HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

HONG TR MINH
HONG TRNG MINH

CI THIN HIU NNG MNG HNH

LI KHNG DY QUA K THUT
NH TUYN QOS
Chuyn ngnh: K thut Vin thng
M s: 62.52.02.08

TM TT LUN N TIN S K THUT

H Ni - 1/2014

Cng trnh hon thnh ti:

Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng
Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam

Ngi hng dn khoa hc:

1. PGS. TS. Nguyn Quc Bnh
2. PGS. TS. Nguyn Tin Ban

Phn bin 1: GS.TSKH. Thn Ngc Hon

Phn bin 2: GS.TS. Nguyn Don Phc
Phn bin 3: PGS.TS. Nguyn Linh Trung

Lun n s c bo v trc hi ng chm lun n ti Hc vin

Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng
Vo lc: 9.00 gi ngy 04 thng 4 nm 2014
C th tm hiu lun n ti:
Th vin Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng

1
M U
Mng hnh li khng dy WMN (Wireless Mesh Network) c coi
l mt gii php then cht ca mng khng dy th h mi nhm mc
tiu cung cp truy nhp Internet khng dy bng rng vi vng ph ln.
Bn cnh cc u im v cu hnh v ng dng, chnh c ch truyn
thng a bc khng dy v cc yu cu cung cp cht lng dch v
QoS (Quality of Service) cho thy mt s thch thc m WMN cn
phi vt qua v mt hiu nng mng. Trong , nh hng ca hin
tng tranh chp knh v tc ng nhiu gia cc truyn dn ng thi
ti cht lng lin kt l mt trong cc nguyn nhn chnh gy ra s suy
gim hiu nng.
Nhm tm kim gii php ci thin hiu nng WMN, nghin cu
sinh s dng tip cn xuyn lp (crosslayer) gia lp MAC v lp nh
tuyn. Tip cn phn tch hiu nng bng m hnh gii tch cho thy tnh
kh thi cao v l tip cn thng dng do kh nng phn nh tt cc thng
s vt l v phc tp tnh ton thp. V vy,nghin cu ny pht trin
mt m hnh gii tch mi phn nh cht lng lin kt v s dng nh
mt thnh phn d bo cht lng lin kt kt hp vi thnh phn o
ch ng sn c ca giao thc OLSR xut mt tham s nh tuyn
mi, ci thin c cc thng s hiu nng WMN.

Mc tiu, i tng v phm vi nghin cu

Vi mc tiu tm kim mt gii php kh thi ci thin hiu nng
WMN thng qua k thut nh tuyn QoS, nghin cu ny xut mt
tham s nh tuyn mi v c tch hp vo giao thc nh tuyn
OLSR nhm ci thin cc thng s hiu nng chnh ca mng c th

2
nh: thng lng, tr v t l tn tht gi tin. Tnh ng n v hiu
qu ca xut c xc nh qua cc phn tch l thuyt, phn tch s
v m phng.

Nhim v nghin cu
t c mc tiu v i tng nghin cu nu trn, nhim
v nghin cu c nghin cu sinh tp trung vo cc vn sau: Cc
c tnh c bn nh hng ti hiu nng mng WMN; m hnh gii tch
biu din c ch hot ng ca IEEE 802.11 DCF; xut mt tham s
nh tuyn mi ci thin hiu nng WMN.

Phng php nghin cu

Trn c s cc nhim v nghin cu nu trn, nghin cu sinh
da trn cc cng c ton hc nh l thuyt xc sut, chui Markov, cc
phng php tnh xc minh tnh ng n v mt l thuyt. Cng c
m phng s kin ri rc c s dng trong lun n nhm kim
chng tnh hp l ca xut.

Cu trc lun n
Cc kt qu nghin cu v ng gp mi ca lun n s c trnh by
trong cc chng, mc theo cu trc sau:
Chng 1: Khi qut cc vn lin quan ti hiu nng mng hnh li
khng dy
Chng 2: Bi ton m hnh ha giao thc iu khin truy nhp phng
tin trong iu kin bo ha
Chng 3: Xy dng m hnh gii tch nh gi cht lng lin kt
Chng 4: xut tham s nh tuyn QoS ci thin hiu nng mng
hnh li khng dy

H ni, thng 1 nm 2014

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CHNG 1: KHI QUT CC VN LIN QUAN TI
HIU NNG MNG HNH LI KHNG DY
Tm tt: Ni dung ca chng khi qut cc c tnh k thut ca
mng hnh li khng dy cng vi cc ng dng in hnh, cc vn
nn tng ca cht lng dch v QoS (Quality of Service), tip cn gii
quyt vn h tr QoS trong mng hnh li khng dy v cc im
mu cht ca k thut nh tuyn QoS. c bit, cc gii php ci thin
hiu nng ca cc nghin cu gn y c tm tt qua kha cnh s
dng cng c ton hc nhm sng t cch thc tip cn hc thut ca
lun n.
1.1 TNG QUAN MNG HNH LI KHNG DY

Gii php mng kt ni hnh li khng dy WMN (Wireless Mesh

Network) c hnh thnh nh mt gii php then cht cho mng
truy nhp khng dy bng rng vi vng ph rng [61], [63], [69]. Di
gc ng dng cng ngh, WMN c pht trin mnh m nh mt s
u im chnh nh sau: trin khai nhanh, khc phc hin tng che tm
nhn thng, cng ngh truyn thng tm ngn, truyn thng a ng v
h tr nhiu cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn. V vy, cng ngh WMN c
nhiu u im ni tri v c kh nng ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh
vc ca i sng.
1.1.1 Kin trc mng hnh li khng dy

