(

:
: .

2008

 ....................................................................................................................3
1. ........................................................................................5
1.1 .......................................................................................................................5
1.2 ........................................................5
1.3 ........................................................7
1.4 ............................................................9
1.5 ..............................................................11
1.6 .........................................12
1.6.1 ...............................................................................................13
1.6.2 pH................................................................................................................14
1.6.3. ..............................................................................................15
1.6.4. .....................................................................................................16
1.6.5. ............................................................................................16
1.7 . ...............................................................19
1.8
................................................................................................................20
1.8.1. ..........................................................20
1.8.2. ....................21
1.8.3. .............................................................................................22
2. ....................................................24
2.1 ...............................................................................................................24
2.2 ...............................................................................25
2.3 . .........................................................27
2.4 . ......................................................28
3. .........................................................................................30
3.1 ...............................................................................................................30
3.2 pH ..........................................................................................................30
3.3 (COD)....................................30
3.4 ................................31
3.5 .......................................32
...............................................................................32
.............................................................................32
4.1 ............................................................................................34
4.2 - ............................................................................35




, ,

H
,


,
.
,

.
( ) ,

.

. ,
, 1.065.000
2002 3.184.000 2005 6.069.000
2006.

.

9 kg

1 kg

, , .


.



.

1.

1.1


.
, Alessandro Volta (1776)
,

.
Leeuwenhoek (1680)
. ,
.
200
Louis Pasteur (1862).

,
.



.
1.2


5

 ( 1.1). ,
,


.

, , ,
.

. ,
,
.


7 1.1.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

( , .. )

2, CO2
4

CH4, CO2

1.1
.
1.3

: (1)
, (2) , (3)
, (4)
, (5)
.
7


. 1.1

- - .
1.1
.

1. (aerobes)

2.

(facultative anaerobes)

3.

(obligate anaerobes)

3.

(indifferent anaerobes)
3.

(aerotolerant

anaerobes)
3.
(strict anaerobes)

, , ,
,


.
1.4


,
. , ,


.

.

.

1.2

.

,

,
, .

,
.
9

 Toerien et al. (1967)

,

.
1.2

Aerobacter

A.aerogenes

Toerien (1967a)

Aeromonas

Aeromonas sp.

Kotze et al. (1968)

Alcaligenes

A. boukerii

Toerien (1967b)

Bacillus

B. cereus

Hattingh et al. (1967)

Bacteroides

Bacteroides sp.

Post et al. (1967)

Clostridium

C. aminovalericum

Hardman

and

Stadman (1960)
Escherichia

E. coli

McCarty et al. (1962)

Leptospira

L. biflexa

Toerien (1967b)

Micrococcus

M. candidus

Toerien (1967a)

Neisseria

N. catarhhalis

McCarty et al. (1962)

Pseudomonas

P. denitrificants

Burbank et al. (1966)

Sarcina

S. lutea

Burbank et al. (1966)

Streptococcus

S. diploidus

Buck et al. (1953)

Streptomyces

S. bikiniesis

Toerien (1967a)

10

1.5


.

,
, , .

( 1.1).

()

()

()

()

1.1

Methanobrevibacter ruminantum ( 0.7 m) )

Methanobacterium AZ ( 1 m) ) Methanospirillium
hungatii ( 0.4 m) ) Methanosarcina barkeri
( 1.7 m).


. ) , )
11

, ) . 1.3
.
1.3 .

Go (KJ)

CO2
CO2 + 4H2

CH4 + 2H2O

4HCOOH +4H+

-131

CH4 + 3CO2 + -145

2H2O
4CO + 2H2O

CH4 + 3CO2

-210

4CH3OH

3CH4 + CO2 + -319

2H2O
4CH3NH3Cl

2H2O

3CH4 + CO2 + -230

4NH4Cl

CH3COO- + H2O

CH4 + 3CO2 + -31

2H2O
NH4+
,
.

.
1.6

12

, , pH, ,

.

