KythuatDienTu 2014 NDNV HVT Full PDF

I HC BCH KHOA NNG
Khoa inT - Vin Thng

B mn: K Thut in T
ET
K thut in t
U
ED
Phn 1. i cng
GV: Hunh Vit Thng
(da trn slide bi ging ca GV.ThS. Nguyn Duy Nht Vin)
Nng, 01/2014
K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014
Ni dung
U
ED
ET
Chng 1: M u.
Chng 2: Diode v ng dng.
Chng 3: BJT v ng dng.
Chng 4: OPAMP v ng dng.
Chng 5: K thut xung c bn.
Chng 6: K thut s c bn.
Ti liu tham kho
U
ED
Slides
Bi ging K thut in T, GVC. ThS. L Xng, Khoa TVT,
HBKN, Lu hnh ni b
Sch: K thut in T, Xun Th (Ch bin), NXB Gio dc
Vit Nam, 2011
Chn thnh cm n GV.ThS. Nguyn Duy Nht Vin cho php
s dng slide bi ging ca Thy.
ET
Quan trng (1)
Yu cu: SV c bi ging trc khi n lp

Thi lng d tnh: 24 LT + 6 BT
U
ED
3 ct im: Gia k, Bi tp, Cui k

Trng s cc ct im theo qui nh ca trng
Gia k v Cui k: Thi vit, khng dng ti liu
Bi tp: lm ti lp hoc v nh
ET
Quan trng (2)
Lin h GV: Vn phng khoa TVT

Hoc qua email: thanghv@dut.udn.vn
U
ED
SV c th download slide v bi ging ti a ch sau:

https://sites.google.com/site/hvthangete/teaching/ktdientu
ET
U
ED
ET
Chng 1
M u
Ni dung chng 1
in p, dng in v cc nh lut c bn
kin th ng
kin tch cc
kin quang in t
in p v dng in
Ngun p v ngun dng
nh lut Ohm
nh lut in p Kirchoff
nh lut dng in Kirchoff
U
ED
Linh
Linh
Linh
ET
Lch s pht trin

Cc linh kin in t thng dng
Lch s pht trin
U
ED
1884, Thomas Edison pht minh ra n in t

1948, Transistor ra i M, 1950, ng dng
transistor trong cc h thng, thit b.
1960, mch tch hp (Integrated Circuit) ra i.
1970, Tch hp mt cao
ET
(Medium Scale Integration)

LSI (Large Scale Integration)
VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
MSI
U
ED
ET
Linh kin in t
thng dng
+ Linh kin th ng
+ Linh kin tch cc
+ Linh kin quang in t
U
ED
ET
Linh kin th ng
10
in tr (R)
Linh kin c kh nng cn tr dng in

K hiu:
n v: Ohm ().
= 103 .
1M= 106 .
1k
Bin tr
U
ED
ET
Tr thng
11
in tr (R)
U
ED
ET
@
12
T in (C)
n v Fara (F)
10-6 F.
1nF= 10-9 F.
1pF= 10-12 F.
1F=
U
ED
ET
Linh kin c kh nng tch t in nng.

K hiu:
13
T in (C)
U
ED
ET
@
14
Cun cm (L)
U
ED
ET
Linh kin c kh nng tch ly nng lng

t trng.
K hiu:
n v: Henry (H)
1mH=10-3H.
15
Bin p
U
ED
ET
Linh kin thay i in p

Bin p cch ly
Bin p t ngu
16
Bin p
U
ED
ET
@
17
U
ED
ET
Linh kin tch cc
18
Diode
chnh lu
Diode tch sng
Diode n p (diode Zener)
Diode
bin dung (diode
varicap hoc varactor)
Diode hm (diode Tunnel)
U
ED
Diod
ET
Linh kin c cu thnh t

2 lp bn dn tip xc cng
ngh
19
Transistor lng cc BJT
NPN
U
ED
BJT
(Bipolar
Junction
Transistor)
Linh kin c cu thnh
t 3 lp bn dn tip xc
lin tip nhau.
Hai loi:
ET
PNP
BJT l phn t quan trng

trong mch in t
20
U
ED
ET
Linh kin quang

in t
21
Linh kin thu quang
U
ED
ET
Quang tr
Quang diode
Quang transistor
22
Linh kin pht quang

Diode pht quang (LED :
Light Emitting Diode)
LED 7 an
U
ED
ET
23
LED & LED 7 on
U
ED
ET
@
24
U
ED
ET
in p, dng in v
cc nh lut c bn
25
in p v dng in
in p:
in th gia hai im khc nhau trong

mch in.
Trong mch thng chn mt im lm im
chung so snh cc in p vi nhau gi l
masse hay l t (thng chn l 0V).
in p gia hai im A v B trong mch
c xc nh: UAB=VA-VB.
Vi VA v VB l in th im A v im B so
vi masse.
n v in p: Volt (V).
U
ED
ET
Hiu
26
in p v dng in
Dng in:
dch chuyn c hng ca cc ht

mang in trong vt cht.
Chiu dng in t ni c in th cao n
ni c in th thp.
Chiu dng in ngc vi chiu dch chuyn
ca in t.
n v dng in: Ampere (A).
U
ED
ET
Dng
27
Ngun p v ngun dng

Ngun p
ET
+
-
Ngun dng
nh l Thevenin & Norton
U
ED
Ngun p mt Ngun p xoay

chiu
chiu
28
nh lut Ohm (1827)
U
ED
U=I.R
ET
Mi quan h tuyn
tnh gia in p v
dng in:
Georg Simon Ohm

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014 (1789 1854)
29
nh lut in p Kirchhoff
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL):

in p cc nhnh trong
vng bng 0.
V=0.
U
ED
ET
Tng
Gustav Kirchhoff
(1824 1887)
30
nh lut dng in Kirchhoff
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL):

I=0.
dng in ti mt nt bng 0.
U
ED
ET
Tng
31
Tng kt chng 1.
U
ED
ET
S lc lch s pht trin

Linh kin in t c bn
in p & Dng in
Cc nh lut: Ohm, Kirchhoff (KVL, KCL)
32
U
ED
ET
Chng 2
Diode v ng dng
33
Ni dung
U
ED
ET
Cht bn dn
Diode
c tuyn tnh v cc tham s ca diode
B ngun 1 chiu
34
U
ED
ET
Cht bn dn
35
Cht bn dn
Khi nim
Vt cht c chia thnh 3 loi da trn
in tr sut :
dn in
Cht bn dn
Cht cch in
U
ED
ET
Cht
Tnh dn in ca vt cht c th thay i

theo mt s thng s ca mi trng nh
nhit , m, p sut
36
Cht bn dn
Cht dn in
Cht cch in
10-4104cm
1051022cm
U
ED
T0
ET
in tr sut
10-610-4cm
Cht bn dn
Dng in l dng dch chuyn c hng ca

cc ht mang in tch
Vt cht c cu thnh bi cc ht mang in:
Ht
nhn (in tch dng)

in t (in tch m)
37
Cht bn dn
Gm cc lp:
2; L:8; M: 8, 18; N: 8, 18, 32
U
ED
ET
K:
18
28
38
Cht bn dn
Gin nng lng ca vt cht
Vng ha tr: Lin kt ha tr gia in t v ht nhn.

Vng t do: in t lin kt yu vi ht nhn, c th di chuyn.
Vng cm: L vng trung gian, hng ro nng lng chuyn
in t t vng ha tr sang vng t do
U
ED
ET
39
Cht bn dn thun
Hai cht bn dn in hnh

Germanium
Si: Silicium
L cc cht thuc nhm IV trong bng tun hon

Mendeleev.
C 4 in t lp ngoi cng
Cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau thnh mng tinh
th bng cc in t lp ngoi cng.
S in t lp ngoi cng l 8 electron dng
chung
U
ED
ET
Ge:
40
Cht bn dn thun
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Cu trc tinh th ca Si
Si
Si
U
ED
Si
ET
@
Si
Gi n: mt in t, p:
mt l trng
Cht bn dn thun: n=p.
41
Cht bn dn tp
Cht bn dn tp loi N:
Si
U
ED
Pha thm cht thuc nhm V trong bng tun hon Mendeleev
vao cht bn dn thun, v d Phospho vo Si.
Nguyn t tp cht tha 1 e lp ngoi cng lin kt yu vi ht
nhn, d dng b ion ha nh mt nng lng yu
n>p
ET
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
Si
42
Cht bn dn tp
Cht bn dn tp loi P:
Si
Si
Si
Bo
Si
U
ED
Pha thm cht thuc nhm III trong bng tun hon Mendeleev
vao cht bn dn thun, v d Bo vo Si.
Nguyn t tp cht thiu 1 e lp ngoi cng nn xut hin mt l
trng lin kt yu vi ht nhn, d dng b ion ha nh mt nng
lng yu
p>n
ET
Si
Si
Si
Si
43
Cht bn dn tp
U
ED
ET
Loi N: ht dn in a s l electron
Loi P: ht dn in a s l l trng
44
U
ED
ET
Diode
45
Cu to
ET
Cho hai lp bn dn loi P v N tip xc

cng ngh vi nhau, ta c mt diode.
N
U
ED
D1
ANODE
CATHODE
DIODE
46
Hot ng ca Diode
U
ED
ET
Cha phn cc cho diode

