Governing

Governing
Governing
The contents provided in this presentation are for reference purpose & the related detailed theory to be read/written from respective text book
Governing
Need of Governing:
Output-Speed
Characteristics of
Steam Turbine
Fig. shows the output-speed characteristics of ungoverned steam

turbine that is not suitable for electrical generation purposes. The
power output increases first with speed, reaches a maximum (rated)
value at rated speed and after this decreases. The turbine speed (i.e.
electrical frequency) is a function of electrical load (i.e. consumers
demand); the lower the load, higher the speed due to accelerating
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torque. The load, may not remain the same, e.g. sometimes full,
sometimes half as per consumer's demand and under this condition
the electrical frequency will vary with the load. This is not at all
desirable as all the electrical machines and appliances are designed
for a nominal electrical frequency. This suggests that some
additional form of control must be applied to ensure that the
changes in the consumer's demand for electrical power are followed
automatically without large deviations from the nominal electrical
frequency. In addition to this, an excessive increase in speed may
endanger the rotating parts of the turbine due to increased
centrifugal stresses and therefore it needs some form of control
device. For these reasons all turbines are fitted with speed
governors.
The purpose of governing is to maintain the speed of the turbine
fairly constant irrespective of load .
Governing
Regulation (k): The change in speed from no load to full load,
divided by the full load (or rated) speed is termed as regulation (k).
Based on the methods of varying steam flow rate, the chief methods
of governing are :(a) Throttle governing
(b) Nozzle control governing
(c) By-pass governing
(d) Combination of (a) and (b) or (a) and (c).
Governing
Hydro mechanical Speed Governing Loop:
Governing
Fig. shows the block diagram of a typical hydro mechanical speed
governing loop. The system is subjected to two types of torqueturbine driving torque (TT) and generator resisting torque or electrical
load torque (TE). The later, TE depends upon the consumers electrical
demand at any instant. The system is in speed equilibrium only when
the turbine torque TT is equal to the generator resisting torque TE. If
there is sudden fall in power demand, there will be an excess torque
T (T = TT - TE) which will accelerate the machine. The rate of
acceleration is given by: = T/I
where I is the machine inertia. As the turbine speed rises, the speed
governor will respond and through the control system close the steam
valve partially or fully until the turbine response of torque TT is equal
to the new power demand.
Governing
Speed Governors:
The function of speed governor is to sense the magnitude of the
turbine speed and respond with a proportional output to be used
for control purposes. Three types of speed governors are in
common use:
(a) Mechanical
(b) Hydraulic
(c) Electrical
(a) Mechanical:
Governing
Governing
Mechanical type employs a centrifugal governor which is driven from

the main shaft through gearing. It is a force balance system. The
centrifugal force of the rotating weights is balanced by the elastic
force of a spring and the radial position taken up by the weights is
dependent upon the speed of rotation.
Fig. shows the principal part of a centrifugal governor which is
coupled to the turbine shaft through a toothed gearing to sense the
speed of turbine. As the speed of turbine increases, the weights m fly
apart under the influence of centrifugal force changing their position
along the arc of radius AO through a distance Z1. The position of the
governor sleeve gets displaced from its original position B to new
position B1, i.e. through a distance Z. If the speed decreases, the
weight m would come closer and the sleeve would be pushed down
along the governor spindle. The displacement of governor sleeve (i.e.
radial position of weights) with variation of shaft speed is utilised for
effecting the required change in the steam supply both qualitatively
and quantitatively. The sleeve displacement of the governor may be
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transmitted to the control valve through hydraulic relay. The radial
position of the weight may be calculated by using the force balance
principle. The centrifugal force of the weight for a simplified case of
a single weight and spring is given by: F = m2R
and the force of the spring = F = S(R - a)
Where m = mass of weight (kg), = speed of rotation (rad/s),
R = radial position of c.g. of weight (m), a = unstrained radius of
spring (m)
(b) Hydraulic: It consists of a centrifugal pump driven from the main
shaft which supplies oil to a cylinder containing a spring loaded
piston or bellows. The pressure developed in the oil is proportional
to the square of the turbine speed; this means that the position of
the piston or bellows is a function of the speed. The position of the
piston may be used to operate steam valves through some control
arrangement.
(c) Electrical:
Governing
Electrical
Speed
Governing
Governing
One type of electrical speed governor consists of a shaft driven
permanent magnet generator producing an a.c. wave of a frequency
directly proportional to shaft speed. This a.c. wave is fed into an
electrical filter that resonates at a frequency corresponding to rated
speed and the output is rectified to produce a d.c. signal
proportional to the difference between actual and rated speed.
Amplification of the d.c. speed error signal is then made to produce
the required speed correction signal (f/k) as shown in Fig.
The advantages of electrical speed governor lies in the ease and
accuracy with which the speed signal can be formed and
manipulated. It also shows better long-term stability than a
mechanical governor.
Governing
Throttle Governing Employing Mechanical Speed governor:

(a) Simple throttle Governing
FIG A
Governing
FIG B
Governing
Object of throttle governing is to throttle the steam to a suitable
pressure and reduce the steam flow (i.e. to allow required quantity
of steam to flow) through the turbine bladings whenever there is a
reduction of load compared to economic or design load for
maintaining the speed of the turbine.
Figs. A and B show two schematic diagrams - one simple and other
advance type of throttle governing employing mechanical
(centrifugal) speed governor and hydraulic relay. 'A' is the turbine
steam stop valve which is used to start and stop the turbine by
opening or closing it by means of a hand wheel or automatic
control. When the turbine is on full load, the valve 'A' is fully open.
The governor valve or throttle valve 'C' actually throttles the steam.
An oil servomotor (or power piston) 'D' actuates the operating of
valve C, which in turn controlled by the centrifugal speed governor
through hydraulic relay system.
Governing
The relay system shown in Fig B consists of a pilot valve and a

servomotor. Under normal operation, piston of servomotor occupies
a position midway between its travel in which both the inlet and exit
ports of the pilot valve connecting it to the servomotor are closed.
Any displacement of sleeve of centrifugal governor due to change in
electrical load causes a displacement of the pilot valve. According to
the displacement, the oil under pressure from the oil pump enters
either upper or lower half of the chamber of servomotor. If oil enters
the upper half portion of servomotor, the throttle valve starts
closing reducing the quantity of steam flowing through the turbine
thus reducing the power output of turbine till the speed is
maintained fairly near nominal value. At the same time oil from
bottom half of servomotor starts flowing out through the pilot valve
port to drain. If oil under pressure enters the lower half chamber of
servomotor, an exactly opposite process is affected opening the
throttle valve till the speed is maintained.
Governing
The relay system shown in Fig. B consists of primary and secondary
relay. The spool valve E and the port in the sleeve F form an orifice
whose area can be varied by either the speed governor through
displacement of E or by the speeder gear that displaces the sleeve F.
This variation in the area of the orifice causes a change in the oil flow
Q to drain which will change the oil pressure drop p through the
fixed orifice as p is proportional to the oil flow Q squared. This
means the pilot oil pressure transmitted to the steam valve relays is
equal to the stabilized oil pressure ps, less the drop through the fixed
orifice. In other words, the speed governor by positioning the spool E
regulates the pilot oil pressure (pp = ps - p) and consequently the
turbine inlet valve (throttle valve) with the help of secondary relay
which controls the mass flow rate of steam. When the secondary
relay oil is fully open to drain, it means that the governor gives the full
closing signal to the steam valve.
Governing
Throttling of incoming steam effects the work delivered to the shaft in

two ways:
a reduction of rate of flow and
a decrease of energy conversion per kg of steam.
Suppose a turbine is running at its design load or economic load. On a
sudden, the load on the turbine is reduced. As a result of this, the
turbine will accelerate. As the speed increases the governor alters the
opening of the throttle valve 'C' and throttles the steam to a suitable
pressure and reduces the mass flow rate of steam till the power
developed equals the load and by this way the speed is maintained
fairly constant.
Governing
Throttle Governing Employing Electrical Speed Governor:
Governing
Fig. shows an electrical governing system using an electro hydraulic

