DT- 44-04-40 Movure-t Sionat 3 - Moyting/ that stanuar some information ton bo Kad os o signal OR TM it defined ax a physical quantthy) thot wares wath teme 5 premier, “temperat on ony? independent” orabu : fe Speech signal, uicleo signal Tf a signal cepends only? on one indepen dant Uuciable — One dimenzional signal 4 Speech Ziqnal , ac power siqnok Complitude worcees( Usbth mea peel Ta Kicrnal eee ook two Se pectume te ag 2-0 signal “ance a co zontal roordi a Signal qoote thot we Lome “ACitow Leahidh cure et atu Bike cit precume that depends on Lartlds , Longitude , elewation and dime . — Four dimensional Signal Uleacification of Signals : - Signal cBiqnal_Procening + - Oe on ig ao) oj peration ushieh oe a si ap (ompuitudey shape 5 von enk- Utith range Ane wheucowt ercat Phase & feagusouy?Based om nature and etharactorttir cn Heme domai U Signa ore ctassified ox + Ulorkinercu Time Signal D Discrete “Time Signal ok irntinuows Time Signal ¢ A TH ie defined ax a signal uthidy ic clefined ow c a uontinuow Kange of emne ore Uabuch ix depene f cue a preinctodt of Heme D Eg. AN amadtnematical . wontinueue signals, Like. ° 3 AiDly COLIME sous Reprasentod rreane’ of RUD K = Shape ef ne signol te me Car a indepen cent ucuriable ) Discrete Toe 1 Ot Se hi fil se T de of anal uahih ie defined » a. discrete ingtont of -teme . Dhe amptituda heluso) tne Q time intacndle 4 pe nok defined . Sa ain) 4 me gh mon ne? m= tee ain) = 2. 2 440,/4,05,2 2 This anc indicator ampli tu 4 at =0 -ma We m wetarrity/ both uvonkinueu and clrsceate time Signal . Delonminiziic 2 Non -Detocministic Signal . Pertodic a Aperioclic alqnot Power @ f Signal - we Even and Od. ned Ceyermne) Conte -syrmmenic) Detonmi istic Signal 8- PT ean be epecified io time oi use Com wy) Ahit Lignal jos eerctuin ualuss fore @ > ingtoot ‘of time. , The Shape of ania signal epiiter and wan be eoleulabed mathemadccalll Coa ony’ mathe medical functione) | BTRe nakuce ond amplitude doy br dekexmined at oy ingtant KD = B (Ramp signal) KH) = Sinus ore Corudt CSinuretel a2) ach) = & foe NER , +20 -fotr ofnere ulus f epi Nov - Deteremiajistic. Signal + - : > TF |e one ushose occumencw is random > Oe cbto Calud a: a random Algnad . a Nocse Signed . signal .A Parhediic and Apaniodic Stead _ Bis eto ie Manel seal aftor a fixed me cle ‘ 2 Aperiodie Signal doers} ttepeod Ofer 0 Pexed time Unnsider a signal AD = BO Capt +0) > disconte HO) = Sin (aden 4 0)» wntenu W, = 4nvq. in real} soe * Q =iradtan) (phase) > TH = Sin(ott6) to be pentoofe ef i gatefa COTY a xt) : “A (h4T) = Sin Po (V41) 462 = gin 420% + LoTAB é AS if bet ba=(2,T - aim = Gin Quer HOR. T Munce ch cx purtodlic,, Cota) = x41] HN) = Sir (won 4 8) CMAN) = Sin(WoGL4n) + 6) = Si) ( USon 4.WN +8) ef wWhn= int ager mutteple of 27k Fark N= ay k @ Ue take a min. volue of Ky fom whitey N wsdl) Be a) integer ( Bocomee No cull nol olives be as) inte8) Fiod period of xm) = Ces2ngr - fo 2% Text Book Te Mh, ay, © 35 oRomuh Babu - Saliuahan HO) = Ces 3m Wo= BI 5 TH aN = BA inte Soo ue haw to take kK . T=ANke. IYK . a 6 > RY = GO+ EH DT ie the sme period of semie siqnal sd Ta is the tome pestod of ev signal ) > am > Rocko of & Integers. as igteecrnposite, Then tne totol Heme period af ye Algal in tre LCM oF a Fene™ puto! aa signals aged) & MH Th. iwradional # wet a mee “of A Ta int Tien He total signal ie aperiodic > Of yy hos ore common factore other dan t. han 18 fetal Hmo -peribd a 3° BTi= ATg, "4g % > 51 = 31g oy Vg = % | tren He total seme. portod of amie signal is ad Cnet 12) vlom of 6,8 P“Go woe ef diccrote” Hime signal , : ef ON AL ~ nodienal = ratio of. 2 inkegua Ng “Thes) the total tema poriod 2 . the Lem of 4wo RIN) = Cen 0 ‘4 8 O= ye T= 2H ane =o x rational mo . T A Lem of + signal « DP we contain, “K tome , then) the descrote time aignal le dodiic "OL Wo Wath tin — aporiadie - . 8) EF reek thie signal it jpentodic or aperisdic (a) ey = @)6™*) (b)~acmpie gl %o(%4 1p) (0) 0) = Cox (277, %) (4) 2) = Cos a0 + Cox 370 3 (2) aC = Cart Sinvigg fu 8D = Cont a Sina - O=4 T= 8hy = am W=r2 T ay, = Nan She signal 1% perio clicxm = ee = [tet enn 4jSia on} O-= 6x ahwndl = y= bread Tay, Ig, = reaction xe haue to take ™ K = bk k=3 (b) xm = ef Melle) @ = Fg (m41,) DN= WL = ae pot. a murkiple An © FC) . do, nena operis te (2-4) = Con (89/9) ore O= $5 % WF 9 BE GP = Periodic (4) ‘eo (XO) ‘=! Con 4, 4 Cony O-%, aeay = Ny . ne = MKS, = & O=3y - PRL = > ere, ,, K=d MK = bX = G mae # . = lem of 62 e = af.-— re §. wl) = reek (44,) 2 ed for ~To/p st STop 1 . = 6 for otnen value . Wi iy Dr-t-odat Enecgy Signal # Tadee Segnal - For an ey signal , 0 TE a kiqnal ie periodic and of inencte ducati theo) Ane signal ig power signal. Alene W2 lan talartake the pow en décectl GP the Aignal is paciodee for a uel then he Zignal on be a energy] sign> Gf ine signal is apexiadic, thea, the signe caw met “signal ro wal step ziqnal 8) Sy = ua) > pesto tignal ¢ of inflnte oluucati So, the si cho puke signal 8 e ‘7 pee ol. 2 xen] 8) x -() un) nian ANAS Sa -.. S eet She ogre t i i f3 aia 2 sf Ee 2 ao) «Suet (Nat) 28 ~ 44 ~ th 6 4 po 444 4h -. 4 6) x) 24 Ue. Cable) va Neltuer @ egy Mor a -powsit ‘geal © 8) XO) = (%)° we > rend of infiort duration, ) i So, Uis a eee signod Ee Zl’, . 20" - £uyaw sat ud 5 Pp Wher, a signal procased y dhe signe) undergd some moan puledtionr . . Some of the mantpulations cure : (2)-Shifingtne sme Signal io -temeselewneo (a) Felaiag Aho signal ‘oy the “Ke demain & dw alqnal in téme domoin . Scalia (3) Timed ccolio . deignal in prco cereal , vhe signa) 4emne oemain) Ce the (4) tkhesy a may be ibifted io the ‘ Aignad can be aduancid ade or datouped to) the seme domain and “the shift eal Aignal % hopreasented of BRO) = discrete ferme 4eguine N= indopendeot sscioble W is mepraented oy aay @ (m-k) kK =lk an iotegen>} kK uolue is tus, te the signal ia in He. Heme ae ge ee 2 me is ghifled ic 108 de t ci to te wright by nt of deme ie sem DP i value iz ut , dhea the kignal se ghifted do the Left Joy tne Hime clomain ce Me Aignal ts aduanced . > Foldin . The Folding opecacion ie dene by’ A discxcle wake signal ean) be copreceertid by 4 . : as w Fanchboot reopseseoytati on (& Graphical . (3) BtquencPad —> 1158, 4 gt (4) Tabulate DP no arene) bb gaan. the Aaguence is starchog? from ™=0 3 15a, ¢-4 r fintte duxabier sequence -2. . dg, 2. 