Phn cc ngc
Phn cc thun
47
Cha phn cc cho diode
U
ED
ET
Hin tng khuch tn

cc e- t N vo cc l
trng trong P vng rng
khong 100m.
in trng ngc t N
sang P to ra mt hng
ro in th l Utx.
Utx=V~0.3V
Si: Utx=V~0.6V
Ge:
48
Phn cc ngc cho diode

E
Ngun 1 chiu to in trng

E nh hnh v.
in trng ny ht cc in
t t m ngun qua P, qua N
v dng ngun sinh dng
in theo hng ngc li
Ing
-e
U
ED
ET
m ngun thu ht ht mang

in tch dng (l trng)
Dng ngun thu ht cc ht
mang in tch m (in t)
Vng trng cng ln hn.
Gn ng: Khng c dng
in qua diode khi phn cc
ngc.
Dng in ny l dng in
ca cc ht thiu s gi l
dng tri.
Gi tr dng in rt b.
49
Phn cc thun cho diode

E

Ngun 1 chiu to in trng

E nh hnh v.
in trng ny ht cc in
t t m ngun qua P, qua N
v dng ngun sinh dng
in theo hng ngc li
-e
Ith
U
ED
ET
m ngun thu ht ht mang

in tch dng (l trng)
Dng ngun thu ht cc ht
mang in tch m (in t)
Vng trng bin mt.
Dng in ny l dng in
ca cc ht a s gi l dng
khuch tn.
Gi tr dng in ln.
50
Dng in qua diode
Id=IseqU/kT.
ET
Dng ca cc ht mang in a s l dng

khuch tn Id, c gi tr ln.
U
ED
Vi
in tch: q=1,6.10-19C.
Hng s Bolzmal: k=1,38.10-23J/K.
Nhit tuyt i: T (0K).
in p trn diode: U.
Dng in ngc bo ha: IS ch ph thuc nng tp cht,
cu to cc lp bn dn m khng ph thuc U (xem nh
hng s).
51
Dng in qua diode

Dng ca cc ht mang in thiu s l dng
tri, dng r Ig, c gi tr b.
Vy:
ET
Khi cha phn cc cho diode (I=0, U=0):

ISeq0/kT+Ig=0.
I=Id+Ig.
U
ED
in p trn 2 cc ca diode l U.
Dng in tng cng qua diode l:
Gi
=> Ig=-IS.
52
Dng in qua diode
Khi phn cc cho diode (I,U0):

Gi UT=kT/q l th nhit th 3000K, ta c
UT~25.5mV.
I=Is(eU/UT-1).
U
ED
(*)
ET
I=Is(eqU/kT-1).
(**)
(*) hay (**) gi l phng trnh c tuyn ca
diode.
53
U
ED
ET
c tuyn tnh v cc
tham s ca diode
54
c tuyn tnh ca diode
on AB (AB): phn cc thun,

U gn nh khng i khi I thay
i.
Ge: U~0.3V
Si: U~0.6V.
on lm vic ca diode chnh
lu
U
ED
I=Is(eqU/kT-1)
ET
Phng trnh c
tuyn Volt-Ampe ca
diode:
on CD (CD): phn cc ngc,

U gn nh khng i khi I thay i.
on lm vic ca diode zener
55
Cc tham s ca diode
in tr mt chiu: Ro=U/I.
in tr xoay chiu: rd=U/I.
Tn s gii hn: fmax.
Dng in ti a: IAcf
H s chnh lu: Kcl=Ith/Ing=Rng/Rth.
rdng>>rdth
U
ED
ET
Rth~100-500.
Rng~10k-3M.
tn s cao, diode tn s thp.
Diode
cng sut cao, trung bnh, thp.
Kcl cng
Diode
ln th diode chnh lu cng tt.

56
iu kin diode dn in
Diode c phn cc thun (+ ni P, - ni N)
Hiu in th phn cc thun trn 2 u diode
ln hn in p ngng V
loi Ge: V ~ 0.3 (V)
Diode loi Si: V ~ 0.6 (V)
U
ED
Diode
ET
57
U
ED
ET
B ngun 1 chiu
58
S khi
U
ED
ET
@
220V (rms)
59
Chnh lu bn k
U
ED
ET
@

V0=0, vs<VD0.
V0=(vs-VD0)R/(R+r60
D).
Chnh lu ton k
U
ED
ET
@
61
Chnh lu cu
U
ED
ET
@
62
Mch lc t C
U
ED
ET
@
63
n p bng diode Zener
U
ED
ET
@
64
Mt s diode bn dn thc t
U
ED
ET
@
65
Tng kt chng 2

Bn k, Ton k, Chnh lu cu
U
ED
Hai loi cht bn dn (pha tp): N v P

Diode l linh kin bn dn c cu to bng cch ghp
2 lp bn dn PN tip gip PN
iu kin diode dn in: khi phn cc thun V V
Khi dn in th diode ghim in p: VDiode = V
Mch chnh lu: AC DC
ET
B ngun 1 chiu (DC) gm cc khi: Bin p, Chnh

lu, Lc (C), n p (Zener hoc vi mch n p)
66
I HC BCH KHOA NNG

Khoa inT - Vin Thng
B mn: K Thut in T
ET
K thut in t
U
ED
Phn 2. Mch tng t

GV: Hunh Vit Thng
Nng, 01/2014
Ni dung
U
ED
ET
Chng 1: M u.
U
ED
ET
Chng 3
BJT v ng dng
Ni dung
U
ED
ET
Cu to BJT
Cc tham s ca BJT
Phn cc cho BJT
Mch khuch i dng BJT
Phng php ghp cc tng khuch i
Mch khuch i cng sut
U
ED
ET
Cu to BJT
BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistors)
U
ED
Cho 3 lp bn dn tip xc cng ngh lin tip

nhau.
Cc cc E: Emitter, B: Base, C: Collector.
in p gia cc cc dng iu khin dng
in.
ET
Hai loi BJT
ET
@
NPN
p
C
C
Cu to
U
ED
K hiu
C
C
Cu to
PNP
B
B
K hiu
E
E
7
Nguyn l hot ng
Xt BJT NPN
E=EE+EC
ET
EE
IE
E
EE
IC
C
IB
RE
U
ED
EC
RC
EC
Nguyn l hot ng
T hnh v:
nh ngha h s truyn t dng in:

= IC /IE.
= IC / IB.
= IC / (IE IC) = /(1- );

= / (+1).
nh ngha h s khuch i dng in:

Nh vy,
Do ,
U
ED
= IB + IC
ET
IE
IC = IE;IC=IB
IB = (1-) IE;IE=(1+)IB
100 vi cc BJT cng sut nh.

Chiu dng, p ca cc BJT

-
IC
VCE +
VBC
IB
+
+
B
IC
C
+
VCB
IB
npn
VEC
+
VEB
U
ED
VBE
IE
ET
IE
pnp
IE = IB + IC
IE = IB + IC
VCE = -VBC + VBE
VEC = VEB - VCB
10
V d

VCB
IC
IB
B
Gii:
IE = IB + IC = 0.05 mA + 1 mA = 1.05 mA
+
VBE
= IC / IB = 1 mA / 0.05 mA = 20
_
= IC / IE = 1 mA / 1.05 mA = 0.95238
cn c th tnh theo .
=
= 20 = 0.95238
+1
21
+
_
U
ED
ET
Cho BJT nh hnh v.

Vi IB = 50 A , IC = 1 mA
Tm: IE , v
IE
E
11
c tuyn tnh ca BJT

IC
@
mA
UCE
RB

EC
EB
RC
Vng tch
cc
U
ED
Vng bo ha
ET
IB
IC
IB
Vng ct IB = 0 UCE
Gi gi tr IB khng i, thay i EC, xc nh IC, ta c:

IC=f(UCE)
IB=const K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014
12
U
ED
ET
Cc tham s ca
BJT
BJT nh mt mng 4 cc
Xt BJT NPN, mc theo kiu E-C
U
ED
ET
14
Tham s tr khng zik

H phng trnh:

z11 z12 I2 .
z21 z22 I2 .
z11=U1
, z12=U1
,
I1 I2=0
I2 I1=0
z21=U2
, z22=U2
,
I1 I2=0
I2 I1=0
U1
U2
z11: Tr khng vo ca
BJT khi h mch ng ra.
z12: Tr khng ngc ca
BJT khi h mch ng
vo.
z21: Tr khng thun ca
BJT khi h mch ng ra.
z22: Tr khng ra ca BJT
khi h mch ng vo.
U
ED
dng ma trn:
U1=z11I1+z12I2.
U2=z21I1+z22I2.
ET
15
Tham s dn np yik
H phng trnh:

y11 y12 U2 .
y21 y22 U2 .
y11= I1
, y12=I1
,
U1 U2=0 U2 U1=0
y21= I2 , y22= I2
,
U1 U2=0 U2 U1=0
I1
I2
y11: Dn np vo ca BJT
khi ngn mch ng ra.
y12: Dn np ngc ca
BJT khi ngn mch ng
vo.
y21: Dn np thun ca
BJT khi ngn mch ng
ra.
y22: Dn np ra ca BJT
khi ngn mch ng vo.
U
ED
dng ma trn:
I1=y11U1+y12U2.
I2=y21U1+y22U2.
ET
16
Tham s hn hp hik
H phng trnh:

h11 h12 I2 .
h21 h22 U2 .
h11=U1
, h12=U1
,
I1 U2=0
U2 I1=0
h21=I2
, h22=I2
,
I1 U2=0
U2 I1=0
U1
I2
h11: Tr khng vo ca
BJT khi ngn mch ng
ra.
h12: H s hi tip in
p ca BJT khi h mch
ng vo.
h21: H s khuch i
dng in ca BJT khi
ngn mch ng ra.
h22: Dn np ra ca BJT
khi h mch ng vo.
U
ED
U1=h11I1+h12U2.
I2 =h21I1+h22U2.
dng ma trn:
ET
17
U
ED
ET
Phn cc cho BJT
Phn cc cho BJT
Tip
Tip
U
ED
ET
Cung cp in p mt chiu cho cc cc ca