relay to operate a throttle valve. The a.c. wave produced by electrical
governor (generator) which is directly proportional to shaft speed is
fed into an electrical filter that resonates at a frequency
corresponding a d.c. signal which is amplified to produce the
required speed correction signal f/k.
An actual load signal from the generator transducer is subtracted and
the load error signal is amplified and added to the speed correction
signal to feed to electro-hydraulic convertor to actuate steam valve.
The signal from the set speed controller is used for running up the
machine and for synchronizing, while the set load controller is used
to control the load when the machine is synchronized. In this type of
electro hydraulic relay, the spool valve of the final relay is electrically
operated by a solenoid or an electrical torque motor. The input signal
from the electrical speed governor to electro hydraulic relay is a
voltage (ei) that represents the required valve position. The feed back
signal (eo) inof
a transducer located on the steam valve rod represents
The contents provided
this presentation are for reference purpose & the related detailed theory to be read/written from respective text book
Governing
the existing valve position. This feed back signal (eo) is subtracted
from the input signal (ei) and the error signal (ei eo) is applied to
the electronic amplifier to drive a pilot valve through solenoid. The
pilot valve controls the h.p. oil to the spring loaded steam valve
which finally sets the required valve position.
Governing
Nozzle Control Governing:
Fig B
Fig A
Fig C
Governing
In the nozzle control governing, the nozzles of the turbines are
grouped in two, three or more groups, and each group of nozzles is
fed with steam controlled by valves. Various arrangements of valves
and group of nozzles are employed. Whatever arrangement is
employed, the nozzle control is necessarily restricted to the first
stage of the turbine, the nozzle areas in the other stages remaining
constant. If the condition of the steam at inlet to the second stage is
not materially affected by the changed condition in the first stage,
the absolute pressure of steam in front of the second stage nozzles
will be directly proportional to the rate of steam flow through the
turbine.
Fig. (A) shows an arrangement often employed in large steam
turbines and turbines using high pressure steam. Here, the nozzles
are divided into three groups N1, N2 and N3 under the control of
three valves V1, V2 and V3 respectively. The number of nozzle groups
may vary from three to five or more.
Governing
Fig.(B) shows an another type of arrangement and it differs from Fig.
(A) in that the nozzle control valves are arranged in a casting forming
part of casing and containing passages leading to the individual
nozzle groups. Here, four groups of nozzles and four valves are
shown. In this case, the nozzles are confined to the upper half of the
casing and so the arc of admission is limited to 180 or less. The
number of nozzles group may vary from 4 to 12.
A third arrangement is shown in Fig.(C). In this case also, four groups
of nozzles N1 is under the control of the valve V1. through which all
the steam entering the turbine passes and further admission of
steam is through the valves V2, V3, etc. in turn
Governing
Comparison of Throttle and Nozzle Control Governing:
Throttle Control
Nozzle Control
(i) Severe throttling losses.
(i) No throttling losses. (Actually

there is slightly throttling losses in
nozzles valves which are partially
open).
(ii) Employed in impulse and (ii) Employed in impulse and also
reaction turbine both.
in reaction (if initial stage impulse)
(iii) Lesser partial admission (iii) Much partial admission losses.
losses.
(iv) Lesser heat drop available
(iv) Larger heat drop available.
(v) Suitable for small, medium (v) Suitable for medium and large
and large turbine.
steam turbines if initial stage is
impulse.
Governing
By Pass Governing:
Governing
The principle of by-pass governing is to by-pass some extra quantity
of steam to the far down stream stages when the load is more than
economic load. The modern high pressure impulse turbines consist of
a number of stages of relatively small mean diameter in H.P. side and
are designed to run at economic load at which the thermodynamic
efficiency ratio of turbine is maximum. Owing to small heat drop in
the first stage of the high pressure turbine, it is not advisable to
employ nozzle control governing. Full admission of steam in the high
pressure stages at the economic load is desirable to eliminate the
partial admission losses. Further, in case of higher loads, the extra
steam required can not be admitted through additional nozzles in the
first stage due to various reasons.
By employing by-pass governing, these difficulties of regulation are
overcome.
Governing
An arrangement of by-pass governing is shown in Fig. The total
amount of steam entering the turbine passes through the valve A
which is under the control of speed governor. B is the nozzle box or
the steam chest. For all loads greater than the economic load, a bypass valve C is opened, allowing steam to pass from the first-stage
nozzle box into the steam belt D and so into the nozzles of the
downstream stages say 4. The valve C is designed such that it is not
opened until the lift of the valve A exceeds a certain value. The valve
C closes first as the load diminishes. The by-pass valve C remains
under the control of a speed governor for all loads within its range.
More than one by-pass valve may be used.

Governing

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Governing

Fig. shows the output-speed characteristics of ungoverned steam

Mechanical type employs a centrifugal governor which is driven from

Throttle Governing Employing Mechanical Speed governor:

The relay system shown in Fig B consists of a pilot valve and a

Throttling of incoming steam effects the work delivered to the shaft in

Fig. shows an electrical governing system using an electro hydraulic

(i) Severe throttling losses.

(i) No throttling losses. (Actually

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