04) Radio Network Planning

ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
The information contained in the file is solely property of ZTE corporation. Any kind of disclosing without permission is prohibited.
OBJECTIVES
Describe the meaning of network optimization
Master the basic technology of network planning
State the meanings of various network optimization
parameters
Master how to set network optimization parameters
Master the optimization of dual-band networks
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Contents
GSM cellular architecture
Site Capacity Planning
Cell design and coverage forecast
Frequency planning & interference prediction
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Cellular Architecture
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
The multiplex area cluster
B3
C1
A1
A2
C3
A1
ZTE University
A3
B1
B2
A3
B2
C1
C2
B3
C1
B3
A2
C3
A1
A2
A1
C1
A3
B1
B2
A3
B2
C3
C2
B3
C1
A1
A2
A1
A3
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Definition of C/I and C/A

Co-channel Interference C/I
C/I refers to the interference of another cell using the
same frequency to the current cell. The ratio of carrier
to interference is called C/I.
GSM specification regulates that C/I >9dB. In
implementing, it requires C/I>12dB.
Adjacent channel interference C/A
C/A refers to interference of adjacent channel to the
current channel. The ratio is called C/A. The GSM
specification regulates that C/A>-9dB.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Calculation of C/I
Where, Pown_cell is the signal strength of current cell;

Pi_BCCH is BCCH signal strength of interfering cell i
measured by MS.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Features of cellular system
Multiplex of radio frequency resources

Automatic handover
Channel allocation and cell split.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Radio network planning Introduction

Scope
GSM: NSS+BSS+OMC
GSM Network planning:
Switch network planning
Trunk circuits planning
Radio network planning
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Goal
With lowest cost

To provide certain service grade
To meet current and future traffic requirement
To satisfy current and future coverage requirement
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
GSM Network Design & Optimization

Cycle
System Requirement Analysis
System Capacity Limit
Routine Optimization & Adjustment
System Capacity Increment
Cut-over Optimization & Adjustment

ZTE University
Survey & Site Layout
Capacity Planning
Coverage Planning and Prediction
Frequency Plan and Interference Analysis
Project Implementation
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Content
Planning
Engineering Implementation
Optimization
Implementation
Site survey
Capacity
Evaluation
Coverage
Frequency
interference
Optimization
Parameter
design
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Contents
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
OBJECTIVES
Method for calculating the system capacity
Methods for site capacity planning
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Capacity Planning
Network Dimensioning
To estimate the amount of sites and cells.
How many Subscribers are supported by one site?
How many sites should be setup in the service
area?
How many TRX are supported by one site?
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Some basic concept
TrafficErlang
Busy hour traffic per subscriber
Erlang
BHCA(Busy Hour Call Attempt)
Erlang B table
Call loss rate
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Some basic concept

Traffic:A kind of measurement of the
telephone load, which refers to the load
volume of a telephone subscriber in a
specified time period. (Erlang)
BHCA: Busy hour calling amount or busy
hour call attempt
Erlang B table: define the relationship
among call loss,channel numbers and traffic.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Some basic concept

Busy hour traffic per subscriber:
A =t
is the call amount per subscriber per day
is the busy hour concentration factor (i.e. ratio of the busy hour
traffic to the whole day traffic)
t is the average channel seizure duration per conversation per
subscriber
Call loss rate:

Ratio of call loss to the whole amount of calling.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Traffic forecast and capacity planning

Steps
Subscriber prediction Traffic density forecast Site type and number
Site layout Channel configuration
Based On
aTraffic and traffic density
bGOS
cAvailable number of TCH/CCH
dAvailable frequency band and frequency reuse pattern
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Subscriber Forecast
Near term: 1-2years
Long term: 3-5years
Growth trend forecast method

Population penetration method
Growth curve method
Conic method
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Growth trend forecast

3000
2500
2500
2000
2000
1500
1500
()
1000
1000
500
500
0
199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
() 1.53 4.75 17.7 63.8 157 363 685 1364 2496
ZTE University
19 19 19
90 91 92
( ) 1 . 5 4 . 8 1 8
19 19 19 19 19 19
93 94 95 96 97 98
64 157 363 685 136 249
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Growth trend forecast

