Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Natural gas
Refinery gas
Liquid Fuels
Kerosene
Gasoline, diesel
Alcohol (Ethanol)
Oil
Solid Fuels
Coal (Anthracite, bituminous, sub bituminous, lignite)
Wood
Fuel
Combustion Stoichiometry
Air/Fuel Ratio
Equivalence Ratio
Air Pollutants from Combustion
Definition
Material such as coal, gas, or oil that is burned to
produce heat or power (material seperti batubara, gas
atau minyak yang bila dibakar menghasilkan panas atau
daya).
Any material that stores energy that can later be
extracted to perform mechanical work in a controlled
manner (material yang menyimpan energi yang dapat
diekstrak untuk melakukan kerja mekanis secara
terkontrol).
Any material that is capable of releasing energy when its
chemical or physical structure is altered (material yang
dapat melepas energi saat struktur kimia atau fisika-nya
diubah/diuraikan).
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Fossil fuels
Energy produced by burning
wood or fossil fuels.
Fossil fuels: coal, oil and
natural gas.
Type of Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Usage
Used extensively in industrial applications
Examples
Furnace oil
Light diesel oil
Petrol
Kerosine
Ethanol
LSHS (low sulphur heavy stock)
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Type of Fuels
Liquid Fuels
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Properties
Liquid Fuels
Density
Ratio of the fuels mass to its volume at 15 oC,
kg/m3
Useful for determining fuel quantity and quality
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Properties
Liquid Fuels
Specific gravity
Ratio of weight of oil volume to weight of same water
volume at a given temperature
Specific gravity of water is 1
Hydrometer used to measure
LDO
(Light Diesel Oil)
Furnace oil
Specific
Gravity
0.85-0.87
0.89-0.95
0.88-0.98
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Properties
Liquid Fuels
Viscosity
Measure of fuels internal resistance to flow
Most important characteristic for storage and use
Decreases as temperature increases
Properties
Liquid Fuels
Pour point
Lowest temperature at which fuel will flow
Indication of
Specific heat
kCal needed to raise temperature of 1 kg oil by 1oC
(kcal/kgoC)
Indicates how much steam/electricity it takes to heat oil
to a desired temperature.
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Properties
Liquid Fuels
Calorific value (heating value)
Heat or energy produced
Gross calorific value (GCV): vapor is fully condensed (HHV
= higher heating value)
Net calorific value (NCV): water is not fully condensed (LHV
= Lower heating value
Fuel Oil
Kerosene
Diesel Oil
L.D.O
Furnace Oil
LSHS
Properties
Liquid Fuels
Sulphur content
Depends on source of crude oil and less on the refining
process
Furnace oil: 2-4 % sulphur
Sulphuric acid causes corrosion
Ash content
Inorganic material in fuel
Typically 0.03 - 0.07%
Corrosion of burner tips and damage to materials
/equipments at high temperatures
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Properties
Liquid Fuels
Carbon residue
Tendency of oil to deposit a carbonaceous solid
residue on a hot surface
Residual oil: >1% carbon residue
Water content
Normally low in furnace oil supplied (<1% at refinery)
Free or emulsified form
Can damage furnace surface and impact flame
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Properties
Liquid Fuels
BB Minyak diesel
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Properties
Liquid Fuels
BB Premium
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Liquid fuels
Why are nearly all vehicles and engines powered
by liquid fuels ?
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Liquid fuels
Why are nearly all vehicles and engines powered
by liquid fuels ?
Why not use other fuels?
Size of engines needed to utilize these fuels is impractical
for automobiles, lawnmowers, etc.
Convenience
- it takes 15 seconds to pump a gallon of gas vs. several
hours to recharge batteries (i.e. electric cars)
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Biofuel
Biodiesel
Ethanol
DME (dimethyl ether)
Dll.
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Sifat-sifat fisika
Gross Calorific value (GCV)
Kandungan uap (lembab)/embun (moisture content)
Bahan yang mudah menguap (Volatile matter)
Abu
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GCV
(kCal/kg)
Lignite
(Dry
Basis)
Indian
Coal
Indonesian
Coal
4,500
4,000
5,500
South
African
Coal
6,000
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Abu
Ketidakmurnian/kotoran yang tidak terbakar (5-40%)
Mempengaruhi efisiensi pembakaran, handling dan kapasitas
pembakaran, menyebabkan kerak/kotoran.
Penting diperhitungkan dalam desain tungku bakar, volume
pembakaran, kontrol polusi dan penanganan abu tungku bakar.
Abu = residu setelah pembakaran
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Indonesian
Coal
Moisture (%)
5.98
9.43
8.5
Ash (%)
38.63
13.99
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20.70
29.79
23.28
34.69
46.79
51.22
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Chemical Properties
Hasil ultimate analysis
Parameter
Moisture
Mineral Matter (1.1 x Ash)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Sulphur
Oxygen
GCV (kCal/kg)
Indian Coal, %
5.98
38.63
41.11
2.76
1.22
0.41
9.89
4000
Indonesian Coal, %
9.43
13.99
58.96
4.16
1.02
0.56
11.88
5500
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Kelebihan BB gas
Jumlah penanganan (handling)-nya paling sedikit.
Sistem pembakaran (burner) paling simpel
Sistem pembakaran membutuhkan paling sedikit
pemeliharaan
Kelebihan dari sisi lingkungan: GHG (green house
gas) dan emisi lainnya merupakan yang terendah
dibanding BB cair dan padat.
Gas didistribusikan melalui jaringan pipa sehingga
cocok untuk area dengan populasi dan industri yang
besar.
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Klasifikasi BB gas
(A) Secara alami ditemukan di alam
- Natural gas
- Metana dari tambang batubara
(B) BB gas yang dibuat dari BB padat
- Gas dari barubara
- Gas dari bahan buangan dan biomassa
- Dari proses industrial
(C) Gas dari minyak bumi
- Liquefied Petroleum gas (LPG)
- Gas dari proses pemurnian (refinery gas)
- Dari proses gasifikasi minyak bumi
(D) Gas dari proses fermentasi
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Relative
Density
Higher Heating
Value kCal/Nm3
Air/Fuel
ratio m3/m3
Flame
Temp oC
Flame
speed m/s
Natural
Gas
0.6
9350
10
1954
0.290
Propane
1.52
22200
25
1967
0.460
Butane
1.96
28500
32
1973
0.870
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Natural gas
Metana: 95%
Sisa 5%: etana, propana, butana, pentana, nitrogen,
karbon dioksida, gas lain.
Nilai kalor bakarnya tinggi.
Tidak membutuhkan fasilitas penyimpanan.
Tidak mengandung sulfur.
Siap bercampur dengan udara tanpa menghasilkan
asap atau jelaga.
Lebih ringan dari udara, dan jika terjadi kebocoran akan
terdispersi dalam udara dengan mudah.
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Perbandingan BB
Fuel Oil
(%)
Coal
(%)
Natural Gas
(%)
Carbon
84
41.11
74
Hydrogen
12
2.76
25
Sulphur
0.41
Oxygen
9.89
Trace
Nitrogen
Trace
1.22
0.75
Ash
Trace
38.63
Water
Trace
5.98
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