MN HC

HA L 1
(physical chemistry 1)

ThS. NGUYN HU SN

NI DUNG

30 tit

Chng 1. Nhit ha hc
Chng 2. Chiu v gii hn ca qu trnh
Chng 3. Cn bng ha hc
Chng 4. L thuyt cn bng pha
Chng 5. Cn bng pha trong h mt cu t
Chng 6. Dung dch, cn bng lng - hi
Chng 7. Cn bng lng rn
Chng 8. Ha keo

CHNG 1

NHIT HA HC
CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

MC TIU CA NHIT NG HC
Nghin cu cc quy lut v s bin chuyn tng
h ca ha nng v cc dng nng lng khc
trong cc qu trnh ha hc.
Nghin cu cc iu kin t din bin (phn ng
ha hc) v cc iu kin bn vng (trng thi cn
bng) ca cc h ha hc.

1. MT S KHI NIM C BN
Systems and Surroundings (H
thng v mi trng)
System (H): part of the universe
we are interested in.
Surroundings(mi trng ): the rest
of the universe.

1. MT S KHI NIM C BN
a. H:
l lng nht nh ca mt hay nhiu cht iu kin
nhit , p sut v nng nht nh
- H m
- h kn
- h c lp
- h on nhit
- H ng th, d th,
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1. MT S KHI NIM C BN

b. Trng thi
tp hp tt c cc tnh cht v m ca h
- Thng s trng thi: T, P, V, m, C, d, Cp,
- Thng s cng : T, P, C, d,..
- Thng s dung : V, m, U,..
- Hm trng thi
U = f(T,P,n,)
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1. MT S KHI NIM C BN
c. Qu trnh
Con ng m h chuyn t TT ny sang TT khc
- Qu trnh m
- Qu trnh kn (chu trnh)
- Qu trnh c V, P, T, q = const
- Hm qu trnh
d. Pha
tp hp nhng phn ng th ca h c cng tnh cht
l ha
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2. NHIT V CNG
Nng lng l thc o vn ng ca vt cht.
ng vi nhng hnh thi vn ng khc nhau ca
vt cht chng ta c nhng hnh thi nng lng
khc nhau nh th nng, ng nng, ni nng
Hai dng th hin ca nng lng ha hc l:
NHIT (Q) v CNG (W)
Lu : khng c gi tr nng lng bng 0 tuyt
i m ch c nng lng bng 0 ng vi mt h
quy chiu chun no .
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Nhit
Nhit (q) l thc o s chuyn ng hn lon (chuyn
ng nhit) ca cc tiu phn to nn cht hay h.

Cng
Cng (w) l thc o s chuyn ng c trt t v c
hng ca cc tiu phn theo hng ca trng lc

Ni nng (U)
Ni nng (U) l nng lng c sn, n du bn trong h

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Quy c v du
Theo qui c v du ca nhit ng hc:
Nu h ta nhit th nhit c tr s m, q < 0.
Nu h thu nhit th nhit c tr s dng, q > 0.
Nu h nhn cng th cng c tr s m, W < 0.
Nu h sinh cng th cng c tr s dng, W > 0.

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3. NGUYN L I NHIT NG HC
BIU THC TON HC
Nu qi v wi l nhit v cng trao i gia h vi mi
trng ngoi theo ng qu trnh i th qi v wi ring r
thay i theo ng qu trnh nhng tng s qi + wi lun
lun l mt hng s khng ty thuc ng qu trnh m
ch ty thuc vo trng thi u v trng thi cui ca h
m thi

U = Q + A
Do quy c v du nn biu thc nguyn l 1 c vit li
nh sau:

U = Q - A
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NHIT NG CA MT S QU TRNH
a. Qu trnh ng tch
V= hng s, dV=0
QV = U
b. Qu trnh ng p
P = hng s, dP=0
Qp = H
Nu h l kh l tng th

pV=nRT

Wp = nRT
Up = Qp nRT
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NHIT NG CA MT S QU TRNH
c. Qu trnh gin n ng nhit KLT
nh lut Joule: ni nng ca kh l tng ch
ph thuc vo nhit
UT = 0

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4. NH LUT HESS
Ni dung nh lut Hess
Trong qu trnh ng p hay ng tch, nhit phn
ng ch ph thuc vo trng thi u v trng thi
cui m khng ph thuc vo trng thi trung gian
ca qu trnh
QV = U v Qp = H
i vi cc qu trnh ca kh l tng:
H = U + RTn.
H = U + PV ( enthalpy) hm trng thi
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4. NH LUT HESS
H qu nh lut Hess

Hnghch = - Hthun
Hphn ng = Hssp Hstc
Hphn ng = Hctc Hcsp

Hs : nhit sinh, nhit to thnh

Hc : nhit chy, thiu nhit
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H1 = H2 + H3
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MI QUAN H GIA ENTANPI V NI NNG

i vi nhng qu trnh c cht phn ng hay sn phm
phn ng th kh th H v U c th khc xa nhau.
Vi cht kh:
PV = nRT
Trong n l hiu s phn t gam ca cc sn phm kh
vi s phn t gam ca cc cht kh tham gia phn ng.
Nh vy:
= U + nRT
Khi n = 0 th H = U , nhng khi n 0 th H U
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5. NHIT DUNG (C)

Nhit dung: Nhit dung ring ca mt cht bt k
l nhit lng cn cung cp cho mt n v khi
lng cht lm tng nhit thm 1o
- Nhit dung ring

Q
dT

- Nhit dung ng tch

cv

Qv
dT

- Nhit dung ng p

Qp

cp
dT

nh hng ca nhit n nhit dung

Cp = ao + a1.T + a2.T2 + ..
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6. NHIT CHUYN PHA (cp)

Nhit chuyn pha l nhit lng cn thit cn cung cp cho
mt n v khi lng cht thc hin qu trnh chuyn pha
Qu trnh chuyn pha cc cht nguyn cht l ng nhit
- Nhit ha hi v nhit ngng t:

hh = - nt
- Nhit nng chy v nhit ng t:

nc = -
- Nhit thng hoa

th = nc + hh
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7. nh hng ca nhit n hiu ng

nhit phn ng
nh lut Kirchhoff

HT = Ho + CpdT
Cng thc gn ng (trong khong nhit hp)

HT2 = H1 + Cp(T2 T1)

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