300
300
250
250
200
200
150
150
100
100
50
50
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
(%) 0
160 272 261 146 132
ZTE University
89
99
83
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
(%) 160 272 261 146 132 89
99
83
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Population penetration method

9
10000
8
7
8000
6
6000
4000
3
2000
0
2
1
199 199 199 199 199 200 200 200
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
363 685 136 249 343 505 701 921

4
6
2
3
6
9
ZTE University
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
% 0.3 0.57 1.14 2.08 2.64 3.89 5.4 7.69
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Traffic density forecast method
Linear forecast
Linear forecast combined with manual
adjustment (population, income, vehicle)
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Base station capacity planning

1. The number of BTS (Traffic limited)
i. Estimate the largest possible capacity (Erl) of each
base station according to the frequency multiplex
mode to be used.
ii. Derive the minimum number of base stations in an
area by dividing the total traffic by the largest capacity
of each base station.
2. The number of BTS (Coverage limited)
Get the maximum number of base stations by dividing
the area size by the (estimated) minimum coverage of
a base station.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Base station capacity planning

3Estimate the BS cell capacity
I. Estimate the cell coverage area. Multiply the BS cell
coverage by the traffic density concerned, then you
can get the present traffic of the cell.
II. Query the ErlangB table according to the traffic and
specified call loss index, you can get the number of
voice channels needed by the BS cell.
III. Add up the voice channels and the control channels
that should be configured, then divide the number by
8, you can get the number of carrier frequencies of
the BS and the cell.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Capacity Planning
Configuration planning
Allocation of CCH and TCH(In case of

availability rate 98%, 0.025Erl per
subscriber)
TRX
CCH
TCH
Traffic
ZTE University
1
1
7
2
2
14
3
2
22
4 5
2 3
30 37
6 7
3
3
45 53
2.93 8.2 14.9 22 28
35.5 43
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Erlang-B Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
ZTE University
2%
0.020
0.223
0.602
1.092
1.657
2.276
2.935
3.627
4.345
5.084
5.842
6.615
7.402
8.200
9.010
9.828
10.656
11.491
12.333
13.182
14.036
14.896
15.761
16.631
17.505
5%
0.053
0.381
0.899
1.525
2.218
2.960
3.738
4.543
5.370
6.216
7.076
7.950
8.835
9.730
10.633
11.544
12.461
13.335
14.315
15.249
16.189
17.132
18.080
19.030
19.985
www.univ.zte.com.cn
The number of control channels

Suppose SDCCH average process time is 3sLocation
updating process is 9s,BHCA=2
The traffic of SDCCH per subscriber is:
(32 + 9) / 3600 = 0.0042 Erlang
4SDCCH call loss=2% can support 1.092Erlang
(1.092 / 0.0042 = 260sub) 0.025 Erlang = 6.5Erlang
look up in Erlang-Bcall loss=2% 6.5Erlang need
12TCH(2TRX)
8SDCCH call loss=2% can support 3.627Erlang
(3.627 / 0.0042 = 863sub) 0.025 Erlang = 21.6Erlang
Look up in Erlang-Bcall loss=2%21.6Erlang need 30
TCH(4TRX)
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Increase the network capacity
Site expansion & cell split

Tighter frequency reuse pattern
Increase micro cell
Building dual band network
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Traffic forecast and capacity planning
Site capacity calculation

City A: Required coverage area is 150km2
Target capacity=2k Erlang
GOS=2%Busy hour traffic per subscriber=0.025Erlang
available GSM900 frequency band=6.2MHz
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
LA Planning
PLMN
MSC
MSC
CELL
CELL
CELL
LA
CELL
CELL
CELL
CELL
CELL
CELL
LA
CELL
ZTE University
CELL
LA
CELL
CELL
LA
CELL
CELL
CELL
www.univ.zte.com.cn
LA Planning
Minimize the Location Update numbers on
condition that there is overload on PCH
Paging load decide the maximum size of LA
Location Update Load decide the minimum size of
LA
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
LA Planning
LA should not be too big

