A(A)ABAN

Fa8kakan nieagiy8n axarageakan oa8;aeu sksqvliyz rasnfung raeu fvri3 Fa8iyj8iynw anaknkalu kveoiq
fa8rnqiym h cna7arvsnqa[ mu0axga8un nie xaegaziymnveu fnizu mv04 Fniz@ ieiqfvr6 a8s xaegaziymnven iy
neanz fa0iedip ueadae'iyj8iynnvew soa9niym vn dae'8al ue 6 ue kirieakqa[ fa8evnu;u gi8iyj8anw4 Vq
bnakanabae na6@ fa8 /ipiqedu an/amanzvlu daru fvraondiy-mun4 A8n3 unc karaeqiym kam oarafiym h
nveka8us Ae6vl8an Vqeioa8u3 Balkannveu3 Mu0u Ae6vl;u 6 masnaqieabae &iefeda8u Muiyj8an mv03 anoa8-
man]evn ue andeadae'w ouru iynvna na6 mve qea 2 jv^ Fa8asranu 6 jv^ S.8iy9;u mv04
Fnaeaqie ch na7aovs maegaehanal kam diy,akvl3 jv u+nc bniy8j ksranan a8s xaegaziymnven iy
na7arvsqa[ .i.i7iyj8iynnveu gie[adeiyj8iynw 2 6 manaqand neanzuz mvx qveaoafqa[ ba/unw 2 ieiqfvr6
m,akqa[ iy fvraondqip [eaduew [anij h mua8n mv[ ovriyj8iynnveun3 iein; b[a7ndue 6 fvr6ipakan kveoiq
iy ;a8l a9 ;a8l gie[adeiym vn uevnz fvraonda[ noarakw4 Uncovs na6 fnaeaqie ch vnjadeiyj8iynnveu qea
fumnqvliq kan7arvsvl3 jv tu,r u^nc ouru oarafu kam .i7qu &iefeda8un muiyj8iyn mv03 6 a8s liysae'aku
rak@ bniei,vl3 jv u^nc ouru lunu Fa8asranu Faneaovriyj8an taka-raguew4 Ba8z a9anz qaeanvliy kaevlu h
ae'a-nagevl3 jv .i.i7iyj8iynnve rvpu kiynvnan3 6 bnakanabae@ Fa8asranw 6s ouru anznu niy8n
qveiyqaeiymnveu biqiq4
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qveaka9iyziymu $perestroika% srvp[a[ 7andaqa9iyj8an mjnilieru mv0 aedvn usk sksvl vn; muamranal 6 s7al
fvr6iyj8iynnve anvl3 nveipamur 6 lua7if da9nal3 6 a8s kveoiq 7ajaevl mve fsrakiyj8iynw3 kamaqie kveoiq
;ipaekvl ueaka-niyj8iynnvew3 ieovsxu cmvpadeqvn; axga8nakaniyj8amb3 munc mve anz8alu da9n .ie'iyj8iynw
oafan0iym h3 ie lunvn; aqvlu xgasr 6 fvr6ipakan@ qvesrun niy8n [iypaku mv0 cgafaqu/vliy famae4
A9aqvlabae a8s niy8n mrafigiyj8amb 6 nieagiy8n svendun liysabanvliy muriymiq3 Fa8kakan ?ipiqeda8un
<ae/iymw 'v9naekvz <afan Najaluu $Fakib Rve Fakib8an% vekiy kae6ieagiy8n gie[veu fearaeakiyj8iynw4
Vekiysn vl@ uevnz mra8niyj8iynnveiq 6 vxeakaziyj8amb3 7usr fandiyngn 6 ,afvkan ge;iy8knve vn@
fearaeakqa[ 19282un3 ba8z qapiyz aedvn angnafarvlu4 Vq a8d vekiy gie[vew aqvlu d8iyeamarcvlu dae'nvliy
famae feara-eakqiym h mvk farieiq3 a8n ambip0aznvliq@ mr;iq 6 biqandakiyj8amb4

<afan Najalu5 Fa8kakan Qev/7ndeiyj8an Nvmvsus iy miyju mv0 gie[ip igu4 Ieu mrafpazmanb [eageqvz
6 gie[adeqvz 19192u iei,iymnvew3 iew d/ba7rabae mnaz anaqaer4 Iei,iym3 iew 'griym he fa8kakan
zvpasoaniyj8iynw fpazip 6 a8n gie[adeip iy ueakanaznip gl7aqie dvm;veu afabvkiymun4 Je;akan
8ajapanu saesa.n aoea[3 ba8z qveaoea[ fa8u aedae iei,iymn he a8n3 ie qsrafqvz <afan Najaluun 6 ue
wnkvenveun4 Kaet /amanakafarqa[iym Sipimin Jvflve8an3 Ae,aque <ueak8an3 Aeam Vekan8an3 Musa;
Jiela;8an 6 iyeu,nve@ Najaluu a9a0niediyj8amb 6 fskipiyj-8amb fnaeaqie dae'eun mu ,ae; fa8a0un0
jiye; daftaovrveu3 ieinz jqiym Jaluaj .a,a8u afabvkiymw Bvelunu .ipiznveuz mvkiym ue xga8aziyz
axdvziyj8iynw iynvzaq4 Nqueakan a8s gie[u wndfariymw F5F5D muamur nkara9iymnveu fvr6an;iq ue
qnasakae axdvziyj8iynn iynvzaq fa8iyj8an 6 nea aedae daru fvraondiymun4 Mi9azqvz /amanaku
wnjaz;iym fa8kakan zvpasoaniyj8iynw3 niy8nusk iyeazqvz3 ieiqfvr6 mnaz anoaru/4
Bnaq xaemanalu che3 iyevmn3 ie Najalun3 fuasja. Iy wndqxqa[3 raeakae[iyj8iyn aerafa8rve 6 a8s
faezu ,iye0 da9n .ie'a9iyj8an qea fumnqvliq ue rvsakvrn iyxve .i7anzvl ue /ipiqedun 6 galu;
sveiyndnveun4
Nea rvsakvrw3 aerafa8rqa[ fsrak 6 an,oae ba9veiq3 fvr68aln h@5
15 Jiye;un xsovliy 6 nea fev,aqie aeae;nvew kasvznvliy famae fa8w ovr; h lunve niy8n;an buer iy
an7na4 Ieiqfvr6@ iy/u 6 b9niyj8an faqarazipw mua^8n iy/u 6 b9niyj8an ba7qvliq kaeip h wnkekvl 6
nafan0vl4
25 Jiye;w kaeipazvl h ue axgw kvervl3 ieiqfvr6 daeveu wnjaz;iym fvr6ipakan]evn 0aedvl h bilie a8n
raeveun iy /ipiqednveun3 iein; .ie'vl vn aegvl; fandusanal ue axga,uniyj8anw4
35 Fa8w faqakniyj8iyn h iynvzvl mua8n axg kicqvliy asrutanun fasnvliy3 ba8z 'a7ipqa[ h axga,uniyj8an
mv03 ieiqqfvr6 a9a0niedqvliq axga8un skxbiyn;nveiq kam xgaziymnveiq3 cu kaeipazvl niy8n mu0izun dumvl4
A8sun;n@ ;a0iyj8iyn kam umasriyj8iyn cu iynvzvl ue j,namunveun 0aedvl4
45 Munc jiye;w mu,r qsrafvliq un;n uevn3 fa8w qsrafvl h ]raenveun3 ue .ekiyj8iynw neanzuz aknkalvliq4
Vq bnakanabae3 7abqvl neanz kipmuz3 faek vpa[ dvo;iym ,afagie[qvliq na6 neanz kipmuz4
A8s]e3 8ijanasiyn raru anz3 xaemanalu]evn niy8n kveo vn mra[iym iy gie[iym jv fa8evnu;iym 6 jv
s.8iy9;iym3 bnaq dasve c;apvliq anz8alu oarmiyj8iynuz4

FA*KAKAN ?IPIQEDAKAN <AE?IYM

 <AFAN NAJALU
$fama9ir kvnsageiyj8iyn%
<afan Najalu $uskakan aniyniq@ Fakib Rve-
Fakib8an% [nqvl h 18842un3 &aebvedu ,e0anu F8iy-
svnuk g8iypiym4 *ijnandam wnranu;u muak rpa
xaqakn h vpvl cies ;iy8eveu kip;un4
Na7nakan kejiyj8iynw srazvl h rvpu axga8un
qae/aeaniym iye 6 qea h fasniym 189521897 jqa-
kannveu 0aedvew3 ieinz xif gnazun aqvlu ;an
3005000 fa8iedunve4 )aedveu skxbun xifqiym vn fa8en
iy mievpba8ew 6 baxmajuq axgakannve4 11 raevkan
iebaza[ Fakibw vev; ]e ja.a9vliyz fvri qvesrun
grniym h ue wnranu;w3 miew@ fie duaku qea
ipbalus4 _Mies fvr ;a,vliq fies an,iync maemunw
diyes bveun; iy japvzun; wnkiyxvniy rak|32 fvra-
ga8iym a8n ouru geve iy aqvlaznve a8s baxmumasr
7is;w5 _Ip0vew sksiym vn japvl mv9a[nveun555|4 Fie
duaku qea .9qa[ mie q,rafae rvsaeanw 7ie 6
an0n0vlu roaqieiyj8iyn h dei,miym dv9 oaranu
Najaluu vnjagurakziyj8an 6 gurakziyj8an qea4
Mvk raeu iysanvliq &aebvedu f9cakaqie V.-
ear ;ilv0iym3 18962un3 iyeu, iebveu fvr iypaekqiym
h Oilus@ Siyeb Fakib iebanizw3 iye 6 iedvgeqiym h
N8iy *ie;abnak mu fa8 geaqata9u kipmuz4 Fa0ied
raeu ,aeiynakiym h iysanvl Oilsu Bvebve8an
qae/aeaniym munc6 1900 jqakanw3 a,akvervliq
akanaqie mankaqae/ 6 umasrasve <afan Bvebve-
8anun3 ieu aniynw ieovs faegan;u n,an wnreiym h
ube6 sv.akan an'naniyn $Najalu makanqan
wnreiyj8an oarta9nvew munc ]es anfa8r h mniym%4
Oveove8an qae/aeaniym h aemaraqieqiym oaranu
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Fakibu svew m,akiy8ju3 aeqvsru3 baeiy 6 gvpvzuku
nkarmamb3 famakqvliq ip0 hiyj8amb aedaeiyj8an
gapa.a-enveiq3 ie 6 iypvkuzw vpaq nea ip0 aoea[
gurakzakan k8an;iym4
1901 jqakanun qveada9niym fa8evnu [nnda-qa8e
6 vev; raeu iysiyzciyjiyn anvliq iysiymnasueiym
h na6 &aebvedu gaqa9abaeba9w4
1904 jqakanun &aebvediyk andamakziym h Fa8
Fvpa.i7akan Da,nakziyj8anw 6 ieu ,ae;veiym
,iye0 ;aeied dae [aqaliym t,maeur fa8evnasu-
eakan gie[iynviyj8iyn4 Niy8n jqakanun rvpa.i7-
qiym h Amveuka8u Muaz8al Nafangnve4 1908 jqaka-
nun }sman8an Safmanadeiyj8an f9cakiymuz fvri
nieuz qveada9niym h Vekue@ F8iysvnuk3 saka8n mvk
raeu hl cbiliea[3 1909 jqakanun sksqiym h Kulu-
kua8u fa8iyj8an kiriea[w3 oarta9 da9naliq nea
vekeied gapjun Muaz8al Nafangnve4 1910 2 1912
jqakannveun iysaniym h Bisrinu famalsaeaniym3
fvr6vliq geakaniyj8an3 .ulusi.a8iyj8an $farr-
kaovs@ Olarin% 6 jarveaguriyj8an $masnaqiea-
bae@ <v;soue%4
1912 jqakanun iei,iym h dae'8al qveada9nal
Vekue3 saka8n Ajvn;iym jiye;ua iyp6ieqvliy
ueaqiyn; cvn ralus Balkan8an A oarveaxmu oar-
ta9iq3 Najaluun famaevliq ieovs j,namu $Jiye-
;ua% vekeu ;apa;azu 6 nea tugvew3 aoaziyzvliy
famae ue fa8 lunvlw aoaed8iyn h anzniym4 Vq
A5M5N5 naqiq aera;sqiym h vekeuz4
Qveada9naliq A5M5N5 mu ,ae; oaras7anariy
a,7aran;nve h karaeiym F5F5D5 fan'naeaeiyj8amb
andamakzvliq _Fa8evnu;| amsageu $bisrin% 7mba-
gweiyj8an3 mua/amanak wnreqvliq F5F5D5 A5M5N52u
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kvnreinakan kimurvu maemnun4 A8s /amana-
ka,e0aniym he3 ie [agvz fama,7aefa8un A5 oarv-
eaxmw3 iew 6 oarvf a9uj wn[a8vz jiye; iteagie[
'v9;un@ qve0nakanaovs iy fumniqun bna0n0vliy fa8
axgw4 Mv[ vpv9nu liyeven a9nvliq3 bilie oan-
diy7rnveu nman3 <afan Najalun hl aoevz
xa8eiy8ju 6 fiyxiymu mp'aqan0a8un oafve4 Vq na3
vev7a fasakuz iebaza[ iy vedq8al qev/7undue
dae'a[3 qveafasrariym h ue iy7rw@ vjv veb6h
a,7aefw czankana oar/vl zvpasoannveun3 un;w@
faqaraeum mnaliq ue vediymun@ cjipnvl anoaru/
zvpasoannveun4
<afan Najaluu kaska[w oarveaxmuz fvri
ueakaniyj8iyn h da9niym4 Oilsu mv0 ka8aza[
}sman8an 9axmakan ar8anw qtu9 h ka8azniym
mafaoar/u vnjaekvl gl7aqie zvpasoannveun3
iein; beuranakan u,7aniyj8iynnveu kipmuz Mal-
ja hun .i7adeqvl3 saka8n gapragipu axar vn
ae'akiym fa8iyj8an 6 maedkiyj8an j,namu a8d
bievnunveun4
1919 jqakanu svorvmbve 27-uz munc6 fikrvmbveu
qve0w Vevqanu mv0 giymaeqiym h F5F5D5 Iyjveied
Wndfaniye ?ipiqw3 ieu masnakuzn he na6 A5M5N5-U
oargamaqie <afan Najalun4 Famagiymaeu fae-
zveuz mvkn he na6 Mv[ Vpv9nu gl7aqie oaras-
7anariynveun oariyfasvliy faezw4 Vq fvnz a8srvp
he3 ie na aoevz ue kiysakzakan k8an;u a9a0un
liye0 da9niyj8iynw3 veb mu ,ae; oargamaqienve