Cng ngh truyn dn nn tng cho WMN c xy dng trn cc

chun cng nghip thng dng ca Vin k ngh in v in t IEEE
nh: IEEE 802.11 [45], IEEE 802.15 [44] v IEEE 802.16 [46]. WMN
thc hin truyn thng a chng khng dy gia cc thit b u cui di

4
ng thng qua cc thit b nh tuyn b tr tnh theo hnh li. Mng
hnh li khng dy c t chc theo cc kiu kin trc nh: WMN
phng, WMN phn cp v WMN lai ghp ty theo tng kch bn ng
dng.
1.1.2 Mt s ng dng in hnh

Nh vo cc u im v mt cu hnh v cng ngh ng dng cho

mng WMN, mt s cc ng dng in hnh ca WMN th hin s b
sung thit yu cho cc cng ngh hin thi nh: mng truy nhp bng
rng, mng cng ng, mng cng s, mng vng nh, mng giao thng
v mng cm bin.
1.2 CHT LNG DCH V
1.2.1 Khi qut v cht lng dch v

Mc ny ch ra cc vn ct li ca vn cung cp, m bo QoS

di kha cnh chung. ng thi ch ra mc tiu cung cp v m bo
QoS trong WMN lun gn lin vi mc tiu ti u ti nguyn mng v
l mc tiu cp thit ca cc nh nghin cu v khai thc mng [17],
[49].
1.2.2 QoS vi tip cn xuyn lp trong WMN

Cu trc mng hnh li khng dy em ti mt s vn c th

khin kin trc phn lp khng hot ng hiu qu. Mt khc bin thi
gian iu hnh khc bit trn tng lp dn ti m hnh kin trc phn
lp khng t c im ti u hiu nng tng th ca mng WMN,
vic cung cp QoS trong WMN ph thuc vo tham s ng ca mng
v mi trng iu khin phn tn. V vy, hng tip cn xuyn lp l

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khng trnh khi gn kt s ti u iu khin gia cc lp nhm cung
cp QoS v ti u hiu nng mng [56].
1.3 K THUT NH TUYN QOS
1.3.1 K thut nh tuyn

Mc tiu c bn ca cc phng php nh tuyn nhm s dng ti

a ti nguyn mng, v ti thiu ho gi thnh mng. Cc vn c bn
ca k thut nh tuyn c tm tt theo ba kha cnh: th tc trao i
v cp nht thng tin, thut ton tnh ton ng dn v tham s nh
tuyn.
1.3.2 K thut nh tuyn QoS

K thut nh tuyn QoS c coi l bi ton c cc quyt nh tm

ng ti u tha mn cc iu kin rng buc. Thng qua bi ton
chung t ra cho k thut nh tuyn QoS, cc phn tch ch ra l rt kh
tm ra mt li gii cho trng hp nhiu iu kin rng buc nh WMN.
V vy, cch tip cn kh thi gii bi ton nh tuyn QoS l s dng
tham s t hp gm cc thnh phn mang tnh lm vi tnh cng hoc
tnh nhn hoc s dng li gii kinh nghim (heuristic) gim thiu
phc tp tnh ton.
1.4 TNH HNH NGHIN CU TRN TH GII V TI VIT
NAM

Mt trong s cc chun cng ngh ph bin nht c ng dng

rng ri cho WMN l h chun IEEE 802.11. Tuy nhin, h chun IEEE
802.11 c thit k cho cc truy nhp n chng khng dy thay v cho
truyn thng a chng khng dy. Nhm sng t cch tip cn lun n,

6
vn hiu nng v cc gii php ci thin ca cc nghin cu trc
trong lnh vc ny s c trnh by vn tt.
1.4.1 Hiu nng v cc tham s phn nh

Hiu nng mng, thc o nng lc ca mng trong hot ng iu

hnh, khng ch ph thuc vo cc yu t ni ti ca mng m cn ph
thuc rt ln vo cc ng dng trin khai trn . nh gi hiu nng,
cc nghin cu s dng cc tiu ch hiu nng mng c th nh: thng
lng, tr t u cui ti u cui hoc t l tn tht gi tin.
1.4.2 Cc tip cn ci thin hiu nng

Nhm sng t cch tip cn hc thut ca nghin cu, mc ny kho

st v nh gi cc nghin cu trc trn th gii v ti Vit nam di
gc s dng cc cng c ton hc l thuyt th, quy hoch tuyn
tnh v m hnh gii tch... Trong , m hnh gii tch l tip cn m
hnh ha c kh nng phn nh tt cc thng s vt l v phc tp
tnh ton khng cao. Tuy nhin, m hnh gii tch tp trung chnh vo
mc tiu nh gi v phn tch hiu nng v c bit l chnh xc ca
m hnh ph thuc trc tip vo cc gi thit. V vy, hng tip cn ny
hon ton ph hp cho mc tiu nh gi cht lng lin kt di cc
tc ng ca nhiu lin lung khi cc thng s vt l thc tin c
phn nh vo m hnh. nng cao tnh chnh xc v ph hp vi mc
tiu ca ti nghin cu, m hnh gii tch mi c xy dng vi cc
iu kin b sung mi nh lu lng mng khng bo ha v knh
khng l tng. l c s xy dng thnh phn tham s nh tuyn
phn nh nhiu, cung cp thng tin cht lng lin kt ti lp nh tuyn
nhm ci thin hiu nng mng.