or too small
LA<300TRX
Plan LA on geographical
situation and subscriber
behaviors
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
LA Plan in Dual band Network
900
900
900
LA2
1800
1800
1800
1800
LA1
Plan on Frequency band
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
LA Plan in Dual band Network
900
900
1800
1800
LA1
1800
900
1800
900
1800
1800
LA2
Plan on geographical position
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Contents
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
OBJECTIVES
BTS site selection procedures
Traffic volume prediction method
Cell capacity planning method
Antenna parameter selection
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Coverage forecast
In order to calculate the coverage,we should have:
BTS location----BTS initial layout
Coverage field intensity requirement
Antenna system
Uplink/Downlink balance
Digital Map
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Coverage forecast
Radio network planning software
BS position
Antenna power
Height
Azimuth
Downtilt
Propagation
Digital map
U/D balance
Field intensity
ZTE University
Coverage map and planning report
Planning software
Adjustment
www.univ.zte.com.cn
BTS Site Layout and Survey
Site Layout Adjustment
Initial Site Layout
Site Selection & Survey
Capacity Planning
Cell Data Design & Coverage Prediction
Frequency Planning & Interference Analysis
Scheme Determination
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn

Limited factor
ZTE University
Cellular structure
Coverage
Traffic density distribution
Site condition
Cost
www.univ.zte.com.cn
BTS Site Preliminary Layout

Site Layout Key Factors
High traffic area traffic
Low traffic area coverage
Middle traffic areatraffic+coverage
For large cities, the field strength of the
coverage area is not firstly considered, while
the traffic distribution and propagation
conditions are given more consideration.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn

Site Configuration
For dense city area---- three-sector-cell
is preferred with a coverage radius of
0.51.0km
For rural area----three-sector-cell or O
site are preferred with a coverage
radius of 2-8Km
For middle size city or suburb---- threesector-cell or O site are preferred with a
coverage radius of 14Km
For area along backbone highway or
narrow area---- two-sector-cell is
preferred with a distance of 1525km
from one to another.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn

1.
2.
a)
b)
c)
d)
The BS layout shall conform to the cellular structure and

cell split requirements
In consideration of the local planning and topographical
structure:
The BS layout shall comply with the city development
plan, and proper lead is allowed
Areas of important users shall be covered by the BS;
Add microcell stations or carrier frequencies in the "hot
spot" areas of the cities;
Add stations along the metro, in the underground
shopping market or stadium if necessary
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
BTS Site Location Considerations

1) Convenient traffic, reliable mains supply, safe
environment and small area coverage.
2) When building less stations during the first phase
of a network, the site selection principle is to
guarantee the coverage of important users and
downtown areas with dense subscribers.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn

3) Given that the base station layout is not influenced,
please try to select the existing telecom hub
buildings, post and telecom bureaus or microwave
station as the base stations, and making use of their
equipment rooms, power supplies, iron towers and
other facilities.
4) Avoid setting up base stations in the UHF TV
stations. If it is a must, please check if the
interference exists or there are measures to evade
such interference.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn

5) Avoid establishing base stations near the radar
stations. If you are to do so, please take measures
against interference and ensure security.
6) Avoid building base stations on high mountains
because the stations there have large interference
scope and affect the frequency multiplex. In the
rural areas, the stations on high mountains are
often unable to well cover the towns and villages
in the basins.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn

7) Avoid setting up base stations in the woods. If
you are to do so, please keep the antenna higher
than the tree top.
8) In small cells (R=13km) of a city, you shall
select the building higher than the average
building height but lower than the highest
building as the station site; in the micro cells,
you shall select the building lower than the
average building height as the station site, and
the surrounding buildings have better shield
effect.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
9) The base stations of two systems in the city shall

share sites or stay close as much as possible.
10) Avoid selecting the sites where there may be new
buildings affecting the coverage or causing
cofrequency interference.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
11)Necessary station building conditions:

a) The building has available mains supply and
lightning protection ground system;
b) The floor load can meet the technological
requirements;
c) The top of the building has the space for
installing the antenna.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
12) Select the equipment rooms with little expansion

cost or buildings with less rent as the station sites.
If possible, select the offices, equipment rooms
or office buildings of your own organization as
the station sites.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Design cell parameters

Parameters in designing a cell
Coverage field intensity
Coverage radius
Edge completion probability
Which are related to the following parameters
system redundancy, degradation storage caused by fast
fading and artificial noise, losses of various types, route
loss, BS antenna input power, antenna parameter, diversity
gain, tower amplifier, MS RF performance, and the
calculation of the uplink and downlink balance.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Design cell parameters

Communication probability
The successful probability of the MS making
satisfactory conversation along the edge of a radio
coverage area (or inside the area), including the
location probability and time probability.

