Chng 1 : Gii thiu

GII THIU
i
1.1 M U

Vo nm 1971 tp on Intel gii thiu 8080, b vi x l ( microprocessor ) thnh cng u tin. Sau khng lu Motorola, RCA, k
n l MOS Technology v Zilog gii thiu cc b vi x l tng t :
6800, 1801, 6502 v Z80. Bn thn cc vi mch ( IC : integrated circuit )
ny tuy khng c nhiu hiu qu s dng nhng khi l mt phn ca mt
my tnh n board. ( single-board Computer X chng tr thnh thnh
phn trung tm trong cc sn phm c ch dng nghin cu v thit
k. Cc my tnh n board ny, trong c D2 ca Motorola,
K1M-1 ca MOS Technology v SDK-85 ca Intel l ng ghi nh
nht, nhanh chng xm nhp vo cc phng th nghim thit k ca
trng trung hc, trng i hc v cc cng ty in t.

Vo nm 1976 Intel gii thiu b vi iu khin ( microcontroller ) 8748, mt

chip tng t nh cc b vi x l v l chip u tin trong h vi iu khin
MCS-48. 8748 l mt vi mch cha trn 17000 transistor bao gm mt CPU,
1 K byte EPROM, 64 byte RAM, 27 chn xut nhp v mt b nh thi 8-bit.
IC ny v cc IC khc tip theo ca h MCS- ihanh chng tr thnh chun
cng nghip trong cc ng dng >. 1 nng iu khin ( control-oriented
application ). Vic thay th cc
1thnh phn c in trong cc sn phm nh cc my git v cc b
iu khin n giao thng l mt ng dng ph bin ban u. Cc sn phm
khc m trong b vi iu khin c tm thy bao gm xe t, thit
b cng nghip, cc sn phm tiu dng v cc ngoi vi ca my tnh
( bn phm ca IBM-PC l mt th d s dng b vi iu khin trong
cc thit k ti thiu thnh phn ).
phc tp, kch thc v kh nng ca cc b vi iu khin c
tng thm mt bc quan trng vo nm 1980 khi Intel cng b chip
8051, b
iu
khin
u tin
ca h
vi iu
khin
MCS-51. So vi

H vi iu khin 8051
byte RAM, 32 ng xut nhp, 1 port ni tip v 2 b nh thi 16-bit
- mt s lng mch ng ch trong mt IC n. Cc thnh vin mi c
thm vo cho h MCS-51 v cc bin th ngy nay gn nh c gp i cc
c trng ny. Tp on Siemens, ngun sn xut tT hai cc b vi iu
khin thuc h MCS-51 cung cap chip SAB80515, mt ci tin ca 8051 cha
trong mt v 68 chn, c 6 port xut nhp 8-bit, 13 ngun to ra ngt v mt
b bin i A/D 8-bit vi 8 knh ng vo. H 8051 l mt trong nhng b vi
iu khin 8-bit manh v linh hot nht, tr thnh b vi iu khin hng
u trong nhng nm gn y.
Quyn sch ny kho st h vi iu khin MCS-51. Cc chng tip theo
gii thiu cu trc phn cng v phn mm ca h MCS-51, ng thi chng
minh qua nhiu th d thit k, cch m h vi iu khin ny c th tham gia
vo cc thit k din t vi s thnh phn thm vo ti thiu.
Trong cc mc sau ca chng ny, thng qua vic gii thiu vt tt v
cu trc my tnh, ta s pht trin t vng ca nhiu t c cu to t ch
u ca cc t khc v cc t ang c s dng ph bin nhng d nhm
ln trong lnh vc ny. Do nhiu thut ng c nh ngha m h v trng lp
ph thuc vo nh kin ca cc tp on ln v cc cht ny ra ca nhiu
tc gi khc nhau, cch gii quyt ca chng ta mang tnh thc tin hn l
tru tng. Mi mt thut ng c gii thiu trong khung cnh chung nht
cng vi s gii thch r rng.
1.2 THUT NG
Mt my tnh ( computer ) c nh ngha bi hai im chnh :
kh nng dc lp trnh d thao tc trn d liu m khng cn
n s can thip ca con ngi.
kh nng lu tr v khi phc d liu
Tng qut hn, mt h my tnh ( computer system ) cng bao gm cc
thit b ngoi vi ( peripheral device ) d truyn thng vi con ngi cng nh
cc chng trnh ( program ) x l d liu. Thit b l phn cng ( hardware
) v chng trnh l phn mm ( software ). Chng ta hy bt u vi phn
cng ca my tnh bng cch kho st hnh 1.1.
Hnh 1.1 l s d khi dn gin, khng chi tit mt cch c nhm mc
ch tiu biu cho tt c cc loi my tnh. Nh ta thy, mt h my tnh
bao gm mt n v x l trung tm CPU ( central processing unit ), n v ny
kt ni vi b nh truy xut ngu nhin RAM ( random access memory ) v b
nh ch c ROM ( read only memory ) thng qua bus a chi ( address bus ), bus
d liu ( data bus ) v bus iu khin ( control bus ). Cc mch giao tip (
interface circuit ) kt ni cc bus ca h thng ( gi tt l bus h thng ) vi
cc thit b ngoi vi. Ta s cp chi tit cc n v va nu trn.