BJT.
Xc nh ch hat ng tnh ca BJT.
Ch khi phn cc cho ch khuch i:
xc B-E c phn cc thun.

xc B-C c phn cc ngc.
i
i
vi BJT Ge: V~0.3V

vi BJT Si: V~0.6V
V tip xc B-E nh mt diode, nn phn cc

cho BJT, yu cu VBEV.
19
ng ti tnh v im lm
vic tnh ca BJT
IB=max
IB=0
U
ED
ET
ng ti tnh c v
trn c tuyn tnh ca
BJT. Quan h: IC=f(UCE).
im lm vic tnh nm
trn ng ti tnh ng
vi khi khng c tn hiu
vo (xc nh ch
phn cc cho BJT).
im lm vic tnh nm
cng gn trung tm KL
cng n nh.
20
Phn cc bng dng c nh

VCC
Xt phn cc cho BJT NPN

p dng KVL cho vng I:
VRB+UBE=VB.
p dng KVL cho vng II:

UCE=VCC-ICRC.
RC
RB
IB
VB
U
ED
ET
II
UBE
VCC
II
RC
RB
IB
II
II
UBE
21
Phn cc bng dng c nh
Phng trnh ti tnh:

VCC=ICRC+UCE.
L phng trnh ng
thng.
UCE=0, IC=VCC/RC.
IC=0, UCE=VCC.
im lm vic tnh:
VCC/RC
ng
ti tnh
im lm
vic tnh
Giao im gia ng ti
tnh vi c tuyn BJT ca
dng IB phn cc.
ICA
Ic(mA)
U
ED
ET
Xc nh im lm vic
tnh:
IBA
A(UCEA, ICA)
UCEA
UCE(V)
VCC
22
Phn cc bng dng c nh
Tnh n nh nhit
nhit tng, IC tng,
im lm vic di chuyn t A
sang A. BJT dn cng mnh, ICA
nhit trong BJT cng tng, ICA
ICA
cng lm IC tng ln na.
Nu khng tn nhit ra mi
trng, im lm vic c th
sang A v tip tc.
V tr im lm vic thay i, tn
hiu ra b mo.
Trng hp xu nht c th
lm hng BJT. K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014
IC
U
ED
ET
Khi
A
A
UCEA
UCE
23
Phn cc bng dng c nh

V d
mch nh hnh
v,
vi
VBB=5V,
RBB=107.5k, =100,
RCC=1k,
V=0.6V,
VCC=10V.
Tm IB, IC, VCE.
Xc nh im lm
vic tnh ca BJT.
U
ED
ET
Cho
24
Phn cc bng dng c nh
Tm IB, IC, VCE v cng sut tiu tn ca BJT.
IB=(VBB-UBE)/RBB~40A.
IC= IB=4mA
dng KVL cho nhnh C-E:

UCE=VCC-ICRC=6V
p
U
ED
ET
BJT hat ng ch khuch i, chn

UBE=V
p dng KVL cho nhnh B-E

25
Phn cc bng dng c nh

Xc nh im lm vic tnh:
trnh ti tnh:
ET
Phng
Ic(mA)
10
lm vic tnh:
im
U
ED
VCC=ICRCC+UCE.
L phng trnh ng thng.
4
UCE=0, IC=VCC/RCC=10mA.
UCE=VCC=10V.
IC=0,
A(6V,4mA)
40A
UCE(V)
10
Giao im gia ng ti tnh vi c tuyn BJT

ca dng IB phn cc (40).
im lm vic nm gn gia ng ti tnh, mch
tng i n nh.
26
Phn cc bng in p hi tip
p dng KVL cho

vng I:
VCC
I=IB+IC=IE.
p dng KVL cho

vng II:
IC
Q
IB
II
UBE
RB
RC
UCE
p dng KCL cho nt

C:
U
ED
ET
IB=(UCE-UBE)/RB.
II
UCE=VCC-IRC.
27
Phng trnh ti tnh:

VCC=IRC+UCE=ICRC/+UCE
L phng trnh ng
thng.
UCE=0, IC= VCC/RC.
IC=0, UCE=VCC.
im lm vic tnh:
Giao im gia ng ti
tnh vi c tuyn BJT
ca dng IB phn cc.
U
ED
ET
Xc nh im lm vic
tnh:
28
Tnh n nh nhit
U
ED
Khi nhit tng, IC tng

t ICA sang ICA, im lm
vic di chuyn t A sang
A.
UCE gim xung UCEA.
M IB=(UCE-UBE)/RB. Nn IB
v UBE gim, dn n IC
gim tr li.
im lm vic t A li tr
v A.
Mch n nh nhit.
ET
29

Hi tip:
1 phn tn hiu ng ra, a ngc v ng vo.
ET
Ly
Hi tip dng:
hiu a v cng pha vi ng vo.

ng dng trong mch dao ng.
Hi tip m:
hiu a v ngc pha vi ng vo.

dng n nh mch.
gim h s khuch i.
tn
U
ED
tn
30

Tch RB thnh 2 in tr v ni
vi t C xung masse.
T C gi l t thot tn hiu xoay
chiu.
Tn hiu a v thot xung
masse theo t C m khng c
a v cc B ca BJT
RB1
U
ED
VCC
ET
Mch hi tip m in p bng

cch ly in p UCE a v
phn cc UBE cho BJT.
Mch n nh nhit nhng h
s khuch i gim.
Khc phc:
RB2
RC
C
Q
31
Phn cc t ng
p dng nh l ngun tng

ng Thevenin n gin.
Inm=VCC/RB1.
H
mch im B:
Uhm=VCC/(RB1+RB2) = VB.
Rng=Uhm/Inm
Rng=RB1RB2/(RB1+RB2)=RB1//RB2=RB.
RB1
B
mch im B:
U
ED
ET
Ngn
VCC
RC
Q
RB2
RE
32
Phn cc t ng
Ta c mch tng ng nh
sau
Vi
p dng KVL cho nhnh B-E
VB IB.RB -UBE IE.RE = 0.
VB
V .R
R .R
= CC B 2 , RB = Rng = B1 B 2
RB1 + RB 2
RB1 + RB 2
U
ED
VB = U hm
VCC
ET
M: IE = IB + IC = IB + IB= (1+ )IB

Suy ra: IB=(VB-UBE)/(RB+(1+ )RE)
RC
RB
IB UBE
RE
33
Phn cc t ng
p dng KVL cho nhnh C-E:
VCC
Vi IE= IC/(1+ )
Thay vo, ta c:
VCC=(RC+
RE/)IC+UCE.
Vi:
=/(1+ )
VB
U
ED
ET
VCC=ICRC+UCE+IERE
RC
RB
IB UBE
RE
34
Phn cc t ng
Phng trnh ti tnh:

VCC=IC(RC+RE/)+UCE.
L phng trnh ng
thng.
UCE=0, IC= VCC/(RC+RE).
IC=0, UCE=VCC.
im lm vic tnh:
Giao im gia ng ti
tnh vi c tuyn BJT ca
dng IB phn cc.
IBA
A
ICA
VCC
( RC+RE)
IC
U
ED
ET
Xc nh im lm vic
tnh:
UCE
UCEA
VCC
35
Phn cc t ng
Tnh n nh nhit
ICA
IBA
A
ICA
VCC
( RC+RE)
IC
U
ED
Khi nhit tng, IC tng t ICA

sang ICA, im lm vic di
chuyn t A sang A. IC tng
lm IE tng
M VB= IB.RB +VBE + IE.RE. Nn
IB v VBE gim, dn n IC gim
tr li.
im lm vic t A li tr v A.
Mch n nh nhit.
ET
UCEAUCEA
UCE
VCC
36
Phn cc t ng

Mc CE//RE.
CE: t thot tn hiu xoay chiu.
VCC
RB1
RC
Q
RB2
U
ED
ET
Mch n nh nhit bng hi tip

m dng in emitter qua RE.
RE gi l in tr n nh nhit.
RE cng ln th mch cng n
nh.
L mch c dng nhiu nht.
Tuy nhin, hi tip m lm gim
h s khuch i.
Khc phc:
RE CE
37
U
ED
ET
Mch khuch i
dng BJT
Cc cch mc mch BJT

C
E-C (Emitter Common).

B ra C, E chung vo
v ra
ra
vo
U
ED
ET
Vo
B-C (Base Common).

Vo
E ra C, B chung vo
v ra
C-C (Colector Common).