7
1.5 KT LUN CHNG

Ni dung ca chng 1 th hin khi qut cu trc, ng dng ca

WMN nhm ni bt cc c tnh ring bit ca i tng cn quan tm
nghin cu. S khc bit v cu trc chc nng ca mng truyn thng
khng dy vi mng hu tuyn truyn thng cho thy tip cn xuyn lp
l hng i tt yu cho bi ton cung cp cht lng dch v ca WMN.

CHNG 2: BI TON M HNH HA GIAO THC IU

KHIN TRUY NHP PHNG TIN TRONG IU KIN
BO HA
Tm tt: Hiu nng hot ng ca giao thc iu khin truy nhp
phng tin lun l tiu im nghin cu do s nh hng trc tip ca
n ti nng lc knh truyn dn. M hnh ha cc giao thc iu khin
truy nhp bng m hnh gii tch l cng c ph bin ca cc nghin
cu nhm phn tch v nh gi hiu nng lp lin kt d liu. iu kin
lu lng mng bo ha l iu kin mu cht xc nh gi tr thng
lng ti a ca lin kt. Chng ny khi qut cc gii php m hnh
ha giao thc iu khin truy nhp xut ca cc tc gi trc, t
a ra iu kin b sung nhm hon thin m hnh gii tch cho th
tc a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang/ trnh xung t CSMA/CA trong
iu kin bo ha.
2.1 M U

C ch hot ng v hin tng xung t ti lp MAC c coi l

nguyn nhn chnh gy suy gim hiu nng cc phin truyn dn [13],

8
[54], [82]. c bit, vi c ch a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang trnh
xung t CSMA/CA trong mng a chng, hiu qu s dng knh tip
tc suy gim do s nh hng ca nhiu do chnh cc truyn dn ng
thi trong mng gy ra. Cc mc di y trnh by v nh gi thng
lng lin kt ca cc c ch iu khin truy nhp in hnh ca cc tc
gi trc v t a ra cc b sung cn thit nhm hon thin m hnh
gii tch cho giao thc CSMA/CA trong iu kin lu lng mng bo
ha.
2.2 CC NGHIN CU M HNH HA GIAO THC A TRUY
NHP PHNG TIN
2.2.1 Giao thc truy nhp knh ALOHA

Giao thc truy nhp ngu nhin u tin c s dng cho cc mng
my tnh c tn gi l ALOHA [2]. C ch hot ng ca giao thc
ALOHA c coi l n gin nht trong cc c ch a truy nhp.
2.2.2 Giao thc a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang 1-persistent CSMA

1-persistent CSMA ch ra xc sut chim khe thi gian chc chn

truyn dn (bng 1) sau khi cm nhn knh ri. CSMA c th s dng c
ch phn khe hoc khng phn khe thi gian xc nh cch thc tranh
chp ti nguyn. Hiu nng hot ng ca cc bin th 1-persistent
CSMA c tm tt trong mc ny.
2.2.3 Giao thc a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang p-persistent CSMA

Giao thc 1-CSMA c coi l trng hp c bit ca giao thc ppersistent CSMA. Trong giao thc p-CSMA, mt nt pht thc hin
truyn dn vi xc sut p 1 khi cm nhn c knh ri. Hot ng

9
ca p-persistent CSMA c m hnh ha qua cc trng thi ca mt nt
cng vi cc xc sut chuyn trng thi theo chui Markov (hnh 2.5).

Hnh 2.5: Chui Markov 3 trng thi ca nt

Xc sut dng ca cc trng thi trn l
pws
1
w
; s
; f 1 w s .
2 pww
2 pww

(2.6)

2.3. TNH TON TRNG THI DNG

Theo tip cn m hnh ha IEEE 802.11 DCF bng chui Markov

ca cc tc gi trc [13], [70], [102], phng php tnh ton trng thi
dng cha c ch ra mt cch r rng. V vy, mt li gii tng minh
bng phng php gii tch l cn thit cho ng dng tnh ton.
2.4 B SUNG XC SUT TRANH CHP THNG

Trong cc xut ca cc tc gi trc [13], [70], [102], nghin cu

sinh nhn thy gi thit cc nt cng pht ng thi v chim c knh
trong qu trnh backoff b qua. V vy, nghin cu sinh b sung xc
sut tranh chp thng cho bi ton m hnh ha nhm tng chnh xc
ca m hnh gii tch. Xc sut truyn dn thnh cng phi bao gm xc
sut tranh chp thng ca nt trong trng hp nhiu nt cng tham gia

10
qu trnh backoff Xc sut tranh chp thng k hiu l Pwin v c tnh
ton thng qua mnh ton hc sau.
Mnh
Xt hm s f :{1, 2,..., p} {1, 2,..., q} trong p, q
sut

, khi xc

q 1

P* P !i 1, 2,..., p f (i ) m min1 j q f j

q m

p 1

m 1

Xc sut tranh chp thng trong trng hp c trung bnh M nt

trong vng tranh chp c th hin trong phng trnh sau
Pwin M pt

n 1

Cn 1 pt

1 p

n 1 k

n 2 k 1

.P

k 1

. (2.22)

n!