Chng 1 : Gii thiu

Hnh 1.1 : S khi ca mt h

my vi tnh CPU : n v x l

trung tm
RAM : b nh truy xu't ngu nhin
( hay b nh c / ghi )

ROM : b nh ch dc
Interface circuitry : mch giao tip
Peripheral devices : cc thit b ngoi
vi
Address bus : bus a ch
Data bus : bus d liu

Control bus : bus iu khin

1.3 N V X L TRUNG TM
CPU, tri tim ca h my tnh, qun l tt c cc hot dng ca h v
thc hin tt c cc thao tc trn d liu. Hu ht cc CPU ch bao gm mt
tp cc mch logic thc hin lin tc hai thao tc : tm np lnh v thc thi
lnh. CPU c kh nng hiu v thc thi cc lnh da trn mot tp cc m nh
phn, mi mt m nh phn biu th mt thao tc n gin. Cc lnh ny
thng l cc lnh s hc ( nh cng, tr, nhn, chia ), cc lnh logic ( nh
AND, OR, NOT, v.v... ), cc lnh di chuyn d liu hoc cc lnh r nhnh,
c biu th bi mt tp cc m nh phn v c gi l tp lnh ( instruction
set ).
Hnh 1.2 cho ta mt ci nhn rt n gin bn trong ca CPU. Hnh ny
trnh by mt tp cc thanh ghi ( register ) c nhim v lu gi tm thi cc
thng tin, mt n v s" hc logic ALU ( arithmetic-logic unit ) c nhim v thc
hin cc thao tc trn cc thng tin ny, mt n v gii m lnh v iu
khin ( instruction decode and control unit ) c nhim v xc nh thao tc
cn thc hin v thit lp cc hot ng cn thit thc hin thao tc. CPU
cn c hai thanh ghi na : thanh ghi lnh IR ( instruction register ) lu gi

H vi iu khin 8051
m nhi phn ca lnh c thc thi v b m chng trnh PC ( program
counter ) lu gi a ch ca lnh k tip trong b nh cn c thc thi.

Hnh 1.2 : n v x l trung tm

CPU

CPU : n v x l trung tm
Instruction register ( IR ) : thanh ghi lnh ( IR )
Instruction decode and control unit : n v gii m lnh v iu khin Program

counter ( PC ) : b m chng trnh ( PC )

Registers : cc thanh ghi

Vic tm np mt lnh t RAM h thng l mt trong cc thao tc c bn

nht m CPU thc hin. Vic tm np lnh c thc hin theo cc bc sau :
ni dung ca PC c t ln bus a ch

tn hiu iu khin READ c xc lp ( chuyn sang-trng thi

tch cc )
d liu ( opcode ca lnh ) c c t RAM v a ln bus d liu
opcode c cht vo thanh ghi lnh bn trong CPU PC c tng
chun b tm np lnh k t b nh

Chng 1 : Gii thiu

Hnh 1.3 minh ha lung thng tin cho vic tm np lnh.

Hnh 1.3 : Hot ng ca bus cho

chu k tm np lnh

CPU : n v x l trung tm Program

counter : b m chng trnh Instruction
register : thanh ghi lnh Clock : chn xung
clock Read : chn iu khin c Address
bus : bus a ch Data bus : bus d liu Control
bus : bus iu khin

Giai on thc thi lnh bao gm vic gii m opcode v to ra cc tn hiu

iu khin, cc tn hiu ny iu khin vic xut nhp gia cc thanh ghi ni
vi ALU v thng bo ALU thc hin thao tc c xc nh. Do cc
thao tc c tm thay i rng, phm vi dnh cho cc gii thch va nu trn
c phn no b gii hn, ch p dng c cho cc thao tc n gin nh tng
ni dung ca mt thanh ghi. Cc lnh phc tp hn i hi thm nhiu bc
na, chng hn nh c byte d liu th hai v byte d liu th ba thc
hin thao tc.
Mt chui cc lnh c kt hp thc hin mt cng vic c ngha
c gi l mt chng trnh ( program ) hay phn mm ( software ). Mc
m nhng cng vic c thc hin ng v c hiu qu phn ln c xc
nh bi cht lng ca phn mm, khng phi bi s phc tp ca CPU. Vy
th cc chng trnh iu khin CPU trong khi lm vic i khi dn n
sai nhm, chnh l do nhng nhc im ca cc tc gi chng trnh. Cc
cu nh l my tnh to ra mt li l sai. Mc d thit b c s c l iu
khng th trnh c, cc li c to ra thng l du hiu ca cc chng
trnh ti hoc li ca ngi iu khin.