Vo
B ra E, C chung vo
v ra
B
vo
ra
C
39
M hnh tn hiu nh ca BJT

M hnh :
c thay bng mch tng ng sau

Dng trong s E-C v C-C
U
ED
ET
BJT
r=VT/IC
VT: Th nhit,
K thut
in t @ ETEDUT
20140K
VT~25.5mV
300
40
M hnh tn hiu nh ca BJT

M hnh T:
c thay bng mch tng ng sau

Dng trong s B-C
U
ED
ET
BJT
VT: Th nhit,
VT~25.5mV 3000K
re=VT/IC
41
Quy tc v s tng ng tn
hiu xoay chiu
T
ET
i vi tn hiu xoay
chiu:
R1
AC
in xem nh ni
R4
E
C2
R3
U
ED
tt.
Ngun mt chiu xem
nh ni tt.
R2
C1
R1
AC
T
R1
R2
C1
R4
E
C2
R3
R2
R4
AC
R3
42
Mch khuch i E-C

RB1
Rn
en
RC
C2
C1
RB2
RB1, RB2: Phn cc cho

BJT Q.
RC: Ti cc C.
RE: n nh nhit.
Rt: in tr ti.
en, Rn: Ngun tn hiu v
in tr trong ca ngun.
C1, C2: T lin lc, ngn
thnh phn 1 chiu, cho tn
hiu xoay chiu i qua.
CE: T thot xoay chiu,
nng cao h s khuch i
ton mch.
U
ED
VCC
ET
S mch
Tc dng linh kin:
Rt
RE
CE
43
Mch khuch i E-C
S tng ng
rBE=r
en
rv
RC
RB
Rv
U
ED
Rn
ET
Rt
Rr
E
RB=R1//R2
44
Mch khuch i E-C

in tr vo:
in tr ra:
ton mch, rv: in tr vo BJT.
Rr l in tr ra ca mch khi mch khng ni vi
Rt.
Ta c:
Gi
U
ED
ET
Gi Rv: in tr vo
Ta c:
rv=uBE/iB=r=VT/IC.
Rv=RB//rv
Nhn xt: rv~Rv
Rr=RC
45
Mch khuch i E-C
H s khuch i dng in:

KI l h s khuch i dng in:
ET
Gi
Ta
c:
U
ED
dngra it
KI =
=
dngvo iv
uv = iv .Rv = iB .rv iv =
KI =
iB .RC // Rt
Rt
u r = it Rt = iB .RC // Rt it =
iB .rv
Rv
( RC // Rt ).Rv
Rt .rV K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014
Vi rv~Rv v RC>>Rt th
KI~-
46
Mch khuch i E-C
H s khuch i in p:
KU l h s khuch i in p:
ET
Gi
Ta
c:
ur = it Rt
iv =
U
ED
pra ur
KU =
=
pvo en
en
en = iv ( Rv + Rn )
Rv + Rn
it Rt
Rt
KU =
= KI .
i ( R + Rn )ETEDUT 2014Rv + Rn
Kvthut vin t @
47
Mch khuch i E-C
H s khuch i
cng sut:
Pha ca tn hiu:
KI<0
RB1
U
ED
ET
KP=KU.KI.
VCC
Rn
en
C2
C1
RB2
nn tn hiu ng
ra ngc pha tn hiu
ng vo.
RC
Rt
RE
CE
48
Mch khuch i E-C

Nhn xt:
khuch i E-C c bin Ki, KU>1 nn

va khuch i dng in, va khuch i
in p.
Mch khuch i E-C vi KI, KU c du m
nn tn hiu ng ra ngc pha vi tn hiu
ng vo.
in tr vo v in tr ra ca mch E-C c
gi tr trung bnh trong cc s khuch i.
U
ED
ET
Mch
49
Mch khuch i B-C

RE:
+VE
ET
S mch
Tc dng linh kin:
Phn cc cho BJT
RE
U
ED
Q.
RC: Ti cc C.
Rt: in tr ti.
en, Rn: Ngun tn hiu
v in tr trong ca
ngun.
C1, C2: T lin lc,
ngn thnh phn 1
chiu, cho tn hiu
xoay chiu i qua.
Rn
C1
RC
Q
C2
Rt
en
-VC
50
Mch khuch i B-C
S tng ng
ET
re
U
ED
Rn
RC
RE
en
Rv
rv
Rt
Rr
B
51
Mch khuch i B-C

in tr vo:
in tr ra:
ton mch, rv: in tr vo BJT.
Rt.
Ta c:
Gi
U
ED
ET
Gi Rv: in tr vo
Ta c:
rv=uEB/iE=re=VT/IE.
Rv=RE//rv
Nhn xt: rv rt nh
Rr=RC
52
Mch khuch i B-C
H s khuch i dng in:

ET
Gi
Ta
U
ED
dngra it
KI =
=
dngvo iv
c:
uv = iv .Rv = iE .rv iv =
KI =
iE .RC // Rt
ur = it Rt = iE .RC // Rt it =
Rt
iE .rv
Rv
Vi rv~Rv v RC>>Rt th
KI~, khng khuch i
dng in.
( RC // Rt ).Rv
Rt .rV
53
Mch khuch i B-C
H s khuch i in p:
ET
Gi
Ta
c:
en
iv =
en = iv ( Rv + Rn )
Rv + Rn
KI~1 nhng Rt>>Rv, Rn

nn KU>1 : mch khuch
i in p.
ur = it Rt
U
ED
pra ur
KU =
=
pvo en
it Rt
Rt
KU =
= KI .
ETEDUT
iv ( Rv + RnK) thut in tR@v +
Rn 2014
54
Mch khuch i B-C
KP=KU.KI.
Pha ca tn hiu:
KI>0
nn tn hiu ng
ra cng pha tn hiu
ng vo.
U
ED
ET
H s khuch i
cng sut:
55
Mch khuch i B-C

Nhn xt:
khuch i B-C c bin Ki<1, KU>1

nn mch khng khuch i dng in, ch
khuch i in p.
Mch khuch i B-C vi KI, KU c du
dng nn tn hiu ng ra cng pha vi tn
hiu ng vo.
in tr vo ca mch B-C c gi tr nh nht
trong cc s khuch i.
U
ED
ET
Mch
56
Mch khuch i C-C

RB1,
VCC
ET
S mch
Tc dng linh kin:
U
ED
RB2: Phn cc
RB1
cho BJT Q.
RC: Ti cc C.
RE: Ti cc E.
C1
Rt: in tr ti.
Rn
RB2
en, Rn: Ngun tn hiu
v in tr trong ca en
ngun.
C1, C2: T lin lc,
ngn thnh phn 1
chiu, cho tn hiu
xoay chiu i qua.
RC
Q
RE
C2
Rt
57
Mch khuch i C-C
S tng ng
ur
U
ED
ET
uv
RB=R1//R2
58
Mch khuch i C-C
in tr vo:
Rv: in tr vo ton mch, rv: in tr vo BJT.

Ta c:

rv=uBE/iB=[iBr+iE(RE//Rt)]/iB=r+(1+)(RE//Rt)
rv=VT/IC+(1+)(RE//Rt).
Rv=RB//rv
Nhn
xt: rv~(1+)RE//Rt rt ln
in tr ra:
Gi
U
ED
ET
Gi
Rt.
Ta c:
Rr=RE
59
Mch khuch i C-C
H s khuch i dng in:

ET
Gi
Ta
c:
U
ED
dngra it
KI =
=
dngvo iv
uv = iv .Rv = iB .rv iv =
KI =
(1 + )iB .RE // Rt
Rt
ur = it Rt = iE .RE // Rt it =
iB .rv
Rv
(1 + )( RE // Rt ).Rv
Rt .rV K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014
Vi rv~Rv v RE>>Rt th
KI~1+
60
Mch khuch i C-C
H s khuch i in p:
ET
Gi
Ta
c:
en
iv =
en = iv ( Rv + Rn )
Rv + Rn
KI~(1+), Rv~rv~(1+)RE//Rt>>Rn
nn KU~1: khng khuch i
in p.
ur = it Rt
pra ur
=
pvo en
U
ED
KU =
it Rt
Rt
KU =
= KI .
2014
iv ( Rv + Rn ) K thut in
Rv t+@RETEDUT
n
61
Mch khuch i C-C
H s khuch i
cng sut:
Pha ca tn hiu:
KI>0
RB1
U
ED
ET
KP=KU.KI.
VCC
Rn
en
C1
RB2
nn tn hiu ng
ra cng pha tn hiu
ng vo.
RC
RE
C2
Rt
62
Mch khuch i C-C
Nhn xt:
khuch i C-C c bin Ki>1, KU~1

nn ch khuch i dng in, khng khuch
i in p.
Mch khuch i C-C vi KI, KU c du
dng nn tn hiu ng ra cng pha vi tn
hiu ng vo.
in tr vo ca mch C-C c gi tr ln nht
trong cc s khuch i. Mch ny dng
phi hp tr khng
rt tt.
63
U
ED
ET
Mch
U
ED
ET
Phng php ghp

cc tng khuch i
Ghp tng
U
ED
Yu cu mch khuch i t tn hiu rt nh u vo

thnh tn hiu rt ln u ra. Khng th dng 1 tng
khuch i m phi dng nhiu tng.
Gii php: Ghp tng
H s khuch i bng tch cc h s khuch i cc
tng
ET
65
Ghp tng bng t

u: n gin, cch ly thnh phn 1 chiu gia cc tng.
Nhc: Suy gim thnh phn tng s thp.
U
ED
ET
66
Ghp tng bng bin p

u: Cho php ngun c in p thp, d phi hp tr
khng v thay i cc tnh qua cc cun dy.
Nhc: c tuyn tn s khng bng phng trong di
tn, cng knh, d hng.
U
ED
ET
67
Ghp tng trc tip

u: Gim mo tn s thp. p tuyn tn s bng
phng.
Nhc: Phc tp.
U
ED
ET
68
U
ED
ET
Mch khuch i
cng sut
Yu cu
c s dng khi yu cu ng ra c cng sut
ln.
Cc thng s yu cu cho mch khuch i
cng sut:
sut ra ti.
Cng sut tiu th.
H s khuch i.
mo phi tuyn.
c tuyn tn s.
Cng
U
ED
ET
70
Ch lm vic ca BJT
Ch A:
lm vic vi c hai bn k ca tn hiu vo.

u: H s mo phi tuyn nh.
Nhc: Hiu sut thp. <50%
Ch B:
U
ED
ET
BJT
cha c phn cc, BJT lm vic vi mt bn

k ca tn hiu vo.
u: Hiu sut cao, ~78% .
Nhc: Mo phi tuyn
BJT
71
Ch lm vic ca BJT
IC
ET
Vng bo
ha
@
U
ED
Vng
khuch i
AB
Vng tt
iB=0
UCE
72
Ch lm vic ca BJT
Ch AB:
ch trung gian gia ch A v ch B.