The variation of communication probability with the
time is far less than the variation with the location
In China, we use the radio completion rate index along

the cell edges,
Suburb: 75%City:90%
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Design the cell parameters

Degradation definition: the addition of the receiving level
necessary for the attainment of the same voice quality as
that when there is only the receiver noise in case there are
multi-path propagation effect and artificial noise (mainly
the interference of the car spark. )
In high-way planning the degradation storage is a must;

The general degradation storage is 8~10dB. .
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Losses of various type

Building penetration loss:
City: 15dB rural area:10dB
Human body loss: 3dB.
Vehicle loss:8-10dB
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Cell Data Design
Antenna Selection
Antenna Height, Direction(Azimuth)
and Downtilt
diversity Technique
Balanced transmission power
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
BS antenna input power

EIRP:equivalent isotropic radiation power
BS antenna input power = transmitter
output power(combiner loss+feeder cable
loss+connector loss+other component
losses)
EIRP=BS antenna input power
+ BS antenna gain
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Antenna Gain
Antenna gain: The more concentration of
transmitting directions (vertical or horizontal) of
antennas, the higher the antenna gain.
Omni-directional antenna:9-11dBi
Directional antenna: 17-18.5 dBi
14.5-16 dBi
Select principle:Coverage size
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Antenna gain
Citycoverage distance is not far, around 15.5dBi
Distance
Suburbcoverage distance is relatively longaround 17dBi
Distance
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Antenna parameters
Back and front ratio: (>20dB)
Polarization: vertical, +450/-450 slant
3dB Beam width:
Horizontal:65-city;90-suburb, O-rural area
Vertical: 60-90 -city,120-150 -suburb
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Antenna height and direction

The effective antenna height: the antenna height
above the sea level minus the average
topographical height above the sea level: hte= htshga.
Direction(Azimuth)
Facing to high traffic density area,
Avoid pointing to the street directly
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Inclined angle
Inclined angle of antenna

When the antenna is installed in the vertical direction,
its transmitting direction is horizontal. Due to the
cofrequency interference and time dispersion, the
cellular network antennas usually have an declination
angle. The antenna declination is divided into
mechanical declination and electronic declination.
Selection principle
Rely on coverage, traffic and interference.
In city use electronic declination.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Inclined angle
Adjust the inclined angle according to the target coverage
area. Generally,with the increase of cell capacity,required
coverage size decrease, we always increase the inclined
angle to counteract the interference.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Diversity technology
The antenna diversity refers to space diversity or
polarization diversity
Space diversity refers to the space between two
receiving antennas so as to reduce the correlation
between the received signals and improve the receiving
quality.
Polarization diversity means to make the polarization
angle of two receiving antennas into 90to get better
diversity gain.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Diversity technology
The diversity gain: 3-5 dB
Outdoor :Space diversity is better than polarization
diversity
Space diversity distance:
Antenna height/10>4m (900M)
Antenna height/20>2m (1800M)
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Up and Down Link Power Budget
To get BS maximum transmit power and

coverage radius
To avoid invalid down-link coverage
To lower the interference and system noise
Up-link Power Budget analysis
Down-link Power Budget analysis
Up and Down link Budget
Balance analysis
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Up and Down Link Balance