Xc sut tranh chp thng Pwin nh hng trc tip ti xc sut truyn
dn thnh cng pst ca nt i. Trng hp b qua Pwin ta c: pst pst
'

[13], [70], [102].

pst ' pt

1 p
t

n2

n 1

n!

Hnh 2.6: Biu din mi quan h gia pst ' vi M v pt

(2.23)

11
Khi b sung xc sut tranh chp thng Pwin vo xc sut truyn dn
thnh cng Pst , ta thu c kt qu theo cng thc 2.24 v th hin trn
hnh 2.6.

1 p

pst pt

n2

n 1

n 1

p 1 pt
n 1 t
k

n 1 k

n
M e M . (2.24)

n!

.P k 1
*

k 1

2.5 KT LUN CHNG

Trong chng 2 tm tt cc m hnh ha giao thc iu khin truy

nhp phng tin in hnh ca cc tc gi trc. Cc phng php iu
khin truy nhp vi cc gi thit u vo c m hnh ha bng cc
biu thc ton hc a ra gc nhn tng minh v h thng. Vi gi thit
lu lng mng bo ha, m hnh gii tch cho thy gii hn ng bin
thng lng truyn dn v bin thin ph thuc cht ch vo c ch
iu khin truy nhp. ci thin tnh chnh xc ca m hnh gii tch,
trong chng trnh by cc b sung tnh ton trng thi dng v xc
sut tranh chp thng trong qu trnh backoff.

CHNG 3: XY DNG M HNH GII TCH NH GI

CHT LNG LIN KT
Tm tt: Cc tc ng ca nhiu ln cht lng lin kt khng dy
trong WMN l mt yu t chnh gy suy gim hiu nng lin kt v cn
phi c phn nh chnh xc. Ni dung ct li ca chng trnh by v
mt xut m hnh gii tch mi nhm phn nh chnh xc hiu nng
lin kt khng dy trong WMN da trn tiu chun IEEE 802.11 di
tc ng ca nhiu lin lung v tranh chp. Cc iu kin b sung nh

12
lu lng khng bo ha, knh khng l tng c a vo m hnh
nhm tng thch vi iu kin mi trng thc t v cho php c
lng tham s cht lng lin kt.
3.1 M U

nh gi ng cht lng lin kt di cc iu kin ng ca mng

nh cu hnh thay i, lu lng bin ng, hin tng xung t v can
nhiu l mt vn thch thc. V vy, chng ny trnh by xut v
m hnh gii tch mi vi cc iu kin tng qut nh: lu lng mng
khng bo ha v knh khng l tng.
3.2 C TNH CA IEEE 802.11 DCF

Giao thc iu khin truy nhp phng tin IEEE 802.11 MAC c
s dng hp tc v lp lch gia cc nt tranh chp nhm gim thiu
xung t. Phng thc IEEE 802.11 DCF c s dng ph bin trong
cc mng hnh li khng dy da trn h chun IEEE 802.11.
3.3 M HNH GII TCH IEEE 802.11 DCF
3.3.1 Cc iu kin bin gi thit

Nhm xy dng m hnh gii tch IEEE 802.11 DCF trong mng
WMN, mt s gi thit s c a ra nhm tng thch vi iu kin
mng khng bo ha v cht lng knh khng l tng nhm phn nh
tc ng ca nhiu ti cht lng lin kt.
3.3.2 Biu din trng thi nt qua m hnh gii tch

Hot ng ca cc nt trong mng IEEE 802.11 DCF khng bo ha

c m hnh ha bi mt chui Markov ch ra trn hnh 3.4.

13

Hnh 3.4: Chui Markov ca m hnh nt 4 trng thi

T cc xc sut th hin trn hnh 3.4 ta thu c cc phng trnh
cn bng trng thi sau
s d pds ; i d pdi i pii

f d pdf ; d i pid d pdd s f

Vi cc iu kin

pii pid 1; pds pdf pdd pdi 1; d i s f 1

T cc phng trnh trn, ta tnh ton c cc trng thi dng ca

m hnh trng thi nt:
d

1
pdi

2 pdi pdd p

id
pdf
pdi

2 pdi pdd p

id

; s

;i

pds
pdi

2 pdi pdd p

id
pdi
pid

1
pdi

2 pdi pdd p

id

(3.16)
.

3.3.3 Biu din trng thi knh qua m hnh gii tch

Mt knh xung quanh nt i c m hnh ha bi chui Markov 4

trng thi th hin trn hnh 3.6.

14

Hnh 3.6: Chui Markov ca m hnh knh xung quanh nt

Xc sut pt c xc nh bi xc sut chuyn trng thi t Idle
sang Break ca m hnh nt pid v xc sut knh ri trong mt khe thi
gian ( P ).

pt pid P

(3.17)

Phng tin truyn dn trong mng hnh li c chia s bi s

lng cc nt hot ng (active node) trong min truyn dn nn hot
ng ca mt nt ph thuc vo hot ng ca cc nt khc. V vy, xc
sut knh ri c tnh ton xp x qua xc sut di hn trong biu thc
P

ST
I

ST ST ST ST
I

T PT PT PT
I

IC

IB

IS

(3.18)

T phng trnh (3.4) v (3.18), xc sut truyn trong mt khe thi

gian l
pt

1 e

. E T

TI PIC TC PIBTB PIS TS

(3.19)

Vi cc xc sut th hin trn hnh 3.6, ta tnh ton c cc trng

thi dng ca m hnh knh nh di y.

