Hng dn s dng cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T lin quan n cng

ngh quang

ThS. Phm Th Hng Nhung

Gii thiu
Thng 4/2009, y ban Tiu chun Vin
thng ca Lin minh Vin thng quc t
(ITU-T) xut bn Hng dn s
dng cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T lin
quan n cng ngh quang. Hng dn
ny p ng cc yu cu ca Ngh quyt
44 (Gim khong cch trong vic chun
ho gia cc nc pht trin v ang
pht trin) ca WTSA-04 ngh
chun b cc ti liu hng dn h tr
vic trin khai cc khuyn ngh ca ITUT cc nc ang pht trin nhm chun
b cc yu cu c th cho tng quc gia
trong vic trin khai cc mng v dch v mi. Nh , cc nc ang pht trin c th
ci thin c kh nng ng dng ca cc tiu chun ny, cn ngnh cng nghip vin
thng, m c th l cc nh sn xut v khai thc cng c th ng gp tch cc hn vo
qu trnh xy dng v ng dng cc tiu chun ny cc nc ang pht trin.
Bi bo s tm tt nhng ni dung chnh ca bn hng dn ny.
S pht trin ca cng ngh quang v ca cc khuyn ngh ITU-T c lin quan
T khi pht minh ra laser vo nm 1960, tri qua hn 30 nm, qu trnh nghin cu c
th c chia thnh cc giai on pht trin v c mi nm tch BL (B l tc bit v L
l khong lp, cc b lp thc hin bin i quang-in-quang) u ln gp i. Trong
tng giai on, tch BL c bn u tng nhng bt u tr nn bo ho khi cng ngh
ngy cng hon thin hn. V tng giai on u c mt s thay i c bn.
- Giai on th nht l giai on cc h thng thng tin quang c tc bit 34-45Mbit/s
hot ng gn bc sng 850nm, s dng laser bn dn GaAs v cho php khong lp l
10km. Giai on ny c th hin trong 2 khuyn ngh G.651 (c tnh ca si quang a
mode hot ng ti 850nm) v G.956 (by gi l G.955) (c tnh ca cc h thng thng
tin quang hot ng ti 850nm v ph hp cho cc tc bit PDH (Plesiochronous
Digital Hierarchy))
- Giai on th hai, bt u t u nhng nm 1980, l giai on pht trin cc h thng
hot ng gn 1300nm, suy hao si lc ny khong di 1dB/km, tn sc si cng c
gim thiu. Giai on ny c th hin trong mt s khuyn ngh, nh G.652 (c tnh
ca si quang n mode hot ng ti 1300 nm), G.957 (c tnh ca h thng hot ng

ti 1300 nm v ph hp cho truyn dn cc tc bit SDH (Synchronous Digital

Hierarchy) vi tc ti STM-16. Hn na, phn vit chnh ca khuyn ngh G.956
(hin nay l G.955) m rng cho c cc h thng PDH hot ng ti 1300 nm.
- Giai on th ba l giai on pht trin ca cc h thng hot ng gn v ti bc sng
1550nm trn si n mode. Mt s khuyn ngh ng ch trong giai on ny l G.653
(c tnh ca si n mode tn sc dch chuyn), G.974 (c tnh ca h thng cp quang
bin), cc khuyn ngh G.652, G.955 (G.956 c) v G.957 c m rng cho cc h
thng hot ng 1550 nm.
- Giai on th t l giai on ng dng khuch i quang tng khong lp v k thut
ghp knh theo bc sng nhm tng dung lng h thng, vi cc khuyn ngh G.655
(c tnh ca si n mode tn sc dch chuyn khng bng 0), G.694.1 v G.694.2
(cc di ph cho cc ng dng DWDM (Dense wavelength division multiplexing)
v CWDM (coarse wavelength division multiplexing), G.959.1, G.698.1, G.698.2,
G.696.1, G.973, G.977, G.695.
- Giai on th nm l giai on pht trin gn y vi mt s c im v nh hng
pht trin nh sau: tng dung lng truyn trn mt si quang, gim s b bin i OEO
trong mng truyn ti quang (OTN - Optical Transport Network), s dng nhiu trm lp
OEO (Optical-electric-optical) thay cho mt b khuch i quang v l do chi ph (hng
ny thay cho hng th 2). th hin nhng hng pht trin ny, mt s khuyn ngh
ra i, nh ITU-T G.656 (si c tn sc khc khng s dng cho mng truyn ti
quang bng rng)- m rng ca G.959.1 cho cc h thng 40 Gbit/s, G.680 (cho php
khai thc cc b OADM v PXC ca nhiu nh cung cp v tch hp chng trong mt
AON m khng cn dng cc b bin i OEO c chi ph ln.
Phn chia nhm chc nng ca cc khuyn ngh ITU-T v cng ngh quang
Nhm chc nng ca cc khuyn ngh ITU-T v cng ngh quang c phn chia nh
sau::
- Cc loi cp v si quang: cc nh ngha v phng php o, gm : G.650.1, 650.2,
650.3,
- Cc loi cp v si quang: cc loi si a mode, gm: G.651, G.651.1
- Cc loi cp v si quang: cc loi si n mode, gm: G.652, G.653, G.654, G.655,
G.656, G.657
- Cc di ph, gm: G.694.1, G.694.2
- Cc giao din quang vt l, gm: G.691, G.692, G.693, G.695, G.696.1, G.698.1,
G.698.2, G.957, G.959.1
- Cc h thng quang khng gian, gm: G.640
- Cc mng quang hon ton, gm: ITU-T G.680
- Gim st quang, gm: G.697
- An ton quang, gm: G.664
- Cc b khuch i quang, cc thnh phn v cc h thng ph, gm: G.661, G.662,
G.663, G.665, G.666, G.667, G.671
- Cc h thng cp quang bin, gm: G.971, G.972, G.973, G.974, G.975, G.975.1,
G.976, G.977, G.978

