1 substation

1
(generating system) (transmission system)
(distribution system)
(substation)
1.1 (substation)

1.2


-

porcelain



(indoor substation)

-
(remote
control) (unmanned substation)
-
-
-

(transformer specification)
(low
1 substation

27 2547

noise transformer) breaker air blast

circuit breaker breaker mechanism
(pneumatic type mechanism)
-
GIS

- load center load

(loss)
1.3 layout

(reliability)
(security) (flexibility)

1.3.1 single bus arrangement

busbar
load 2-3 circuit



busbar
circuit breaker busbar bus
bus fault
1 substation

27 2547

1.3.2 main and transfer bus (single bus with transfer bus )

bus main bus

transfer bus breaker tie breaker
line breaker transformer breaker
breaker bus fault
6-7
1.3.3

double bus arrangement/ duplicated bus

main busbar
1.3.3.1 double bus-single breaker

main bus breaker series line

line bus 1 2 breaker bus
(bus coupler breaker) bus
breaker line breaker line
(disconnecting switch) line bus bus (bypass) line
1 substation

27 2547

1.3.3.2 double bus with transfer bus

busbar main and transfer bus

bus coupling breaker tie breaker tie
breaker breaker bus fault
bus

1.3.3.3 double bus-double breaker

bus line bus breaker 2

bus bus breaker
bus breaker
breaker line bus fault
bus bus line
load
source load breaker current rating
load line
1 substation

27 2547

1.3.4 ring bus

bus (ring) breaker line

ring bus
- (disconnecting switch) bus line
series breaker line
bus fault
bus fault
line
series

- breaker bus line breaker series

breaker bus
breaker line
bus fault
bus fault breaker
source input line load output line ring
bus bus 6
breaker line
single bus bar one and a half

1.3.4 one and a half breaker

1 substation

27 2547

 bus bar breaker series

bus line breaker breaker
line breaker
breaker bus line
line series line

breaker
current rating
bus
(reliability) (security) (flexibility)




failure probability -

line
bus bus
1.4 insulation coordination pollution
(nominal system voltage)
(transient over voltage) circuit breaker
interruption, (impulse over voltage) -
capacitor bank line (switching surge over voltage)
(reflected voltage) energize de-energize bus
GIS






1 substation

27 2547

 flashover
1.4.1

(over voltage)

- (switching over voltage) surge arrester
lightning arrester shielding overhead ground wire

1.4.2 pollution
insulator flashover

insulator flashover
flashover
(skirt) bushing (long creepage distance insulator)


1.5
busbar insulator
-
load
20
asymmetrical peak

1.5.1
(ground)
flashover

minimum clearance
crane

1 substation

27 2547

1.5.2 (grounding system)

ground

ground
(grid)
(ground rod) grid
resistance
grounding system
- earth resistivity

- ground resistance
- (ground conductor)
- step touch voltage
(structure/casing/housing) ground grid

ground grid


power supply isolating transformer
trip signal cable

1.6 (auxiliary power for station )

ac supply dc supply
dc supply protective relay, communication, tripping
closing circuit breaker alarm dc supply
dc supply
battery dc ampere-hour rating
battery
- continuous load
- dc power (discharge hour)
ac power
1 substation

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- discharge hour breaker

- battery
vent type sealed type maintenance free battery
vent type
battery bank cell series battery system
charger dc charge battery continuous load
charge battery
dc supply
(duplicated bank) load
ac supply
motor cooling fan, tap-changer/ transformer,
compressor motor spring charge motor breaker , air-condition, battery charger,
, oil purifier
ac duplicate
automatic transfer switch

1 substation

27 2547