s7al hun famaeiym a8d ;apa;akaniyj8iynw3 oar-
ta9abanvliq3 jv Fa8kakan nieasrvp[ faneaov-
riyj8iynw kaeu; iynu jiye;8a8u555 baevkamiyj8a~n4
Faka9ak ae6vlafa8 baxmajuq oargamaqienveu
Kvnreinakan kimurvu andam3 mas kaxmvliq nea
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karapu wndumiyj8an3 iei,iym wndiynqvz fa8kakan
b9iynz;iq fa,qvfaedae rvsnvl fa8 axgun masna-
rip 6 a,7aefiq mvk ja.a9akan dae'nip jiye;
tuqapnveu fvr4 Vq faqanabae a8s /ipiqiym h ie3
iei,iym h ka8azqiym a8d gie[w ueakanaznip
oaras7anariy maemnu '6aqieman3 usk nea gl7a-
qie nve,ncipw3 [eageipn iy igun he <afan Naja-
lun3 ieun gie[akziym he Geugie Mve0aniqw4 F5F5D5
b8iyein32 masnaqieabae Sumin Qeaz8an3 (iybvn Rve
Munas8an 6 (iybvn Daebun8an32 iei,vl he ae-gvl;
lunvl Najaluu a8s fandiyngn ,ae/iymun3 ba8z
Najalun aedvn ka8azevl he ue qtu9w3 iew aqvlu
;an mvk 6 kvs muluin fa8 xifveu oafan0n he4
{a8eafvp gaprnu oa8mannveiym3 [eageqiym h
jiye; dafutnveu afabvkman gie[w 6 nqueqiym nea
ueakanazman na7aoareasrakan a,7aran;nveun4
Kaxmqiym h afabvkqip tuqapnveu _S6 Zank|2w3
,iye0 200 maedakvenveu3 iein; axar ,e0iym hun
Bvelunu3 F9imu3 Ba;qu3 Jbulusuu 6 a8l ;apa;nv-
eiym3 iei, maeduk niy8nusk ]grqiym hun rvpakan
isrukaniyj8an fskipiyj8iynuz4
<afan Najaluu famae3 gl7aqie juea7w
mv[agiy8n fa8akve Jaluaj .a,a kicqa[n he3 ieun
raoalvliy a9a;vliyj8iynw qsrafqvz Sipimin
Jvflve8anun3 ien 6 ueakanazevz a8n 162w maeru
1921jqakanun3 Bveluniym4
Nea kaxmakveoiyj8amb ueakananiym he ue
qapvmu veaxan;w@
1921jqakanu Fiylusu 182un3 Oilusiym3 Musa;
Jiela;8anu gndakiq raoalqvz3 Adebv0anu na7;un
nve;un gie[veu na7aeae3 milv9and oanjiye;usr3
fa8kakan 0aedveu kaxmakveouc Bv8biyj 7an )u-
qan,uew4
1921 jqakanu Dvkrvmbveu 52un Geugie Mve0a-
niqu kaxmakveoiyj8amb3 Ae,aque <ueak8anu
gndakiq raoalqvz jiye;8a8u na7kun qaecaovr
Sa8ud Falum .a,an4
Mua8n anqanu fa8evnasve2qeu/a9iy Aeam
Vekan8anu gndaknveiq raoalqvl vn@ 1919 jqa-
kanun3 Jbulusuiym@ axveu Pasum Bvkiqw4 1920
jqakanun3 jbulusuiym@ axveunve Saea1iqn iy &an
&i8skun4
1922 jqakanu Aoeul 172un3 Bveluniym@ Bva-
fvrdun <a;ue bv8w3 fa8iz zvpasoaniyj8iynw [eag-
eip iy gie[adeip ujjufarakan _fariyk fan'na-
7iymb|2u gl7aqie oaras7anariy4
1922 jqakanun Bveluniym3 ujjufarakan fa8a-
kve oaeagliy7 )vmal Axumu4
1922 jqakanu Fiylus 252un Jbulusuiym3 &irie-
0iyezunve Srv.an {apuk8anu 6 Ovreis R5 Oipis-
8anu3 ]/andakiyj8amb aeza7zu Xaevf Mvlu; <af-
naxae8anu raoalqvz ujjufarakan v9aovriyj8an
andam 6 9axmakan na7aeae )amal .a,an4
1922 jqakanu jiye;vsraniym kaemue banaku mu
fa8 feamanaraeu 'v9;iq gndakafaeqvz v9aov-
riyj8an veeied andamw@ Hnqve .a,an3 iew Kvnrei-
nakan Asua8iym pvkaqaeiym he oasmacnveu
feiysaka8un oanjiye;usrakan ,ae/iymw4
<afan Najaluu pvkaqaea[ qeu/a9iy 7iymbw
oar/vz mu ;anu lervs iy daqatan fa8ve3 iein;3
marniyj8iynnve karaevliq jiye;akan u,7aniy-
j8iynnveu mir3 uevnz axgakuznveu soaniyj8an
oarta9 hun dae'vl4
-8-
-9-
F5F5D5 Buiyein dvm he a8s kaegu afa-bvkiym-
nveun3 ieiqfvr6 Fa8evnu;u qraeandu Buiyein3
faka7iefeda8un miliyz;iq lzqa[3 je;amvr ;apa-
;akaniyj8iyn he qaeiym3 ieun 6 7icndiriym he
afabvkiymnveu a8s ae,aqw4 Iy qve0aovs Buiyeiun
fa0ipqvz l9vznvliy fa8u .am.iy,ru oa8j8iynu
'a8nw4 Vq a8d niy8n Buiyein a8d 6 fvraga
/amanaknveiym3 veb ovr; he luniym ue ,ae;vew
jaemaznvliy3 che qaeaniym uevn qveagevliy
fa8kakan aedaeiyj8an Nvmvsusu@ <afan Najaluu
[eagea[ 6 ueakanazqa[ afabvkiymnvew4
Fa8asraniym 7iefeda8un kaedveu fasrariymuz
fvri3 Fa8asranu Faneaovriyj8an da,nakzakan
gie[ucnveuz ,arvew3 u,7aniyj8an qveageaqvliy
sueiy8n3 niy8nusk cqaeanvzun gie[akzvl axveu 6
jiye; fa8akve gie[ucnveu fvr4 Mu ;apa;a-
kaniyj8iyn3 iew anfaeue he <afan Najaluu
famixiymun3 jv _ jiye;uz a9aqvl j,namu ciynu
fa8w 6 fa8u qev/w aedae h iy Asrqa[a8un|4
Cna8a[ 7ie raeakae[iyj8iynnveu3 vekiy kipmveu
faea-bveiyj8iynnvew che fasvl 7xiymu4
* * *
1924 jqakan4 >aeuxu mv0 giymaeqiym h F5F5D5 ?
Wndfaniye ?ipiqw4 Ae6mrafa8iyj8an oa,rvlun@
<afan Najalun wnreqiym h niewnrue b8iyei8u
andam3 ieu kaxmiym hun <aqae, Musak8anw3 Sumin
Qeaz8anw3 (iybvn Rve2Munas8anw 6 Ae,ak
)amal8anw4 Niewnrue b8iyei8u andam <afan
Najalun uxiye he 0aniym .i7vl kiysakziyj8an
je;amvd qae;agu[w3 wndumiyj8iynw v9aku he4
 A8s vekiy iyppiyj8iynnveu qve0nakan ba7iymw
an7iysa.vlu h da9niym4
1925 jqakanun3 mu 7iymb fa8evnasve
da,nakza-kannve dumiym vn B8iyei8un3 ieovsxu
qve0uns kaove fasraru 7iefeda8un
u,7aniyj8iynnveu fvr3 .ie-'vliy grnvl iy punve@
Fa8evnu;un ]grakae lunvliy famae4
Pvkaqaeiyj8iynw 'g'giym h a9a0aeku ;nnaekiymn
iy oaras7anw4
1926 dvkrvmbve 292un F5F5D5 B8iyein3 cie jve
6 mvk dvm $Najalu% ;qviq iei,iym h muanal
Oeimvjvu Iy7run3 ieiq jiye;w tanacqiym he
Kiqkasu /ipiqednveu oa,roan555
19282uz sksa[ nvekiysakzakan oa8;aew an7i-
ysa.vlu h da9niym4 >aeuxiym liy8s rvsnip _Axara-
maer|2w3 7mbageiyj8amb Fa8k Gndiyniy 6 <afan
Najaluu3 axnuq da,nakzakannveu oi9jkiymu
aerafa8rucn h da9niym fandvo pvkaqaeiyj8an
fakaxga8un qae;ag[u dvm4 Afa jv uncovs h bni-
ei,iym _Axara-maer|2u ,ae/iymw <afan Najalun5
_555Vevqanu mv0 19192un Da,nakziyj8an 92ed Wnd-
faniye ?ipiqu wnjaz;un muamur3 Ma;iye figu-
nveiym ,ar rataenve ouru ;andqvun 6 ae'annve
.,eqvun4
555 _Axaramaer|28annveu ac;u a9a0 ic mua8n
Fa8 Fvpa.i7akan Da,nakziyj8iynw afaqieievn
kveoaeana.i7qiym he3 a8l a8n da9niym he daq Fa8
Fvpa.i7iyj8an dvm4 Ic mua8n da,nakziyj8iynw3 ue
pvkaqaeiyj8amb fandve'3 iyeazvl he ue usk kiciy-
mw@ da,nakziyj8iyn3 a8l ue /a9angarueakan aqa-
raovriyj8an kiour aerafa8riyj8amb3 ueaqiyn;
he famaeiym ue daeaqie j,namu jiye;u fvr
da,nakzvl3 daqvliy famae Fa8 Fvpa.i7iyj8an|2w4
Vq an7iysa.vlu wndfaeiymw ka8azaq3 1929
jqa-
-10-
-11-
kanun $ 27 maer2 2 ma8us%3 >aeuxiym ka8analu;
?A Wndfaniye ?ipiqu na7]e8akun3 B8iyein sksvz
_ma;-eagie[iymu ae,aq|2w4
Kan7vliy famae _Axaramaer|28annveu faqana-
kan fapjanakw3 B8iyein3 a9a0unw kiysakziyj8an
,ae;veuz fv9azevz <afan Najaluun3 ue@ Najaluu
bniei,mamb5 _<afaniq qvesksqvz a8n3 unc-ie sksqvl
he Andeanukiq4 Vq niy8n B8iyei8u iei,mamb fa0ie-
dabae kiysakziyj8iynuz fv9azqiym vn Fa8k Gndiy-
nun3 Fa8asranu Faneaovriyj8an banaku soa
Bage6and8anw ue 7mbiq3 Glwt8anw 6 Baejuk8anw
uevnz fama7ifnveiq3 xieaqae Smbarw3 !veaf8anw
ue 7mbiq3 aoaga _Maerkiz|-akannve Mkeruc
Veuz8anw3 L6in Mix8anw3 Qaxgvn <iy,an8anw3
Mvseio Giy8iymt8anw3 L6in Gvqin8anw 6 ,ar iy ,ar
iyeu,nve4 B8iyei8u a8s san'ae'akiyj8an dvm ieovs
bipi;3 F5F5D5 1eans8a8u Kvnreinakan Kimurvu mu
,ae; andamnve fv9aniym vn kiysakziyj8iynuz4
_Axaramaer|2w na7aovs dadaea[ lunvliq3
1eans8a8iym _fv9azqa[| da,nakzakannvew 1932
2un3 >aeuxu mv0 fumnadeiym vn _Maerkiz| v9]e8a
jv-ejw3 7mbageiyj8amb Mvseio Giy8iymt8anu 6
Mkeruc Veuz8anu4 Faka9ak raea[qa[ kae[u;u
<afan Najalun masnakuz cu vpvl 6 ic hl pvkaqaevl
h _Maer-kiz|2akan ,ae/iymw3 ieiqfvr6 a8d
,e0anun qvea-dae'vl he Amveuka4 <ae/man masun
rvpvkanaliq <afanw ip0iyniym h a8s
qveaka9iyzipakan ,ae-/iymw4 _Maerkiz| 2u
h0veiym sksiym h fearaeakqvl nea _I+q Xiq
Kaera;sv|3 _Ums IY :iygd|3 _Fa8fi-8vzv;3 Ba8z
Mruk Wev;| Iy _An.ie' Vm| kiysak-zakan k8an;u
qveliy[akan fidqa[nvew4
Xieaqaenve Deasramar Kana8anw 6 Gaevgun
-12-
N/dvfw kiysakziyj8an oa9akriymw kasvznvliy
noarakiq a8zvliym vn >aeux3 saka8n aoaed8iyn4
Fvrxfvrv raea[qip ,ae/manw dumadevliy anka-
eipiyj8iynw xgaliq3 B8iyein >aeuxuz rvpa.i7qiym
h Kafuev4
Saka8n _Maerkiz|2akan ,ae/iymw niy8novs
cu faearviym3 bazafa8rqiym h 7mbaguenveuz
Mvseio Giy8iymt8anu 7iefeda8un gaprnu soasae-
kiyj8an fvr gie[akzvlw4 Xieaqae Smbarw 6 <afan
Najalun Amveuka8uz galus vn >aeux ,ae/man
7ierakiymw kan7vliy 6 Faqaraeum da,nak-
zakannve mnaza[ _ Maerkiz|2akannvew 1934 2un
fumniym vn _Ae6mrafa8 Axarageakan Iy7r|2w
>aeuxu mv0 mua/amanak liyswn[a8vliq _Ameiz|
,abajajvej4 _Iy7r|2u andamnvew an7na8]evn
fala[an;u vn vnjaekqiym b8iyei8akannveu 6 ]rae
vekenveu gaprnu soasaekiyj8an kipmuz4 Najalun
sruoqa[ _Ameiz|2w rvpa.i7iym h Ajvn; 6 1936 2
1937 jqakannveun a8n fearaeakqiym h Ajvn;iym4
Vq iye hl ie gnazun3 mu6niy8nn he chun axarqiym
B8iyei8akan fala[an;nveuz4
Fama,7aefa8un B5 oarveaxmu na7]e8akun3
Najalun qveada9niym h Amveuka iy da9naza[ fa8
;apa;akan k8an;uz@ anzniym h fasaeakakan
a,7aran;u Fa8kakan Baevgie[akan Wndfaniye
muiyj8an ,e0anaknveiym4 194321953 rasnam8a
/amanaka,e0aniym qaeiym h F5B5W5M52u N8iy Ung-
landu <e0ana8un Fan'na/ipiqu ;aeriypa-
eiyj8iynw4
<afan Najaluu a9a0un a8zvliyj8iynw Ma8e
Fa8asran rvpu h iynvniym Fa8evnu;u 7iefeda8-
naziymuz ,iye0 ;a9asiyn raeu anz 6 a8n hl 'a8nu
-13-
biy/man noarakiq3 iew 7amevl he sksvl4 Ansafman
he nea figvkan baqakaniyj8iynw3 rvsnvliq Fa8ev-
nu;u baegaqatiymw4 Farkan,akan h nea fandu-
oiymw {apka'ieiym tambae dea[ fa8evnu doeiza-
kannveu fvr fvr3 ieinz ac;veiym rvsniym he fa8iy-