Uplink
MS output power
Human body loss
Building penetration loss
Path loss
Antenna gain
Diversity gain
Feeder and other loss
Duplexer
Splitter
BS receiver sensitivity
ZTE University
Downlink
BS transmitter power
Combiner
Duplexer
Feeder and other loss
Antenna gain
Path loss
Building penetration loss
Human body loss
MS receiver sensitivity
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Uplink Analysis
Uplink Analysis
MS transmitting power 1W 30
Human body loss
3
Building loss
17
MS effective output power
10
BS receiver sensitivity
-108
BS antenna gain
17
Feeder and connector loss
4
Diversity gain
2
System redundancy
6
BS effective receive power
-117
Indoor allowed path loss
127
Outdoor allowed path loss
144
ZTE University
dBm
dB
dB
dBm
dBm
dBi
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dBm
dBm
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Downlink power analysis

Downlink
BS transceiver output power20W
Combiner loss
5
BS Antenna gain
17
Feeder & connector loss
4
BS effective output power
51
ZTE University
43
dBm
dB
dBi
dB
dBm
MS receive sensitivity
-101 dBm
Human body loss

Build loss
System redundancy
MS receive power
Indoor allowed path loss
Outdoor allowed path loss
3
17
6
-75
126
143
dB
dB
dB
dBm
dBm
dBm
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Field intensity coverage design

Field intensity coverage:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Indoor coverage level in the bustling areas of large

cities: -70dBm
Indoor coverage level in the ordinary city areas: 80 dBm
Outdoor coverage level in city areas:
-90 dBm
In rural areas: -94 dBm
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Digital map
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Coverage Prediction
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Coverage forecast
Coverage forecast
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Contents
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
OBJECTIVES
State Basic concept of Frequency Planning
Grasp the Frequency Plan Application
Describe the anti-interference technologies
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
FREQUENCY RE-USE
Basic Concept:
Frequency Reuse Cluster
Frequency Reuse Factor
Frequency Reuse Distance
C/I and C/A
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
FREQUENCY RE-USE DISTANCE

The following equation is used
frequency reuse distance:
D= 3N * R
to
estimate
D frequency reuse distance

R cell radius
N - frequency reuse factor. N=9 for 3 3
N=12 for 4 3
For 3/9 frequency reuse, D=5.2R
For 4/12 frequency reuse, D=6R
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
DEFINITION OF C/I AND C/A

Co-channel Interference C/I
C/I refers to the interference of another cell
using the same frequency to the current cell. The
ratio of carrier to interference is called C/I.
GSM specification regulates that C/I >9dB. In
implementing, it requires C/I>12dB.
Adjacent channel interference C/A
C/A refers to interference of adjacent cell to
the current cell. The ratio is called C/A. The GSM
specification regulates that C/A>-9dB.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
CALCULATION OF C/I
Where, Pown_cell is the signal strength of current cell;

Pi_BCCH is BCCH signal strength of interfering cell i
measured by MS.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Frequency Reuse
Ordinary frequency reuse: 43, 33 and more
close 26 and 13.
MRP: different layers adopt different frequency reuse
patterns.
Concentric: the Underlay and Overlay adopt different
frequency reuse patterns respectively.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
4 X 3 FREQUENCY RE-USE PATTERN
D3
C1
A1
A2
C3
A1
A3
B1
B2
D2
C2
D1
D2
B3
A1
C3
B2
D3
C1
C2
B1
C1
B3
A1
A2
C3
D2
A3
B1
C3
C2
D1
D2
A1
D3
4 3 frequency reuse pattern is that each site is

divided into 3 sector. 12 frequencies form a group
which are distributed to 4 different sites. Each site
owns 3 frequencies.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn

B3
C1
A1
A2
C3
A1
A3
B1
B2
A3
B2
C1
C2
B3
C1
B3
A2
C3
A1
A2
A1
C1
A3
B1
B2
A3
B2
C3
C2
B3
C1
A1
A2
A1
A3
3 3 frequency reuse pattern is that each site is

divided into 3 sector. 9 frequencies form a group
which are distributed to 3 different sites. Each site
owns 3 frequencies.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
TRX
A1
B1
C1
A2
B2
C2
A3
B3
C3
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
MRP
Its unreasonable to adopts idealized and regular

frequency reuse pattern indiscriminately, which will cause low
frequency utilization rate and difficult to ensure the C/I
requirement.
Multiple frequency Reuse Pattern (MRP) is an irregular

and dynamic frequency reuse mode designed according to
GSM features.
That is, dividing frequency band into different