- Phn b sung c ni dung nng cao, gm: Phn b sung 39, phn b sung 40, phn b
sung 41
Cc t chc tiu chun khc cng hot ng trn lnh vc cng ngh quang
- Nhm nghin cu s 6 ca ITU-T: Nhm nghin cu s 6 (cc vn lp t ngoi vi
v trong nh) c nhim v pht trin cc tiu chun v xy dng cu trc ca tt c cc
loi cp treo vin thng, gm cp quang v ph tr lin quan (mng sng cp, cc b ni,
t cp, ct). Trong gm c cc cng vic lp t, u ni, bo v v bo dng cp.
Ngoi ra, nhm nghin cu s 6 cng quan tm n cc vn v tin cy v an ton,
qun l cht lng cp, trin khai trn hin trng v hp nht vic lp t cp trong mi
trng truyn dn c nh, v d cp lai quang/in.
- T chc k thut IEC 86 (TC 86): T chc k thut TC86 c nhim v chun b cc
tiu chun cho cc h thng cp, cc module, thit b v cc thnh phn s dng km
thit b vin thng. TC 86 chia lm 3 t chc con: SC 86A (nghin cu v cc loi si v
cp quang), SC 86B (nghin cu v cc thnh phn th ng v cc thit b u ni si
quang), SC 86C (nghin cu v cc h thng si quang v cc thit b ch ng).
- OIF: Din n lin mng quang (OIF) thc y s pht trin v trin khai cc gii php,
dch v lin mng thng qua vic thit lp cc hp ng trin khai cc sn phm mng
quang, cc cng ngh linh kin v cc thit b x l ca mng. C 2 nhm ca OIF lm
vic trn lnh cc cng ngh quang l : nhm lm vic v lp tuyn v vt l (PLL) (trin
khai cc hp ng lin quan n giao din lp vt l v tuyn d liu gia cc thnh phn
mng lin kt quang v gia cc thnh phn trong ni mng), nhm lm vic v khch
hng lp vt l (PLUG) hng dn km cc yu cu cho nhm PLL.
- IEEE 802: D n IEEE 802 (hoc t chc tiu chun v LMSC, LAN/MAN) trin
khai cc tiu chun v LAN v MAN, ch yu cho 2 lp di ca m hnh OSI
ng dng ca cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T v cng ngh quang
1. Nhm cc khuyn ngh v si quang v cp si quang: cc nh ngha v phng
php o si v cp quang n mode
Cc khuyn ngh G.650.1 v G.650.2 u cp n hai phng php o l phng php
o tham chiu (RTM) v cc phng php o la chn (ATM) cho tng tham s v lu
rng c 2 phng php o ny u ph hp cho cc mc ch o chp thun sn phm
thng thng. Tuy nhin nu php o ATM cho cc kt qu khng thng nht th RTM
c khuyn ngh s dng nh k thut o ly cc kt qu o tin cy nht.
Khuyn ngh G.650.1 v G.650.2 bao gm cc nh ngha v cc phng php o ch
yu ph hp vi o trong xng, cn G.650.3 li cp n cc php o thng c
thc hin vi cp quang c lp t.
Cc nh ngha v cc phng php o trong 3 khuyn ngh ny khng ph hp vi si
a mode.
Nhm ny gm cc khuyn ngh c cc ni dung:

- Khuyn ngh G.650.1 "Cc nh ngha v phng php o cc c tnh xc nh, tuyn
tnh ca cp v si n mode"
- Khuyn ngh G.650.2 "Cc nh ngha v phng php o cc c tnh phi tuyn v
thng k ca cp v si n mode"
- Khuyn ngh G.650.3 "Cc phng php o i vi cc tuyn cp quang n mode
lp t"
2. Nhm cc khuyn ngh v si v cp quang: si a mode
Cc khuyn ngh trong nhm ny bao gm:
- Khuyn ngh G.651 "Cc c tnh ca cp si quang a mode 50/125 m c chit sut
thay i u"
- Khuyn ngh G.651.1 "Cc c tnh ca cp si quang a mode 50/125 m c chit sut
thay i u dng cho mng truy nhp quang"
3. Nhm cc khuyn ngh v si v cp quang: si n mode
- Khuyn ngh G.652: "Cc c tnh ca cp v si n mode"
- Khuyn ngh G.653: "Cc c tnh ca cp v si quang n mode tn sc dch chuyn"
- Khuyn ngh G.654: "Cc c tnh ca cp v si quang n mode dch chuyn bc
sng ct"
- Khuyn ngh G.655: "Cc c tnh ca cp si quang n mode tn sc dch chuyn
khc 0"
- Khuyn ngh G.656: "Cc c tnh ca cp v si tn khc 0 dng cho truyn ti quang
bng rng"
- Khuyn ngh G.657: "Cc c tnh ca cp v si n mode khng nhy cm vi suy
hao un cong dng cho mng truy nhp"
4. Nhm cc khuyn ngh v cc di ph
Bng C c nh ngha trong phn b sung 39 cho b cc khuyn ngh G ca ITU-T
c rng ph l 35 nm (1530-1565 nm), tc l ln hn 40 THz (0.8 nm = 100 GHz;
1 THz = 1000 GHz).
Dung lng truyn dn ca si quang c th tng ng k khi s dng k thut ghp knh
theo bc sng. Tng dung lng ca mt h thng WDM ph thuc vo khong cch
gia cc bc sng c ghp trong vng bc sng hot ng. Khong cch knh nh
nht b hn ch bi xuyn m gia cc knh v thng lin quan n cc yu t sau: tc
bit ca knh, dng iu ch, bng thng ca b lc, dao ng ca bc sng trung
tm.
Nhm ny gm cc khuyn ngh c cc ni dung sau:
- Khuyn ngh G.694.1: Cc di ph cho cc ng dng WDM: di tn s DWDM (c
khong cch knh nh hn hoc bng 1000GHz)
- Khuyn ngh G.694.2: Cc di ph cho cc ng dng WDM: di bc sng CWDM
(c khong cch knh nh hn 50nm nhng ln hn 1000GHz (khong 8nm ti 1550nm
v 5,7nm ti 1310nm)).
Hin nay vn cha c ch tiu v di ph cho ng dng WWDM (wide wavelength
division multiplexing) (c khong cch knh ln hn hoc bng 50nm).