I I PII C PCI B PBI S PSI I PII C B S I PII I 1;

15

1
2 PII

; C

PIC
2 PII

; B

PIB
2 PII

; S

PIS
2 PII

(3.27)

3.4 KT QU PHN TCH S V THO LUN

T cc gi thit ca m hnh gii tch xut, xc sut truyn dn

thnh cng ps l xc sut trng thi dng ca trng thi thnh cng
trong m hnh nt s (3.16). T phng trnh (3.16) v (3.19), ta c h
hai phng trnh phi tuyn vi hai bin ps v pt c th gii c bng
phng php s. Khe thi gian o E[T ] c nh ngha trn c th
c xc nh bi phng trnh
E[T ] I TI CTC BTB S TS .

(3.28)

T ta c thng lng Th ca lin kt c xc nh qua s lng

bit thng tin ngi s dng cn c truyn thnh cng trong mt khe
thi gian o c nh ngha qua cng thc
Th

S E[ P ]

(3.29)

E[T ]

M hnh gii tch xut c nh gi v kho st thng qua cng

c m phng MATLAB. T phng trnh (3.29) ta c thng lng mng
WMN da trn IEEE 802.11b trong c ch a bc l mt hm s ph
thuc vo cc tham s u vo nh: s lng nt l N , t l min cm
nhn v min truyn dn l , tc lu lng gi tin n l , t l
li bit ca truyn dn l pb v di trung bnh ti tin l E P .
3.5 KT LUN CHNG

Vi mc tiu nh gi cht lng lin kt khng dy trong WMN,

ni dung ca chng trnh by v mt m hnh gii tch mi biu din

16
hot ng ca IEEE 802.11 DCF. Trong , cc iu kin mi nh lu
lng khng bo ha v knh khng l tng c tch hp vo m hnh
nhm phn nh y cc tc ng ti cht lng lin kt v hiu nng
truyn dn. Trn c s m hnh gii tch xut, cht lng lin kt s
c phn nh thng qua mt tham s nh tuyn phc v cho mc tiu
nng cao hiu nng mng trong chng tip theo.

CHNG 4: XUT THAM S NH TUYN QOS CI

THIN HIU NNG MNG HNH LI KHNG DY
Tm tt: S ph bin ca cc ng dng a phng tin hin nay dn
ti s thay th cc k thut nh tuyn truyn thng bng cc k thut
nh tuyn cung cp QoS nhm p ng yu cu ngy cng cao ca
ngi s dng. Mt khc, t gc vn hnh v khai thc mng,vn
hiu nng mng lun l mt mi quan tm hng u ca cc nh nghin
cu v trin khai. V vy, ni dung chng ny s trnh by mt tham s
nh tuyn QoS mi da trn m hnh gii tch trong chng trc nhm
ci thin mt s tham s hiu nng c bn ca mng hnh li khng
dy. Cc phn tch l thuyt v kt qu m phng s s c trnh by
chi tit gp phn khng nh kh nng ng dng v mc ci thin
hiu nng WMN ca tham s nh tuyn QoS xut.
4.1 M U

Vn cung cp cht lng dch v QoS c t ra nh mt iu

kin then cht nhm m bo s pht trin thnh cng ca WMN trong
cc mi trng ng dng a phng tin hin nay. cung cp QoS cho

17
cc ng dng, cc k thut nh tuyn trong WMN hin nay khng s
dng nh tuyn tng chng m thay vo l cc k thut nh tuyn
da trn cht lng lin kt [60]. Nghin cu sinh xut mt tham s
nh tuyn QoS mi v chng minh kh nng ci thin hiu nng mng
WMN thng qua cc tham s c th nh: thng lng, tr trung bnh
ca gi tin, t l tn tht gi tin v t l tn tht gi tin ng dng.
4.2 NH TUYN TRONG WMN

Mc ny tm tt cc c im chnh ca cc giao thc nh tuyn

in hnh trong mng WMN cng vi cc tham s nh tuyn c
xut gn y nhm phn tch cc u nhc im v cc vn m cn
gii quyt.
4.2.1 Giao thc nh tuyn

Thuc vo lp mng truyn thng a bc khng dy, phn ln cc

giao thc nh tuyn trong WMN c k tha t giao thc nh tuyn
trong mng ty bin khng dy (Ad-hoc). Cc giao thc nh tuyn c
phn thnh: giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu, giao thc nh tuyn theo
bng v giao thc nh tuyn lai ghp
4.2.2 Tham s nh tuyn

Di gc nh hng ca nhiu ti cht lng lin kt, cc tham s

nh tuyn c xut bi cc nghin cu gn y c th phn thnh
hai loi: phn nh gin tip s nh hng ca nhiu v phn nh trc
tip s nh hng ca nhiu qua thnh phn ca tham s nh tuyn.
Mc ny cng ch ra cc u nhc im ca cc tham s nh tuyn
xut trc y v ch ra cch tip cn ring ca nghin cu sinh.

