Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Research Proposals
Galvan, Jose L. 1999. Writing literature reviews: A guide for students of the social and
behavioral sciences. Los Angeles, CA: Pyrczak Publishing.
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Information Sources
Primary (empirical) sources*****
original; empirical; first published account
details on methodology, findings, and discussion
systematic observation (carefully planned)
Secondary sources
found in books, magazines, newspapers
global descriptions of findings
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3 Potential Problems
with Empirical Research
Sampling
unrepresentativeness
sampling bias
Measurement
flawed instrumentation (surveys, interviews,
observation, experimentation)
multiple measures -- consistent results?
Problem identification
researchers studying same problem might examine
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different specific (narrow)
areas of the problem 3
Other Sources
Theoretical articles
theory built on existing empirical work
pieces of theory can be tested empirically
follow up on leads in bibliography
Writing Process
Planning
defining a topic and selecting literature
Organizing
analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating review articles
Drafting
writing a first draft of the review
Editing
checking draft for completeness, cohesion, correctness
Redrafting
Questions to Ask in
Evaluating an Empirical Article
Questions to Ask in
Evaluating Review Articles
Have the reviewers clearly identified the topic of
review?
Have the reviewers indicated its delimitations
(time period, aspects of the problem, etc)?
Have the reviewers written a cohesive essay that
guides you through the lit from topic to topic?
Have the reviewers interpreted the literature (as
opposed to summarizing)?
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Did the reviewers make an important contribution?
Identifying Literature
Search an appropriate database
can start with general topic
better to start with more specific topic, but can
narrow down a general topic after seeing list of
articles
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Nonexperimental:
participants traits measured without attempting to change them
quantitative or qualitative
do not use the term experiment to describe, use study,
investigation, etc.
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Synthesizing Literature
1. Decide purpose and voice
Purpose:
term paper, dissertation/thesis, journal article?
Voice:
formal, de-emphasize self, avoid first person (usually)
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Synthesizing Literature
3. Create a topic outline that traces your argument
establish for the reader the line of argumentation (thesis)
develop a traceable narrative that demonstrates the loa is
worthwhile and justified (writer formed judgments about
topic based on analysis and synthesis of lit)
TO is roadmap of argument.
Starts with assertion, then introduction, systematic review of
relevant literature, and ends with conclusion that relates back to
original assertion
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Synthesizing Literature
5. Within each topic heading, note relationships
among studies
can subgroups be created?
Add detail to your outline
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Synthesizing Literature
7. How do individual studies advance theory?
Often researchers will discuss this in their studies -- use
their expertise.
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Synthesizing Literature
9. Plan to present conclusions and implications
conclusion: statement about state of knowledge using
degrees of evidence.
it seems safe to conclude that... one conclusion might be...
Synthesizing Literature
10. Plan to suggest directions for future research
make specific (relevant) suggestions about gaps
can be populations (understudied groups), methodologies, etc
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complete sentences
avoid first person
avoid sexist language
strive for clarity
use active voice
0-9 spell out, >10 write
spell out number when first word in sentence.
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number pages
use 1 margins
identify yourself
avoid cute touches
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Incorporating Feedback..Refining
Put the ms aside for a time to create some distance
Remember that writing is an ongoing process of
negotiation between writer and audience
Approach draft from viewpoint of audience member
Get feedback from anyone who will read your paper
DO NOT BE PERSONALLY OFFENDED BY
SOMEONES CRITICAL EVALUATION of your
work!!!!!
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Incorporating Feedback..Refining
1. The reader is always right
if the reader did not understand a point, rewrite it.
What needs to be clarified? What specifically is the trouble?
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Incorporating Feedback..Refining
5. Reconcile comments about style with a
style manual
6. Allow plenty of time for feedback and
redrafting process
at least one or two drafts!!
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