j8an nie ae6a[agw4
Qajsiynakan jqakannveuz u qve Najalun
aoeiym he gevjv mvkiysaza[ k8an;iq3 na7nrevliq
l9vl3 ;an 7isvl kam ve6al fasaeakiyj8an mv04
Mvkiysanaliq fasaeakiyj8iynuuz3 mnaliq un;n ue
fvr na srvp[vz geakan faeiysr /a9angiyj8iyn3
fpkqa[ Bvebve8an qae/aeanu kamaenveu rak4
Srvp[vl h ;vejqa[nve3 oarmqa[;nve3 jarveakan
gie[ve3 uncovs na6 axga8un2;apa;akan qveliy-
[akan ge;ve iy feaoaeaka7isakan h0ve4 }gra-
gie[vl h Nvmvsus 6 <afan gecaniynnvew $ Nvmvsus
fun fiynakan duzabaniyj8an mv0 _Aedae Baekiy-
j8iyn| 7iefedan,ip asrqa[iyfun he%4 An'nakan
k8an;u mv0 ]gragie[vl h 6s mu kvp[aniyn@ Tin
Mafu3 iew jaegmanabae n,anakiym h _Mafqan
Igu|4
Baxmaxan vn iy baxmabniy8j <afan Najaluu
fearaeakqa[ geakan vekvew zankw4
_}evn;u VQ Wnkveiyj8an Xifvevn|3 ro5 _Fa8-
evnu;|3 Bisrin3 19093 63 h0 $oarmqa[;nve%
_Amove|3 ro5 _Fa8evnu;|3 Bisrin3 1909 $;vej-
qa[nve%4
_:aqiyj8an Vegve|3ro5 _Fa8evnu;|3 Bisrin3 19113
31 h0 $;vejqa[nve%4
_Sveu Vq Arvliyj8an Vegve|3 ro5 _Fa8evnu;|3
Bisrin3 19153 165 h0 $;vejqa[nve%4
_Qev/u Aqvraean|3 ro5 _Aemvn8a|3 N8iy *ie;3
19183 39 h0 $;vejqa[nve%4
 -14-
_Aslan Bvk|3 ro5 _Fa8evnu;|3 Bisrin3 19183 62
h0 $ipbvegiyj8iyn vev; aeaeiq%4
_:vxu|3 Bisrin3 19203 116 h0 $;vejqa[nve%4
Axga8un2;apa;akan feaoaeaka7isakan a,7a-
riyj8iynnveuz a9an'naovs kae6ie vn5
_Jiye;uxmw Ankaea8vn Ba;iy Vq Jiye;akan
]euvnjasuin|3 ro5 _Nie }e|3 Ajvn;3 19283 172 h04
_Jiye;vew Vq Mvn;|3 ro5 _Nie }e|3 Ajvn;3
19283 70 h04
_Alv;sandeaoilu Da,nagevn 1930 Kiqkas8an
Aosrambiyj8iynnvew|3 A5 6 B5 farienve3 ro5
_Aeao8an|3 1934219353 Maesvl4
_Vevqanu Fama'a8naguew555|3 Bisrin3 19413
112 h04
_Gue; Mariyzman Vq Fariyzman|3 biqan-
dakiyj8iyn@
A5 _A8sovs Soannvzun;|3 oarkveaxaed3
B5 _Faqvlqa[|3 oarkveaxaed5 A5 roag5 19493 160
h04 B5 roageiyj8iyn 19543 Bv8eiyj3 ro5 _}nuoae|3
134 h04 G5 roageiyj8iyn _Axdaeae|3 1954 3
Bv8eiyj3 164 h04
Qve0un gye;w fiy,ve h oaeiynakiym Aeam
Vekan8anu k8an;uz3 iein; a9an'un farieiq
fearaeakqvl h _A8sovs Soannvzun;| 7ieageu rak4
_Qvesrun Faqvlqa[|2 Alv;sandeaoilu da,nageu
_U+ncovs|2n Iy _Unciy+|2n3 ro5 _Oa8;ae|3 Bisrin
19553 144 h04
<afan Najalun iynu geakan 6 axga8un-;a-
pa;akan anruo vekve iy mrieiymnve3 ieinzuz
kae6ie n,anakiyj8iyn iynu _Jalhaju Darasranw
-15-
Bvelunu Mv0| iy ue _Fiy,ve|2w4
Nea bilie fearaeakiyj8iynnvew qapiyz vn soa-
qvl 6 faxqag8iyr dae'vl4 ?amanaku gie[inw 6
.i;e roa;anakw3 uskakan fa8evnasvenveu fvra-
;e;eiyj8iynw3 6 B8iyei8akannveu ;luku fala[an;w
uevnz aqvew gie[vzun iy a8d ge;vew dae'an angr-
nvlu masiyn;nve4
1973 -un3 Fveis Giyegvn *anuk8anu ae'aka[
.am.iy,rnveiq qvea[nqa[ fa8kakan nieagiy8n
xun8al axarageakan oa8;aew fiyxvz na6 902am8a
<afan Najaluu figun4 Na an'naxif *anuk8anu 6
nea iy7run faqaraeum fvr6ip veurasaednveu
mv0 ue gie[u ,aeiynakipnvew rvsaq5 Nvmvsusw
faeiyj8iyn he a9vl4 Nieagie[ <ae/iymu3 Fa8kakan
?ipiqeda8un <ae/iymu qvwn'iypqvliy a9juq na ue
gifiynakiyj8iynn iy foaeriyj8iynn h fa8rniym nea
bilie andamnveun 6 an'amb Giyegvn *anuk8anun4
99 raeu aoevz <afan Najalun3 Fa8iyj8an
Nvmvsusw faqurvnaovs ac;vew .akvz 18 Aoeul
19832u a9aqir8an3 jipnvliq ,arveu famae a9as-
ovl dae'a[ qka8iyj8iynnve ue 6 uevniq aoea[
/amanaku masun4 Vq a8s]e3 veb takarageu bveiy-
miq Fa8 ?ipiqedu dl7un orrqiym vn kekniyj8iyn
dae'a[ niyn ;apa;akan qveiyqaeiymnvew3 aqvlu
;an fearao h 6^ s.8iy9;afa8 6^ fa8evnakan oar-
mageiyj8an _sourak h0ve|-w lznvl <afan Najaluu@
Mv[ Fa8u k8an;u iy gi8iyj8an ae/vqieiymiq4 F5F5
Da,nakziy8an pvkaqaeiyj8iynw3 vjv ankvp[ h ue
nie mirvziymnveiym3 faek h3 ie qveae/vqieu nea
k8an;n iy gie[iynviyj8iynw3 iew vpvl iy mniym h
famaxga8un fa8evna-sueiyj8an .a9aqie ]eunak4
Na0jaluu fu,araku faegiymw ouru lunu fveisu
-16-
at8iynnveu .i7adeiymw Fa8evnu; 6 uncovs Fa8as-
raniym a8novs hl s.8iy9;u ip0 raea[;nveiym fea-
raeakvl nea vekveu luakarae /ipiqa[iyn3 ieovsxu
nveka sveiyndw rvsnu 6 xga mvk dae8a mve ;apa-
;akan s7alnveu oarmiyj8iynw 6 kaeipana kipmni-
ei,qvl ;apa;akan andasrannveiym4
-17-

BA:IY
JIYE:UXMW ANKAEAEA*UZ
 VQ JIYE:AKAN
KIPMNIEI<IYMN
$:NNADARAKAN
FA* :APA:AKAN MR:U%
A5 Fearaeakiyj8iyn3 19283 ro5 _NIE }E|3 Ajvn;4
B5 Fearaeakiyj8iyn3 19913 Vevqan4
G5 Fearaeakiyj8iyn3 20003 Lis An0vlvs4
VEKIY &IS:
Ran0aluz oaerakaniyj8iyn karaevliy gu-
rakziyj8amb h3 ie a8s fariew fan'nqiym h fa8iy-
j8an darun4
Uncovs a9a0un3 a8novs hl nean fa0iedip bilie
fearaeakiymnvew mniym vn kaeu anfea/v,riyj8iyn
bilie /amanaknveu famae4
Ankaea8uz munc6 Ba;iy jiye;uxmu ueaka-
niyj8iynw ae8iynaluz iy baz ziyzadevlw3 a8d
tanaoaefun anjuq kirieqa[nveun 6 kirie-
qipnveun reqa[ oaer;u xgaziym h4
Jiye; ;apa;akan gie[ucnveu 6 jiye; /ipiqedu
annafan0 ;a8lven iy oaex rvsanvlu iypvg[w fa8
/apiqedu ]eiean;un xiygafv9 ziyzadevl3 oaer; h
reqa[@ dv9 aoevl iy fa,qvfaedae rvsnvl iy7ra[
mnaziednveun4
I^q kfiysal;qu munc6 mafaziym3 mvx cu fv-
ra;e;eiym4
I^q knkeku mafa,iync qrangu faeqa[nveuz3 na
ouru kaeipana anvl ue vxeakaziyj8iynw 6 deanuz
fvri mua8n3 k9uqw ie;an anfaqasae3 ba8z
fapjanakw niy8n;an faqanakan kda9na4
Baqakan h mua8n3 ie iypvpw cdaqu 'v9;un iy
'v9;w iypvpun cl;u3 usk da klunu mua8n a8n dvo-
-19-
dvo;iym3 veb iypvpw klunu faeaxar iy an7aeda7@
'v9;un4
AQVRUS AFAEIN*ANU OARAS&ANW XAEVQANDUN
Xaevqand52 Oanjiye;uxmw ueakan mu qran+ng h3
jv+ znie;4
Afaein8an52 Bilie oan2uxmnvew3 wsr us3 kaeta-
rvs3 anfangusr zvpveu /amanz vn iy aqvlun cae-
/vn3 ;an maniyknveu 'v9;iq aqaxu qea kvera[
oaervxnve iy rnve4 Je;akan oanjiye;uxmw fig-
na[ zvpu [ama[9iyj8iyn h@ jiye; veurasae-
diyj8anw xqaetaznvliy4
Xaevqand52 Qveu kae[u;w /7riy+m h aedui;
Jiye;ua8u kipmuz a8siyfvr6 ievh qran; Fa8as-
ranun iy Fa8 ?ipiqedun4
Afaein8an52 A8s kaegu faezveun feaoaeaka8u
oaras7an raliy siqieiyj8iyn ciynvm4
Xaevqand52 Kaei+p vn; fa,rqvl jiye;u fvr4
Afaein8an52 Na8vliq@ jv i+q 6 v+eb h bveiym a8s
a9a0aekw4 A9a8/m a8s faezw jan'e '8iynu rak
[a[kqa[ faruk h4
A5AFAEIN*AN
 $_*a9a0%|3 8 Aoeul 1927%
SUMIN QEAZ*AN
_Fa8iz axga8un ;apa;akaniyj8an| masun
7isvliq3 6 ,v,rvliq fa82jiye; fa,riyj8iynw3 geiym
h Qeaz8anw5
_Vs gurvm unc asvl h fa82jiye;akan faea-
bveiyj8iyn4 Vs gurvm3 jv ie;an 7ien h j,naman;n
iy arvliyj8iynw a8d vekiy /ipiqednveu mu064 Gurvm
niy8novs3 jv u+nc ksku[ ka amvn fa8 maediy seriym4
Ba8z fvnz gurvm3 ie fvnz mve ,afveu famae3 fvnz
fa8 /ipiqedu aoaga8u famae anfea/v,r h3 ie mu
ranvlu kvnzapa'6 srvp[qu Fa8asranu 6 Jiye-
;ua8u mu064 Vs famixqa[ vm3 ie a8d ]ew ouru ga4
Vq uskakan uearvs iy fv9arvs gie[ucnvew ovr; h
a,7arvn mirvznvl a8d ]ew4 :apa;akan gie[uc-nvew
ovr; h wndiynak lunvn fapjvl xgazmiyn;nveun iy
na7aoa,aeiymnveun 6 ambi7a8un reamadeiyj-
8iynuz bae'e kangnvl|4
S5 QEAZ*N
$_Amveukafa8 Faneagurak Raevgue;|3 1925%
(IYBVN DAEBUN*AN
_Raeeakan ip0amriyj8iynw mvx fiy,iym h3 ie vjv
fa8 /ipiqiyedw iyxiym h aoevl Kiqkasu mv0 aoafiq
iy axar3 oaeraqie h fa,rqvl jiye;ua8u fvr ie6h
kveoiq@ qap jv iy,5 aqvlu laq h qap3 ;an iy,4
-
20-
Iyxvn; jv ciyxvn;3 mvn; ovr; h mu ]e amvna8n
le0iyj8amb 6 ankvp[iyj8amb .nrevn; Jiy;ua8u
fvr fa,riyj8an tam.an3 iew an7iysa.vlu]evn
ouru da9na na6 famagie[akziyj8an tam.a4
-21-
Gurvn;3 ie ansafman qev/u xgaziymnve vn
lv9naza[ mve serveiym3 6 iein; an,iy,r ouru
7angaevn mvx@ a8/m a9aeka8akan fsrakiyj8amb
rvsnvliy ueveu mvek oarkvew 6 wndgekvliy neanzuz
da/an anfea/v,riyj8iynnvew4
Gurvn;3 jv mvxanuz anka7 oarta9nveiq3
mv[agiy8n aegvl;nve vn [a9aza[ mve dvm mvx
famae .ekaeae muak tam.u qea3 iew kaeip h
ranvl fa8 /ipiqedun r6akan fa,riyj8an ue
daeaqie j,namiy fvr4 Gurvn;3 jv ie;an mv[ kieiq3
fambveiyj8iyn3 vekajv kam;3 7uxa7 qt9aka-
niyj8iyn3 faear6 na7aoareasrakan a,7aran;3
anqfar rikiyniyj8iyn 6 /amanak h ovr; faejvliy
famae a8d tam.an4 Vq saka8n oaeraqie vn; icunc
c7na8vl a8d noaraku famae|4
(5DAEBUN*AN
$:apa;akan Mr;u Dvgveiymnve%3
_Fa8evnu;| amsague3 Fik5 1923%
(IYBVN DAEBUN*AN
_A8s]e ueakaniyj8iynw a8n h3 ie daraek 7is;3
anbiqandak aekp h ;vmalakan Jiye;ua3 fama-
jiyeanakan fa8evnu; gapa.aew3 iew faqanabae
ouru [a9a8u ube6 dagap jv^ ;vmalaka 6 jv^
jiyeanakaniyj8an4 Fvr6abae3 :vmalu ;a8lvew
znie; iy banasrvp[iyj8iyn h|4
(5DAEBUN*AN
-22-
QAEDGVS NAQASAED*AN
_Fun Jiye;uan3 7alu1a8iyj8an iy siylja-
niyj8an dasakan ]eeanw3 vevk cmb9nvz a8n t,mae-
riyj8iynnvew3 iein; ae'anageqa[ vn a8s a,7ariy-
j8an mv04 $(iybvn _Fa82Jiye;akan kntu9w|%
Jve6s wmb9nu a8s]e4
Vjv a8dovs lunu3 aoa a8/mqanuz kaevlu h asvl3
ie mu nie liysaqie h0 ouru bazqu wndfaneaovs
Ae6vl;u 6 farkaovs Jiye;ua8u 6 Fa8asranu
famae4
A8s a,7ariyj8iynn $_Fa8 Jiye;akan Kntu9w|%
a8d liy[man iypun h g[iym 6 a8d jip na lunu
'ujvniy mu famvsr t8iyp a8d tanaoaefun wnka[|4
Q5 NAQASAED*AN
$A9a0aban _Fa82Jiye;akan| kntu9|2un%
A8n vekeamasvew3 xunadadaeiq iei,qa[