18
4.3 XUT THAM S NH TUYN IARM

Cc ni dung kho st v cc tham s nh tuyn cho thy tc ng

nhiu ln lin kt khng ch phn nh qua min thi gian nh cc
xut ca cc tc gi trc m cn cn phn nh qua kha cnh trng thi.
Nghin cu sinh xut xy dng tham s nh tuyn phn nh nhiu
IARM (Interference Aware Routing Metric) v cc phn tch l thuyt
chng minh tnh ng n ca tham s xut.
4.3.1 Tham s phn nh nhiu xut IARM

Tham s nh tuyn xut IARM phn nh trc tip xc sut tn

tht gi tin thng qua th tc thm d khi tch hp vi giao thc nh
tuyn OLSR. Hai thnh phn ca IARM c xy dng gm: thnh
phn phn nh xc sut tn tht gi tin thng qua t l chuyn pht gi
tin ca lin kt PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) v t l thi gian kh dng
ca knh xung quanh mt nt CAF (Channel Available Fraction). Cc
thnh phn ca IARM c xc nh di y.
PDR l PDRi j PDR j i .

CAF (i )

thresh

Cu (i ))
Rdata

(4.10)

E[ P ]
TS

if C u (i ) thresh .

(4.12)

else

Trong , thresh 0,1 l gi tr ngng lu lng c th truyn trn

mt lin kt khng dy (gi tr ngng c t l 0.96 nhm trnh hin
tng qu ti). E[P] l gi tr trung bnh di ca cc gi tin v Ts l
khong thi gian truyn dn thnh cng. Nh vy, mc chim dng
knh cng nh th thi gian kh dng ca knh xung quanh nt cng

19
ln. Gi tr t l knh kh dng ca lin kt l ca cp nt i v nt j c
xc nh qua cng thc:
CAF l min CAF i , CAF j .

(4.13)

Tham s nh tuyn IARM c xc nh trn lin kt l qua cng

thc:
IARM l

.PDR l 1 .CAF l

(4.14)

Gi tr tham s iu ha 0,1 l gi tr ty bin c s dng

vo tng kch bn ng dng c th. Gi tr tham s nh tuyn ca mi
tuyn p trong mng bng tng gi tr tham s nh tuyn trn tt c cc
lin kt ca tuyn :
IARM p

IARM l .

(4.15)

l p

4.3.2 Phn tch kh nng tng thch

Mt tham s nh tuyn hot ng trong mi trng thc cn m

bo mt s tiu ch nh trnh by trong mc 1.3. iu kin tin quyt
cc thut ton tnh ton ng dn khng ri vo phc tp hm m l
tham s nh tuyn phi m bo tnh tun t [101]. Mc ny chng
minh tham s IARM xut tha mn tnh tun t v khng gy lp
vng.
4.3.3 Tch hp tham s IARM trong OLSR

Nhm kim chng hiu qu ca tham s nh tuyn xut, nghin

cu ny la chn giao thc nh tuyn OLSR ci thin v kh nng ti
s dng mt s tnh nng c sn ca giao thc ny. Mc ny trnh by
cc sa i cn thit i vi OLSR tng thch vi tham s nh

20
tuyn IARM theo m hnh t chc thng tin xuyn lp. Da trn b cng
c v m ngun m s dng ci thin giao thc OLSR trong NS-2,
cc ni dung sa i v tnh ton ph hp vi tham s nh tuyn IARM
xut c trnh by trong hnh 4.3.

Khai bo, nh
dng tham s
mi (i)

Gi v nhn
bn tin nh
tuyn (ii)

Cp nht
thng tin
nh tuyn

Tnh ton
tuyn
(iv)

(iii)
Hnh 4.3: Cc ni dung sa i giao thc OLSR-IARM (NS-2)
4.4 M PHNG V THO LUN

Nhm kim chng tnh ng n ca xut, tham s nh tuyn

phn nh nhiu IARM s c tch hp trong giao thc nh tuyn
OLSR-IARM v so snh vi giao thc OLSR nguyn bn di cc kha
cnh nh tr, thng lng, t l chuyn tip gi tin ng dng v t l tn
tht gi. M phng c thc hin trn cng c m phng NS-2 v kch
bn ng dng in hnh ca WMN.
4.4.1 Gii thiu cng c m phng NS-2

NS-2 vn l cng c m phng ph bin nht cho cc nghin cu

lp mng do kh nng phn nh tt hot ng ca giao thc nh tuyn.
4.4.2 Kch bn m phng

Vi mc tiu kim chng tnh ng n ca xut, cc kch bn m

phng s c thc hin vi cc tham s u vo tip cn iu kin thc
tin. Kch bn ng dng in hnh trong WMN nh trnh by ti mc
1.1.2 l kch bn truy nhp Internet thng qua gateway v c la chn
cho kch bn m phng. Hai giao thc nh tuyn OLSR v OLSR-

21
IARM s c kho st di cc tham s hiu nng mng c th nh:
thng lng, tr trung bnh ca gi tin v t l tn tht gi.

Hnh 4.5: Kch bn m phng

4.4.3 Kt qu v tho lun

Vi mc tiu nh gi hiu nng mng vi tham s nh tuyn QoS

xut, 4 tham s c bn phn nh hiu nng mng c kho st gm:
Tr trung bnh (ms), t l chuyn pht thnh cng gi tin (%), t l tn
tht gi tin (%) v thng lng( Kbps).

Hnh 4.6: So snh tr trung bnh gi tin gia OLSR v OLSR-IARM

Khi tc gi gi tin tng t 2 gi/s ln 20 gi/s, cc kt qu trong

cc hnh u cho thy cc tham s hiu nng ca giao thc OLSR suy
gim mnh do xut hin cc yu t gy nhiu ln cc ng dn gi tin.