2 > infintle dweaticr ALGAE x dluwl = #@. ue) = faeces AR) at dA fmpjs ad. 8 al d 4 fase sond = fa. alor s fda f Psat A 3) / > oe i _» DT- 43-04-44 SYSTEM :- 4 system is cle Hat perfirme on Operation om O Imp Atypes - — Contenuous —Discicebe Discrete Type Syston -- 1H is defined as a -prypical oleuiee [algorithm Anat operotes or) cbs crcete. seme aystem ae ocding Ao some uml olfined ecules amd pan duc om diavate, eutpuk slqnal fined os a physical choice wd aignal da) Disuake im put syse yr) (atta?) Umtinueus Type System BM is define as a Physical clewice [olganttna luhich operate, 66) onttnmut continues tone 91° signakTypes of Ditcxete Rnie System — (D Stoke ono Dynamic : (2DUCouol & non ceausal , (3) Linear & hon- Uandor. (4) Time tussetant "2 Time iavuaniant syten (5) FIR (firele impulte response) £00R Sistem Stade yetem eefioes A systent ik sald te bee a « -,. t i tate 4 - de ofp” of ite gph ata fene gions depends os) put somples of that me fe tot Eq yond = am) A , * aystem* is Aatd to be o Fomte system Ef tne cult ef tne sytem ot @ Heme imeton mM depends on tre both post 2 picesent- wales, of im put « yO = x@)4a(n-i) Uewui oll 2) Nént Catnad (System's.= MASUR NS RATE Se Nip A gyptom is s0id fo te eamsal system if Ane o/b of the systom ot any instant’ olepends oo) He past and presont aolue of input ond .dossn'+ depend’ om the Hector ualiee A system is sald te be non —cousal aystem EP dna O1P Bf tre .Aystem: depends 7) the peeahd future valu OP the input . yQ = at 2 ‘ el petsant print «© PastYo) = anys @K End) ) © m= -4 Er) = XC) + pat) . 4) = y+ @(0) : ae 4 Linea ord Nonna Sytem = 1 4 systor Anat eottsfies xuporposttion priociple ig Krowoy as o Ainear syste Superposition . prindple totes trad tne of the tosponse op the. syste, to tne cenaight oo tum of the Voput signals “be 2quol to he Corcrespory ding? 4 um, of te O/P of tne. aaystom do: gach of Gthe pet signal . | tg. a y@) =O); for input , x(M) ye = HO) - for input %3 (a) - Ya) = 72%). AL ifm) + Aaya(™) = TL aa b)402%2 | Ya@ = [asx +04 420] Bac 8) ym) = xom)t S , XM). em 1 Ye) = a Gt tap Yam= 9% @) 4 1 — Zaln—1)0, YO) 4 Aya = Thasxin+de +: YO) 4 YA I aD (walghtedl sum of ag H+ Om ; Ge out) * a EEE yrds fravepetsanstala + +‘ 1) pub [02,9 + Uden Weighted sum ef lop as Y3@) = = ay x50) + 9% a{rm4+ 1 ar % Cn) + agro “The Aygtor je nota Linear sytem , 8) yor = mx@) . 4i@) = 110). ~ Th oJ yao = AQ) = T[Xx@] Oy Yi) 4 PAY) = ta NL +4.0Qn x0) | =n [a12, f) 43 hay) yal = TE a, air 4 ee a2lm]J es nla (om 4 0, Cay] So, AY) 42 y,C9) =" Yolm) * System ig a dineon aystomTine Vonient 2 Time non variant sytem yin) = aC) Tp tne impute cletayes by “Kk” sieimptes Of yen) = @(-n-k) —W ef tra Ouctpu clalowyed by ‘Ke'sample gh y(msk) = & fe Cra] = XK (—n4)- —W Ses «De ha. exter ig Heme Uowlonk sipton 8) Yo) = &NX() tne. ym, K) = ma(m-k) — gmk) = ROH An yew) y(r-9 Tinrag dhe Aystem, ig HIRO ‘uoruant * dhe system is sald te be w ie tom itt: = Gs impulse eespense is Botle io : ERR System . dhe syste iz satd te be a PRR system of Cts Vonpulse Cosporee cs an mePinite @ OmeCausal £ Nen-veeusal Signal ¢Ankcautal Signe 4 aignal KO) re comal, f 2M) =0, for n Ke dransfocm & Ane mathematleal soil “for. the analysis of o Linear time ~inuardant (LIT) discrete] enw signal im tne Fraqunay’ clemain of Q Hime domait PT Z- domain, tre convulubicay oP tdi Algnal ix gquol te the mutt! pli cacHony Corenasporeting A -traneforn x®™= Zune? —() 3 Where X 14 a Lornplex’ ucucfoble x eed Relation between Fourier, & og Arcane force : > Fourion sreanetform of a Aeqdence (Ques givin “4 xbl®) = A ney oP. 1a we Lornparing? 