H vi iu 'khin 8051

1.4 B NH BN DN : RAM V ROM

Cc chng trnh v d liu c lu gi trong b nh. Cc bin th ca
b nh my tnh v cc thnh phn km theo T t a dng, v cng ngh
thng b t ph nn vic nghin cu lin tc v bao qut b nh i hi
phi theo kp cc pht trin mi nht. Cc b nh c truy xut trc tip
bi CPU bao gm cc IC bn dn gi l RAM v ROM. C hai c trng dng
phn bit RAM v ROM : th nht RAM l b nh c / ghi trong khi ROM
l b nh ch c, th hai RAM khng tip tc lu gi ni dung khi b mt
ngun cp in trong khi ROM th ngc li.
Hu ht cc h my tnh u c a v mt dung lng ROM nh ch
cn lu gi cc chng trnh ngn, thng s dng, nhm thc hin
cc thao tc xut nhp. Cc chng trnh v d liu ca ngi s dng c
lu trn a v c np vo RAM thc thi. Vi gi thnh lin tc c
gim thp, cc h my tnh nh thng cha b nh RAM t hng triu byte
n hng trm triu byte.

1.5 CC BUS : A CH, D LIU V IU KHIEN

Mt bs l mt tp cc dy mang thng tin c cng mt mc ch. Vic
truy xut ti mt mch xung quanh CPU s dng ba bus : bus a ch, bus d
liu v bus iu khin. Vi mi thao tc c hoc ghi, CPU xc nh r v tr
ca d liu ( hoc lnh ) bng cch t mt a ch ln bus a ch, sau
tch cc mt tn hiu trn bus iu khin ch ra thao tc l c hay ghi.
Thao tc c ly mt byte d liu t b nh v tr xc nh v t byte
ny ln bus d liu. CPU c d liu v t d liu vo mt trong cc thanh
ghi ni ca CPU. Vi thao tc ghi, CPU xut, d liu ln bus d liu. Nh vo
tn hiu iu khin, b nh nhn bit y l thao tc ghi v lu d liu vo v
tr c xc nh.
Hu ht cc my tnh nh c t 16 n 32 ng a ch v c kh nng
truy xut 2" v tr nh. Mt bus a ch 16^ETF do~~co th truy xut.
mt b nh c 64 K v tr nh, mt bus a ch 20-bit c kh nng truy xut 1
M v tr^nhcTv mt bus a ch 32-bit c kh nng truy xut. n 4 G v tr
nh ( 1 K = 1024, 1 M = 1024 K v 1 G = 1024 M ).
Bus d liu mang thng tin gia CPU v b nh cng nh gia CPU v
cc thit b xut nhp. Vic c gng nghin cu bao qut phn ln c
dng vo vic xc nh loi cc hot ng lm mt nhiu thi gian thc thi
ng gi ca my tnh. Hin nhin l my tnh s dng n 2/3 thi gian vo
cc vic di chuyn d liu. V a s cc thao tc di chuyn d liu xy ra
gia mt thanh ghi ca CPU vi ROM v RAM ngoi, s ng ( hay
rng ) ca bus d liu rt quan trng i vi hiu sut tng th ca my
tnh. Gii hn bi rng ny c dng c chai : c th c mt lng T t ln
b nh trong h thng v CPU c th c kh nng tnh ton rt ln nhng