safmanag[uz nves kgrnqvn nean; jv diyes3 iein;
mv[amasniyj8amb je;akan2mafmvdakan
bnakciyj8iyn iynvn3 6 iein; keinakan3 zvpa8un 6
bap'an;nveu rvsakvriq mvk am.i. mv[a-
masniyj8iyn vn kaxmiym3 covr; h ueaeuz an0ar
mnan|4
$_Axga8un Iy7r|3 fidqa[ A5%
$_Fa8evnu;| amsague3 Aoeul 1928%
-23-
ALU FA*DAE HMUN
_Axgveu k8an;iym ankaevlu ban cka4 Iei,
skxbiyn;u 6 noaraku rve mraqieakannveu kipmuz
mpqa[ 6 a9a0niedqa[ axgve3 /amanaku fvr amvn
banu kfa0ipvn555
Vjv ovr; lunu3 fangeqannvew ube6 noarak
ziy8z raliq3 qve0nakan noarakw oafqiym h ieovs
gapnu;4 Miysa1ajw jiye;2;apa;akan kiysak-
ziyj8iyn h3 kaeip h oarafvl3 ie ue biyn noarakw3
[a[kvliq ue a9a0un fangeqanw3 ube6 noarak
nveka8aznu4 Ue t,maeur [eageu mua8n a8s a9a0un
fangeqanun oarkanip masw 7mbageu 6 ue
;apa;akan noaraknvew nea fama'a8n iei,u4
555Iyevmn3 Qveun Adebv0anw na7 ue anka7iyj8iynw
ouru aoafiqu 6 fvri mua8n jiye;ua8u fvr
da,nakzu4 555A8s oaeaga8iym3 nea 0an;vew famaoa-
ras7an vn mve mveunun555|
ALU FA*DAE HMUN
$1923 Svorvmbve%
 (ASIYL XADV
_Jiye; a,7aefw a8d ve0anuk udvalun
$jiye;2jajae muiyj8an% fasnvliy famae ovr; h
anznu fangeqannveuz mvkun 2 ien h kiqkqa8an
axgveu muanalw 9iysakan rueaovriyj8an dvm|4
*IYSIY! A:CIYEA
_Ovr; h icncaznvl Fa8asranw3 ie da,nakuznvew
iyxiym vn ube6 jiymb kangnvznve vekiy vpba8e
farqa[nveu3 Anarilua8u 6 Kiqkqs8an jiye;veu
mu06|4
A:CIYEA
$Oilusu famalsaeanakan faqa;u
wnjaz;un3 1920 Fiynqae 29%
-25-
JIYE:UXMU SAFMANW
Jiye;uxm vn; kiciym a8n afaqie qrangw3 ie
ki7ketvliq mve maemunw@ a8n amvn kipmuz3 _maf
Fa8iyj8an 6 Fa8asranu| lixiymgw dea[ soandu
ga8lanu, dei,u qea3 amvn ]e soa9niym h qve0aznvl
fa8iyj8an dv9 ip0 mnaza[ bvkiew@ kskqa[ ve6anu
,iye0w4
Mvn; a8d qrangw rvsniym vn;3 a8n;an mir h a8n3
iy /amveu raebveiyj8iyn h mua8n neanz mve kip;un
fa8rnqvlw4
Mvx famae kaemue Sralunu iy kaemue :vmalu
baevkamakan laea7apaziyj8iynnven hl baqaeae
vea,7u;nve cvn fa8 /ipiqedu mnaziedw a8d
qrangun dvm aoafiqvliy rvsakvruz5 wndiynvliq
asrutanaqieiymnveun3 qve0aovs munc6 Kaxan iy
Kieva raea[iyj8an ,iye0w vpa[ 7is;veun iy
(ASIYL XADV
$1923 Svorvmbve%
-24-
mvkrvp3 ie Bevsr Luriqs;uuz $ 3 Maer 1918 %
munc6 a8s]e319283 a8d qt9akan iy aemarakan
faeqa[w iy,a-naliy mv03 kaemue Miskqa8u
nveka8iyj8iynw Ve6anu mv0 iynu ue mv[ dvew4
Mvx cu m7ujaeiym a8d iei,iymw3 ie figvqae;u
ragnaonveiq h [aneabv9nqa[4 Ieiqfvr6 mvk ban
gurvn; anqutvlu3 a8n3 ie cu .i7qvl mvk ba9 angam
(iysasranu _Fa8as-ranw a9anz fa8u|
n,ana7is;uz3 6 amvn ]e aqvlu2;an vebv;3 mve
ac;veu a906 7ieaniym iy ;aeaniym h _Ovr; h
icncaznvl Fa8asrann iy fa8iyj8iynw3 ie kangna[ h
Ankaea8u 6 Ba;qu mu06| je;akan n,ana7isw4
Afa jv unciy^ famae mvn; ovr; h svpmqvn; mve
oar8anu mv0@ mvx anmu0akan maf soa9nazip
raea[iyj8an 2 Ankaea8u 6 Ba;qu tam.u qea
iy ouru 0an; c7na8vn; 7icndirvliy@ famajiy-
eanakaniyj8an [agiymun3 nea rvsabaniyj8an3
-26-
gie[veun3 munc6 angam oaeskakan Areoarakanu
masun3 ie je;alvxiy bnakciyj8an iy daqveu
ie0veuz mvkn h iy safmanakuz d/ba7r Aeaearun4
U+nc vn; faskaniym mvn; jiye;uxm asvliq4
Jiye;uxmw3 mvx famae3 n,anakiym h Ana-
rilua8u muaziymw Adebv0anun fvr@ Fa8as-ranu
duaku qea8iq4
A8sovs vn faskaniym na6 je;a7is Ankaea8u 6
Ba;qu mv04
A8s faskaziyj8iynw ic mua8n fasiynazvl he iy
xaegazvl iei,aku mraqaieakaniyj8an iypvpnveiym
munc6 19082u safmanadeiyj8iynw3 a8l6 neanz
jukiyn;iym kangna[ iy/vp baxiyknveu3 a8laovs 2-3
raeqa wnjaz;iym Jiye;ua8u amvnuz iy/vp 6
fam]smanzu Ujjufaru kvnreinw che kaeip geaqqvl
mua8n jiye;cunveu kipmuz4
Rvpun h fu,vl3 jv Bapcu Saea8u $Peum% mv0
1879-un3 Usmaul Gasounskiy _Jve0uman| jve-juz
munc6 1912-un fumnadeqa[ a9a0un _Jiye;
}0a7w|2u karaea[ a,7aran;nvew xiye cu anzvl
zvpa8un 6 axga8un kvrveiq3 a8d mua8n nea famae h3
ie xgasriyj8an feaquevn; bilie neanz3 ie
wndiynvliq mvk rvp jv 400 figuaniz a,ueajuz
jiye;w kaeipazaq kaxmvl ka8seiyj8iyn3 usk mve
un;na7ab 0ara-giqnvew .ie'iym vn $_Bi,a8uz
.a,a diyes cu
ga3 ga8luz ic7ae diyes cu ga|327mb5% 7is;veu rak3
fangvl ;vmaluxmu3 a8sun;n@ jiye;uxmu _laea7a-
paziyj8an znie;%2un4
Iyxiym vn; asvl3 ie c7abvn; mvn; mvks2 mvkiy 6
c7abvn; iyeu,nveun3 baz ac;iq rvsnvn;3 jv Usma8ul
-27-
Gas.unskun 6 nea 0aragiqnvew /amanakuzw lu-
nvliy mve Qae/aovr8annveun 6 &eum8annveun3
Wndiynvn;3 iyevmn ie jiye; axga8un gapa.aew
nievliyk mu8 mida ch5 na krevl 6anzvl h 50
xiygnjazabae hun ;a8lvzniym jiye;cuiyj8an
n,ana7isw fa8 axarageakan n,ana7isnveun4
Vq veb mvn;3 fa8ves3 manaqand _jiye;uz maed
diyes cu ga| ;aeixipnvew3 ie a8;an gvpvzuk kveoiq
ta9 vn asiym fa8 axarageakan iy fvpa.i7akan
tugveu 6 mve /ipiqedu mv0 neanz karaea[
dasruaeakcakan iy axga8un un;nagurakziyj8an
xaegaziymu dveu masun3 cmi9anan 6 ca9famaevn
Gas.unskunveu 6 nea fae8iyeaqie fa0iednveu
;aeixnveu 6 die[vliy dvevew4 Manaqand3 veb
wndiyniym vn;3 jv 400 figuaniz a,uevjw3 daeveu
wnjaz;iym3 ae8iynu 7a9niyednveiq3 a8s]eqa
jiye;un antanacvlu h dae've ue ae8iynun usk4
Usk Gasounskunven 6 ue fa0iednvew Adebv0anu
6 Anarilua8u jiye;veu mv0 uevnz 7is;n iy gie[w
raea[vliy a8nousu fnaeaqieiyj8iynnve iynvun3 ie
fa8 iypvpu ve6aka8iyj8an safmannveu mv0 usk
ckae4
Vjv aqvlu ip0a7if lunvn; iy nkaru iynvnan;
a8s biliew3 30 raeu munc6 je;akan safma-
nadeiyj8iynw3 50 raeu munc6 mve ]evew3
kfamixqvn; jv3 ie;an anueakan hun mve
_jiye;uz .a,a cu [nqu|3 _jiye;uz maed cu lunu|
al6s fnaza[ lixiyngnvew4 Vq vjv fa8 ;apa;akan
mr;u pvkaqaenvew a8n;an jvj6aku]evn qtu9nve
cae'akvun jiye;u axga8un xaejin;u3 nea
xaegaziymu 6 '6aqieiymu fan-dvo aoa jiye;
axgw mve duaknveu qea8iq che kveru ue ae8iynir
fa8evnu;w4
D/ba7rabae .asrven a8l ban cvn asiym4
-
28-
raeunveu tam.a 6 a8s]e hl fasiyniyj8an raeu;u
mv0 h4 A8n I^c jv mu ;anu iypvpnveu _znie;| h3 a8l
mu ;anu sveiyndu k8an;5 afa jv unciy^ famae
Miysja1a :vmal a8s]e oae-xaovs mu aniyn ch
mua8n3 a8l6 faqa;akaniyj8iyn h a8n3 40 - 20
raevkan mu veurasaed axg4 A8n akadvmuakan
maxan; ch3 a8l ;6qa[ iy k,9qa[ ;a8lveiq ;a8lip
gie[4
A8s biliew wndiynvl3 cu n,anakiym /7rvl a8n
sa8jakiymnvew3 iein; an7iysa.vlu vn ;apa;akan
k8an;u dvebiyk tam.anveu qea ;a8lip amvn an'u
famae3 a8l ouru a9a0niedu mvx mve dariymnveu
mv0 lunvl3 aqvlu liye0 6 manaqand mve mafaziy
j,namiyn gnafarvl ue uskakan ae/v;iq3 mu ban3
ie oakasiym h fa8un3 6 .i;e cvn neanuz mvx fasa[
apvrnvew4
Anznvn;4
Jiye;uxmu axga8un a8s iy7rn h3 ie a8s]e aqvlu
;an vebv; ue qt9iei, kvzqa[;iq kangnvl h fa8
/ipiqedu kip;un@ ae6vl;uz iy ae6miyr;uz 6
oipoar8a baxiyknveiq gekvl h fa8 kmap;aza[
maemunw4
-29-
FA*ASRANU SAFMANNVEW
Qve0un ;sanam8aku jiye;uxmu gapa.a-
ea7isiyj8an 6 gie[veun wnjaz;un fvr6vliyz
a9a03 mu ;anu 7is;iq nveka8aznvn; a8n vekenvew
uevnz ae/v;iq2mu,r nkaru iynvnaliq mvx soa9-
nazip faeabveiyj8an rvsakvrw2ieovsxu fa8
/ipiqiyedw t,geur gapa.ae kaxmu a8n fev,u
masun3 ieun mnazvl mua8n mvk is8iyn iy svpmiym3 ie
Fa8u 6 Fa8asranu iskienvew .,eqvn qve0na-
kanaovs ue baxiyknveu mv0 iy ue keiynku rak4
Iy,adeiyj8amb fvr6vn; Fa8asranu 6 nean svp-
mip jiye;cu Anarilua8u 6 Adebv0anu ;aervxun4
Mve 7is;w nveka Fa8asranu masun h3 ie ue mv0
grnqip 8005000-u mir fa8iyj8iyniq nveka8azniym h
axga8nievn iy ;apa;akanievn ueakan ae/v;3
anka7 qaecakaeguz4
Fa8asran3 ie iynu 2550002u mir ;a95 qvesr
raea[iyj8iyn3 grnqiym h Kiqkasu mv03 fvr68al
safmannveiq3
Ae6miyr;uz@ Anariluu Jiye;uan@ 273 qvesr
safmaniq qvesr safmaniq3
Faeaq2ae6miyr;vn@ Na7u0vqan@ 200 qvesr
saf-maniq3
Ae6vl;vn@ Adebv0anu jiye;ua@ 320 qvesr
safmaniq4
Fa8asranu a8s .i;euk fipamasn h3 ie vev;
kipmuz ,e0aoarqa[ h jiye;uxmu fifpveiq@
Anariluan ue 8005000 ;a95 kulimvre raea[;-
-30-
nveiq3 usk Adebv0an mir 75 5 000 ;a95 qvesr
raea-[iyj8iyniq4
Vq niy8n fipu qea [qaeaea[ 8005000 fa8iyj8iynn
h3 ie ,e0aoarqa[ h Anarilua8u kipmuz 827
muluin5 Adebv0anuz@ 156005000 jajaenveiq 6
oaes5 Areoarakanu kipmuz 255005000
jajaenveiq$*%4 Bilien hl rigieqa[ $_lvxqu
muiyj8iyn3 fipu muiy-j8iyn|3 7mb5% je;akan
faqram;iq4
A8s ipbvegakan ;aervxw 6s mvk afaqie ban h
asiym3 a8n h3 jv a8s 12 muluinu fasnip jiye;cunvew
mua8n 40 qvesr 9mba'ug mu0iziq vn ba/anqa[
mum-8anzuz 6 karae8al muij8iyn kaxmvliy
bap'an;uz4 Vq a8n Xangvxiyen h3 ie 7angaeiym h
neanz qapvmu veaxan;w3 ba/anvliq Jiye;uan
Adebv0anuz4 Munc-dv9 je;aznvliq Na7u0vqanw ue
4608 ;a95 qvesr raea[;iq 6 1395684 jajaenveiq3
Adebv0anw aedvn muaza[ h oaes5 Areoarakanu
255005000 jajaea-kan zvpveun3 Makqu 6 Paeadapu
7aniyj8iynnveun4 Usk oaes5 Areoarakanw aedvn
safmanakuz h Anarilua8u 728 muluin jiye;veun4
_Usk Adebv0anw /amanakaqie h famaeiym Fa-
8asranu 6 Oaeskasranu safmannvew 6 faqariym h3
ie ,iyriq uevn ouru muana Xangvxiyeu gaqa-9w
$**%4
A8s;anuz fvri3 kiyxv+;3 ie 7isvn; na6 a8n
.asru masun3 ie bazu a8n3 ie ,e0aoarqa[ vn;
jiye; iy jajaeiq3 a8l6 Fa8asranu mvk a.aca.