BJT c phn cc yu.
Ch C:
BJT
U
ED
ET
L
ch lm vic vi 1 phn ca 1 bn k.
Hiu sut cao, ~100%. Dng cho mch tn s cao.
Ch D:
BJT
lm vic 1 trong hai trng thi: ngng dn hoc

dn bo ha.
Hiu sut cao, ~100%. p dng trong k thut
xung, s.
73
Khuch i cng sut ch A

Nhc: Yu cu in tr ti phi ln th cng
sut ra mi ln. Dng cho mch cng sut nh.
Khc phc: phi hp tr khng, s dng
bin p.
U
ED
ET
74
Khuch i cng sut ch B c

bin p

T1
Q1
U
ED
Ch B: BJT Q1 v Q2 cha c phn cc.

R: m bo ch lm vic cho Q1 v Q2. Mi bn k
ch c 1 trong hai BJT dn.
T1: Bin p o pha, cho 2 tn hiu ra ngc pha nhau.
VCC
T2: Bin p xut.
RL: Ti loa.
ET
T2
RL
R
Q2
75
Khuch i cng sut ch B c

bin p
Nhc: Mo dng tn
hiu (mo xuyn trc).
Khc phc: Phn cc
cho BJT. Hat ng
ch AB.
IB1
Ur
U
ED
ET
Mo
xuyn
trc
UBE2
UBE1
IB2
Uv
t
76
Khuch i cng sut ch AB

c bin p
U
ED
Ch AB: Q1 v Q2 c phn cc yu nh R1, R2.

T1: Bin p o pha, cho 2 tn hiu ra ngc pha nhau.
VCC
T2: Bin p xut.
RL: Ti loa.
ET
R1
Q1
T1
T2
RL
R2
Q2
77

c bin p
Q1, Q2 dn ngay vi in p vo rt nh nn ht mo
xuyn trc.
IB1
Ur
Nhc:
Hiu sut gim.

Bin p cng knh
U
ED
ET
UBE2
UBE1
T
IB2
Uv
78

khng bin p
Mch y ko dng BJT cng loi
U
ED
ET
79

khng bin p
Mch y ko dng BJT khc loi
U
ED
ET
80
U
ED
ET
Chng 4
OPAMP v ng dng
Ni dung
Khi nim OPAMP
ng dng
Mch
ET
U
ED
khuch i khng o
Mch khuch i o
Mch khuch i m
Mch cng o
Mch tr
Mch tch phn
Mch vi phn
82
U
ED
ET
Khi nim OPAMP
OPAMP (Operational Amplifier)

U
ED
ET
Khuch i: Bin i tn hiu ng vo thnh tn

hiu ng ra cng dng nhng c bin ln
hn.
Khuch i thut ton: b khuch i c s
dng vi mc ch thc hin php tnh ton hc.
OPAMP l mt mch tch hp IC (Integrated
Circuit) tuyn tnh (cho tn hiu tng t).
IC tch hp nhiu linh kin thnh mt mch thc
hin mt chc nng nht nh.
84
OPAMP
i(-)
Inverting
+VS
RO
-VS
i(+), i(-) : dng vo OP-AMP ng vo khng o v o.
vid : in p vo gia hai ng vo khng o v o ca OPAMP.
+VS , -VS : ngun DC cung cp, thng l +15V v 15V
Ri : in tr vo
A : li ca OPAMP. Vi OPAMP l tng, li bg v cng.
RO: in tr ra ca OPAMP, l tng bng 0.
thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014
vO: in p ra; vO = AOLvidK trong
, AOL li in p vng h
i(+)
Ri
Output
vO = AOLvid
U
ED
Noninverting
ET
vid
85
OPAMP
c trng ca OPAMP l tng:

=
Ro = 0
AOL =
Bng thng phng v rng v cng.
n nh nhit.
Cn bng l tng
U
ED
ET
Ri
86
U
ED
ET
ng dng
Mch khuch i khng o

i(+)
P
vid
i(-)N
vF
v1
_

RF
R1
i1
vin: in p vo.
vo: in p ra.
RF: in tr hi tip.
R1: in tr ly tn hiu.
Gi s OPAMP l l tng:
AOL=. vid = vo/AOL nn vid=0

Rin= . i(+) = i(-) = vid/Rin= 0
vin=vid+v1=v1.
vO
-
p dng KVL:

p dng KCL cho nt N:

iF=i1+i(-)=i1.
(vo-v1)/RF=v1/R1.
v0= vin + vinRF
R1
in p ra:
vo= vin RF + 1
`
R1
iF
U
ED
iL
ET
vin
iO
li in p
vng kn AV
88
Mch khuch i o
RF
i1
R1
iF
vO
-
Gi s OPAMP l l tng:

AOL=. vid = vo/AOL vid=0

Rin= . i(+) = i(-) = vid/Rin
i(+) = i(-) = 0
p dng KCL cho nt N:
U
ED
ET
vin
i(-)
I1=iF

vin/R1=(vid-vo)/RF.
in p ra:
vo= - vinRF
R1
li vng kn: Av = RF/R1
vin: in p vo.
vo: in p ra.
RF: in tr hi tip.
R1: in tr ly tn hiu.
+i(-)=iF.
89
Mch khuch i m
P
+
vin
i(-)N
+ vin
vO
+
_
vin = vo
+
vO
-

RF=0.
R1=0.
vo=vin.
RF=0.
R1=.
vo=vin.
iL
U
ED
iO
ET
vid
i(+)
li in p vng kn: Av = Ai = 1
Thng s dng phi hp tr khng.
Tr khng vo rt ln.
Tr khng ra rt b.
Khng suy gim tn hiu, c bit vi tn hiu nh.
90
Mch cng khng o

R1 i
1
v2
R2 i2
vn
Rn in
v1-vn: cc ngun tn hiu vo.
i(+) P
+
vid
iO
p dng KCL cho nt N:

ET
...
v1
iL

I=iF +i(-)=iF.
v/R=vF/RF=(v-vo)/RF.
v=voR/(R+RF).
U
ED
vO p dng KCL cho nt P:

i(-)N
i1+i2+..+in=i(+)=0.
vF RF
_
(v1-v)/R1+(v2-v)/R2+..+(vn-v)/Rn=0.
v1+ v2 + .. + vn = v 1 + 1 + .. +1
+ i
R1 R2
Rn
R1 R2
Rn
v_ R
Suy ra:

v1+ v2 + .. + vn
Gi s OPAMP l l tng:
vo= (R+RF) R1 R2
Rn

R
1 + 1 + .. +1
vN=vP=v

R1 R2
Rn
Rin= . i(+) = i(-) = vid/Rin
91
i(+) = i(-) = 0
+
iF
Mch cng o
v1
R1 i
1
v2
R2 i2
i(-)
Rn in
i(+)
N
P
Gi s OPAMP l l tng:


vN=vP=0
Rin= . i(+) = i(-) = vid/Rin
i(+) = i(-) = 0
U
ED
vn
RF
iF
ET
...
vO p dng KCL cho nt N:

i1+i2+..+in=i(-)+iF=iF.
v1+ v2 + .. + vn = -vO
R1 R2
Rn RF
Suy ra:
v1-vn: cc ngun tn hiu vo.

vo= -RF v1+ v2 + .. + vn

R1 R2
Rn
92
Mch tr
N
i2
i(+)
+
P
i4
R4
i1=iF+i(-)=iF.
(v2-vN)/R1=(vN-vO)/R2.
vO=vN(R1+R2)/R1-v2R2/R1.
p dng KLC ti nt P:
vO
-
i2+i(+) =i4.
(v1-vP)/R3=vP/R4.
vP=v1R4/(R3+R4).
Suy ra:
vo=v1 R4 (R1+R2) - v2R2
Gi s OPAMP l l tng:
R1
(R3+R4) R1.
Nu chn R1=R3, R2=R4 th
vN=vP
R2
Rin= . i(+) = i(-) = vid/Rin
vo =
( v1 v 2 ) 93
K
thut
in
t
@
ETEDUT
2014
i(+) = i(-) = 0
R1
p dng KCL ti nt N:
U
ED
R3
R2
iF
i(-)
ET
v1
v2
R1 i
1
Mch tch phn