Chng 1 : Gii thiu

vic truy xut d liu - di chuyn d liu gia b nh v CPU thng qua bus
d liu - thng b nghn nh c chai do rng ca bus d liu.
iu ny T t quan trng nn ngi ta thng thm mt tin t ( trong
ting Anh ) ch ra s m rng trnh hin tng c chai. Cu my tnh
16-bit ch ra rng my tnh c 16 ng d liu. Cc my tnh c phn loi
4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit c kh nng tnh ton tng th tng khi rng ca
bus d liu tng.
Lu l bus d liu, nh c ch ra trong hnh 1.1, l bus hai chiu cn
bus a ch l bus mt chiu. Cc thng tin a ch lun lun c cung cp
bi CPU ( c ch bi mi tn trong hnh 1.1 ) trong khi d liu di chuyn
theo c hai hng ty thuc vo thao tc c d nh l c hay ghi. Cng
lu l thut ng d liu c s dng theo ngla tng qut : thng tin
di chuyn trn bus d liu c th l lnh ca chng trnh, a ch theo sau
lnh hoc d liu c s dng bi chng trnh.
Bus iu khin l mt hn hp cc tn hiu, mi mt tn hiu c mt vai
tr ring trong vic iu khin c trt t hot ng ca h thng. Theo l
thng, cc tn hiu iu khin l cc tn hiu nh thi c cung cp bi
CPU ng b vic di chuyn thng tin trn cc bus a ch v d liu. Mc
d thng thng c ba tn hiu nh l CLOCK, READ v WRITE i vi vic di
chun d liu c bn gia CPU v b nh, tn v hot ng ca cc tn hiu
iu khin ph thuc nhiu vo CPU c th. Ta cn nghin cu chi tit cc
tham kho k thut ca cc nh sn xut.

1.6 CC THIT B XUT NHP

Cc thit b xut nhp hay cc thit b ngoi vi ca my tnh cho ta ng
truyn thng gia h my tnh vi th gii bn ngoi. Khng c cc thit b
ngoi vi, cc h my tnh chi l nhng chic my b thu hp v t c s
dng. Tng qut c ba loi thit b xut nhp l cc thit b lu tr ln, cc
thit b giao tip vi con ngi v cc thit b iu khin / kim tra.

1.6.1Cc thit b lu tr ln
Cng nh cc b nh bn dn RAM v ROM, cc thit b lu tr ln lun
lun tng trng v pht trin. Nh tn gi, cc thit b lu tr ln lu tr
cc lng ln thng tin ( chng trnh hoc d liu ) m cc thng tin ny
khng th cha trong RAM tng i nh ( cn gi l b nh chnh ) ca
my tnh. Thng tin ny phi c np vo t.rong b nh chnh trc khi CPU
truy xut chng. Nu ta phn loi theo s truy xut, cc thit b lu tr ln
hoc thuc loi online hoc thuc loi archival. B lu tr loi online thng l
a t thch hp vi CPU khng c s can thip ca con ngi khi yu cu
mt chng trnh, b lu tr archival thng l a hoc bng t mc d cc
a quang nh l CD-ROM hoc cng ngh WORM hin ang c a chung
v c th thay th cc b lu tr archived do tin cy, kh nng lu tr v

H vi iu khin 8051
gi thnh thp.

1.6.2Cc thit b giao tip vi con ngi

Vic lin kt con ngi v my c thc hin qua nhiu thit b giao
tip vi con ngi m thng thng nh't l thit b u cui hin th video
VDT ( video display terminal ) v my in. My in l thit b xut cn cc VDT
thc ra l 2 thit b v chng cha mt bn phm nlip v mt n tia m
cc CRT ( cathode ray tube ) xut. Mt lnh vc k thut, c gi l cc
nhn t' con ngi pht trin t nhu cu thit k cc thit b ngoi vi cho
con ngi vi mc ch l an ton, tin nghi v hiu qu cng vi cc c
tnh ca con ngi i vi nhng my m con ngi s dng. T ta thy
c nhiu cng ty sn xut ra cc thit b ngoi vi hn l cc cng ty sn xut
ra my tnh.
i vi hu ht cc h my tnh, thng ta c ti thiu 3 thit b : mt
bn phm, mt CRT v mt my in. Cc thit b khc giao tip vi con ngi
bao gm : cn iu khin tr chi, bt sng, con chut, ng ni, loa v.v... .

1.6.3Cc thit b diu khin / kim tra

Nh vo cc thit b iu khin / kim tra, cc my tnh c th thc hin
v s" cc tc v hng iu khin cng nh thc hin chng khng ngi
ngh, khng mt mi v iu ny vt xa kh nng ca con ngi. Nliiu ng
dng trong i sng hoc trong cng nghip s dng cc thit b ny.
Cc thit b iu khin l cc thit b xut hoc cc b kch thch (
actuator ), cc thit b kim tra l cc thit b nhp hoc cc cm bin bin
di cc i lng phi in nh nhit, nh sng, p sut, v.v... thnh cc di
lng din nh in p hay dng in my tnh c. Mch giao tip bin
di din p hay dng in ny thnh cc m nh phn hoc ngc li v
thng qua phn mm, mt quan h c thit lp gia cc thit b nhp v
cc thit b xut.
Vic giao tip bng phn cng v phn mm gia cc thit b ny vi cc
b vi diu khin l mt trong cc ch chnh ca quyn sch ny.