24 -(4) a(a) Putting, x=nes® ja 2g -4 > xtc) = Zumt eS = Ee amr 02 2M eed x(o%)- EZ ame hen dhe x teanefanm of sequumcaxr) is zx rocuedl te fourier Arancporm joy et”) ja aod _jwnRegion of stemusngenea + “The reagton of con unregenee of X(Z) te alt He chet of all ualues ap z° for tahich @ X(Z) attain, a finite value — 00 bo 00 — two icktt Z—dreaneforem 0 to w - one Zickeol K-tansfor on um) = 94 2 Find @ 249003 t,ag QRoc of causal sequence A) = 94,053 .-4522 at X= amy xo Se = 20) 4 x4) rola ole x2 ae x? +44) ZN = dg ox la oxf 6 et aut All uotun of 2% exciph Kokogr es te reagoo of ComusseH Oe opt hand 2ike §). el) LD LB, 8,4 Ook fF 4g ‘ t Agger HH) = 2 am) x" “oe = (0+ “EDX 4 aeae+4 xe3)% aacayzs > 44 oxve-ixy 9x2 3% AN usfine of % exepk X= Oe th the taper, of conmange neY dransfoem & ROC OF “hoo “Hded-Finete fi jem & RC Oreo un) = arty Bedi 10080 9e-¥f o AN wolus of % except. % =0 ancl 00 i the nagian of conusegence X transform of ionfintte duration Causal 420878 am) = a u@) 8 -o XQO= 2B wun) % -00 x@ = BaP wey x" ~00 = SZ a8x” Be ou pf © > 7: = 2) ns tris value vig Jot } wage os Ze at & 7 ee eae a 4 Hua 4-ax @ Roc of this Sequence & fax tet |< [>l\elXK -@(0) = —b" UC-W-) => now caused aquenc xe) « Z xem gon onkcomnel 2 ab tape « 60 = Borg 3} “0 a4 eae NK oO Xe) =fbtel+ b x) way 2 be 8e- 8a toe] ger, een eo 56 = ibe we. wx | 23 Q 3 * —“s= [eG9-I di ete “J = Keb Roc af tis gequemee ls [ao'el <4 {x} cl V2)8) ao) = oP ulm) — prfucn-D* X® = 2 any x79 Zia uc ¥ ‘= Pa) b a6 nd} = 2 ema woe 2 what. D je : - 2 aby? 25 bg" —o 6 ow +4, ie eb ke Ss oninsgea fore ie \a.| [2)<}} Tf Weh< TOT FensGF (ai cw), ROC y) Faye iey tbh Vs : “pp 'z) Paes op . Q) shape KW) = neck? a(3494)} Plot the ALquane , tack } se i o wi %,) a “ye4 r °. Stabildry ancl ROC Hot h@) ie am ionpulse Panotion of Causoh ore Nen—causak Mnear Ame inuartant sytem , H(z) be the system funchens shen the stabilety of tne aystor tan be found -Prom ROC 60) the Following? .trearm . A system is said te be BIBO Atable CH alt the poles of the cystern function Lies ingicla the Uunb- creche ore ROC fontaine 19 the im unt cide - him) = a? um) ~ Znmeo . ~% a - 22a } “The goriee ctaunnet com nos 2 a®amz” Se uuert-- So, eof cnsheble - z @ 2% = Z@e')” a 3 ae = stage! “F2 . lax '| ROC must be o connected (oo) = ROC dewa’t contain ony pe > Of am) iz a bose} ALGULDCE 5 ail dre vob of % excepk X =O > Df 2 ig a non cama) Aequaance , au dna volter of = except Z = —> ROC of any Linear teme unt dircle Propercteer of z pears forum + - (4) Lineartty += woe oT ue= z( x(n] 2 (aru) + ag.) > Ke == Loo] . xD = 20607) ee WF [Rg] <2) e1Ri Pte dhe Roe ep tote LoAewene tre [as aay OH alm) | = aex(z) + ag Xa() Pron? :. ; z fat) + ag %a(a)] Od, = Z [aya 4 ae agloy \z" 0 n, & . <0) eZ ag gz 4, Z Ag tal 2 se i moe = 04 X24 94 Xal#) tren Roe ie . then RoC 18 Lay xk2)+ 2X2(8) Tink abipy TP xe) = z(x@y] 2(x(n-m)] = 2 co) = 2t(n-mz” 69 CF a apy zh) @-*) =e d= tim 3 xan et oz x@) X42 = ZU x@)] , dhen om -cided % Aronsforcm gh CB) Tivo sided 2 transform of x (n-m) oy _efetnay] = ZACH nl on z HZ ates OBE hay x by ene a 3 a (Ce) 2 XQ)2- pet) (3) Ting Revers od OH XZ) = = (eo) 2 (xen) xe). ate 2! xem er Zt zt. ZO) t = fzCAD Mutation Aya Opponent gle z =, De x= z[ xo] z{a” a] = afte] za.) ] 2ee -fe, tele J efut-ny) 42 qe -L Zot =e aet Proof z(amn)] 7 z at ao) 2~° Z any ee ay" = —, (5) Differsoytiation Op x@) = 2(2) tren 2{ 7 200] = -zd fre] nee 4l Zee] . aoe 2 Ws. z 7 Tew ae = -2b aon z tam al.Bnd bat te F teow of # al ae = Exe) 7 SA ene x a (6) vonvubusion property Op yee) - (ae) & HE) -2(hoy] z(an) xb] MZ) WD . DT-05-0a-4t Preoot 5 - . las = x f alo) & h(n] 2 a ie KK nent) | K-00 eee = 2 2 xoberne Nx-00 k=-09 ya ge eet = Cn) = Ee aKyz Ee h(n) % Kee neo 8 i a = xX(z). He)@ tind Z transform of ¢ UNTO KUL. (1) v@) (2) #@) (3) B(n-K) . (4) w(-n-t) (s) a® @u(n) (6) -a® a(-n-) . tne - (1) ulm) . Zev) 2 [2] - Zw x" = 2 um) 2 xo -= gn Roc eh. tne se - tale - (29. fm) AD ey : zl] 2 — oe = ae oe, =e xX ° Roc of Me sequence = all ualuss(® S(n-«) v(x] - 2 Kode , = giles 4) xk (n-¥) saree Roc = au values ep excep #=0 iPK - - 7% except Z =H if . t "4 (4) u(-a-) “4 % (am) - 2 ute yz-" —0e = Zucr-) BO), 9 S OD | yp xe! 0 ‘ : - Roe - lz. o7d\. . (3) a® ucn) os Bl x(amyj~ Z au 2" - 2 ay” Se a = Z2@e) a Zw(6) ~ a” u(-a-) . . xl aco] = é- aru(n-fz-" ~ £2800" 2 tucr - 2 er” 7 : = Ke , Za. Roc =[z105° D me = goer? wing? difomo tat Find tmuercse “2 propery. deans Ans — ee “tng Gs082) . 2[n «@)] zfos)” NAM) = CH) = = -z.d(x2)] AZ =-2d (sg (i b.521 A (ing Cie 52] = OS Re ve 0 pase! shi) 5 eet. 7) Sora! 4 = 0501 x-% =0: 5 AN AX. = 03 20 ES = ahs 20S . Los zfos) 7 eae, = tee fee 7 ee “ 1 oe 1} (nD } = ZZ wen » eer “04 (0rd -@-sPuta-1.3) Xlm) = Gx won un) (arg, = 284 el® Spee Con Bon = eb, pleut eden — Joon z(xm)] = 4+@ nae (oso) [Aor 22 \Corwes) 1— z 1 Gs(wwo)) Ta atonay EG 2% X Une of Zo) ce eee (a oleront) xe Cas us 7 am] = 1 PaGs: (orud0) . “ata Ze lyaez28) MO < ows uo). = z(xm] = & Sinus ulm) 2” — De, _ z(t e oes a) ‘| | | “ae =M |6) un) = [ 36) 4(ay” | uo Find Z-twans'form of & ROC of *@) dns 2 [xen] = 2 (eo? alas] u)-2-%, = 2 wy mh Bas = sz (er NYE BG) ' = & . a Tez! Tae: cl = 32 ae 522 Z-3 Z-Q = 624 tft aDro. 02 Inverse Z Transporm i} (4) Parcléal Exponcionm Metnod . (2) Resiclre Method (3) Convulition method * (4) Long dlivis tory meted, Pascttad Expansion) method !— Mal XD = V2 De Z74 a se 1 - Bee Cen) | ) Soto Pa) (24 ie XO 2 GO HB 4 - z ZA Z-fa 2 Pa For dictind. CK -@ =) x2), | poles wZ Zot k= 4,4,3- Cito, 63 > Cocffectents _ 9 x ee De) zo 4en3) a 2(L we) ee zen) “Se = END) ENED =» 44 52-3 Ge 3)Hz) = 52-2 (2-1) @-9) Beas © 2(Vz2).. = C4 ce 468 z ei es Ci = ol 2 352-3 2, Bee 24 Ae | exp - 3 , Earn Ca. pve “= 52x38 2 lz2-1 2(z-3) |z=t BRA Bh -y-t 43, x® 2 4a 44° Zz -| 2-3. X@) = 2-422 442% ea Taking’ jnucrte £ transfor mn) ~~ Smad 48o~ uj * + 3a)” ees