C
i(-)
_
N
Gi s OPAMP l l tng:
vO
-
p dng KCL cho nt N:

vin: in p vo.
vo: in p ra.
C: hi tip.
R: in tr ly tn hiu.
Vi iC=CdUc/dt

I=iC +i(-)=iC.
vin/R=Cd(vid-vo)/dt=-Cdvo/dt
in p ra:

Rin= . i(+) = i(-) = vid/Rin
i(+) = i(-) = 0
U
ED
ET
vin
iC
vindt +U0
vo= - 1
RC 0
Vi U0: in p ban u
94
2014 t C
K thut in t @ ETEDUT
trn
Mch vi phn
iC
i(-)
_
N

vO
-

Rin= . i(+) = i(-) = vid/Rin
i(+) = i(-) = 0
p dng KCL cho nt N:

iC
=i+i(-)=i.
Cd(vin)/dt=-vo/R
in p ra:
vo= - RCdvin
dt
vin: in p vo.
vo: in p ra.
R: in tr hi tip.
C: ly tn hiu.
Vi iC=CdUc/dt
Gi s OPAMP l l tng:
U
ED
ET
vin
95
I HC BCH KHOA NNG

Khoa inT - Vin Thng
B mn: K Thut in T
ET
K thut in t
U
ED
Phn 3. Mch s
GV: Hunh Vit Thng
Nng, 01/2014
Ni dung
U
ED
ET
Chng 1: M u.
U
ED
ET
Chng 5
K thut xung c bn
Ni dung
U
ED
ET
Khi nim
Mch khng ng b hai trng thi n nh
(trigger)
Mch khng ng b 1 trng thi n nh
a hi hai trng thi khng n nh
U
ED
ET
Khi nim
Khi nim
Tn hiu xung: tn hiu ri
rc theo thi gian.
Hai loi thng gp
Xung n.
Dy xung.
Cc tnh ca xung c th
l dng, m hoc c
dng ln m.
U
ED
ET
Khi nim
U
ED
Bin xung Um: gi tr

ln nht ca xung.
rng sn trc ttr v
rng sn sau ts :
bin xung t 0.1Um
n 0.9Um v ngc li.
rng xung tx: thi gian
bin xung trn mc
0.5Um.
ET
Khi nim
U
ED
Chu k xung T: l thi

gian b nht m xung lp
li bin ca n.
Thi gian ngh tng: thi
gian trng gia hai xung
lin tip.
H s lp y : t s
gia rng xung v chu
k xung =tx/T.
Vi T=tx+tng.v <1.
ET
Ch kha ca BJT
Yu cu c bn:
Khi Uvo UL transistor trng

thi ng, dng in ra IC = 0,
khi khng c ti RT th
Ura=+Ec.
RT nh nht khi RT=RC. Lc
ny, Ura=Ec/2. Chn UH Ec/2.
Vi BJT Si, chn UL=0.4V.
Khi Uvo UH transistor trng
thi dn bo ha (Ura~0.2V).
Ura<UL tho mn.
Uvo
RB
RC
Q
RT
Ura
+Ec
U
ED
Ura UH khi Uvo UL.

Ura UL khi Uvo UH.
ET

Ch kha ca BJT
c tnh truyn t
Tham s d tr chng nhiu:

Ura kha v Ura m l cc in p

thc t ti li ra ca BJT.
V d:
1.5
SH
Vng bo ha
UL
SH = 2,5V 1,5V = 1V (lc Uv

UL)
SL = 0,4V 0,2V = 0,2V (lc
UvUH)
Kha
U
ED
SH = Ura kha UH
SL = UL - Ura m
ET
SH c th ln bng cch chn

Ec v cc tham s RC, RB thch
hp.
SL thng nh. Do Urabh =
UCEbh thc t khng th gim
c, mun SL tng, cn tng
mc UL..
10
Ch kha ca BJT
Khc phc SL nh (chng nhiu mc thp km)
Bin php ny cn thit i vi BJT Ge, v UL
ca BJT Ge nh.
U
ED
ET
VCC
RC
RC
Q
R2
Ur
Uv R1
VCC
R1
Ur
R2
-VCC
11
Ch kha ca OPAMP
U
ED
ET
Khi Uv < Ungng :

Ura = - Uramax
Khi Uv Ungng :
Ura = + Uramax
Khi Uv < Ungng :

Ura = Uramax
Khi Uv Ungng :
Ura = -Uramax
12
U
ED
ET
Mch khng ng b
hai trng thi n nh
(trigger)
RS trigger:
Q1
R2
R1
R3
Q
Q2
R4
R
Bng trng thi
U
ED
u vo S: u vo thit lp
(set).
u vo R: u vo xa
(reset).
Khi Q1 dn, VC/Q1~0V,
VB/Q2~0V nn Q2 tt.
Khi Q2 dn, VC/Q2~0V,
VB/Q1~0V nn Q1 tt.
ET
R5
VCC
R6
Rn
Sn
Qn+1
Qn+1
Qn
Qn
X14
Trigger Schmitt dng BJT

Ura
Q2
R2
Uvo
R1
Q1
U
ED
Xt Uvo tng t thp n cao.

Khi Uvo <Uv dn th Q1 tt,
VC/Q1=VB/Q2 ~VCC nn Q2
dn, Ura=VC/Q2~0.
Khi Uvo >Uv dn th Q1 dn,
VC/Q1=VB/Q2~0 nn Q2 tt,
Ura=VC/Q2~VCC.
Qu trnh din ra theo hng
ngc li khi Uvo t cao n
thp.
ET
R3
VCC
R4
15
Trigger Schmitt dng OPAMP:
U
ED
ET
@
16
U
ED
ET
Mch khng ng b
1 trng thi n nh
a hi i dng BJT
Uv
t
VB1
0.6V
U
ED
ET
trng thi bn: Q1 tt, Q2

dn. Ur=0.
in p trn t C np:
VCC-0.6V
Khi c 1 xung dng u
vo, Q1 dn, t C x qua Q1,
t
C
x
ht
in,
VB/Q1=VC/Q1~0 nn Q2 tt,
Ur~Vcc, Q1 dn li.
T C np t VCC qua R3 vi
dng iB/Q2. Mch tr li trng
thi n nh. Q1 tt, Q2 dn.
Ur=0.
0.6V
VB2
Vcc-0.6V
Vcc Ur
18
a hi i dng OPAMP
U
ED
ET
@
19
U
ED
ET
a hi hai trng thi

khng n nh
a hi dng BJT
U
ED
ET
Gi s ban u, Ur1=0, Q1
dn, Q2 tt, Ur2=Urmax.
C2 x, C1 np vi dng nh
hnh v.
in p trn C2 cng gim,
VB/Q2 cng tng, cho n
khi Q2 dn.
Q2 dn th Ur2=VC/Q2=0, Q1
tt, Ur1=Urmax.
C1 x, C2 np vi chiu
ngc li.
Qu trnh tip tc.
21
a hi dng OPAMP
R2
UN=UC
U
Ung
UP
R1
Ur
U
ED
Ban
u,
Ur=Urmax+,
UP=Ur.R1/(R1+R2).
T C np vi dng c chiu
nh hnh v.
in p trn t tng khi
UN=VC=UP th Ur=Urmax-.
T C np theo chiu ngc
li, in p trn t gim n
khi =UP, mch li thay i
trng thi.
Qu trnh c tip din.
ET
Ung
Ur
Urmax+
t
K thut in t @ ETEDUT
2014
Urmax-
22
U
ED
ET
Chng 6
K thut s c bn
Ni dung
U
ED
ET
C s
Cc phn t logic c bn
Ti gin hm logic
24
U
ED
ET
C s
i s logic
U
ED
ET
Phng tin ton hc phn tch v

tng hp cc thit b v mch s.
Nghin cu cc mi lin h (cc php
tan logic) gia cc bin logic (ch nhn 1
trong 2 gi tr l 0 hoc 1).
26
Cc php ton logic

Php ph nh (o)
x=0
(x)=x
(x)=x
Php cng logic

x+0=x
0+1=1
x+1=1
Php nhn logic

x.0=0
0.1=0
x.1=x
1+0=1
x+x=x
0.0=0
U
ED
0+0=0
x=0, x=1
ET
x=1,
1.0=0
x.x=x
1+1=1
x+x=1
1.1=1
x.x=0
27
Cc lut v nh l
Cc lut
x+y=y+x
x.y=y.x
Lut

F(x,y,z,,+,.)
=F(x,y,z,,.,+)
V d
kt hp
x+y+z=x.y.z
x.y.z=x+y+z
x+y+z=(x+y)+z=x+(y+z)
x.y.z=(x.y).z=x.(y.z)
Lut
nh l Demorgan
U
ED
hon v:
ET
Lut
phn phi
x.(y+z)=x.y+x.z
x+(y.z)=(x+y)(x+z)
Chng minh?
28
Bi tp
Chng minh:
U
ED
ET
29
U
ED
ET
Cc phn t logic
c bn
Phn t ph nh (NO)
K hiu
FNO

Phng trnh
Bng trng thi
U
ED
ET
FNO=x
FNO
1
0
x
0
1
31
Phn t hoc (OR)

K hiu

Phng trnh
Bng trng thi
FOR
U
ED
ET
32
Phn t v (AND)
K hiu

Phng trnh
Bng trng thi
FAND
U
ED
ET
33
Phn t hoc ph nh (NOR)

K hiu

Phng trnh
Bng trng thi
FNOR
U
ED
ET
34
Phn t v ph nh (NAND)
K hiu

Phng trnh
Bng trng thi
FNAND
U
ED
ET
35
Phn t EX-OR (XOR)