1.7 CHNG TRNH : LN V NH

Cc tho lun trn tp trung vo phn cng ca cc h my tnh, cc

chng trnh hoc phn mm iu khin phn cng lm vic ch mi cp
qua. Tm quan trng tng i ca phn cng so vi pl^n mm c dch
chuyn mt cch r rt trong thp nin cui ca th k 20. Trong khi trc
y gi sn xut v bo tr phn cng ca my tnh rt t so vi gi thnh
ca phn mm, ngy nay vi cc chip c tch hp cao LSI ( large scale
integrated ) v rt cao VLSI ( very large scale integrated ) gi thnh ca
phn cng gim i rt nhiu. Cc cng vic i hi nghin cu su nh vit,
cung cp v thu thp t liu, bo tr, cp nht v phn phi phn mm chim
phn ln gi thnh trong vic t ng ha qu trnh s dng cc my tnh.

Chng 1 : Gii thiu

Applications Hoft.waiv Uiaer Interface)

Operating
system
(command language, utilities 1

InpuL/outpul subroutines (access to hardware)

Hardware

Hnh 1.4 : Cc c'p phn mm

Applications software : phn mm ng dng

User interface : giao din vi ngi s dng

Operating system : h iu hnh

Command language, Utilities : ngn ng lnh, cc tin ch
Input/output subroutines : cc chng trnh con xu't nhp
Access to hardware : truy xut n phn cng Hardware :
phn cng

Ta hy kho st cc loi phn mm khc nhau. Hnh 1.4 minh ha ba cp

phn mm c v tr gia ngi s dng v phn cng ca mt h my tnh :
phn mm ng dng ( application software ), h iu hnh ( operating system ) v
cc chng trnh con xut nhp ( input/output subroutine ).
cp thp nht cc chng trnh con xut nhp trc tip qun l phn
cng ca h thng, c cc k t t bn phm, a cc k t ln CRT, c mt
khi thng tin t a v v.v... Do cc chng trnh con ny

10

H vi iu khin 8051

lin kt mt thit vi phn cng, chng c vit bi cc chuyn gia thit

k phn cng v thng c lu gi trong ROM ( chng l h xut nlip c
bn BIOS [ basic input output system ] trn my tnh c nhn PC [ personal
Computer ] ca IBM chng hn ).

#
gip cho ngi lp trnh d dng truy cp n phn cng ca h
thng, cc iu kin nhp v thot c xc nh mt cch r rng i vi
cc chng trnh con xut nhp. Ngi lp trnh ch cn khi ng cc gi tr
cho cc thanh ghi ca CPU v gi chng trnh con : thao tc cn thit c
thc thi v kt qu s tr v trong cc thanh ghi ca CPU hoc lu li trong
RAM h thng.
b sung y cho cc chng trnh con xut nhp, ROM cha mt
chng trnh khi ng ( start-up program ), chng trnh ny c thc thi
khi h thng c cp in hoc c thit lp li ( reset ) bng tay. Bn cht
khng b mt ni dung ca ROM c s dng y v chng trnh khi
ng phi hin hu trong thi gian khi ng h thng. Chng trnh ny
kim tra cc ty chn, khi ng b nh, thc hin vic kim tra chn on
h hng v.v... Cui cng nhng khng km quan trng, mt trnh np
bootstrap ( bootstrap loader ) c track u tin ( mt chng trnh nh ) t a
vo RAM v chuyn iu khin ti chng trnh nh ny np phn thng
tr trong RAM ca h iu hnh ( mt chng trnh ln ) t a v chuyn
iu khin ti chng trnh ln ny, hon tt vic khi ng h thng.
H iu hnh l mt tp hp ln cc chng trnh c np vo trong
mt h my tnh nhm cung cp cc c ch truy xut, qun l v s dng
mt cch c hiu qu cc ti nguyn ( resource ) ca my tnh. Cc kh nng
ny c th hin thng qua ngn ng lnh iu khin ( command language )
v cc chng trnh tin ch ( utility program ) ca h iu hnh, v n lt
chng to iu kin thun li cho vic pht trin cc phn mm ng dng.
Nu mt phn mm ng dng c thit k tt, ngi s dng tc ng
tng h vi my tnh m khng cn c kin thc nhiu v h iu hnh.
Cung cp mt giao din vi ngi s dng mt cch an ton, hiu qu l mt
trong cc mc tiu c bn ca vic thit k cc phn mm ng dng.