combinations, each combination adopting different frequency
reuse pattern. Each carrier of a cell may adopts different
frequency reuse pattern.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
MRP
Bandwidth=6 MHz
BCCH FRF=12
TCH1 FRF=9
TCH2
FRF=6 For Microcell
FRF:Frequency Reuse Factor
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
MRP+FH+DTX+DPC
BCCH
TCH1
TCH2
TCH3
43
33
23
13
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Application of MRP
China mobile:MRP
Frequency bandwidth: 7.2MHz
AFN:6095
Divide 36 carrier frequencies into 4 group as per 12/9/8/7
Channel
type
Logic channel
TCH1
channel
Channel
number
60 61 62 63 64 65
66 67 68 69 70 71
72 73 74 75 76 77
78 79 80
ZTE University
service
TCH2
channel
service
81 82 83 84 85
86 87 88
TC3 service
channel
89 90 91 92
93 94 95
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Application of MRP
66
76
62
64
70
60
68
73
67
75
63
65
71
61
72
78
74
69
92
80
1) BCCH 4 3
90
91
94
89
91
93
90
ZTE University
86
85
83
4) TCH3 2 3
81
78
2) TCH1 3 3
84
83
81
89
93
82
92
94
79
72
77
75
84
82
86
85
3) TCH2 2 3
www.univ.zte.com.cn
MRP Characters
Increase network capacity greatly and decrease average
frequency reuse factor to 8, thus increasing frequency
reuse efficiency greatly.
Flexible channel allocation. Different frequency reuse
pattern may be adopted step by step according to capacity
requirement.
Some carriers can be released for micro-cells.
Should combine with FH, DPC and DTX to lower
interference.
Especially for sites distributed unevenly.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Comparison of the system capacities between normal

multiplexing and MRP technologies
6MHZ
9.6MHZ
ZTE University
Multiplex mode
BS configuration
Average station
capacity
subscriber
Capacity
ratio
43
3/2/2 or 3/3/2
1440
33
3/3/3
1788
124
13
4/4/4
2640
183
MRP12, 9, 6**
3/3/3
1788
124
26
2/2/2/2/2/2
2160
15
43
4/4/4
2628
33
5/5/5
3384
129
13
6/6/6
4272
163
MRP12, 9, 6**
6/6/6
4272
163
26
3/3/3/4/4/4
4416
168
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Concentric
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
ZTE University
2 2
2
2 2
2
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Concentric
The principle of ordinary concentric is that a cell is divided
into underlay and overlay,
The coverage of Underlay is the same as that of ordinary
cell, while the Overlay use small transmitting power and
thus has smaller coverage.
The frequency reuse factor of overlay differs from that of
underlay.
The BCCH and SDCCH are used by Underlay, in which the
call will be set up.
A brand new switching algorithm should be added.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Concentric
The absorbing of traffic by overlay is limited by traffic layout and coverage. It will increase the capacity by 10-30%
and is related to traffic distribution.
The overlay is more suitable for outdoor traffic
concentrated in the vicinity of BTSs because of its smaller
transmitting power.
On the condition that the network quality will not be
affected, a closer frequency reuse pattern should be
adopted. At the same time, DPC and DTX technology
should be adopted to ensure network quality.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
C/I-based Concentric IUO
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
IUO
IUO has the same network structure as ordinary concentric,
consisting of Overlay and Underlay.
In general, the two layers share the same site and
antenna. Similar to ordinary cell, the Underlay adopts 4*3
frequency reuse pattern, while the Overlay adopts
closer pattern.
Same like ordinary concentric, the control channel
functions within Underlay where calls are established.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
IUO
Different from ordinary concentric, the Underlay and
Overlay of IUO both use the same transmitting power.
Because the Overlay adopts closer frequency reuse
pattern, the chances of co-channel and adjacent channel
interference increase.
IUO adopts a handover algorithm based on C/I to solve this
problem.
It functions as follows: the call is established within
Underlay, the BSC continuously monitor the downward C/I
in Overlay. When C/I reaches applicable threshold, the call
will be handed over to Overlay. At the same time, the C/I is
monitored continuously and the call will be handed over to
Underlay if it deteriorates to inapplicable threshold.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
IUO
The implementation of IUO is easy. Little modification is
needed and no special requirement to MSs.
Because of adopting special algorithm on handing over,
measurement and estimation on C/I, the speech quality
can be guaranteed while increasing the system capacity.
Because both Underlay and Overlay have the same
transmitting power, its very suitable for absorbing traffic
inside building which has a strong isolation capability to
radio signal.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Comparison
Concentric
U lay smaller transmitting
power
Handover based on power or
TA
Underlay coverage is fixed
but not reasonable
Absorb limited traffic
Handover algorithm is easy
ZTE University
IUO
U/O same transmitting
power
Handover algorithm based
on C/I
Underlay coverage is fixed
and reasonable
Absorb more traffic
Handover algorithm is
complicated
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Capacity of C/I Based Concentric

