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OBJECTIVES
To understand the procedures of GSM
Handover
To understand the procedures of Power
Control
To identify parameters needed
Handover and Power Control Operation
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HAND-OVER AND
POWER CONTROL

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HAND-OVER

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HAND-OVER

Hand-over is a process that transfers a MS that is

in setting up or busy status to a new traffic channel.
Generally, hand-over will occur under the following
two conditions:
1. A busy MS which is moving from a cell into
another
2. An MS is making a call at overlapping area of
two cells, one of which is very busy in traffic, or
the quality or the strength of the signal
decreased.

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PURPOSES OF HAND-OVER
1.
2.

Save the calls in progressbad quality)

Cell-boundary handing over to improve
ongoing calls (weak signal)
3. Intra-cell hand-over reducing interference
within a cell (severe interference)
4. Compelled hand-over to balance traffic
distribution of inter-cells.

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NETWORK OVERVIEW
MSC: routes the call to the other
MSC during Inter-MSC HO
BSC Evaluation and Decision
of HO

MSC

BSC

BTS measures:
Signal Strength UL, Quality
UL , TA

Signal Strength of
Neignboring Cells

BTS preprocess
measurements UL and DL
BTS
MS
MS measures:
Signal Strength DL own cell
and neighboring cells, Quality
DL

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TYPES OF HANDOVER
1. Intra-cell hand-over: hand-over occurs in the same
cell. Controlled independently by the BSC the cell
attached to.
2. Inter-cell hand-over of the same BSC: involving by
MSC is not needed.
3. Inter-BSC hand-over of same MSC: Before and after
hand-over, the two cells belong to different two BSCs
which are controlled by the same MSC. All the MSC
and BSCs are involved.
4. Inter-MSCs hand-over: Before and after hand-over,
the two cells belong to different two MSCs. All the
relevant MSCs and BSCs are involved.

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HAND-OVER INSIDE BSC

BSC

H/O

BTS OLD

BTS NEW

In this case, BSC should set up a new link with new BTS and
assign a TCH in the new cell for MS.

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HAND-OVER INSIDE BSC

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HAND-OVER BETWEEN DIFFERENT

BSCs

BSC OLD

BSC NEW
MSC A

H/O

BTS OLD

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BTS NEW

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HAND-OVER BETWEEN DIFFERENT

BSCs

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HANDOVER FLOWCHART
Inter-BSC Handover
MS

BTS1

BSC

BTS2

MEAS REP

MSC

MEAS RES
CH ACT
CH ACT ACK
DRHO CMD

HO CMD
HO ACCESS

HO DET

PHY INFO
SABM
EST IND
UA
HO COM
DIHO COM

DT1HO PERF

RF CH REL
RF CH REL ACK

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INTER-MSC HANDOVER
2
3
4
4
6

5
1
MSC OLD

MSC NEW

BSC OLD

BSC NEW

H/O

5
7

5
5
5
BTS OLD

BTS NEW

OLD LINK
NEW LINK

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INTER-MSC HANDOVER
PROCEDURE (1)
1 BSCA sends hand-over request to MSCA when
deemed necessary according to MSs measurement
report.
2 MSCA sends this request to MSCB which is
responsible for setting up links with BSCB and BTSB.
3MSCB sends back radio channel acknowledgement to
MSCA.
4Communication links are established between MSCA
and MSCB according to Hand-over Number(HON).
5MSCA send hand-over command to MS who then
handed over to a new TCH.
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INTER-MSC HANDOVER
PROCEDURES (2)

6BSCB send to MSCB, then to MSCA the command

of hand-over completion.
7MSCA controls BSCA and BTSA to release the old
TCH.

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HANDOVER FLOWCHART
Inter-MSC Handover

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HANDOVER CLASSIFICATION

1. Synchronous
2. Asynchronous
3. Pseudo-synchronous

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QUEUING AND FORCED

DISCONNECTION

Queuing - To increase the successful rate of

hand-over,
when no radio resource is available, the applicant of handover may be put into queuing and wait for release of radio
resources.

Forced disconnection

- when in emergency and

no radio resource is available, some subscribers with
lower priority may be disconnected, or handed out forcibly
to ensure that the subscribers with higher priority could
keep their calls continuously.

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BASE STATION PRE-PROCESSING

MEASUREMENT REPORTS RECEIVED BY BASE
TRANCEIVER STATION: (meas_rpt)

1.

Measurement reports made by MS and reported from

SACCH:
Downlink RXLEV
Downlink RXQUAL(BER)
Other adjacent cells downlink RXLEVless than 6, designated
by BA list)

2.

Measurement report made by BTS

Uplink RXLEV
Uplink RXQUAL
TA
Interference strip

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BASE STATION PRE-PROCESSING

PROCESSING OF BTS MEASURED DATA
1.

RXLEV_XXXXDL or UL
For each connection, at least 32 sampling data are
retained and the average of RX level is calculated out by
BSS in each SACCH period.

2.

Adjacent cells BCCH carrier receiving level

RXLEV_NCELL(n)
For each connection and each cell, the latest 32 sampling
data are stored by BSS to calculate out the adjacent cells
BCCH carrier receiving level.