1.8 MICRO, MINI V MAINFRAME

Chng ta phn loi my tnh da theo ln v kh nng tnh ton : my
vi tnh ( microcomputer ), my tnh mini ( minicomputer ) v my tnh mainframe (
mainframe computer ). c im chnh ca my vi tnh l kch thc v kh
nng ng gi ca CPU. My vi tnh cha bn trong mt vi mch tch hp
n gi l b vi x l ( microprocessor ). Cc my tnh mini v mainframe th
phc tp hn trong tng chi tit cu trc, chng c cc CPU ch nhiu vi
mch tch hp, t vi IC di vi my tnh mini n vi board cha cc IC i
vi my tnh mainframe. y l iu cn thit c c tc cao v kh
nng tnh ton mnh.

Chng 1 : Gii thiu

Cc my vi tnh in hnh ca IBM-PC, Apple Macintosh v Commodore

Amiga s dng mt b vi x l lm CPU. RAM, ROM v cc mch giao tip
yu cu nhiu vi mch vi s thnh phn thng tng theo kh nng tnh
ton. Cc mch giao tip c phc tp thay di ty thuc vo cc thit b
xut nhp. Chng hn iu khin mt loa cha trong hu ht cc my vi
tnh ta ch cn mt cp cng logic, tuy nhin mch giao tip v diu khin
da cn nhiu vi mch dng LSI.
C mt c trng khc phn bit my vi tnh, my tnh mini v my tnh
mainframe. Cc my vi tnh l cc h thng chi dnh cho mt ngi s dng
v thuc loi dn tc v, chng ch tc ng tng h vi mt ngi s dng
v chng ch thc thi mt chng trnh mt thi im. Cc my tnh mini v
mainframe l cc h thng dnh cho nhiu ngi s dng v thuc loi a tc
v, chng c th tc ng tng h vi nhiu ngi s dng v thc thi ng
thi nhiu chng trnh. Thc t, vic thc thi ng thi nhiu chng trnh
l o gic c to ra t vic chia x thi gian s dng cc ti nguyn ca
CPU. Tuy nhin, vi cc h a x l c nhiu CPU, cc tc v c thc thi
ng thi.

1.9 T B VI X L N B VI DIEU KHIN

Nh cp cc phn trn, cc b vi x l l cc CPU n chip c
s dng trong cc my vi tnh. Vy th u l s khc nhau gia mt b vi
diu khin v mt b vi x l. Cu hi ny c th c tr li t 3 phi cnh :
cu trc phn cng ( hardware architecture ), cc ng dng v cc c trng
ca tp lnh ( instruction set feature ).

1.9.1 Cu trc phn cng

ch r s khc nhau gia cc b vi diu khin v cc b vi x l, hnh
1.2 c v li chi tit hn hnh 1.5.
Trong khi b vi x l l mt CPU n chip, mt b vi iu khin l mt vi
mch n cha bn trong mt CPU v cc mch khc to nn mt h my
vi tnh y . Cc thnh phn bn trong ca khung v bng cc ng
khng lin tc hnh 1.5 l phn ch yu ca hu lit cc b vi diu khin.
Ngoi CPU, cc b vi iu khin cn cha bn trong chng cc RAM,
ROM, mch giao tip ni tip, mch giao tip song song, b nh thi v cc
mch iu khin ngt, tt c hin din bn trong mt vi mch. D nhin
dung lng ca RAM trong chp khng th t bng vi dung lng RAM
cc my vi tnh nhng nh ta s kho st sau, iu ny khng phi l mt
hn ch v cc b vi iu khin c thit k vi d nh dnh cho nhng
ng dng hon ton khc.

SI 12

H vi iu khin 8051

Hnh 1.5 : S d khi chi tit ca mt h my vi tnh

CPU : dn v x l trung tm Timers : cc b

nh thi Interrupt control : diu khin ngt Serial
interface : giao tip ni tip Parallel interface : giao
tip song song
Address, data and control buses : cc bus a ch, d liu v diu khin RAM : b
nh c / ghi ROM : b nh ch dc
External clocks : cc xung clock bn ngoi External
interrupts : cc ngt ngoi Serial device : thit b
ni tip Parallel device : thit b song song

Mt c trng quan trng ca b vi iu khin l h thng ngt c

thit k bn trong chip. Cng nh cc thit b hng iu khin, cc b vi
iu khin p ng vi cc tc ng bn ngoi ( cc ngt ) theo hi gian
thc. Chng phi thc hin vic chuyn i ng cnh rt nhanh.
treo mt qu trnh trong khi ang thc thi mt qu trnh khc theo yu
cu ca mt s kin. D nhin hu ht cc b vi x l u c kh nng
hin thc cc s ngt ( interrupt scheme ) nhng phi s dng cc thnh
phn bn ngoi trong khi mch bn trong ca mt chip vi iu khin
bao gm cc mch qun l ngt cn thit.