Fipiym3 na6 mve ke[;u qea3 keiym vn; je;akan ba-
222222222222
$*% 1990 -un@ famaoaras7anabae@ 55 3 655 6 14 muluin4
$**% (iybvnu fidqa[w _<aeiye2Na7u0vqan|3
_Dei,ak|1925svo54
-31-
qakanaca. mu xangqa[3 iew oareasr h iy amvn
gniq oareasrqiym h Ba;qu deamiq3 Ankaea8u
xvn;iq iy soanveiq amvn qa8ek8an Bv8iy; Qvdunve
da9naliy$***%4
A8s oarkveu a9063 a8s]eqa ueaqutakiym3 i+q
h a8n fa8 6 manaqand a8n ;apa;akan gie[ucw3
famajiyeanakan [eageu masun 7isvlus3 a8n
kanqanu _Znie;|3 veb a8n ieovs ueakaniyj8iyn
7vpdiym h fa8un iy fa8asranun4
:aervxw a8n;an oveta7is h3 ie amvn fa8 kaeip
h anmu0aovs ca.vl 6 rvsnvl3 jv Fa8asran kicqa[
a8d svon h ie ba/aniym h a8s ae8iynkxak iy anna-
fan0ievn iy7ra[ jiye;cunveu vpba8eiyj8iynw4
Tanaoaef3 ieu vekaeiyj8iynw 175 qvesr h3 usk
krevl anznvlw /amveu 7ndue h mua8n4
Vq a8n aqvlu aoafiqabae3 aqvlu d8iyeun iy
ae8iynalu kkrevn nean;3 veb fa8 pvkaqaew
.i7anak amvn ]e3 amvn /am iy amvn eiov a8d
afaqieu masun 7isu3 baxiyknvew k9u 6 un;n
amvnuz a9a0 7eamara8un k9qu mv0 mrnu3
;vmalakan _Znie;|-nveu kam (iys2famajiyea-
nakan fakamaeriyj8iynnveu masun h 7isiym4
Afa jv unciy famae vn; mvn; a8d fv;uajnvew ic
mua8n daraoaervlu3 a8l na6 iteagie[iyj8iyn
famaeiym4
22222222222
$***% _Mve vekeuz qraeqa[ fska8akan jiye; axgabnak-
ciyj8iynw qveada9naliq kaoqvl h fipun4 Neanz juqw fasniym
h 80 faxaeu4 Axga8un .i;eamasniyj8iynnveuz a9an'naovs
jiye; axgabnakciyj8an fandvo mvn; masnaqie ;apa;a-
kaniyj8iyn vn; qaeiym5 aerin8al oa8mannve srvp[vliq jiye-
jiye;veu famae A8dovs vn; qaeqiym3 ieovsxu kaeipanan;
kaet /amanakamu0iziym anfvraznvn; a8n axga8un fakamae-
- 32-
 OARMAKAN XIYGAFV( AKNAEK
A9anz .ie'vliy diyes gal a8n qfiyka8un
,e0anakuz3 ieu mv0 wnka[ h Fa8asranw 6
fa8iyj8iynw a,7aefageakan due;u3 aera;un
daqveu 6 manaqand fa8 pvkaqaeiyj8an vevk@
baevmur3 a8s]e@ iteagie[ iy an,ae/ rguriyj8an
fvr6an;iq3 mu aknaek nvrvn; jiye;uxmu qea3
sksa[ a8n ]eveuz3 veb a8n a8n aedvn kveoaean;
a9a[3 ue mafaziy ,iyncn he orrazniym duaknveu 6
fipveu qea4
1895 2 1908 $Je;akan Safmanadeiyj8iyn%
_1895 -un ksksqu jajae geakaniyj8an nie
,e0anw3 ie [anij h _Urulu geakaniyj8iyn| aniyniq
6 iew uskakan [nipn h famajiyeanakaniyj8an|$*%4
A8s geakaniyj8iynn h ie [niym h famixqa[
jiyeanakannveu mu .apang 2 Xuafvrdun :vmal3
Nalum0an Iyeiy0iq3 :areu Ucu3 Miysabvkiq3 Afmvd
}emanvq3 <a;ue 6 Xa;ue Eamuiq3 *iysiy1 A;ciyea4
A8s 7iymbw ue geakaniyj8an 6 gie[iynhiyj8an
mv0 ie;an hl mve oa8manadea[ ,e0anakuz diyes
a,7aran;nve iynvna3 a8n mvx ouru xbapvznu
a8n;aniq3 ie;aniq ie nean; gie[vl vn Jiye;ua8u 6
Adebv0anu mv04
222222222222
riyj8iynw3 ie srvp[qa[ h mve vekeu fa83 jiye; 6 9iys
axgiyj8iynnveu mu064 Ie;an hl mve j,namunvew ,aeiynakvn
uevnz kek9izw3 mvn; ouru faear6vn; a8d ;apa;akaniyj8an
mv0| A5 Vexnk8an3 Fa8asranu Kvnreinakan Gie[adue Kimurvu
Famagiymae3 1928 juq4
$*% A8s gliy7w oareasrvliy /amanak ]gragie[qa[ n8iyjvew
;apqa[ vn@ Xaevqandu _Muaz8al Vq Anka7 Jiyeanua| ge;uz4
-33-
A8d ,e0aniym Jiye;ua8u gafu qea nsra[ he
Kaemue Siyljanw3 ie famauslamiyj8iynw iskvdaeun
he faszevl fa8kakan kiriea[nveiq4 Mua/amanak
che kaeip fandiye/vl iyeu, ie6h daqanan; 6 kang
che a9niym Svea8 Oeiynw lznvl jiye; iysanipnveiq3
ieinz dvm he famaeiym uevn4
Bnakan h3 ievmn3 ie ,ae/iymw '6aqieqve iy xae-
ganae Adebv0anu mv03 Famudu saesa.nveuz fv9iy4
Vq afa3 Salunazu Fiysvunxadv Alu3 Apa }pliy
Afmvd 6 Alu Mv8dan Ji.cuba,vq Ba;qu mv0 fum-
nadeiym vn mu kaxmakveoiyj8iyn3 ie al6s ube6
oafan0arve he nveka8aniym jajaeakan xaejnip
axga8un gapa.aeun4
A8s kaxmakveoiyj8an gapa.aeabaniyj8iynw3 u
[nv ue mv0 iynve fa8iyj8an mafw3 ieiqfvr6 a8n
lvxqakuz3 zvpakuz3 ae8iynakuz vpba8enveu muiyj-
8iynn iynve ube6 daqanan;4 Usk Fiysvunxadvn3 Apa-
vqw 6 Ji.cuba,vqw ,ar laq gurvun Adebv0anu3
Anarilua8u 6 Fa8asranu ;aervxw4 Mniym he3 ie
]even iy a9ujw nveka8anae maemun raliy famae
uevnz daqanan;un3 iew aerafa8rqvz fa82jaja-
eakan k9uqnveiq4 <iy,un3 Gan'akw3 Ju1lusw 6
Vevqanw dae'an 9axmada,r4 Ie;an hl kiqka-
safa8iyj8iynw3 ,niefuq fa8 fvpa.i7iyj8an veura-
saediyj8an ueakan dveun3 kaeipazaq fa8 /ipi-
qwedu rqa[ xifveu .i7aevn 7lvl jiye; duaknve3
ba8z a8d;aniq c.i7qvz ja.qa[ ae8iynu giy8nw3 ie
zil;n iynve 18952u famud8an kiriea[nveu 6
'griy-mw faeaxarievn ae'agan;vliy
je;afa8asranu na7tuenveun3 jvkiyx a8nrvp
gie[ip 'v9;w b9na[ lunv famusalamiyj8an dei,w4
Safmanu vekiy kipmn hl 'griymw fa8a0un0 he3 ube
ueae muanaliy ;apa;akan daqanan;3 lunve
keinakan3 jv zvpak-
-34-
zakan2axga8un a8d kaow4
Ji.cuba,vq3 Apavq 6 Fiysvunxadv kvnrein iynv-
naliq Ba;iyn3 bnakan he3 ie uevnz 7is;n iy gie[w
amvnuz a9a0 fasznvun Adebv0anu jajaenveun3
ien ue axga8un daqanan;u mkeriyj8iynw srazvl he
ae8iyniq4 A8novs ie neanz vebvmnu bazaka8iyj8iynw
jajaeakan raebve vekeamasveu mv03 masnakziy-
j8iynw /ipiqnveun 6 kingevsnveun3 ka8azea[ iei-
,iymnveun3 mu,r fum; iynvun desu a0akziyj8iynw
Adebv0anun4
Xaemanalu ch3 ievmn3 ie veb Ji.cuba,vqw3 Nu/nu
Niqgieidu mir3 Ma;aeua8u mv03 na7agafvliq G5
Mafmvdakan Fama9iysakan Kingevsiym3 ueaka-
nazniym h mu iei,iym5 _ Wndiynvl jiye;vevnw ube6
axga8un lvxiy 6 iedvgevl ]sman8an ka8seiyj8an
gie[adea[ kejakan famakaegw (iysasranu mv03
bilie _mafmvdakan fama8;nveu| famae|4 Vq na
amvnuz a9a0 a8d iei,iymw a,7ariym he ueaka-
naznvl Adebv0anu safmannveu mv04
A8s iei,iymu m,akiyja8un ;]pw a8n;an ja.anzuk
he3 ieu rak anmu0aovs ve6iym he lvx-qakziyj8an
kaou 6 kejiyj8an muarvsakiyj8an mu0iziq vekiy
vpba8e@ /ipiqednveu axga8un2;a-pa;akan
'griymnvew ameaznvliy noarakw4
Vq ieiqfvr6 Adebv0anw2baza9iyj8iyn famaev-
liq Oaeskakan Areoarakanw 2 a,7aefageakan
due;iq amvnamirukn he ovrakanievn jiye; Ana-
rilua8un3 bnakan he3 ie a8nrvp axga8un gapa.aew
aqvlu iy/vp ja.iq a9a0 ouru gnae bilie maexv-
eu mv0 6 adebv0anzu jajaenveu a7ie/aknvew
aqvlu seve fa8u ae8an mu0iq rvsnvliy fnaeaqi-
eiyj8iynw@ muanaliy uevnz mv[ vpbiew4
A8s kaevluiyj8iynven hun3 ie fnaeaqieiyj8iyn
-35-
wn'v9nvzun Anarilua8u jiye;veun 6 Adebv0anu
jajaenveun mum8anz aeag faskanaliy4
A8s /amanaka,e0aniym3 jiye;ua8iym3 ie;an hl
rueakan he famud8an famuslamiyj8iynw3 jiyeana-
kan gapa.aew a9anz a9a;8alu che4
Saluazu Fiysvunxadv Alu bv83 iew jiyeanux-
mu fumnaduenveuz he3 Oilus he mrvl 6 18892uz
mun-c6 1905-w3 aedvn rasnqvz raeu3 a,7ariym he
jiye;uxmu fum;vew ameaznvl famuslamiyj8an mv04
Na ue bae'e kejiyj8amb3 mra8un a9ar oa,aeiq 6
vqeioakan lvxiynveu rueaovrvliq geaqvl he
Xunqieakan B/,kakan Famalsaeanu dasa7isu 6
oei1vsieu oaras7anariy oa,rinnveun4
A8d ,e0aniym fa8 fvpa.i7iyj8an rvndir iy
alvki[ ,ae/iymnvew uevnz axdvziyj8iynw iynvzan
jiye; veurasaediyj8an $farkaovs iysanipiyj8an%
qea3 6 a8sousu galaeiyma8un /amanaknveiym
Fiysvunxadv Alu bv8u nveka8iyj8iynw muangama8n
faskanalu h da9niym4 Ieiqfvr6 na laq gurve3 jv
Adebv0anu jajaew ie;an hl aqvl qap he [ani-
jazvl ue axga8un 'griymnveun3 saka8n Anarilua8u
jiye;un he qutakqa[3 ube6 ovriyj8iyn3 iy/ iy ba-
nak iynvzip vekeu xaqak3 a9a0un iy gl7aqie dvew
sran'nve@ uegie[vliy ue ;apa;akan faqaram;w4
Famudu kipmuz fae8iyeaqie famalsaeanakan
iysanipnveu Saea8 Oeiynu [iqw ja.vlw oveta7is
aoaziy8zn h Fiysvunxadv8u a,7aran;u aed8iyna-
qvriyj8an4 Nea 0an;veiq srvp[qvz a8n oaeaer iy
fvekqa[ gvrunw3 ieu qea ouru atve jiye;cuiy-
j8an [a9w4
Mu6niy8n /amanak Fiysvunxadvn akanarvsn he
18952u fa8kakan kiriea[nveu3 iein; ankaska[
dasrueakcakan 7i,ie dve karaevzun nea 0aeda-
-36-
eaeiyj8an rapandw m,akvliy mv03 nsvmaznvliq an-
gam famud8an 0aedvew4
Oilusiym Fiysvunxadvn mirukuz [anijazaq 6
munc6 ipn iy [iy[w ja.anzvz na6 vqeioakan du-
qanaguriyj8an anbaei8iyj8an mv04 Nea ac;u a9-
06 he Oilsu salafaraknvew nvekqvl Bank }ri-
manu fa8 fvpa.i7akannveu ae8iyniq3 usk fa8kakan
nafangnvew@ fae8iye faxaeaqie duaknveiq3
19042un jearqvl Sasiynw4
A8s bilieu akanarvsn he jiye;cu rapandw3 iew
rvsvl he na6 ae/v;w aera;un mu0amriyj8iynnveu3
ieinzuz a8n;an qa7vniym he Siyljan Famudw3 ba8z
vr hl che kangniym 0aedaeaeiyj8iynuz@ }sman8an
wndae'ak ka8seiyj8an raea[;nveuz@ amvn mvku
bveanw mu2mu oara9 nvrvliy amvnakaeip ;apa;a-
guriyj8ann aoaquna[4
Na siqievz3 a8s ,e0aniym3 6 ,ar laq siqievz
vekiy ,ar hakan ban5 15 Ie ic2jiye; raeew mu,r h
vpvl h 6 ouru lunu3 ]rae mu0amriyj8iynnveu
oareqak@ nie oara9nve 7lvliy noarakiq3 25 Ie
]rae mu0amriyj8iyn asa[ banw a8n fev,w ch3 ieuz
kaevlu h saesa.afae lunvl4
Afa a8n nie oa,aew3 ie srazaq Fiysvunxadvn
Oilusiym 6 iew aoaga8iym .i7anzvliq ue wnkve-
nveun iy a,akvernveun ouru fasznvun afaqie
ca.veu4 Na jiye; iypvpun rqvz mu sebaxan gapa-
.aeabaniyj8iyn3 6 jiye; nie svendu mv0 aejnaz-
evz jiye; axgu igun4
A8s gifiynakiyj8amb 6 a8s oareasriyjiyniq he3
ie na 1905jqakanun mvknvz Ba;iy3 jaemanaliy3
ig6ievliy ue gie[akuznvew 6 mu2;uc hl ban
rvsnvliy iy siqievliy fa82jajaeakan k9uqnveuz@
<iy,uiym3 Gan'akiym3 Ju1lusiym 6 Vevqaniym4
-37-