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BASE STATION PRE-PROCESSING

PROCESSING OF BTS MEASURED DATA

3.

POWER BUDGET (PBGT)

For each connection and each allowable cell,

BSS calculates PBGT as follows

PBGT(n)=RxLevDL(n)-[RxLevDL(s)+BSTxPwrMax(s)-BSCurrentTxPwr(s)]

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BASE STATION PRE-PROCESSING

PROCESSING OF BTS MEASURED DATA

4. Timing Advance
For each connection, BSS calculate the TA using
parameters Hreqt and Hreqave
5. Interference band
BSS averages interference on idle time-slots and
maps to five classes called strips.

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PARAMTERS IN CONNECTION WITH

HAND-OVER

PARAMETER
UpLevThNP
UpQualThNP
DwLevThNP
DwQualThNP
UpIntfThNP
DwIntfThNP
MsDistThNP
HoMarginn

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FUNCTION
upward level threshold
upward quality threshold
downward level threshold
downward quality threshold
upward interference threshold
downward interference threshold
distance thresholdsame unit with TA)
Adjacent cells hand-over margin

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THRESHOLD COMPARISON

1. Hand-over will occur if at least P out of N upward levels are

lower than UpLevTh.
2. Hand-over will occur if at least P out of N downward levels
are lower than DwLevTh.
3. Hand-over will occur if at least P out of N upward levels are
higher than UpQualTh.
4. Hand-over will occur if at least P out of N downward levels
are higher than DwQualTh.

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THRESHOLD COMPARISON
5. Hand-over will occur if the latest P out of N upward levels
are higher than UpIntfTh and condition 3 is met at the same
time.
6. Hand-over will occur if the latest P out of N downward levels
are higher than DwIntfTh and condition 4 is met at the
same time.
7. Hand-over will occur if the latest P out of N TAs are higher
than MsDistTh.
8. Hand-over will occur if PBGT of some adjacent cell is higher
than its corresponding HoMargin.

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HANDOVER ALGORITHM
The hand-over algorithm BSC adopts is based on the
following equation:
1)

RXLEV_NCELL(n) > RXLEV_MIN(n) + Max (0, Pa)

where: Pa = (MS_TXPWR_MAX(n)P)

2)

PBGT (n) - HO_MARGIN(n) > 0

BSS selects from all adjacent cells that both meets equation
(1) and (2) and queue them from large PBGT to small
ones and serves as candidate adjacent cells.
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POWER CONTROL

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PURPOSE OF POWER CONTROL

Lower interference within a cell

Save power
Consideration: Call quality or data
transmission quality be guaranteed

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POWER CONTROL PROCEDURES

MEASURED DATA

AVERAGE MEASURED DATA

POWER CONTROL DECISION

SEND POWER CONTROL

COMMAND

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MEASURED DATA
CORRECTION

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RELATION OF LEVEL WITH POWER

CONTROL

63
Fast power control
zone

High

Upper limit

Normal
Lower limit

Low
Fast power control zone

0
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RELATION OF BER WITH POWER

CONTROL
0
Fast power control
zone

Low

Upper limit

Normal
Lower
limit

High
Fast power control zone

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Corresponding Relation between

RXQUAL and BER
RXQUAL

BER (%)

Typical(%)

BER<0.2

0.14

0.2<BER<0.4

0.28

0.4<BER<0.8

0.57

0.8<BER<1.6

1.13

1.6<BER<3.2

2.26

3.2<BER<6.4

4.53

6.4<BER<12.8

9.05

12.8<BER

18.10

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BTS POWER CONTROL

STRATEGY
Keep current transmission power when received level
is normal.

Lower the transmission power when received level is

high.
Increase the transmission power when received level
is low.
Keep current transmission power when BER
normal.

is

Increase the transmission power when BER is high.

Lower the transmission power when BER is low.
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MS POWER CONTROL STRATEGY

Normal Level LEVELCAUSE = 0
Low Level LEVELCAUSE = 1
High Level LEVELCAUSE = 2

Normal BERQUALCAUSE = 0
Low BER QUALCAUSE = 1
High BER QUALCAUSE = 2

LEVELCAUSE

QUALCAUSE

OUTPUT

0
1
1
1
2
2
2

2
0
1
2
0
1
2

INCREASE
STAY
STAY
INCREASE
DECREASE
DECREASE
INCREASE

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RANGE OF POWER CONTROL

1BTS Power Control
BTS has 6 classes of static power configured by network, each class
has 15 levels of dynamic power which can be configured by
network.
2MS Power Control
GSM900 class A MS power capability 43dbm20W
GSM900 class B MS power control 39dbm 8W
GSM900 class C MS power capability 37dbm 5W
GSM900 class D MS power capability 33dbm 2W
GSM900 class E MS power capability 29dbm 0.8W
GSM900 power control range of MS is 43dbm ~ 5dbm at least
2dbm one step
DCS1800 class A MS power control capability 30dbm1W
DCS1800 class B MS power control capability 24dbm0.25W
DCS1800 class C MS power control capability 36dbm4W
DCS1800 power control range 36dbm ~ 0dbm2dbm one step
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ZTE University

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