Technology
Capacity comparison with 4x3pattern
Grade of Service (GOS)2 %
Per subscriber traffic at busy hour0.03 Erl
Bandwidth: 6M
Overlay adopts 4x3 pattern
Underlay 1x3
Underlay 2x3
Underlay 3x3
Standard 4X3
0
ZTE University
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
2TRXs Overlay 1TRXs Overlay All overlay
3500
4000
4500
Subsc./bts
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Principle of frequency plan

The frequency in same site can not be reused
In same cell,the frequency distance between BCCH
and TCH is at least 400khz
The frequency distance of TCH should be more than
400khz if FH is not adopted.
Frequency can not be reused in its directly adjacent
sites if it is not 1*3 pattern
Try to avoid to use the same frequency when the two
sites are relatively near
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Principle of frequency plan

Pay more attention to co-frequency reuse case.avoid
to set same BSIC to BCCH with same frequency
When 1*3 mode is adopted, ensure the frequencies
of hopping is at least twice as the number of TRX
involved in FH..
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Interference Analysis
Anti-interference technique
Dynamic power control (DPC)
Discontinuous transceiving (DTX)
Diversity receiving technique
FH technique
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Discontinuous transmission (DTX)
Two aims can be achieved by adopting DTX mode. One is to

lower the total interference level in the air, and the other is to
save transmitter power. The DTX mode and the normal mode
are optional, since the former will slightly lower the
transmission quality.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Discontinuous transmission (DTX)
DTX contributes very little to the interference

during the quiet period, its power can be regarded
as 0 (inactive state). Suppose the DTX active
factor is , then the gain.
C / I (dB) 10 log CI 10 log CI 10 log

ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn

From the figure we
can see that, in the
dynamic power
control situation,
when the interfering
MS is only at the cell
borders, the BTS can
work with the
maximum
transmitting power.
ZTE University
A1
A1
A2
A2
A3
A1
A2
A1
A2
A3
A2
A3
A1
A3
A1
A2
A3
A1
A2
A3
A3
www.univ.zte.com.cn

Obviously, the interfering MS location is a probability.
This case is especially apparent in the frequency
hopping situation.
Suppose the DPC factor is p:
C / I (dB) 10 log
ZTE University
C
pI
10 log CI 10 log p
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Frequency hopping
Frequency hopping is to avoid external
interference. In other words, it is to prevent or
greatly reduce co-channel interference and
frequency selective fading effect by converting
frequencies to an extent that interference cannot
catch up with
The hopping sequences in the GSM are mainly
described by two parameters:
HSNhopping sequence number
MAIOmobile assignment index offset
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Frequency hopping
The advantage of the frequency hopping is the socalled effect of Frequency Diversity and
Interference Diversity. The former actually
expands the network coverage scope, and the latter
improves the network capacity.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Frequency diversity gain

Frequency diversity refers to its capability to resist
the Rayleigh fading. As the Rayleigh fadings on
different TRXs are somewhat uncorrelated (the
bigger the frequency difference, the smaller the
correlation is) , thus the bursts distributed on
different TRXs will not be affected by the same
Rayleigh fading.
Gain=1.5-6.5dB
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Interference diversity gain