Xiygak,9vliy famae bilie /amanaknveiym jiye-
;cuakan 6 fa8kakan iypvg[vew zaqalu]evn ovr; h
7isriqanvl3 ie a8n ,ar h r7iye3 ie fa8 fvpa.i-
7akannvew ckaeipazan tanacvl jiye;un 6 nea
iypvgu[w4
&isriqanvn;3 ie fa8 /ipiqiyedw3 faka9ak daev-
eu wnjaz;iym aoea[ jiye; b9naovriyj8an sae-
sa.nveun3 iein; a8l6s sksvl hun wmbisraznvl
fa8kakan [a8eagiy8n srekiyj8iynn angam3 fa8
fvpa.i7iyj8iynw3 ieovs gie[ip a9a0nied fa8
/ipiqedun3 ckaeipazaq gurakzvl ue maemnu qea
karaeqa[ dvo;veu umasrn iy 'griymw4
Ufaekv ansoasvlu he3 ie fa8 /ipiqiyedw ue da-
eaqie srekiyj8iynuz mvk angamuz 6 faqa;aka-
n]evn ouru jija.qve4 A8d anbnakan ouru lunve4
Ic hl kaevlu h soasvl3 ie fa8 /ipiqiyedw a8s
gl7aoriy8r dvo;veu a9063 faqa;akan]evn rvsnve
jiye;u ae8iynir keiynknveu iyppiyj8iynw4
Fa8 fvpa.i7akanunn he a8d oaer;n iy dvew3
;anu ie a8n feaoaeak he vkvl un;nagurakziyj8an
bvevliy 6 a9a0niedvliy /ipiqedun4
Fa8 fvpa.i7akanw rvsvl 6 xgazvl he aedvn 16
6 61 fidqa[nveu umasrn iy n,anakiyj8iynw3 rvsvl
he Oao Alun3 Bank }rimanw3 Qvz nafangnveu
aqveiymn iy kiriea[nvew3 Sasiynu jeqarqvlw4`
A8s biliew oar; he@ deqa[ fa8 fvpa.i7akanu
qea@ mu ban siqievliy3 manaqand amvnahakanw2
rv-sa[ lunvliy jiye;u 'griymnvew3 fama'a8n ieu
kejve 6 pvkaqaeve ue /ipiqiyedw4
R7iye h3 ,ar h r7iye3 7isriqanvl3 ie fa8 fvpa-
.i7iyj8iynw ctanacvz jiye;un 6 nea iypvgu[w4
Fa8 fvpa.i7iyj8iynw iei, /amanaka,e0an mnaz
ieovs baevnieigcakan3 a8n dvo;iym3 veb _baevni-
 -38-
eigiymnvew| gie[adeqiym hun aqveiq iy ae8iyniq4
Dae'aq fama]smanzu3 veb ]smanzun ae8iyniq he mvx
axdaeaeiym ue ja;iyn 'griymnvew4
Vq anjuq xifveu gniq3 ie;an tugve h ja.vl fa8
fvpa.i7iyj8iynw u noasr jiye;un3 iew ue noara-
kun fasnvliy famae zankaza[ dumak he fagniym3
ba8z bilie dumaknveu rak niy8n jiye;n he mniym ue
fa8a-0un0 ;apa;akaniyj8amb4
Ba8z jv6 Fa8 Fvpa.i7iyj8an 9afqueannvew
;apa;akan 7akiyj8an iy ja.anzukiyj8an oakas
iynvzan3 m8iys kipmuz3 saka8n3 u oaruq neanz3 ovr;
h fa8raeaevl3 ie Fvpa.i7iyj8iynw oafvzun ieovs
Fvpa.i7iyj8iyn4
S7alqvzun nean;3 ba8z d8iyzaxnievn kangiyn
mnazun Fvpa.i7iyj8an dveu mv04 Vq a8s kvzqa[;u
mv0 h mua8n neanz c;mvpan;w a8n ja.qa[ ae8iyn-
nveu famae3 ieinzuz a8dovs hl dasve ca9an4
A8s h oarta9w3 ie dv9 fung raevkan Da,nak-
ziyj8iynw fa0ipvz Bank }rimanw geaqvl3 usk dv9
oaranu@ banaka8un fveisamaerve mpve jajaea-
kan fiedanveu dvm 6 san'afaevl neanz4
Iy a8sovs3 Fa8 Fvpa.i7iyj8iynw jiye;usr fvpa-
.i7iyj8an fvr kip;-kip;u he a9a0aniym3 saka8n
a8s ,e0anun3 mu kipmuz3 neanz fa8a0un0 ;apa-
;akaniyj8anw ue 9v/uma;and iypvg[iq3 m8iys
kipmuz3 veb mve j,namunvew fasiynazniym hun ]rae
mu0amriyj8iynnveu kaovew krearvliy3 jiye; axgw
anka7aznvliy gapa.aew3 Fa8 Fvpa.i7iyj8iynw
aqvlu iy aqvlu he 7eqiym fa8 /ipiqiyedun ]raeuz
ka7iym iynvnaliy mv03 ue fiy8svew ambip0aovs
kaovliq ]raeu mafabve mra8niyj8an fvr4 Munc6
a8n asrutan3 ie Fa8 ?ipiqedu 7andaqa9iyj8an
muak apbiyew3 haovs3 dae'aq ]raeu fiy8sw4 -
39-
Crvsan; 6 munc6 a8s]e hl fama9iym vn; rvsnvl3
jv mve kip;un3 mve aefamaea[ iy _axga8un gapa-
.ae| ciynvzip f9caka[ jiye;2jajaew ue /ipi-
qedun oareasriym he ue axguz a9nvl .ekiyj8an
iy anka7iyj8an nve,nciymnvew3 veb mvn; nea
kip;un@ fa8 /ipiqedun ka7vliy ]raeu .v,uz4
Vq fvr6an;w bnakanievn iy reamabanievn ouru
lunve a8n figv;and baei8al;iymw3 ie fa8
/ipiqiyedw iynvzaq3 veb ]raew daqvz mvx iy
fiysa7ab aevz4 Usk a8s baei8al;iymun ube6
fvr6an;@ a8n tvemak kiriea[w3 ie 2 anka7 bilie
iyeu, oarta9nveu2 xaefiyevlu aqvenve gie[vz 6
dv9 ouru gie[u4
Usk jiye;w amvnada/an ]eveiym angam oekvz ue
0pvew3 znzvz ba,vew 6 srvp[vz ue :vmalw 6 dae'aq
axg4
Unc hl ie lunvn aera;un noasraqie oa8mannvew3
amvn fa8 .ak ac;iq usk guru3 ie jie; axgw ue
as]eqa due;un fasnvliy famae5 fiy8sw ue qea devz3
ue iy/veiq axg srvp[vliy faqaram;n iynvzaq3 iew
jiye;vew .asrveiq iy 7is;iq3 vq farkaovs
gie[iq3 aoaziyzvzun3 vq iew mvxanuz aqvlu laq vn
wmb9nvl4
 -40-
SAFMANADEAKAN <E)AN
Iy vkaq jiye; Safmanadeiyj8iynw4
Jiye;uxmu amvnaiy/vp qaedaovrnvew@ *iysiy1
A;ciyea3 Afmvd Apavq3 Fiysvunxadv3 Usmaul Gas-
ounsku rvpa.i7qvzun Oilus4
Famauslamuxmw rvpu he rqvl fama]smanzuiyj8an4
Ba8z *iysiy1 A;ciyean qapiyz he rvsvl3 ]smanzu
axg cka3 ka mua8n jiye; axg3 ie fama]smanzuiyj-
8iynn hl aera;un irna'giyj8iynnveu dvm oa,roan-
qvliy4 Jiye; axgw 6 jiye; fa8evnu;w 2 na7 anka7
Anariluan3 6 fvri muaza[ Adebv0anw 2 mua8n
kaeip vn 6 rve lunvl uevn; uevnz 6 dumageaqvl
]rae mu0amriyj8iynnveun4
Safmanadeiyj8iyn he4 Ie;an hl vekeu rvew fa-
ma]smanzu Ujjufarn he3 ba8z kae 7is;u
axariyj8iyn3 ;aeixciyj8an mu0iz4 Usk A;ciyea8u 6
nea wnkvenveu 7is;n iy an'w fvpunakiyj8iyn hun4
Usk Oilsu feaoaeakw amvn fnaeaqieiyj8iyn ralus
he svemve biysvznvliy4 Ch+ ie Fiysvunxadvn a8d niy8n
isranu mv0 vekiy sveiynd he atvzevl3 iein; a8s]e
aedvn uevnz kaegun nie sveiynd hun atvzniym4
Xaemanalu ch iyevmn3 ie nean; ,ar ,iyriq kaei-
pazan ,afvl Ujjufaru Oilsu masnat8iypw 6
'grvzun ja.anzvl 6 geaqvl kvnreinw4
A8n unc3 ie qapiyz rvsvl hun A;ciyean 6 ue wn-
kvenvew iy rvndagun a,7ariym hun rvsznvl Ujju-
farakannveun3 k8an;w vkaq ]gnvliy neanz tugveun
6 banal ]smanzuiyj8an gapa.aeabannveu ac;vew4
Uncovs fa8vew3 a8novs hl ip0 ic jiye; raevew3
tu,r h3 ie seranz iy ankvp[ievn .aeqvl hun
Safmandeiyj8anw43 ieu rak famvmarabae la8n
,iync hun ;a,iym4 Ba8z neanz mv0 aqvlu he ,v,rqiym
axga8un un;niyeiy8niyj8an xaegaziymw4 Famud8an
-41-
qaecakaegu oaoan'vznip kaoan;nveuz axarqvl
hun lvxiynvew4 Aedvn bipi;iym hun b9nabaeiymnveu
6 soaniyj8iynnveu dvm3 gaqa9nveuz3 mamiylu mv03
Oilusuz3 iy vevs.i7anakan aji9nveuz ic jiye;
vevs.i7annve4
Ujjufadu faskaza[ fama]smanzuiyj8iynw
a8d che3 a8n ue 7ie;iq jiye;cuiyj8iyn he4
Vq a8s .asrw A;ciyeanveun iy/ he ralus3 ie
fv,riyj8amb kaeipana8un uevnz jiye;cuiyj8iynw
rvpaqievl pvkaqae iypvpnveu mv04
Afa jv unciy3 Safmanadeiyj8an unw amusw dv9
cbiliea[@ jiye;cuiyj8iynw [nvz Kuluk8an kiriea[-
nvew3 ieiqfvr6 Ujjufaru amvnarapandaqie iypv-
pw3 dikrie Naxm kiriea[uz a9a0 fa8raeaeiym he5
_Ovriyj8iynw ovr; h raeamve/ievn jiye; lunu5
]rae raeveu gi8iyj8iynw oareqak h vqeioakan
mu0amriyj8an5 ovr; h b9nu je;aznvl neanz| $*%4
Iy Sufiyn2)ufiynu 0eveun 7a9nqvz fa8 ;san
faxae figunveu ae8iynw3 6s mvk angam je;afa8as-
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;w4
Vq a8d ja.qa[ ae8iynun ieovs fariyziym u+nc
nie ban faskazaq Fa8 Fvpa.i7iyj8iynw3 ieu
ambip0 pvkaqaeiyj8iynw a8d ]eveun 79nqa[ he
Oilusiym3 /ipiqaseafnveu mv03 jvejveu gl7un 6
vevs.i7anakan /ipiqu aji9nveu qea4
Mu ;uc apmiyk3 mu ;anu bipi;3 rvpu qea ;nniyj-
8iyn3 6 dae'8al ]smanzuiyj8an ankvp[ iy seragun
faqar;4
A;ciyeanveu lixiyngnvew feaoaeaku qea hun3
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$ * % Xaevqand _Anka7 Vq Muaz8al Jiyean8a|3 h0 564
jvejveu siyn8aknvew@ lvziyn4 Vevk kaeip hun
anguriyj8iyniq 6 rguriyj8iyniq aedaeanal3 a8s]e
unci+q kaeip hun c;mvpaznvl mve kiyeiyj8iynw4
Ch+ ie dik5 Naxwmw ue n,anak iy itea8un aera-
fa8riyj8iynw aevl he ic jv bveanazu3 a8l geaqie
$Revue des Deux Mondes3 svor5 1909%4 Uncov+s
kaevlu he crvsnvl ]smanzuiyj8an a8s baza9uk iy/u
7is;veu mv0 a8n3 unc ie karaeqvz a8s]e 6 dv9
ouru karaeqve qapw4
Fa8 Fvpa.i7iyj8iynw3 saka8n32 baza9aovs rven
iy a9a0niedw fa8 /ipiqedu3 a8s ]eveun 2 ic mua8n
baqakanazaq mu ;anu bipi;nveiq3 a8l .i7aevn
fa8 /ipiqedun ziy8z raliy qapqa afaqieiyj8iynw3
ieu famaoaras7an xvn;iq xunvliy nean@ .i7vliy
fun xunanizw 6 niew aqvlaznu nea qea3 laevz ue
iy/vew 6 munc6 usk a,7arvz ;naznvl2fandaervznvl
umasriyn bnaxdw fa8 /ipiqedu3 muamur iy mafa-
bve ]eve vegvliq }sman8an fa8evnu;un iy axgun4
I~q iteagie[ 7liyj8iyn3 ie che lsiym da. Iy
xiy9na8iq f9cakqa[ axdaeaeiyj8iynw3 jv _Cka ]s-
man8an axg iy fa8evnu;3 ka mua8n jiye; axg iy
fa8evnu;|4 Ujjufaru Oilsu masnat8iypw geaqvliyz
6 Kulukui kiriea[w sae;vliyz fvri mu ;a8l he
mniym Salinuku kvndeinw geaqvliy4
Iy niy8n ]eveun Salinuku kingevsiym3 Xua Kv];
Al. 2 _Jiye; famajiyeanakaniyj8an fumnaduew3
gapa-.aea7isn iy igun|2 wnreqvz Ujjufaru
Kvnreinakan Kimurvu andam4
Gasounsku3 Fiysvunxadv3 Apa63 A;ciyea@
adebv0anu jiye;cuiyj8an iy/vp 7iymbw mu kipmuz
rvndagun ;aeixciyj8iyn he raniym 6 ue ,iye0n he
-42-
-43-
faqa;iym anarilua8u jiye;cuakan iy/vew3 usk
fan'uns Xua Kv]; Al.uu aedvn 'v9; he bvevl a8n
amiye k9qanw3 iew vea,7aqieiym he ]smanzu
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banakun rueanalw4
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19092uz 1911 baqakan vekae ,e0an he3 reqa[
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ie Xua Bv8w3 Ujjufaru kvnreinu andam dae'a[3
iy7r8al iy fvpunakaqie jiye;cun fa0ipvznve
oa,rinaovs wndiynvlu dae'nvliy ue iypvgu[w4
Vq afa 19112un kingevsw iei,iym h5
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axgiyj8iynnveun uevn; uevnz mv0 kaxmakveoqvliy
ueaqiyn;w4 Axgiyj8iynnvew xanza9vlu ;ana-