K hiu

Phng trnh
Bng trng thi
FXOR
U
ED
ET
36
Phn t EX-NOR (XNOR)

K hiu

Phng trnh
Bng trng thi
FXNOR
U
ED
ET
37
U
ED
ET
Ti gin hm logic
Biu din hm logic
Dng tng ca cc tch
Dng tch ca cc tng
Ch :
Dng
U
ED
ET
tng ca cc tch thun tin hn trong

tnh ton.
39
V d:
Thit k mch logic vi hm:
ET
F ( x, y, z ) = x. y.z + x. y.z + x. y.z + x. y.z + x. y.z + x. y.z
Mch thc hin

(slide
Nhn xt:
qu phc tp, tn km linh kin.
Mch
sau)
U
ED
Gii php:
Ti
gin ha hm logic
40
x.y.z
U
ED
ET
x.y.z
x.y.z
x.y.z
x.y.z
x.y.z
41
Ti gin hm logic bng nh l

S dng cc lut, nh l ti gin ha hm logic.
V d 1: Ti gin bng nh l hm logic:
ET
U
ED

F ( x, y, z ) = y.z + y.z + x.z
F ( x, y, z ) = z + x.z
F ( x, y, z ) = z + x.z + x.z
F ( x, y, z ) = z + x.
Nhn xt: Khng phi n gin trong vic ti gin, nhiu

khi khng xc nh c phng hng
42
Ti gin ha bng ba Karnaugh
Ba Karnaugh:
thnh cc , biu din gi tr ca hm

theo cc bin.
Cc ln cn ch khc nhau 1 bin.
U
ED
ET
Chia
V d 2:
S=ABC+ABC+ABC+ABC
AB
AB
AB
AB
00
01
11
10
AB
Khng
ln cn
Ln cn
Ln cn
43
Ba Karnaugh 3 bin
00
01
11
10
01
11
10
0
1
U
ED
ET
xy
z
Ba Karnaugh 4 bin
xy
zt
01
00
00
11
10
44

Cc bc tin hnh:
B1:
Ch :
U
ED
ET
Chuyn hm logic v dng tng cc tch.

B2: Lp ba Karnaugh theo s bin.
B3: in cc gi tr ca hm logic =1 vo ba
Karnaugh.
B4: Gom cc nhm c gi tr 1 ln cn.
B5: Vit li hm ti gin.
ln cn bng 2n (n>0), gom 2n gim c n
bin.
Trong 1 nhm, ta gi nguyn nhng bin c gi tr
khng i trong nhm v b i nhng bin c gi tr
thay i.
45
S
ET
V d 3: Ti gin hm logic bng ba Karnaugh

theo v d 1:
This image cannot currently be display ed.
( bi cho sn).
B2:
Lp ba Karnaugh theo s bin.
Hm 3 bin, ta c ba Karnaugh nh sau:

xy
z
Chuyn hm logic v dng tng cc tch
U
ED
B1:
00
01
11
10
0
1K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014
46

in cc gi tr ca hm logic vo ba Karnaugh.
Ban u, ta lp bng sau:
ET
B3:

X
U
ED
xy
F
1
Ch : Ta thy rng, nu bin khng

o s tng ng vi tr bng 1 v
nu bin o th tng ng vi tr
bng 0
00
01
11
10
47
B4:
Gom cc nhm c gi tr 1 ln cn.

z
ET
xy
01
11
10
U
ED
00
A
B
B5: Vit li hm ti gin.

F=A+B.
Trong nhm A: x=1 khng i, ta gi nguyn; y, z thay i b
loi, vy, A=x;
Trong nhm B: z=1 khng i, ta gi nguyn; x, y thay i b
loi, vy, B=z;
Vy, F= A+B=x+z.
48
Lu tng hp:
thc hin ti gin ba Karnaugh trn hm tng cc

tch nn ch lu n nhng gi tr bng 1 ca hm
logic.
Gi tr 1 tng ng vi khng o, gi tr 0 tng
ng vi o.
1 c th c gom trong nhiu nhm.
Gi nguyn nhng bin khng i trong nhm, b i
nhng bin thay i.
Mt nhm phi c gom vi s l ti a c th.
S nhm phi ti thiu.
U
ED
ET
Ta
49
V d 4: Ti gin hm logic
ET
F ( x, y, z, t ) = x. y.z.t + x. y.z.t + x. y.z.t + x. y.z.t + x. y.z.t + x. y.z.t + x. y.z.t + x. y.z.t
Ba Karnaugh:
xy
00
01
11
00
01
11
zt
10
1
A = z.t
B = x. y.t
C = x.z.t
10
D = x. y.t
1
B
U
ED
F = A + B + C + D = z.t + x. y.t + x.z.t + x. y.t
50
I HC NNG
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA
KHOA IN T - VIN THNG
U
ED
ET
K Thut in T
Phn Mch S
Hunh Vit Thng
Email: hvthang.ete.dut@gmail.com
Url:
https://sites.google.com/site/hvthangete/
Nng, 2014
Ni dung
H m nh phn
i s Logic (i s Boole)
Hm logic v cc phng php biu din
Ti thiu ha hm logic
Cc phn t logic c bn (Cng Logic)
V d v Bi tp
U
ED
ET

H m nh phn
H m c s N=2, hai k hiu 0 v 1
2 bit / 2 digit: bit 0 v bit 1
Tng ng 2 trng thi ca mch in t s
S nh phn 4 bit: a3a2a1a0
ai bng 0 hay 1
a3a2a1a0 (2) = a3.23 + a2.22 + a1.21 + a0.20
23, 22, 21, 20 (hay 8, 4, 2, 1) c gi l cc trng s
a0 l bit c trng s nh nht LSB (Least Significant Bit)
a3 l bit c trng s ln nht MSB (Most Significant Bit)
U
ED
ET

Vi s nh phn 4 bt c th biu din c bao nhiu

t hp nh phn (s thp phn) khc nhau?
3
Cc t hp nh phn 4 bt
8421
S thp phn
0
1
2
0000
0001
0010
0011
0100
0101
0110
0111
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
1101
1110
1111
U
ED
ET
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
a3a2a1a0
i s logic i s Boole
(Boolean Algebra)
Trong cc mch s
U
ED
ET
cc tn hiu thng c cho 2 mc in p (0V v 5V)

linh kin in t lm vic mt trong hai trng thi: Tt
hoc Dn;
m t bng h nh phn (binary) bng cc bit 0 hoc 1
Cn cng c ton hc thch hp m t?

i s logic (i s Boole)
George Boole gii thiu 1854

cng c ton hc quan trng phn tch v thit k cc
mch s
5
George Boole (1815 1864)
U
ED
ET
George Boole (2 November 1815 8

December 1864) was an English
mathematician,
philosopher
and
logician. His work was in the fields of
differential equations and algebraic
logic, and he is now best known as the
author of The Laws of Thought. As
the inventor of the prototype of what is
now called Boolean Logic, which
became the basis of the modern digital
computers.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Boole
6
Cc tin ca i s logic
U
ED
ET
Tp hp B hu hn; 3 php ton + (cng logic), x

(nhn logic), - (b logic/nghch o logic); 2 phn t
0 v 1 cu trc i s Boole
x,y B th: x+y B, x*y B
1. Tin giao hon
x,y B:
x+y =y+x
2. Tin phi hp
x,y,z B: (x+y)+z = x+(y+z) = x+y+z
(x.y).z = x.(y.z) = x.y.z
7
Cc tin ca i s logic (tt)

3. Tin phn phi
x,y, z B:
ET
x.(y + z ) = x.y + x.z

x + (y.z) = (x + y).(x + z)
4. Tin v phn t trung ha
U
ED
phn t n v (1) v phn t khng (0)

x B:
x+1= 1
x. 1= x
x+0= x
x. 0= 0
5. Tin v phn t b: x B, lun tn ti phn t

b tng ng tha mn:
x+ =1
v
x. = 0
i ngu trong i s logic

i ngu:
V d 1.8:
U
ED
ET
Hai mnh (hai biu thc, hai nh l) c gi l i

ngu vi nhau nu trong mnh ny ngi ta thay php
ton cng thnh php ton nhn v ngc li, thay 0 bng
1 v ngc li, th s suy ra c mnh kia.
Khi hai mnh i ngu vi nhau, nu 1 trong 2 mnh
c chng minh l ng th mnh cn li l ng.
x.(y+z) = (x.y) + (x.z)

x + (y.z) = (x+y).(x+z)
x+ =1
x. = 0
V d 1.9:
Cc nh l c bn ca i s logic
U
ED
ET
@
10
Cc l c bn ca i s logic (tt)
U
ED
ET
@
11
Cc l c bn ca i s logic (tt)
U
ED
ET
@
12
Hm logic v biu din hm logic

Hm logic (Hm Boole)
ET
nh ngha
Tnh cht
Gi tr ca hm logic
Bng gi tr
Biu thc i s
U
ED
Cc phng php biu din hm logic
Dng tng cc tch s (dng chnh tc 1)