Interference diversity refers to its capability to
suppress the interference signals of other
cofrequency multiplexed cells
Gain=
n
10 log
Where n-the frequency number of FH set

m-TRX number
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
13 Frequency Reuse
1*3FHDPCDTX
Most
A1
densely reuse pattern
BCCH
(4*3)
Combined
with antiinterference technology

use 50% of
the whole available frequency
A1
A2
A2
A3
A2
A1
A2
A1
Generallyonly
A3
A2
A3
A1
A3
A2
A1
A3
A1
A2
A3
A3
C/I= 9.43 dB
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
13 Frequency Reuse
Let's look at the 13 multiplex interference to see the contribution of the
antiinterfering technology to the reduction of the interference and the increase
of the system capacity.
Compared to 43 multiplex, the 13 multplex brings about the interference
degradation:
CIR 43- CIR 13 =18 - 9.43 8.57 dB
13hopping, 50% frequency load brings about the interference diversity gain:
10log10(2/1) = 3dB
Suppose the frequency hopping length is 12 frequency points, then the frequency
diversity gain is about 2dB
Suppose the DTX active factor is 0.5, then the gain is:
-10log10(0.5) = 3dB
Suppose the DPC factor is 0.9, then the gain is: -10log10(0.9) =0.5dB
The total gain is: 3+2+3+0.5=8.5dB
From the above analysis, we can see that the antiinterference technology can
basically offset the interference degradation cause by the denser multiplex
mode.
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Frequency planning and interference forecast

Coverage design
Field strength
Manual
adjustment
Adjust antenna para
Auto Fre. Plan by software
Manual Fre. plan
Interference forecast
Satisfied?
Planning report and

Interference forecast map
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Verifying reasonability and availability of cell planning
Interference protection ratio: co-channel:
C/I=9dB(12dB)
adjacent channel: C/A=-9dB(-6dB)
Second adjacent channel: C/A=-41db(-38dB)
Same/adjacent frequency interference analysis prediction:

To verify if the network planning satisfies the same/adjacent frequency interference
rated value.
Cell plan parameter partly adjustment and re-analysis:

Reasonable selection for antenna azimuth angle and downtilt
angle
under coverage satisfaction premise, reduce overlapped
coverage area to the best
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Co-frequency interference
Co-channel
interference
:
m
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn
Interference of adjacent frequency
Adjacent channel
interference
ZTE University
www.univ.zte.com.cn

04) Radio Network Planning

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

04) Radio Network Planning

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ZTE University

The multiplex area cluster

Definition of C/I and C/A

Where, Pown_cell is the signal strength of current cell;

Features of cellular system

Multiplex of radio frequency resources

Radio network planning Introduction

With lowest cost

GSM Network Design & Optimization

System Requirement Analysis

System Capacity Limit

Routine Optimization & Adjustment

System Capacity Increment

Cut-over Optimization & Adjustment

Survey & Site Layout

Coverage Planning and Prediction

Frequency Plan and Interference Analysis

Some basic concept

Some basic concept

Some basic concept

Call loss rate:

Traffic forecast and capacity planning

Growth trend forecast method

Growth trend forecast

199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199 199

() 1.53 4.75 17.7 63.8 157 363 685 1364 2496

Growth trend forecast

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

160 272 261 146 132

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

(%) 160 272 261 146 132 89

Population penetration method

363 685 136 249 343 505 701 921

Traffic density forecast method

Base station capacity planning

Base station capacity planning

Allocation of CCH and TCH(In case of

2.93 8.2 14.9 22 28

The number of control channels

Increase the network capacity

Site expansion & cell split

Traffic forecast and capacity planning

Site capacity calculation

LA should not be too big

LA Plan in Dual band Network

Plan on Frequency band

LA Plan in Dual band Network

Plan on geographical position

Coverage map and planning report

BTS Site Layout and Survey

Site Layout Adjustment

Initial Site Layout

Site Selection & Survey

Cell Data Design & Coverage Prediction

Frequency Planning & Interference Analysis

BTS Site Layout and Survey

BTS Site Preliminary Layout

BTS Site Preliminary Layout

BTS Site Preliminary Layout

The BS layout shall conform to the cellular structure and

BTS Site Location Considerations

BTS Site Layout and Survey

BTS Site Layout and Survey