kiyj8iynnve vn4 Jiye; lvxqu raea[iymw gveaxanz
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ube6 kvnreinu andam4
I+q kaeip he san'vl neanz4 Ka9aqaeiyj8iynw
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[anij hun a8s bilieun 6 rvsniym hun fa8 /ipiqedu
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nae5 Mvk kipmuz fangsraznvliq saesa.afae fa8
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44-
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- -47-
46- MVK MULUIN DUAK
NI&AX JIYE:UXMU
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Maf amvn;uz a9a0 fa8un555
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kekvs2jar-einiym@ 800 figu3 Qigxalna8a 6
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bapnu;iym@ 306 figu3 Miskiq8an bapnu;iym@ 263
figu3 *ijveied muluzaranw@ 72 figu3 Mala8a
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Vq a8s fa8raeaeiyj8iynw /7riym he _mv9a[nven
hl famevliy| 7isriymnven iy daraqtu9w _;apa;a-
kaniyj8iyn2 qev/| iypvpu4
A8s .asrw f9cakiymn he fa8 oaeriyj8an3 jiye;
fapjiyj8an fa82jiye;akan k9uqnveu ma03 jiye-
;uxmu tanaoaefu qea4
Usk fa8 iypvpw a8s angam hl cmb9nvz ue vevsun
nvrqa[ daraqtu9w3 ieu ,v,rw amoeioa8un he3
ankaevkuz 7vpdqvliy famae Anglua8u3 !eansua8u3
Uralua8u 6 iyeu,nveu fapjakan _mae,|2 veu mv04
Fa8 iypvpu akan0nven he 7iyl3 saka8n4
Iy faxuq kskqa[ a.aca. Fipu qea3 a8n couru
sksve mvk muluin ae8iynu raoanague _nveiymu iy
vpba8eiyj8an| fankvegw keknvl3 veb gurve3 jv
_<aeiye2Na7u0vqanu gaqa9nveiym kae[vs gvrnu
rakuz biysnvzun jiye; soanven iy caqiy,nvew3
iein; rvpvzu jiye;veuz banaknve kaxmvliq 6
a9a0un fvejun a8d gaqa9nveu fa8 bnakciyj8anw
,ae;uz fanvl 'v9naekvzun4 G8iypve iy ;apa;nve
aqvevliq faxaeaqie fa8ve kirievzun4
Qea h fasniym &alul .a,a8u ratkakan banakw3
diyes h ;,iym gl7aqie kvrveun dv9 rueaovrip
fa8veun 6 fasrariym h ra0kakan u,7aniyj8iyn a8d
gaqa9nveiym4
Ra0uk xie;w ue squnnveiq b9nvl he <aeiye2Na-
-68-
7u0vqanuz munc6 Xangvxiyeu lv9nvew4 Fa8vew
rvpafan hun vpvl 6 nieasrvp[ fa8kakan ka9a-
qaeiyj8iynw Bajiymiym qaqveazevl he <aeiye2Na-
7u0vqanu kieiysrw3 figiyr jiye;veun4
19192un3 kae[vs Da,nakziyj8iynw fasvl he ue
noarakun 6 raoalvl jiye;2jajaeakan ;apa;aka-
niyj8iynw4
Ba8z fv9azip jiye; banakw ue fvr6iym jipvl he
famajiyeanakaniyj8amb je[qa[ jajae /ipiqiyed
6 ube6 pvkaqae fae8iyeaqie soanve3 caqiy,nve 6
ansoa9 9axmamjve;4
Adebv0anu faneaovriyj8iynw cu tanaciym
Na7u0vqanu Kziymw Fa8asranun3 Oaeskasranu
raea[;iq 6 iyeu, a8l tanaoaefnveiq deam iy xvn;3
pvkaqae iy xie; h .i7adeiym Na7u0vqan2<aeiye3
kaxmakveoiym aosrambiyj8iyn| $*%4
Ue ac;veu a906 rvsniym he Bh8iy;2Qvdun 6 munc6
Ugdueu 7eamarnvew3 iye bilie '6veu mv0 aera-
fa8rqiym he jiye;uxmq ien annafan0 'griym he
ueagie[vl ue iy7rw@ 0n0vl mu biy9 mnaza[ fa8iyj-
8anw3 qve0aznvl mu a. Mnaza[ fipw3 ie ba/aniym he
jiye;uxmu vekiy a9a0nagie[ vpba8enveun3 jiye;un
iy jajaeun4
A8n gurve muluuakan ourakiq 7lerazip jiye-
;uxmu masun4 {anij he Hexeiymu kingevsun $ 1919-
fiylus 10 -]gisris 7% ie jiye;veu kam;n iy ;a0iy-
j8iynw he f9cakiym a,7aefun4
A8n tanaciym he _Axga8un Iy7rw3 ieu a9a0u fid-
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$*% (iybvn3 _<aeiye2Na7u0vqanw Vq Jiye;2Jajaeakan
:apa;akaniyj8iynw|3 _Dei,ak|3 svor5 1925 4
-69-
qa[iq usk jiye;uxmw daqaniym he _Maf Ie6h
Fa8asranu|4
A8n anrvp8ak he Sqaxu Kingevsun $1919% 6 nea
iei,iymun5 _Wndfaniye Fae'akiym Fa8asranu Dvm|4
Iy a8s jiye;uxmn he3 ie ae8iyna7an'2ueae ae-
'agan;vliq Fa8asranu vekiy kipmveuz Ba;quz
Ankaea iy munc6 Oilus4 Nea ae'agan;w a,7aefn he
lsiym3 nea ,ae/iymnvew a,7aefn he rvsniym4
Ankaean n,an he ralus5 Oilusn he 'a8n a9niym5
Ba;iyn ae'agan;iym he neanz4
Oilsu famalsaeaniym3 murungu wnjaz;iym3 $1920
fiynqae 29% A;ciyean Adebv0anu anka7iyj8an
ae'ann he kveriym Daedanvlu jiye; ,vudnveu fvr3
fa8u ae8iyniq j;vliq da,nakuznveu vevsun4 _Ovr; h
icncaznvl Fa8asranw3 ieun da,nakuznvew iyxiym vn
ube6 jiymb kangnvznvl vekiy vpba8e farqa[nveu3
Anarilua8u 6 Kiqkasu jiye;veu mu06|555$*%4
Vq Ba;iyn3 kanac jv kaemue3 kae'agan;ve5 _fa-
svl h qev/u /amw555|4
<ar hl che anzvl a8n ]eveuz $1918 Ma8us 11%3 Ie
oafan0vl hun Siyemaliyn3 <aeiyen iy Na7u0vqanw3
Vevqanu3 H0mua[unu 6 Alv;sandeaoilu gaqa9nveu
mv[ masw4 Usk jajaenvew@ Paeabapw3 Xangvxiyew3
Daealag8axw3 Basae Gvcaew 6 Vevqan ;apa;w4
Vq a8s dv9 vevk he4
Jiye;uxmw u+nc qa7 iynve a8l6s3 veb gurve jv
Fa8asraniym@ mua8n _1918 jqakanu qvz amusnveu
wnjaz;iym3 siquz iy fuqandiyj8iynnveuz 180 000
maed he kirieqvl| $**%4
222222222222
$*% Xaevqand3 _Anka7 Vq Muazual Jiyean8a|3 h0 1724
$**% Qeaz8an3 _Fa8asranu Faneaovriyj8iyn|h0 1694
 Ch+ ie uevnz an,vp g[iq3 dvou _Axga8un Iy7r|3
krevl anzvl hun Anarilua8uz munc6 Adebv0an3 a8n hl
a8d;an kaet /amanakafarqa[iym4
_Jiye; xie;w nves he 7iy/vl >ambaku ,e0an 1918
ma8usu 202un4 A8d xie;w )aqad bv8u 112ed xiea-
giyndn he3 ieu ,ae;veiym mv[ juq hun kaxmiym ;iyed
xunqienvew4 Paea;ulusa fasnvliyn ovs nean; sksiym
vn kirievl fa8veun4 Kiriea[nvew bnaq ankaeg3 oa-
rafakan bniy8j cvn kevl3 a8l vpvl vn [eageqa[ 6
kaxmakveoqa[ iy r6vl vn oa,rinaovs vev; ]eve4
Wndfaneaovs Paea;ulusa8u ,e0aka8;iym gndaka-
faeqa[ vn mu ;anu faxae maed4 30002uz oakas ch
a8d juqw3 a9an'un dvo;veiym a8d juqw faszqiym h
70002u3 ieu mv0 cvn mrniym soanqa[ rvpazunvew@
1470 figu4 Nmanaruo kiriea[nve vn rvpu iynvzvl
Famamliyiym3 Fa0uxaea8iym3 Daebaxiym3 P,lapiym 6
Vpabliyeiym4 Aevmr8an >ambaku g8iypveuz gveu vn
raevl fae8iyeaqie veurasaednve3 iein; gevjv bili-
ew icncazqvl vn siquz3 [v[uz 6 iy/uz qve a,7aran;-
nveuz@ Hexeiymu ,e0aniym4 Sakaqajuq
qveadae'ipnvew oarmiym vn3 ie neanz l[iym hun
sa8lveun 6 ;,iym vekajv tuoirnveiq4 Mua8n Hexeiym
;,qa[ 8000 gveunveuz qveadae'vl vn mir 600 figu
mua8n| $*%4
1919 jqakanu Fa8asranu nve;un k8an;u amvna-
zaqir ve6iy8jw mafmvdakan fakaovrakan ,ae/iym-
nven hun@ kaxmakveoqa[ Jiye;ua8u 6 Adebv0anu
'v9;iq@ Fa8asranu anka7iyj8iynw 7ierakvliy du-
raqieiyj8amb4
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$*% Qeaz8an3 _Fa8asranu Faneaovriyj8iyn|3 h0 179 4
-71-
Fa8asranu faneaovriyj8an gi8iyj8an a9a0un
usk ]euz vekeu nvesiym aoeip Adebv0an iy Jiye;
mafmvdakan raew j,namakan due; b9nvz dvou fa8
ovrakaniyj8iyn4 Nve;u je;iyj8iynw che iyxiym
fa,rqvl Fa8asranu anka7iyj8an fvr 6 'griym he
muanal kam Adebv0anun3 kam Jiye;ua8un4 Adebv-
0ann iy Jiye;uan hl3 uevnz fvejun a,7ariym hun
mum8anz 'v9; mvknvl3 muanal Fa8asranu qea8iq4
Muiyj8an kamiye0 ovr; h lunve Paeabap-Xan-
gvxiye2Na7u0vqan ,verw3 jve6s Siyemaliyn iy
Kaesw4
Fa8asranu fipu qea kae _Aea;s8an Fanea-
ovriyj8iynw|3 ieu kaxmu mv0 mrniym hun Siyemaliyn3
Xangun 6 Qvdbasaenvew3 mUlun3 <aeiyen iy Na7u0v-
qanw@ Na7u0vqan kvnreiniq4 A8d faneaovriy-
j8iynnvew oafiym hun sv.akan _banaknve|3 xunqa[
je;akan jndanijnveiq3 gndazuenveiq iy feazan-
nveiq3 jiye; soanveu iy caqiy,nveu feamanaraeiy-
j8an rak4 Adebv0ann he neanz deam fa8ja8jipw4
Jiye;uan iy Adebv0anw iyppiyj8iyn hun ralus
neanz gie[iynhiyj8anw| $*%4
_Fa8asranw nvesuz oa8jvznvliy masnaqie mv[ tug
he ja.iym Adebv0anw3 iew 1919 j5 Maerun
duqanagurakan nveka8aziyzcu oa,riniq Vevqan
iypaekvz ue milv9and famajiye;aoa,r@ &an
Jv;unskuun3 Oa,rin raliq nean@ Fa8asranu nvesiym
mafmvdakan 79iqiyj8iynnve kaxmakveovliy4
Aoeulu 10 2u Jv;unskun maneamasn rvpvkiyj-
8iynnve h fv9ageiym Ba;iy@ Fa8kakan Banaku masun4
Aoeulu 202un fv9ageiym h5 _Vjv Na7u0vqanw
2222222222222
$*% Qeaz8an3 _Fa8asranu Faneaovriyj8iyn|3 h0 2644

-72- dumadeiyj8iyn ziy8z ra fa8kakan
xie;veun3 ka9aqaeiyj8iynw u+nc ]gniyj8iyn ouru
fasznu3 xie; kiypaeku+3 jvkiyx kamaqienve anqan
rak|4
_Aoeulu 302un3 fvrnvew mv[ giymaenve Vevqan vn
fasniym neanz gie'akalnve@ Na7u0vqabskun 6
Makunskun@ Na7u0vqan mvknvliy famae4
Ma8usu 52un3 &an &i8skun fv9ageiym h5 _Anfaoap
kao fasrarvzv; Kaesu fvr4 Ziy8z rqv; nean amvn
a0akziyj8iyn3 umazv; u+nc kaeu; iynu3 fv9agevzv;
mvx3 ie anfea/v,r mu0iznve 'v9naekvn;|4
_Ma8usu 102un Jv;unskun fv9ageiym h5 _anfea-
/v,r h Fa8asranu famae qrang srvp[vl <aeiye-
Na7u0vqaniym4 Gie[w kaxmakveovliy famae anfa-
oap ovr; h deam baz jipnv;4 Um 'v9; a9a[
mu0iznveu ,niefuq <aeiyew3 Na7u0vqanw 6 }ediy-
bajw muazvl vn 6 m,rakan faeabveiyj8an mv0 vn
un' fvr|4
_Fiylusu 112un <aeiye2Na7u0vqanu ,e0anw iynu
mir 6 000 kusakaninaqie xie;@ 'uaqieiq3
jndanijiq 6 gndazuenveiq4 Oarveaxmakan
gie[ipiyj8iynnveu /amanak xunqa[ iy/veu juqw
kaeip h fasnvl munc6 10 0002u|4
_Fiynus 22 2 Jqiym h3 ie a8/m Adebv0anw
Fa8asranuz bazu iyeu, j,namu ciynu3 iysru
anfea/v,r h Fa8asranu qea iy,adeiyj8iyn dae'nvl4
Ovr; h ;iyer Smki8un ;a,vl mve kipmw3 ieu famae
luaxieiyj8iyn vm 7ndeiym5 xunqieakan kziedu
mu0iziq faez iy .ie' aev; 6 rvpvkiyj8iynnve rqv;
Smki8u masun| $*%4
22222222222222222
$*% Qeaz8an3 _Fa8asranu Faneaovriyj8iyn|3 h0 26422674