22

Hnh 4.7: T l chuyn pht gi tin thnh cng gia OLSR v OLSR-IARM

C th, tr tng gn nh tuyn tnh t khong 50 ms tc gi gi

tin 2 gi/s n gn 500 ms tc gi gi tin 20 gi/s; t l chuyn pht
gi tin thnh cng gim khong 20% t xp x 90% xung xp x 70%;
t l tn tht gi ca OLSR tng t gn 5% ln n xp x 25%; thng
lng gim t khong 700 Kbps xung cn khong 300 Kbps. Trong khi
, mc d cc tham s hiu nng tng ng ca OLSR-IARM c s
suy gim nhng mc suy gim chm hn so vi mc suy gim ca
cc tham s trong OLSR. Tr ch tng t 50ms ln n 250ms; t l
chuyn pht gi tin gim khng ng k v vn duy tr mc trn 90%;
t l tn tht gi cao nht ti tc gi gi tin 20 gi/s l khong 6%.

Hnh 4.8: So snh t l tn tht gi tin gia OLSR v OLSR-IARM

23
Cc kt qu u ch ra cc tham s hiu nng ca giao thc OLSRIARM u tt hn so vi OLSR trong tt c cc kch bn. Kt qu thng
lng trong hnh 4.9 cho thy thng lng ca OLSR-IARM lun cao
xp x gp i so vi thng lng ca OLSR.

Hnh 4.9: So snh thng lng ca OLSR v OLSR-IARM

Cc kt qu m phng khng nh tnh u vit ca tham s nh

tuyn QoS xut, c bit trong cc kch bn nhiu va v ln.
4.5 KT LUN CHNG

Trong chng ny, nghin cu sinh trnh by xut mt tham s

nh tuyn QoS mi cho mng hnh li khng dy. Tnh hp l ca
xut c trnh by trong cc phn tch l thuyt. Tham s nh tuyn
IARM c tch hp vo giao thc nh tuyn OLSR v c m phng
bng cng c NS-2 nh gi u im ca tham s xut. Cc kt
qu m phng cho thy OLSR-IARM c c mc ci thin hiu nng
ng k so vi OLSR nguyn gc trn cc kha cnh hiu nng nh
tr trung bnh ca gi tin, t l chuyn pht gi tin thnh cng, xc sut
tn tht gi v thng lng mng.

24
KT LUN V KIN NGH
Vi mc tiu ci thin hiu nng mng hnh li khng dy qua k
thut nh tuyn QoS, lun n tip cn trc tip ti bi ton xy dng
mt tham s nh tuyn cung cp cht lng dch v trong mng hnh
li khng dy da trn h tiu chun IEEE 802.11. Tham s nh tuyn
xut c cu trc lai ghp nhm khai thc im mnh ca phng php
d on trn c s m hnh gii tch v tn dng th tc c bn ca giao
thc nh tuyn OLSR. Trong qu trnh thc hin lun n, mt s kt
qu khoa hc mi c cp thuc hai nhm kt qu chnh nh sau:
1. M hnh gii tch nh gi cht lng lin kt cho mng hnh li
khng dy da trn chun IEEE 802.11
Trn c s s dng cng c ton hc nh l thuyt xc sut v chui
Markov, mt m hnh gii tch biu din hot ng ca giao thc iu
khin truy nhp phng tin trong tiu chun IEEE 802.11 DCF c
xy dng mi. Cc vn ng gp mi c cng b gm:
M hnh ha hot ng giao thc IEEE 802.11 DCF bng cng c

gii tch da trn chui Markov v cc l thuyt xc sut;

B sung v hon thin cc iu kin thc tin gm lu lng
khng bo ha v knh khng l tng nhm nng cao chnh
xc ca m hnh gii tch;
a ra tnh ton tng minh cho bi ton xc nh vect dng ca
ma trn xc sut chuyn trng thi chui Markov;
B sung iu kin thiu ht trong m hnh gii tch biu din
trng thi hot ng ca nt trong iu kin lu lng mng bo
ha ca cc tc gi trc, xc nh xc sut tranh chp thng qua
mt mnh ton hc xut.

25
2.

xut tham s nh tuyn cung cp QoS ci thin hiu nng mng

hnh li khng dy

Da trn m hnh gii tch xut v kim chng bng phng php
phn tch s, lun n xut mt tham s nh tuyn phn nh nhiu
IARM ng dng cho WMN da trn IEEE 802.11. Gii php kt hp
thnh phn tham s cho php ci thin chnh xc ca bi ton xc
nh cht lng lin kt khng dy v khng gia tng phc tp tnh
ton khi tn dng th tc sn c ca giao thc nh tuyn OLSR. Tham
s nh tuyn IARM c chng minh tnh tng thch khi kt hp
vi giao thc nh tuyn OLSR v cho thy cc kt qu ci thin hiu
nng trn cc kha cnh nh tr trung bnh, t l chuyn pht thnh cng
v t l tn tht gi tin cng nh thng lng ton mng qua cc kt qu
m phng s. Cc ng gp chnh trong nhm kt qu ny gm:
Xy dng cu trc, thnh phn tham s nh tuyn QoS mi phn
nh nhiu IARM vi cc phn tch chng minh tnh tng thch ca
tham s vi thut ton Dijktra;
Sa i v xy dng module tnh ton nh tuyn ca giao thc
OLSR tch hp vi tham s nh tuyn IARM;
M phng v chit xut cc kt qu lin quan ti cc tham s hiu
nng mng gm tr, t l chuyn pht gi tin thnh cng, t l tn
tht gi tin v thng lng mng khi lu lng u vo thay i. So
snh mc ci thin hiu nng mng khi s dng OLSR-IARM
xut vi OLSR nguyn gc.
Bng cc phn tch l thuyt v cc kt qu m phng c trnh by
trong lun n cho thy mt s u im nht nh ca tham s nh
tuyn xut. Tuy nhin, nhng vn sau vn cn c tip tc nghin
cu tip v c trnh by y nh l hng nghin cu cn tip tc.