5. Nhm cc khuyn ngh v cc giao din quang vt l

Cc khuyn ngh ny a ra cc ch tiu lp vt l i vi cc h thng truyn dn quang
v c chia thnh 2 loi: tng thch dc v tng thch ngang. Cc khuyn ngh
G.691, G.693, G.695, G.698.1, G.698.2, G.957 v G.959.1 c nh ngha l tng
thch ngang, ngha l hai u ca on truyn dn quang c th l thit b ca cc nh sn
xut khc nhau. Cn tng thch dc ngha l hai u ca on truyn dn quang l thit
b ca cng mt nh sn xut. Phn b sung 39 ca nhm G s a ra nhiu thng tin lin
quan n tng thch dc v tng thch ngang.
Phng php xc nh ch tiu k thut c s dng trong nhm khuyn ngh ny c
chia thnh 2 loi: phng php hp en v phng php tuyn en:
- Phng php hp en khng ch nh hn ch hoc ch r cc thnh phn bn trong
v/hoc cc kt ni gia cc thnh phn nm trong hp en. Tuy vy, cng c nhng yu
cu v chc nng cho hp en. Phng php ny cho php tng thch ngang ti cc
im a knh.
- Phng php tuyn en l phng php trong cc tham s giao din quang i vi
ch cc tn hiu nhnh quang (n knh) s c ch r. Phng php ny cho php
tng thch ngang ti im n knh s dng cu hnh ghp knh theo bc sng trc
tip, tuy nhin li khng cho php tng thch ngang ti cc im a knh.
i vi mi khuyn ngh trong nhm ny th cc b tham s khc nhau c gi l cc
ng dng ca khuyn ngh v mi ng dng u c t tn cho mt m tham chiu
(gi l m ng dng). Cu trc ca m cng thay i gia cc khuyn ngh ty theo cc
c tnh c yu cu phn bit cc ng dng vi nhau. Trong , 2 thnh phn ca
m ng dng chung cho tt c cc khuyn ngh l tc bit v loi si s dng
Trong tt c cc khuyn ngh ny tr G.698.2, m ng dng s cha thng tin no v
khong cch truyn dn ln nht t c (k hiu l L). Cc ch tiu cho tng ng dng
c cung cp di dng suy hao ln nht (i khi l nh nht) m tuyn phi c, cc
gii hn v tn sc mu, phn x ln nht v (trong phn ln cc trng hp) tr nhm vi
phn (DGD)- mt tham s lin quan n tn sc mode phn cc.
Cc ng dng trong mi khuyn ngh khng cha tt c cc trng hp kt hp v loi
khong cch, lp tn hiu nhnh quang v loi si. Cc ng dng ny c a ra vi
mc ch tho mn nhiu loi yu cu v mng trong khi vn t c chi ph thp nht.
- Khuyn ngh G.691: "Cc giao din quang cho cc h thng n knh STM-64 v cc
h thng SDH khc c s dng khuch i quang"
- Khuyn ngh G.692: "Cc giao din quang cho cc h thng a knh c s dng
khuch i quang
- Khuyn ngh ITU-T G.693: "Cc giao din quang h thng cho cc h thng ni i"
- Khuyn ngh G.695: "Cc giao din quang cho cc ng dng ghp knh theo bc sng
mt thp"
- Khuyn ngh G.696.1: "Cc ng dng DWDM ni vng tng thch dc"
- Khuyn ngh G.698.1: "Cc ng dng DWDM a knh c cc giao din quang n
knh"

- Khuyn ngh G.698.2: "Cc ng dng DWDM a knh s dng khuch i quang c
cc giao din quang n knh"
- Khuyn ngh G.959.1: "Cc giao din lp vt l ca mng truyn ti quang"
6. Khuyn ngh v cc h thng quang khng gian
Cc h thng quang khng gian mang d liu tc cao trong mt chm nh sng c
pht bi cc ngun c tp trung cc ln t trn tng trn cng hoc cc ca s ta
nh v c kt ni vi nhau theo ng nhn thng. Cng ngh ny rt ging vi cng
ngh quang, ngoi tr vic mi trng truyn dn l khng kh thay cho si quang.
V vn ny, khuyn ngh G.640 nh ngha cc giao din quang cho cc h thng
truyn dn quang khng gian tng thch dc cng v tr, nhm cho php song song tn
ti nhiu h thng quang khng gian im-im ti mt v tr m khng gy nhiu ln
nhau.
7. Khuyn ngh v cc mng ton quang
Cc mng truyn ti quang hin nay ang pht trin theo xu hng thnh cc mng quang
hon ton, gim dn s cc bin i O/E/O. Khuyn ngh G.680 vi tn gi Cc chc
nng chuyn tip vt l ca cc thnh phn mng quang" nh ngha mt s gim cp
chc nng ca cc thnh phn mng (ONE - Optical network element) nh cc b u
cho quang (PXC - photonic cross-connect), cc b ghp knh xen-r (OADM - Optical
Add Drop Multiplexer), tin ti mt mng quang.