Dng tch cc tng s (dng chnh tc 2)
Bn Karnaugh (K-map)
Ti thiu ha hm logic
13
Hm logic (Hm Boole)
U
ED
ET
Hm Boole l mt nh x t i s Boole vo chnh

n: x, y B, hm logic (Boole) f c hnh thnh
trn c s lin kt cc bin logic bng cc php ton +
(cng logic), x / . (nhn logic), nghch o logic (-).
Hm logic 1 bin
Hm logic nhiu bin (n bin: x1, x2, ..., xn)
T
Mt hm logic c hnh thnh trn c s lin kt cc
hm logic khc bng cc php ton: +, x, 14
Gi tr hm logic
ET
Trong f(x1, x2, ..., xn) thay cc bin xi bng cc gi tr

c th i (0 hoc 1) th f(
1, 2, ..., n) c gi l gi
tr ca hm logic theo n bin
V d 1.10:
U
ED
Xt hm f(x1, x2 ) = x1 + x2, xt tp B = {0,1}
V d 1.11: xem bi ging
15
Biu din hm logic

Biu din hm logic bng bng gi tr: 2 phn
ET
Phn dnh cho bin: t hp gi tr c th c ca bin vo

Phn dnh cho hm: gi tr ca hm ra tng ng vi cc
t hp bin vo
U
ED
Hm n bin c 2n t hp gi tr khc nhau ca cc bin
16
Biu din hm bng biu thc i s

Dng tng cc tch s (ca cc bin logic): CT1
Dng tch cc tng s (ca cc bin logic): CT2
Hai dng ny l i ngu nhau
Vit biu thc tng qut hm n bin dng CT1
Biu thc tng qut ca hm n bin dng CT2 c
suy ra t dng CT1 da theo tnh i ngu
U
ED
ET

17
CT1 Tng cc tch s

Cho hm logic n bin f(x1, x2, ..., xn)
U
ED
ET
@
trong
1, 2, ..., n)
e l s thp phn tng ng m nh phn (
v:
T
18
CT1 Tng cc tch s (tt)

Vit biu thc ca hm 3 bin theo dng CT1?
U
ED
ET
@
19
CT2 Tch cc tng s

Biu thc tng qut hm logic n bin f(x1, x2, ..., xn)
ET
@
trong
U
ED
e l s thp phn tng ng m nh phn (

1, 2, ..., n)
v:
Lu : CT2 l i ngu vi CT1

20
CT2 Tch cc tng s (tt)

Biu thc dng CT2 ca hm logic 2 bin:
ET
@
Biu thc dng CT2 ca hm logic 3 bin:
U
ED
21
V d v dng CT1
U
ED
ET
Vit biu thc biu din hm Boole 2 bin f(x1,x2)

dng chnh tc 1, vi bng gi tr ca hm:
22
Nhn xt v dng CT1
U
ED
ET
Dng chnh tc th nht - tng ca cc tch s - l

dng lit k tt c cc t hp nh phn cc bin vo
sao cho tng ng vi nhng t hp gi tr ca
hm ra bng 1 ch cn lit k nhng t hp bin
lm cho gi tr hm ra bng 1.
Khi lit k nu bin tng ng bng 1 c vit
dng tht, nu bin tng ng bng 0 c vit
dng b.
23
V d v dng CT2
U
ED
ET
Vit biu thc biu din hm f(x1,x2,x3) dng chnh

tc 2 vi bng gi tr ca hm ra c cho nh sau:
24
V d v dng CT2 (tt)
U
ED
ET
@
25
Nhn xt v dng CT2
U
ED
ET
Dng chnh tc th hai - tch cc tng s - l dng lit

k tt c cc t hp nh phn cc bin vo sao cho
tng ng vi nhng t hp gi tr ca hm ra
bng 0 ch cn lit k nhng t hp bin lm cho
gi tr hm ra bng 0.
Khi lit k nu bin tng ng bng 0 c vit
dng tht, nu bin tng ng bng 1 c vit
dng b.
26
Biu din hm bng K-map
U
ED
ET
K-map = Ba Karnaugh (bng Karnaugh)

b tr cc bin vo theo hng hoc theo ct ca bng
cc t hp gi tr ca bin vo theo hng ngang hoc
theo ct dc ca bng c b tr sao cho khi i t
mt sang mt ln cn vi n ch lm thay i
mt gi tr ca bin
th t b tr cc t hp gi tr ca bin vo theo
hng ngang hoc theo ct dc ca bng Karnaugh
hon ton tun th theo m Gray
Gi tr ghi trong 1 ca bng: 0, 1, X (dont care)
Hm c n bin s c 2n
27
Biu din hm bng K-map (tt)
U
ED
ET
@
28
Ti thiu ha hm logic
V sao phi ti thiu ha?
Phng php bin i i s
Phng php dng bng Karnaugh (K-map)
Cc v d
U
ED
ET

29
V sao cn ti thiu ha hm logic?

H thng s gm nhiu module (khi chc nng)
Mi module c c trng bi cc hm logic
Logic ti gin gim phc tp, tng tin cy
Ti thiu ha MIN (s php ton, s biu thc)
Cn bng gia
S php ton (s biu thc)
S lng cng
S mc logic
U
ED
ET

Thc t khng d dng t li gii ti u!

30
Phng php ti thiu ha hm logic
Bin i i s: dng cc tin , nh l

Thut ton:
U
ED
ET
Bng Karnaugh (ba K, K-map): s bin 5

Quine-Mc.Cluskey: s bin bt k
31
Bin i i s
Rt gn biu thc
Ti thiu ha hm
U
ED
ET
@
nh l De Morgan
32
Ti thiu ha vi bng Karnaugh
U
ED
ET
Biu din hm bng bng Karnaugh

Qui tc k cn: Hai c gi l k cn nhau l
hai m khi i t ny sang kia ch lm thay i
gi tr ca 1 bin. (m Gray m bo)
V d
+ Cc k cn: 0 v 1; 0 v 2; 2 v 3, 1 + Cc k cn: 0 v 2; 2 v 6; 0 v 4;
v 3
1 v 5, v..v..
+ Cc KHNG k cn: 0 v 3, 1 v 2
+ Cc KHNG k cn: 2 v 7; 3 v
5; v..v..
33
Ti thiu ha bng Karnaugh (tt)

Kt hp 2n k cn vi nhau loi n bin d tha
1 k cn loi c 0 bin (1 = 20)
2 k cn loi c 1 bin (2=21)
4 k cn vng trn loi c 2 bin (4=22)
8 k cn vng trn loi c 3 bin (8=23)
..v.v..
U
ED
ET
Nhng bin b loi l nhng bin c gi tr thay i

trong vng kt hp (vng gom)
Vng gom l hp l khi trong vng gom c t nht
1 cha thuc vng gom no khc
Cc k cn mun gom c phi l k cn vng trn
ngha l k cn cui cng l k cn u tin
34
U
ED
ET
Nu biu din hm theo dng CT1 (tng cc tch s)

ta ch quan tm nhng k cn c gi tr bng 1 v X
(ty nh)
Nu biu din hm theo dng CT2 (tch cc tng s)
ta ch quan tm nhng k cn c gi tr bng 0 v X
(ty nh)
CT1: ph ht tt c cc c gi tr bng 1
CT2: ph ht tt c cc c gi tr bng 0
Chn ty nh (X) no? s lng k cn l 2n ln
nht rt gn c nhiu bin d tha nht
35
U
ED
ET
@
36
Biu din hm vi biu thc rt gn

Dng CT1 Tng cc tch s
Dng CT2 Tch cc tng s
U
ED
ET
@
+ cc 3, 4, 7: gi tr hm = 1
+ cc 5, 6: gi tr hm = X
+ cc cn li: gi tr = 0
37
V d: Ti thiu ha hm
U
ED
ET
@
38
V d: Ti thiu ha hm (tt)
U
ED
ET
@
39
Tm tt
H m nh phn
i s Logic (i s Boole)
ET
Tin ; nh l; Vn i ngu;
Hm logic v cc phng php biu din
Ti thiu ha hm logic
U
ED
Khi nim v tnh cht; Gi tr hm logic; Biu din bng

bng gi tr; Biu din bng biu thc i s: CT1 & CT2;
Biu din bng bng Karnaugh;
PP i s; PP bng Karnaugh; Biu din bng biu thc
thu gn
40
Bi tp
U
ED
ET
@
51

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I HC BCH KHOA NNG

Khoa inT - Vin Thng

(da trn slide bi ging ca GV.ThS. Nguyn Duy Nht Vin)

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

Ti liu tham kho

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

Quan trng (1)

Yu cu: SV c bi ging trc khi n lp

3 ct im: Gia k, Bi tp, Cui k

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

Quan trng (2)

Lin h GV: Vn phng khoa TVT

SV c th download slide v bi ging ti a ch sau:

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

Lch s pht trin

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

Lch s pht trin

1884, Thomas Edison pht minh ra n in t

(Medium Scale Integration)

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

Linh kin c kh nng cn tr dng in

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

Linh kin c kh nng tch t in nng.

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

Linh kin c kh nng tch ly nng lng

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

Linh kin thay i in p

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

Linh kin tch cc

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

Linh kin c cu thnh t

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

Transistor lng cc BJT

BJT l phn t quan trng

Linh kin quang

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

Linh kin thu quang

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

Linh kin pht quang

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

LED & LED 7 on

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in th gia hai im khc nhau trong

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

dch chuyn c hng ca cc ht

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

Ngun p v ngun dng

nh l Thevenin & Norton

Ngun p mt Ngun p xoay

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

nh lut Ohm (1827)

Georg Simon Ohm

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL):

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

nh lut dng in Kirchhoff

Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL):

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

S lc lch s pht trin

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014

K thut in t @ ETEDUT 2014