26
Trong mt s ng dng thc tin yu cu h tng WMN p ng cc
iu kin QoS cht ch ca ng dng nh tr, t l tn tht gi tin ti
a, bng thng ti thiu,... V vy, cc quyt nh nh tuyn m bo
QoS ca ng dng cn h tr cc c ch xc nh yu cu u vo v
b sung iu kin rng buc nh tuyn. iu ny cng dn ti cc
mc tiu ti u mi va nhm tha mn yu cu ca ng dng v
tnh kh thi tnh ton nh tuyn trong mi trng thc tin.
Mng hnh li khng dy c th c trin khai trn nhiu cng
ngh lp 2 khc nhau ngoi IEEE 802.11 nh IEEE 802.15 hay IEEE
802.16. V vy, hng tip cn ca lun n c th c tip tc
nghin cu vi cc dng cng ngh v giao thc iu khin truy nhp
khc nhm m rng v pht trin cc kt qu ca lun n.
Vn nhiu v tc ng ca nhiu trong WMN rt a dng v phc
tp. Bn cnh nhiu lin lung v xung t c cp trong lun
n, cc tc ng nhiu ni lung, nhiu t cc ngun bn ngoi mi
trng cng l cc vn m cn tip tc c nghin cu.
Cng c m phng s kin ri rc c ngha rt ln trong mc tiu
phn tch nh gi cc th tc lp cao ca mng truyn thng. Tuy
nhin, cc nghin cu hiu nng s dng a dng loi cng c khc
nhau kim chng kt qu gii php xut ty thuc vo u th
ca cng c m phng vi bi ton xut. V vy, tip cn ca lun
n cn tip tc pht trin v m rng vi cc cng c m phng hoc
cc gii php phn tch s khc.
Trn y l mt s kt lun v hng kin ngh tip theo ca lun
n, nghin cu sinh chn thnh cm n cc thy hng dn khoa hc v
cc nh khoa hc nh hng v phn bin gip nghin cu sinh
hon thnh lun n.

27

DANH MC CC CNG TRNH CNG B

BI BO KHOA HC
1.

Hong Trng Minh,Kho st hiu nng cc tham s nh tuyn

trong mng hnh li khng dy WMN, Tp ch khoa hc v
cng ngh - Cc trng i hc, ISSN 0868-3980, s 76, 2010.

2.

Hong Trng Minh, Nguyn Tin Ban, Nghin cu tham s

nh tuyn mi phn nh nhiu trong mng hnh li khng dy
IEEE 802.11, Tp ch khoa hc v k thut qun s, ISSN
1859-1043, s 13, 2011.

3.

Hoang Trong Minh, Hoang Minh, Nguyen Quoc Binh, A Novel

Computation for Supplementing Interference Analytical Model
in 802.11-based Wireless Mesh Networks, Tp ch khoa hc v
cng ngh, ISSN 0866-708x, s 2, 2012.

4.

Hoang Trong Minh, Nguyen Tien Ban, An Approach to Predict

Interference Impacts on wireless links of 802.11 Mesh Networks
, Tp ch khoa hc v k thut qun s, ISSN 1859-1043, s
24, 2012.

5.

Hoang Trong Minh, Hoang Minh, A Novel Analytical Model to

Identify Link Quality in 802.11 Mesh Networks, Tp ch khoa
hc v cng ngh, ISSN 0866-708x, s 2, 2012.

6.

Hoang Trong Minh, Hoang Minh,A Novel Interference Aware

routing metric for QoS provision in 802.11 wireless mesh
network, Tp ch khoa hc v cng ngh, ISSN 0866-708x, s
1A, 2013.

28
HI NGH KHOA HC
7. Hong Trng Minh, Kho st cc yu t nh hng ti hiu
nng mng hnh li khng dy, Bo co ti phin dnh cho
NCS, The 2nd Asian Conference on Intelligent Information and
Database Systems, ACIIDS MDC 2010.
8. Trong-Minh Hoang, Minh Hoang, Quoc-Binh NguyenA Novel
Computation for Supplementing Interference Analytical Model
in 802.11-based Wireless Mesh Networks, IEEE Conference
Publications,
Mobile

Wireless

Computing

Communications,
(WiCOM),

2012

Networking and
8th

International

Conference on, pp. 1 4.

9. Trong-Minh Hoang, Minh Hoang, A Novel Analytical Model to
Identify Link Quality in 802.11 Mesh Networks,IEEE
Conference

Publications,

Computational

Intelligence,

Communication Systems and Networks (CICSyN), 2012 Fourth

International Conference on, pp. 129 136.
10. Trong-Minh Hoang, Vuong-Long Dinh, Kim-Quang Nguyen,
A study on routing performance of 802.11 based wireless mesh
networks under serious attacks, IEEE Conference Publications,
Computing,

Management

and

Telecommunications

(ComManTel), 2013 International Conference on, pp. 295

297.