:



S
Apparent Power

( ) VA

Q
Reactive Power

( ) VAR

P
Active Power
Real Power
( )
() Watt

Reactive Power

Real Power Active Power
:

Apparent Power

.Unity Less
( )1

.
zero
.

.


sine wave

.

 120
60 :
V1

120Vac
60
Hz

R1
60

Power
1.5

0.5

voltage and current

-0.5

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-1

2
) (rms 240 .

in phase

( (DC
( )
.

.
240
.


:
1
V1
L2
160mH

120Vac
60
Hz

power

current

1.5

voltage
1

0.5

-0.5

90

-1

-1.5

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-2




.



.
S
Q = .
8

( + ) :
4

power
1
2

current

voltage

L2
160mH
V1
2

R1
0

45
-1

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-2

60

120Vac
60
Hz

60 160
60,319
60 Z

Z R jX L 60 j 60 .3
P


.
10





.

.
P S cos VI cos

Q S sin VI sin

.
11

100
115 A
%85 C
%30

A
:
Active Power =3 V x I x cos= 3 V x I x 0.85=100 MW
Apparent Power S = 3 V x I =100 0.85=117.647 MVA

120 MVA
Ia =117.647 x 10 3 115= 590 Amperes

12

 :
C
Active Power =3 V x I x 0.30= 100MW
Apparent Power S = 3 V x I =100 0.30 = 333.33 MVA

:
Ic = 333.33 x 10 3*115 =1700 Amperes

:
P losses= (3 Ia ) x R = 9 Ia x R

13

31.8

PF=0.85

PF=0

PF=0.30

72.5

14

31.8

PF=0.85

!!!
72.5

15

PF=0

PF=0.30

IN
PHASE

90
.Lagging


( )

90.

Leading .
16

17

60
120
%25 %85
%25
15
%75



(
).
:
:
15000 10.5 / 30 0.12 / =
567.000 / .


%85:
60000 10.5 0.85 / 30 0.12
/ = 1.927.800 /

18

1.360.800 = 567000 -1927800 /

16.3 33 .

: .1
Power factor Penalty
:
0.85 or more No Penalty
Less than 0.85 to 0.70 Then 0.77 % of the total bill
for every 0.01 of power factor less than 0.85
Less than 0.70 To 0.60 Then 0.95 % of the total bill
for every 0.01 of power factor less than 0.85
Less than 0.60 To 0.50 Then 1.2 % of the total bill
for every 0.01 of power factor less than 0.85
Less than 0.50 Then 1.5 % of the total bill for every
0.01 of power factor less than 0.85 .

19

 :
= )1-P.F) *(Total Bill)/ 0.85
:
IF 0.60< P.F < 0.85 Then (0.85-P.F)/2 * (Total Bill) *0.01
IF 0.40< P.F < 0.60 Then (0.85- P.F)* (Total Bill) *0.01
:
)C= Demand *(0.85-P.F)*$(0.10
))C= (Total Bill) *((0.65)*(0.85-P.F
C) IF(KVAh / KWh) > 32% Then C= KVAh *(1.5)$

20

:Where P.F is below 0.85

A) P.F is between 0.85 and 0.75:

=[(0.85 P.F) x 1.5 x Total Bill]

B) P.F is 0.75 and below:

=[(0.85 - 0.75) x 1.5 x Total Bill] + [(0.75 P.F)

x 3 x Total Bill]

21

:
Standard Demand Charge

$6.85 per kW
Less than 60%
$6.15 per
At least 60% but less than 70%
kW
$5.80 per
At least 70% but less than 80%
kW
$5.50 per kW
80% and above
Attention (Most of Company disallowed P.F
less than 40%)

22

.2 Capacitor Bank
Lagging
Reactors
Leading
8023
.

.....
23