.
Phin bn hin nay ca khuyn ngh G.680 cp n trng thi tham chiu th nht khi
lung quang gia 2 trm lp in k nhau thuc cc on ng truyn DWDM ca mt
nh cung cp v cc b OADM v PXC li n t cc nh cung cp khc. Phin bn
trong tng lai ca G.680 c trng i s cp n trng thi tham chiu th hai, khi
lung quang gia 2 trm lp 3R k nhau thuc cc on ng truyn DWDM ca nhiu
nh cung cp khc nhau v cc b OADM v PXC cng thuc nhiu nh cung cp.
Trong Khuyn ngh G.680 c a ra nh ngha chc nng v s tham chiu ca mi
loi ONE.
Cc nguyn tc tnh ton nh hng ca s mc chui nhiu ONE ln s suy gim cht
lng tn hiu quang cng c a ra khi xt i vi tng tham s v khi xt n nh
hng kt hp ca tt c cc tham s.
Khuyn ngh G.680 c 4 ph lc cha nhiu thng tin c ch.
8.Khuyn ngh v gim st quang
Khuyn ngh G.697 vi tn gi "Gim st quang i vi cc h thng DWDM" cp
n vn gim st quang i vi mt b cc tham s quang, cho php
gim st trong khi ang cung cp dch v.
Mt s ni dung ch yu ca G.697:
- Khi nim gim st quang trong mng OTN, c bit l trong mi lin h vi gim st
s trong cc ti liu khc, nh ITU-T G.826 v [ITU-T G.709].

- nh ngha v phn loi cc phng php o suy gim tn hiu quang, ng thi gii
thch cch thc hin gim st bng thit b gim st trong v ngoi, b sung thm mt s
u im v cc vn lin quan n vic s dng thit b.
- a ra danh sch y cc s c c th nh hng n cht lng tn hiu
- Cc la chn gim st nn c quan tm trong cc h thng DWDM cng vi mt s
v tr la chn o cc tham s khc nhau.
9 Khuyn ngh v an ton quang
Khuyn ngh G.664 tp trung vo vn ny. Mc ch ca G.664 l cung cp cc hng
dn v cc yu cu i vi cc k thut nhm t c cc iu kin lm vic an ton v
mt quang hc (i vi mt v da ngi) trn cc giao din quang ca OTN, c bit i
vi cc h thng s dng k thut khuych i Raman.
G664 cng a ra s phn bit i cht v cc thut ng c s dng trong cc ti liu
IEC 60825-1, IEC 60825-2, IEC/TR 612924.
10. Nhm cc khuyn ngh v cc b khuch i quang, cc thnh phn v cc h
thng ph
Mc ch chnh ca nhm khuyn ngh ny l a ra mt danh sch ngn nht cng nh
ngha cc tham s cht lng i vi cc b khuch i, cc thnh phn v cc h thng
ph. Trong mt s trng hp c xc nh gi tr cho cc tham s, nhng phn ln l
khng a ra gi tr c th v chng s c nh r cho tng ng dng m b khuch i
quang, thnh phn v h thng ph quang c s dng.
V mt phng php o th tt c cc tham s u c tham chiu n cc phng
php o ca IEC.
Nhm khuyn ngh ny c s ng gp ca c ITU-T v IEC. Trong , s tham gia ch
yu ca ITU-T l t cc nh khai thc v sn xut h thng vi phng php chun ho l
top-down (bt u t cc yu cu v mng ca cc nh khai thc, cc yu cu i vi h
thng v i vi thit b c s c nh ngha vi s ng gp ca cc nh cung cp,
cc h thng ny sau c nh r c im k thut v mt s yu cu mi s c
b sung i vi cc thnh phn/h thng ph); cn phng php chun ho ca IEC l
bottom-up, bt u t cc yu cu ca cc nh sn xut v bun bn thit b. Cc ch tiu
k thut ca h cng c t ra cho cc thnh phn v h thng ph. c bit, cc
phng php o c nghin cu rt cn thn.
Cc khuyn ngh trong nhm ny bao gm:
- G.661: "Cc nh ngha v phng php o cc tham s chung ca cc thit b khuch
i quang v cc h thng ph"
- G.662: "Cc c tnh chung ca cc thit b khuch i quang v cc h thng ph"
- G.663: "Cc vn lin quan n ng dng ca cc thit b khuch i quang v cc h
thng ph"
- G.665: "Cc c tnh chung ca cc b khuch i Raman v cc h thng ph c
khuch i Raman"
- G.666: "Cc c tnh ca cc b b PMD v cc b thu b PMD"
- G.667: "Cc c tnh ca cc b b tn sc mu thch ng"
- G.671: "Cc c tnh truyn dn ca cc thnh phn v h thng ph quang"