1.9.2Cc ng dng
Cc b vi x l hu ht c dng lm cc CPU trong cc h my vi
tnh trong khi cc b vi iu khin c tm thy trong cc thit k nh,
vi s thnh phn thm vo ti thiu nhm thc hin cc hot ng hng
iu khin. Trong qu kh cc thit k nh vy yu cu hng chc h 0

Chng 1 : Gii thiu

ctKrnch hng trm vi mch s. B vi iu khin gip ta gim thiu s

lng tng th cc thnh phn. Tt c ch cn mt b vi iu khin, mt
s" t cc thnh phn h tr v mt chng trnh iu khin cha trong
ROM. Cc b vi iu khin thch hp vi cc ng dng iu khin thit b
xut nhp trong cc thit k yu cu s thnh phn ti thiu, trong khi
cc b vi x l thch hp vi cc ng dng x l thng tin trong cc h
my tnh.

1.9.3Cc c trng ca tp lnh

T cc khc nhau v ng dng, cc b vi iu khin c cc yu cu
khc i vi tp lnh ca chng so vi cc b vi x l. Cc tp lnh ca
cc b vi x l bao gm cc lnh x l bao qut nn chng manh v cc
kiu nh a ch vi cc lnh cung cp cc hot ng trn cc lng d
liiuMo. Cc lnh ca chng c th hot ng trn cc V. byte, byte, t.__ t
kp. Cc kiu nh a ch cung cp kh nng trnv xiit. dy liu ln bng
cch s dng cc con tr a ch cc offset. Cc kiu tng v gim t
ng lm n gin ha cc bc thc thi trn cc dy d liu cc gii
hn byte, t v t kp. Cc lnh c quyn khng th thc thi trong cc
chng trnh ca ngi s dng v vic lit k cn tip tc na nu ta
mun.
Cc b vi iu khin c cc tp lnh cung cp cc iu khin xut
nhg^-Mch giao tip cho nhiu ng nhp v ng xut ch s dng mt
bit. Th d mt ng c c th c iu khin chy hoc dng brg cch
cung cp tn hiu iu khin t mt port 1-bit. Cc b vi iu khin c cc
lnh set v xa cc bit n v thc thi cc thao tc hng bit ( bit oriented
operation ) nh l AND, OR, XOR, nhy nu bit c set hoc c xa, v.v...
c trng mnh ny him khi thy trong cc b vi x l thng c
thit k hot ng trn cc byte hoc cc n v d liu ln hn.

0114

H vi iu khin 8051

Trong cc thit b iu khin v kim tra, cc b vi iu khin c cc

mach bn trong v cc lnhdnh cho cc thao tc xut nhp, nh thi s
kin, cho php v thit lp cc mc u tin cho cc ngt c tao ra bi cc
kch thch bn ngoi. Cc b vi x l thng yu cu thm cc machpFuTT cc
IC giTep ni tip, cc IC iu khin ngt, cc b nh thow.v . ) thc
hin cng cc thao tc. Tuy nhin, kh nng x l tuyt i ca b vi iu
khin khng bao gi tip cn c vi kh nng x liua b vi x l do mt
lng ln IC cn c cung cp cho cc chc nng trn chip - iu ny tr
gi cho kh nng x l.
Do kt cu phn cng bn trong cc b vi iu khin, cc lnh phi tht
c ng v hu ht c thc thi trn tng byte. Mt tiu chun thit k l
chng trnh iu khin cn phi t va trong ROM ni v vic thm ROM
bn ngoi s lm tng gi thnh ca sn phm thit k trn b vi iu khin.
Mt s m ha cht ch lun lun cn thit cho tp lnh. c trng ny
him thy cc b vi x l; cc kiu nh a ch mnh ca chng lm cho
vic m ha cc lnh t cht ch hn.

1.10 KHI NIM MI

Cc b vi iu khin khng c dng trong cc my tnh nhng li c
s dng trong cc sn phm tiu dng v cc sn phm cng nghip. Nhng
ngi s dng cc sn phm ny thng khng nhn bit s hin din ca
cc b vi iu khin; vi h, cc thnh phn bn trong l nhng chi tit
khng quan trng trong thit k.
Khng ging nh cc h my tnh c xc nh bi kh nng c lp
trnh v c ti lp trnh ca chng, cc b vi iu khin c lp trnh
thng trc cho mt cng vic. S so snh ny dn n s khc bit hon
ton v cu trc gia cc h my tnh v cc b vi iu khin. Cc h my
tnh c t l RAM-ROM rt cao sao cho cc chng trnh ca ngi s dng
c thc thi trong mt khng gian RAM tng i ln v cc chng trnh
giao tip vi phn cng c thc thi trong mt khng gian ROM nh. Cc
b vi iu khin ngc li c t s ROM-RAM cao. Chng trnh iu khin
tng i ldn-c lu trong ROM trng khi RAM chi_r siV Hnnpr nh
mt b nh tam thi. Dp chng trnh iu khin c lu thng trc trong
ROM, chng trnh ny cn c gi l firmware. Da vo mc bn vng,
chng trnh iu khin cha trong ROM nm khong gia phn mm cc chng trnh trong RAM b mt khi ta khng cung cp in na v
phn cng - cc mch vt l. S khc nhau v phn mm v phn cng hi
ging vi s khc nhau gia mt trang giy ( phn cng ) vi cc ch c
vit ln trang giy ny ( phn mm ). Ta c th xem firmware nh l mt bc
th c dng chun, c thit k v c in ra cho mt mc ch duy nht.

