Liu, Guoqing Li
[WMO] Overview of WiMAX IEEE 802.16 - Alan Barry, George Healy, Cian Daly, Joseph
Johnson and Ronan J. Skehill
[WS1] Wireless Security 802.16 Term Paper Report : CS 625 , VMD Jagannath
[WPC] Wireless Personal Communications vol.6, pp.311-335, March 1998 : On limits of
wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas G. J.
Foschini, M. J. Gans
[WP1] Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_network
58

[WP2] Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_backbone

[WP3] Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrino

59