.
1.6.1

.
2 oC
100oC .

60oC. ,
2-CO2 37oC Methanoccocus voltae
2 Methanococcus
thermolithotrophicus 65oC 1 .

, ( ~35

C)

(55 oC 60 oC), .

. ,
15 oC.

.

(,
) .

13

 . ,

90 oC,
.

,
.

1.6.2 pH

pH.

,
.



.

pH
. ,
,

.
,

pH.
Methanosarcina

barkeri

Methanosarcina

vacuolata,

14

 , pH~5.

pH~3
pH~6.

pH~9.

1.6.3.

, .
0.2 Na+
.

pH.

( )

( pH).
:
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
H2CO3 H+ + HCO3 [+] pH
:
CO ]
[H ] = k [[HHCO
]
+

15

 pH 6.6 7.4
30 40%,
1000mg/l 5000mg/l CaCO3.

,
.

1.6.4.

C
COD:N 400:7 1000:7.
:P 7:1.

, , ,
, , , ,
.
.

1.6.5.

16



, , , ,
.

. , ,
,
.
Methanobrevibacter

arboriphilus

Methanobacterium

thermoautotrophicum
, Methanosarcina barkeri
24 .

.

, pH
, ,

.

1500 3000 mg/l 4000 mg/l

. ,

6000 mg/l.
,
.

17


(pH, )

. , ,
pH . ,
,
. (. , ,
..)
.

.

.
, ,
.

,
, ,

.
Ni > Ca > Pb > Cr > Zn.
(H2S) (HS- ,S2-)
.

200-1500 mg/l.

pH.

18

o, ,
.
1.7 .


.


.

,
Monod :

max S

(3)

Ks + S

max:
KS:

)
S:

19

1.8

1.8.1.


. ,

.
,
.

.
(cellobiose) ,
, (uronic acid).

( ) .
()
. ,

.

. ,

20


.

,

. ,
,
.

1.8.2.

,

, ,
.


. H
Gujer Zehnder
(1983).

(. , )
.

21


.
,
,
(succinate) . ,


.

1.8.3.

.
.

.

, 65-70%
.

Methanosarcina barkeri 97%

.
30-35%

.
(
) ,
,

22

 .
CO2 H2.

23

2.

2.1

,
( )

.

, ,
( ).

. ,
, ...
,

.
,

: ) , )
, ) , )
, ) (), )
, ) .
,
(30-35C 50-55C)
.
,

24

 2.000 mg
COD/L.
.
,
,

.

2.2

.
,
,

.


, 30-40%
.
,
.

,
pH, , ,
.. 2.1
25

2.1
.

pH
(ORP)

6.8-7.4

6.4-7.8

-520 -530

-490 -

(mV)

550

(mg/l )

50-500

>2000

1500-3000

1000-5000

30-35 C

20-40 C

50-56 C

45-60 C

10-15

7-30

CH4 (%.)

65-70

60-75

CO2 (%.)

30-35

25-40

(mg/l CaCO3)

(d)

( )

,
. 2.1,

26

2.2
.
0.75 1.0 m3 kg
.
2.3 .

.
,
27

,
20C.

, ,

.

.

,
.


.
.
2.4 .

85-90%.
. ,
,
400.000 .

...
,
.

.
28

. ,
. ,



.

29

3.
3.1

3.2 pH
pH GLP 21
CRISON.

3.3 (COD)

()
,
.
,
30

(K2Cr2O7)

(AgSO4).

,
, ,
(HgSO4) ,
, .

.

CnHaOb + cCr2 O72 + 8cH+ nCO2 +

2
3

a
6

c = n +

a + 8c
H2O + 2Cr3+
2

b
3

Standard
Methods, 600 nm Cr3+
.
3.4

Standard Methods for the examination of

water and wastewater .
31

 ()
. ,
.

103 105 oC .
.

, 550 oC .

550 oC .
.

3.5

.
, (pH<3)

,
.

32

 , , .

,
.