Chng 1 : Gii thiu

1.11 U V KHUYT IM : MT TH D THIT K

Cc cng vic c thc hin bi cc b vi iu khin th khng mi. iu
mi l cc thit k c hin thc vi t thnh phn hn so vi cc thit k
trc . Cc thit k trc yu cu vi chc hoc thm ch vi trm IC
hin thc nay chi c mt t thnh phn trong bao gm b vi iu khin.
S thnh phn c gim bt, hu qu trc tip ca tnh kh lp trnh ca
cc b vi iu khin v tch hp cao trong cng ngh ch to vi mch,
thng chuyn thnh thi gian pht trin ngn hn, gi thnh khi sn xut
thp hn, cng sut tiu th thp hn v tin cy cao hn. Cc hot ng
logic yu cu vi IC thng c hin thc bn trong b vi iu khin cng
vi mt chng trnh iu khin thm vo.
Vn y l tc . Cc gii php da trn b vi iu khin khng bao
gi nhanh bng giai php da trn cc thnh phn ri rac. hng tnh
hungToi hi phi p ng tht nhanh ivi cc s kin ( chim thiu s
trong cc ng dng ) s c qun l ti khi da vo cc b vi iu khin.
Ly th d ta kho st hnh 1.6, th d ny hin thc mt cng NAND
bng cch s dng chip vi iu khin 8051. Khng phi hon ton hin
nhin m mt b vi iu khin c th c s dng cho mt hot ng nh
vy, nhng li c th c. Phn mm phi thc hin cc thao tc c ch ra
trong lu hnh 1.7. Chng trnh hp ng ca 8051 cho hot ng logic
ny nh
sau :
c bit

LOOP:

MOV
ANL
ANL
CPL

c,
c,
c,

P1.4

P1.4 vo c nh

P1.5

AND vi P1.5 AND vi P1.6 i thnh kt qu

P1.6

NAND gi kt qu vo P1.7 lp li

Nu
chng trnh ny c thc thi trn b vi
iu khin 8051, MOV
chc nng cng NAND 3-ng vo c
P1.7,
thc hin. Thi
gian tr hon truyn tnh t khi c s
SJMP
c
chuyn
trng
thi ng vo cho n khi xut hin logic
LOOP
ng ng ra
kh lu, t nht cng sp snh c vi cc
mch TTL tng ng.
Ty thuc vo lc ng vao c chuyn
trng thi v chng trnh bit c s chuyn trng thi ny, thi gian tr
hon c th t 3 n 17 nsec ( gi s 8051 hot ng vi tn s' xung clock
chun l 12 MHz ). Thi gian tr hon truyn ca mch TTL tng ng vo

S)16

H vi iu khin 8051

khoang 10 nsec. Hin nhin l khng c tranh ci khi so snh tc ca

cc b vi iu khin vi cc hin thc TTL c cng chc nng.
Trong nhiu ng dng, c bit l cc ng dng c lin quan n con
ngi, cc khoang thi gian tr tnh bng nsec, nsec hoc thm ch msec l
khng quan trng. Th d v cng logic trn minh ha rng cc b vi iu
khin c th hin thc cc thao t.c logic. Hn na, khi cc thit k tr nn
phc tp hn, cc li ch ca thit, k da trn cc b vi iu khin c thy
r hn. Vic gim bt cc thnh phn l mt iu li nh cp, cc thao
tc trong chng trnh iu khin lm cho thit k c th thay i bng cch
thay i plin mm. iu ny c nh hng ti thiu n chu k sn xut.

Hnh 1.6 : Hin thc mt cng logic

dng b vi iu khin 8051
Enter : im nhp
Read bit PI.4 : c bit PI.4
AND with bit PI.5 : AND vi bit PI.5
AND with bit PI.6 : AND vi bit P1.6
Complement result : ly b kt qu
Send bit to PI.7 : gi bit n PI.7
Hnh 1.7 : Lu cho chng trnh
hin thc c n g logic