11. Cc h thng cp quang bin

Cc h thng cp quang bin l mt thnh phn v cng quan trng ca cc mng vin
thng v chng cng khc v cn bn so vi cc h thng trn t lin trn nhiu kha
cnh. Cc cc iu kin mi trng m h thng cp quang bin c khai thc cng dn
n nhiu yu cu nghim ngt hn nh tin cy rt cao, thi gian khai thc di
hn...Chnh v vy, tt c cc khuyn ngh v cc h thng cp quang bin u khng ch
cp n cc c tnh quang/in m cn c cc c tnh c hc/ tin cy ca chng.
Hn na, ni dung v cc php o phi c tin hnh trong cc giai on thc t t giai
on sn xut n giai on chp thun cui cng cng c m t rt chi tit.
Cc h thng cp quang bin c kt ni vi cc h thng t lin ti 2 trm u cui v
ti cc giao din ny chng phi tun th theo cc giao din SDH/OTN ([ITU-T G.707],
[ITU-T G.709]). Vic nh r ch tiu k thut ca bn thn h thng cp quang bin (kt
ni gia 2 trm u cui) cng khc vi cc h thng t lin do c 2 l do:
- Cc thnh phn ca mt tuyn t lin thng t nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau (si,
cp, thit b DWDM, OADM, ), cn ca tuyn cp bin thng ca mt nh cung cp
duy nht. Tc l mt nh cung cp phi cung cp tt c cc thit b cn thit t c
tin cy ca tuyn gia 2 giao din vi cc mng t lin.
- Vic lp t tt c cc thit b chm di bin (cc b khuch i quang, cc khi phn
nhnh.) c tin hnh vo cng thi gian lp t h thng.
Hai im khc bit ny c nh hng n cch m cc ch tiu c vit ra. i vi cc
h thng t lin nh ni, cc ng dng c phn nh hoc l tng thch dc hoc
tng thch ngang, nhm n nh mt mc tng thch no gia cc nh cung cp.
Cn i vi cc h thng cp quang bin th c hai loi tng thch ny nhn chung u
khng thc s hu dng v thit b i vi tt c cc tuyn v i vi tt c cc si ca
cp bin u ca cng mt nh cung cp ti thi im t h thng. Do , cc khuyn
ngh v cc h thng cp quang bin khng ch r ch tiu cho tng m ng dng c th
vi cc gi tr ca cc tham s ti mt giao din c th, m tp trung vo vic nhn dng
cc tham s v cc c tnh ca cc h thng c xc nh cn thn cho tng tuyn. Cc
gi tr c th cho cc tham s ny cho tng h thng s c xc nh gia nh khai thc
v nh cung cp vi mc tiu l t c cc mc tiu cht lng nghim ngt nht.
Da trn cc quan tm trn, SG 15 chun b v ban hnh mt s khuyn ngh sau v
ch tiu k thut ca cc h thng cp quang bin:
- Khuyn ngh G.971: "Cc c im chung ca cc h thng cp quang bin"
- Khuyn ngh G.972: "nh ngha cc thut ng lin quan n cc h thng cp quang
bin"
- Khuyn ngh G.973: "Cc c tnh ca cc h thng cp quang bin khng dng trm
lp "
- Khuyn ngh G.974: "Cc c tnh cc cc h thng cp quang bin c dng b ti to
in"
- Khuyn ngh G.975: "Vn sa li trc i vi cc h thng cp quang bin"
- Khuyn ngh G.975.1: "Vn sa li trc i vi cc h thng cp quang bin
DWDM tc bit ln"
- Khuyn ngh G.976: "Cc phng php o i vi cc h thng cp quang bin"

- Khuyn ngh G.977: "Cc c tnh ca cc h thng cp quang bin c s dng khuch
i quang"
- Khuyn ngh G.978: "Cc c tnh ca cc loi cp quang bin"
12. Cc phn b sung cung cp thm thng tin:
C 3 phn b sung v lnh vc cng ngh quang, l:
- Phn b sung 39 cho cc khuyn ngh seri G: "Cc vn v xy dng v thit k h
thng cp quang"
- Phn b sung 40 cho cc khuyn ngh seri G: "Hng dn s dng cc tiu chun v
khuyn ngh v cp v si quang"
- Phn b sung 41 cho cc khuyn ngh seri G: "Cc hng dn thit k cc h thng cp
quang bin"
Ti liu tham kho
[1]. www.itu.int: News release
[2]. ITU-T G series recommendations - Supplement 42 Guide on the use of the ITU-T
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