33

4. -
4.1

(2 + 1 )
1 lt.
- (draw-fill)
20 .
35C ( 4.1).

4.1

.
4.1
(),

1%
3%.

34


pH, (),
,
.
4.1
.

pH
TS
VS
/ COD
COD
Norg (Kjeldahl)

/
6.72
32.3
23.9
1220
33520
1108

(g/l)
(g/l)
(mg/l)
(mg/l)
(mg /l)

4.2 -
1 pH
(60 ) 3 .

3%

pH
. ,
1%
pH.

. pH ( 30
)
1% 7.4 ( 4.2)

35

8.5

1%
3%

8.0

pH

7.5

7.0

6.5

6.0
0
0

10

2030(d)

40

50

60

1. pH
.
2
(60 ). ,
1%
.
3%
.
4.2

1%

3%

7,4 0,1

7,4 0,3

<6,5

1354 216

1807 511

>4000

(ml/d)

766 48

1193 132

TS (g/l)

24,9 0,9

23,1 1,4

>30

pH
COD (mg/l)

36

 4.2
1%
766ml/d 1193ml/d 55,7%.

1%
3%

(ml/d)

1500
1200
900
600
300
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

(d)

2.
.
COD

1% . ,
3% COD
( 3).
24.9 g/l,
23% . 1%
28%.

37

5000

COD (mg/l)

4000

1%
3%

3000

2000

1000

0
0

10

20

30

40

(d)

50

60

3. COD
.

35

1%
3%

(g/l)

30

25

20

15

10

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

(d)

4.

38

1% .

50%. 3% .
.

39

5.
1. Altener, Bioexell training manual, Biogas from AD. 2004.
2. Angelidaki, I., Elegaard, L., Ahring, B.K. 2000. A Comprehensive
Model of Anaerobic Bioconversion of Complex Substrates to Biogas
Biotechnology and Bioengineering 63 (3), 363-372
3. Demirbas, A. 2006. Biogas Potential of Manure and Straw Mixtures.
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4. Dasari, M.A., Kiatsimkul, P.P., Sutterlin, W.R., Suppes G.J. 2005.
Low-pressure hydrogenolysis of glycerol topropylene glycol. Applied
Catalysis A: General 281(1-2), 225-231.
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6. Gavala, H.N., Skiadas, I.V., Bozinis N.A. and Lyberatos, G. 1996.
Anaerobic codigestion of agricultural industries wastewaters. Wat. Sci.
Tech. 34 (11), 67-75.
7. Hartenbower, B.P, Biogas production using glecerol, the biodiesel byproduct, as the carnon source. Aiche annual meeting, San Francisco
2006.
8. Hashimoto A.G., 1986. Pretreatment of Wheat Straw for Fermentation
to Methane. Biotech. Bioeng. 28, 1857-1866.
9. Kalfas H., Skiadas, I.V., Gavala, H.N., Stamatelatou, K. and
Lyberatos. G. 2006. Application of ADM1 for the simulation of
anaerobic digestion of olive pulp under mesophilic and thermophilic
conditions. Wat. Sci. Tech. 54(4), 149-156.
10. Llabres-Luengo, P. and Mata-Alvarez, J. 1987. Kinetic Study of the
anaerobic digestion of Straw-Pig manure Mixtures. Biomass, 129-142.
11. Pavlostathis S.G. and Giraldo-Gomez E. 1991. Kinetics of anaerobic
Treatment: a critical review. Critical reviews in Environ Control.
21(5-6), 411-490.
40

12. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.

1995. 19th edn, American Public Health Association/ American Water
Works Association/ Water Environment Federation, Washington DC,
USA
13. Thompson, J.C. and He, B. 2006. Characterization of crude glycerol
from biodiesel production from multiple feedstocks. Applied Eng.
Agri. 22(2), 261-265.
14. . 1998.
. , ,
.
15. . 1995. .
.
16. . 2005.
.
, ,
.
17. . 1988. .
, ,
.

41