Enzym

Enzym
Bi:
Wiki Pedia
Enzyme l cht xc tc sinh hc c thnh phn c bn l protein.
Trong cuc sng sinh vt xy ra rt nhiu phn ng ha hc, vi mt hiu sut rt cao,
mc d iu kin bnh thng v nhit , p sut, pH. S d nh vy v n c s hin
din ca cht xc tc sinh hc c gi chung l enzyme.
Nh vy, enzyme l cc protein xc tc cc phn ng ha hc. Trong cc phn ng ny,
cc phn t lc bt u ca qu trnh c gi l c cht (substrate), enzyme s bin i
chng thnh cc phn t khc nhau. Tt c cc qu trnh trong t bo u cn enzym.
Enzym c tnh chn lc rt cao i vi c cht ca n.
Hu ht phn ng c xc tc bi enzym u c tc cao hn nhiu so vi khi khng
c xc tc. C trn 4 000 phn ng sinh ha c xc tc bi enzym.
Hot tnh ca enzym chu tc ng bi nhiu yu t. Cht c ch l cc phn t lm
gim hot tnh ca enzym, trong khi yu t hot ha l nhng phn t lm tng hot tnh
ca enzym.

Tnh cht ca enzym

1. enzym c bn cht l protein nn c tt c thuc tnh l ha ca protein. a s
enzym c dng hnh cu v khng i qua mng bn thm do c kch thc ln.
2. tan trong nc v cc dung mi hu c phn cc khc, khng tan trong ete v
cc dung mi khng phn cc.
3. khng bn di tc dng ca nhit , nhit cao th enzym b bin tnh. Mt
trng axt hay baz cng lm enzym mt kh nng hot ng.
4. enzym c tnh lng tnh: ty pH ca mi trng m tn ti cc dng: cation,
anion hay trung ha in.
5. enzym chia lm hai nhm: enzym mt cu t (ch cha protein) nh pepsin,
amylase... v cc enzym hai cu t (trong phn t cn c nhm khng phi
protein)
Trong phn t enzym hai cu t c hai phn

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Enzym

apoenzym: phn protein (nng cao lc xc tc ca enzym, quyt nh tnh c

hiu)
coenzym: phn khng phi protein (trc tip tham gia vo phn ng enzym),
bn cht l nhng hp cht hu c phc tp.

Trung tm hot ng ca enzym

1. Trong qu trnh xc tc ca enzym ch c mt phn tham gia trc tip vo phn
ng kt hp vi c cht gi l "trung tm hot ng".
2. Cu to c bit ca trung tm hot ng quyt nh tnh c hiu v hot tnh
xc tc ca enzym.
3. Trong "enzym 1 cu t", cc acid amin thng phn b trn nhng phn khc
nhau ca mch polypeptid nhng nm k nhau trong khng gian to thnh
trung tm hot ng. S kt hp ca cc nhm chc ca cc acid amin, thng
gp l -SH ca cysteine, -OH ca serine, vng imidazol ca histidine, w-COOH
ca aspartie v acid glutamic, -COOH ca cc acid amin cui mch...
4. Trong "enzym hai cu t" ngoi mch polypeptid m cc nhm chc kt hp
to trung tm hot ng, cn c cc nhm chc coenzym v cc nhm ngoi
khc kt hp to thnh trung tm hot ng
5. enzym cha kim loi, cc ion kim loi cng tham gia vo vic to trung tm
hot ng
6. Trong cc nhm chc tham gia to trung tm hot ng cn phn bit hai
nhm: "tm xc tc" (tham gia trc tip vo hot ng xc tc ca enzym) v
"nn tip xc" (gip enzym kt hp c hiu vi c cht)
7. Mt enzym c th c 2 hoc nhiu trung tm hot ng, tc dng ca cc trung
tm hot ng khng ph thuc vo nhau.
Cc c cht kt hp vi trung tm hot ng to phc hp enzym-c cht (ES)
E + S ES E + P
S:c cht
P:sn phm
Yu cu: E v S phi b sung v mt khng gian v hp nhau v mt ha hc,
c kh nng hnh thnh nhiu lin kt yu vi nhau. Chng lin kt sao cho c
th to ra v ct t s dnh nhau c gy nn do bin ng nhit ngu nhin
nhit thng.
Trong mt s enzym cn c "trung tm d khng gian" - nhng phn enzym khi
kt hp vi cc cht c phn t nh no s lm bin i cu trc bc ba ca
ton b phn t enzym lm cu trc trung tm hot ng thay i bin i
hot tnh ca enzym.

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Tnh c hiu ca enzym

Enzym ch tc dng ln mt s c cht v mt s kiu ni ha hc nht nh trong phn
ngtnh c hiu
1. c hiu lp th: ch tc dng ln mt dng ng phn quang hc. Enzym cng
th hin tnh c hiu vi cc ng phn hnh hc: ch tc dng ln mt dng
ng phn cis hoc trans
2. c hiu tuyt i: Enzym ch c kh nng tc dng ln mt c cht nht nh.
Cu trc trung tm hot ng ca enzym phi kt hp cht ch vi cu trc ca
c cht, mt khc bit nh v cu trc ca c cht cng lm enzym khng xc
tc c.
3. c hiu tng i: enzym c tc dng ln mt kiu ni ha hc nht nh
trong phn t c cht m khng ph thuc vo bn cht ha hc ca cc cu t
tham gia to thnh lin kt
4. c hiu nhm: Enzym c kh nng tc dng ln mt kiu lin kt nht nh
khi mt hay hai cu t tham gia to thnh lin kt ny c cu to nht nh.

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