-73-
_Vq fueaqu3 Bi8iy; Qvduu* axdan,anu qea
gliy7 bae'eazeun na6 <aeiyeu iy Na7u0vqanu
jiye;vew4 Fiylusu kvsveun ,raoiq <afja7r fasan
banaku gndaovr &alul bv8w3 jiye; soanveu 6 2 2
3 fae8iye
ask8aenveu fvr iy anzan mafmvdakan ,ae/man
gliy7w4 Vq fiylusu 20 - 21-un mua/amanak
aosrambiyj8iyn [agvz <aeiye2Na7u0vqanu bilie
kipmveiym| $**%4
1919 jqakanun Ba;qu _Adebv0an| jiye;vevn
jveju mv0 (asiyl Xadvn geiym he4
_Paeabapw| mve fa8evnu;u a8s sueiyn qaedw3
axarqvz mve fama9 deazunveu irna'giyj8iynnveuz3
iein; iyxiym hun mvx nvp deiyj8an marnvl4 Fa8
/ipiqiyedw wndiynvz Adebv0anu gveu,7aniyj8iynw4
Na7u0vqanw3 ie ue bnakan oa8mannveiq uskaovs
_Na7,wtufan| $a,7aefu xaedankae% h 6 anba/an
masn h Adebv0anu3 ,niefuq ue fveis iy anqfve
xaqaknveu fa8evnasueiyj8an3 ]grqvz aosramb-
qvliy ueaqiyn;uz@ $wndg[iymw ums h <5N5% muanaliy
famae ue fa8evnu;un3 ieuz ba/anqvl he 7abqvliq4
Na7u0vqanw ue safmannveuz diyes ,oervz b9na-
geaqip Fa8asranu banakw4
Galiq Xangvxiyeun3 ie zaq h dae'vl mvx famae 6
mv0rvpiym kangna[ h soa9naliq mve noaraknveun3
kaeip vn; fiy8s iynvnal3 ie na hl mir /amanakiym
kdequ anqnas deiyj8an mv0 6 ie A9raea gvruz 6
Samiye kamiye0uz sksa[ munc6 Aea;s gvrn iy
)iyl1a8u kamiye0w kbazqu anaegvl mu tam.a4
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$* % Qeaz8an3 _Fa8asranu Faneaovriyj8iyn|3 h0 264 2 2674
 $** % Niy8nw3 h0 2692 2704
-74-
A8d n,anakiym h3 ie a8s kveoiq Adebv0anu fipa8un
oafan0nveu kae6ie masw liy[iym h srazvl| $*%4
Adebv0anw Jiye;ua8uz ba/anip 40 qvesr
fipa8un ,ver h mnazvl3 a8d h aknaekiym (asiyl
Xadvn3 gev-liq@ _fipa8un oafan0nveu ambip0w liy[iym
h srazvl|4
Vjv jiye;uxmw fvraondiym h a8d3 ieu famae
Qeaz8anw geiym h@ _Paeabapuz fvri Xangvxiyew555|4
_1919 j5 Svor5 72un Adebv0anu Gl75
Soa8akiy8ru ovrw fvr68al gaprnu mr;ven h
jvladeiym Paeabapu wndf5 nafangaovr
Siyljaniqun5_Paeabapu faezu wndfaniye
kaegadeiyj8iynw faekadeiym h mra[vl3 ie
Xangvxiyeu gaqa9u kziymw rvpu kiynvna a9anz
xunqa[ wndfaeiymu3 ieiqfvr6 nea fa8 axgabnak-
ciyj8iynw3 Na7u0vqanu .liyxiymuz fvri3 deqa[ h
vekiy keaku mv0 6 faxuq jv famae'akqu dumadevliy
mvx4
Paeabapu qve0nakan kiesru fvr fa8vew cvn
kaeip fa,rqvl3 6 ankaska[3 ka,7arvn ]gragie[vl
amvn faemae a9uj kieiysrw vr dae'nvliy noara-
kiq4 A8d biliew mvxanuz koafan0u3 xiea,ae/u dvo-
;iym3 xie;ve jipnvl &an;vndiym3 usk aoaga8un na6
Gieusiym@ fa8veu qea fskvliy famae4 A8sousiq Paea-
bapw kaeip h mve ic mv[ banakuz baqakanu xgalu
iy/ve geaqvl takaruz4 Saka8n3 kan mu0iznve Paea-
bapu oafoaniyj8an famae ic mua8n da,ra8un
xie;vew cjiylaznvliy3 a8l6 takaru qea kvndanu iy/
hl fanvliy nea 7ie;uz@ jipnvliq baqakanaca. xi-
eamasve Paeabapu wndf5 nafangaovriyj8an ,e0anu
kaegu aoafiqiyj8an famae4
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$*% Qeaz8an3 _Fa8asranu Faneaovriyj8iyn|3 h0 1944
-75-
A8d noarakiq faekaqie h ]gragie[vl ;edakan
fuanalu maerakan iy/w3 kaxmakveovl neanz fvr
fvr6ak iy 'uaqie masve_Famuruv| gndveu ]eunakiq3
ieinz gie[nakan ]gragie[iymw .ie'qa[ h jiye;veu
kipmuz qve0un oarveaxmu wnjaz;iym4 :edakan
gndveu anqfve gie[iynhiyj8an masun3 .i;e3asuakan3
oaeskakan iy Mu0agvr;u 9axmatakarnveiym@ mua-
'a8n 7isiym vn oarveaxmu bilie masnakzipnvew4
:iyed xieamasveu 7apap /amanaku ,ae;ve
srvp[vliy famae vnjadeqiym h kaxmakveovl ;eda-
kan 'uaqie giynd 6 mu feazana'ug giymaerak3 iew
oarveaxmu /amanak kqvea[qu cies giymaeraku4
Xunaoaer raeu;u ;edvew xunqieakan oaera-
kaniyj8iynw kwkaraevn uevnz masveiym| $*%4
_Jiye;ua8u 6 Adebv0anu muazman mvk ]pakn hl
Gipjn gaqa9akn h@ faxuq 20225 g8iypve iynvzip
fa8kakan mu ,e0an@ k[kqa[ Alang8ix 6 Paxang8il
bae'eabve' lv9nveu 6 Aea;su mu064 Gijnw 6 Aev-
qukw xariym vn Adebv0anw Na7u0vqanuz4 Qveaznvl
mv0rvpuz a8s fa8kakan ,e0annvew3 n,anakiym h ba-
zvl iypup tanaoaef Ba;qu3 Ankaea8u 6 Oilsu mu064
Ousru rae]eunak ouru cjqa a8n fama9iyj8iynw3
ieiq jiye;2adebv0anzunvew amvn a9ujiq3 a,7a-
riym hun geaqvl Gipjnw4
Veb Bajiymu da,nageuz fvri3 jiye;vew vkan
Na7u0vqan3 neanz a9a0un gie[w vpaq Gipjnu
nqatiymw5 1918 j5 Fiylus 252un jiye; xie;vew
mran Agiylus44
}gisrisu 82un kiqkas8an uslamakan ka9aqaeiy-
j8an kipmuz }ediybaj ;apa;u 6 ,e0anu xunqiea-
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$*% Qeaz8an3 _Fa8asranu Faneaovriyj8iyn|3 h0 29522964
kan ka9aqaeuc n,anakqvz jiye;akan banaku soa
&alul bv8w3 iew ue 'v9;u rak iynve 526 jiye;
soanve3 12 jndanij3 22 gndazue 6 10002u ca.
rvpakan jajae xunqienve| $*%4
_Dvkrvmbveu 182un }ediybaju 6 ,e0anu xunqa[
jiye;vew fae'akqvzun iy sksvzun jalanvl Nve;un
Agiylusw4
Dvkrvmbve 252un Qveun Agiylus vkan }ediybaju
,v87n iy gaqa9aovr Jaueiqw4 Seanz fasnvliyz mvk
/am fvri ;apa;uz lsqvz feazana'giyj8iyn 6 apmiyk4
Jiye; xunqa[ 7iy/anw jalaniym iy kirieiym he
fa8veun4 Gu,vew fedvfw b9nvz ambip0 ;apa;w4 A9a-
qir8an3 gaqa9aovr Jaueiqw fa8raeaevz3 ie un;w
gniym h }ediybaj dumaqievliy famae &alul .a,a8un4
A8nrvpuz kfa8rnu3 jv iy+e ovr; h iypaekvl fa8
gapjakannveun4 Vq mu2;anu /am anz fa8raeaeqvz3
ie kaegadeiyj8an fama'a8n3 fa8vew ouru iypaekqvn
Zpna 6 ie neanz iypvkzvliy h unc2ie Sajjae aniy-
niq mvkw $D9nus g8iypazu3 fa8rnu aqaxak3 ra/a-
nakeiyj8iynuz .a7a[%|4
_Niy8n ]ew Fa8asranu ka9aqaeiyj8iynw Ba;quz
rvpvkiyj8iyn srazaq3 ie a8nrvp aera;un gie[ia
,a7aeaeu ]gnakan &an Jv;unskuu $Vevqanu vebvm-
nu duqanagurakan nveka8aziyzucw% na7a'v9niyj-
8amb fariyk 7iefedakziyj8iyn h anzkazqvl3 ieun
masnakzvl hun Iysiybbvkiqn iy &an *i8skun 6 iervp
m,akqvl he Faeaqa8un Xangvxiyew3 Gipjnw3 }ediy-
bajn iy Na7u0vqanw Adebv0anun iy Jiye;ua8un
faqaraeum maerakan mafmvdakan raeeveiq bna-
kvznvliy 6 a8d noarakiq a9a0un fvejun3 _Na7u-
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76-
$*% Qeaz8an3 _Fa8asranu Faneaovriyj8iyn|3 h0 3054
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0vqanu ,e0anu faeaqa8un masw fa8 raeeveuz
ma;eagie[vliy| [eaguew4 Agiylusu kiriea[w a8s
[eageu skxbnakan ;a8ln he4 Nve;u Agiylusiym
kirieqvz ,iye0 400 maed3 Qveun Agiylusiym@ 10004
Ip0 mnazun mua8n mu ;anu rasn8ak kana8; iy
]euiednve3 iein; nqve reqvzun jiye; soanveun 6
kiriea[u pvkaqaenveun5 A8sovs qata9akan >an-
8anu 16 am8a gvpvzkiyfu ap0ukw ba/un fasaq Vgu1
bvgun|$*%4 ***
1920 jqakanu skxbun dv96s Kaesu mafmvdakan
,e0annveiym nkarqiym he raraniym3 saka8n jiye-
;veu 6 adebv0anzunveu dediymiq nean; hl dam gna-
zun fa8veun4 Fiynqaeu skxbun3 Xaeiy,aru3 Apbaba8u
6 Cldeu nveka8aziyzucnvew /ipiq giymaevzun Gv-
paecun g8iypiym 6 iei,vzun@ 15 Dadaevznvl5 a96rea-
kan 6 amvn faeabveiyj8iyn fa8veu fvr5 25Aera;svl
fa8kakan u,7aniyj8iynw 6 kaxmvl rvpakan u,7a-
niyj8iyn@ Adebv0anuz srazqa[ deamiq5 35 18240
raevkannveu xieakic anvl 6@ maexvl jiye; soanveu
pvkaqaeiyj8an rak5 45 Vekajiypiy qea 6 Pwxwl
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400 xunqa[ jiye;ve geaqvzun5 <a8nalae g8iypw4 Xa-
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u,7aniyj8anw3 a8l6 an-qve0 fae'akiymnveiq3
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qvea,uniyj8an gie[w4 <aeiye2Na7u-0vqaniym
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ameazqa[ he Bv8iy; Qvdun4 A8s bilie ,e0annvew
muasun kaxmiym hun _Faeaq2ae6mr8an Adebv0an|2w3
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nhiyj8an fvnaean Kiqkasiym 6 Jiye;vsraniym| $*%4
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feamanara :8axum Kaeabv;ue .a,a8u mu06 kn;qvz
oa8manague3 ieu 72ed fidqa[n asiym h5
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a8n dvo;iym3 veb Fa8asranw fae'akiym gie[u Ade-
bv0anu qea3 6 Adebv0anu ka9aqaeiyj8iynw niy8n-
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jiye;ua8u ae6vl8an ,e0annvew kreqvn 6 k,uazqvn
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Ni8vmbve 292un Oilsiym kn;qa[ jiye;2adebv0ana-
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mafmvdakan veurasaednve 6 mrzqiym banak4 &alul ovrakan dven he sran'nvl4
.a,a8u reamadeiyj8an rak hun na6 Subueuz
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Jiye;ua|$**%4
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6 Fa8iyj8an| iy7rw4
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geaqvliq Kaesn iy Alv;sandeaoilw3 cmi9analiq
vebv;3 ie ue [eageu famae fipa8un nqatiymnvew
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iteamriyj8an fvr 'v9;2'v9;u c;a8lve fa8 ae8iyn-
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j8an <niefuq4 Nean; Fa8asraniym qaeiym hun
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qaeiyj8iynnveu mv0| $*%4
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fearaeakiym 6 ;aeixucnve iy kaxmakveoucnve iyp-
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paekiym vekeu xanaxan kipmvew4 Fa8asranu 6
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[iym Fa8asran4 1920 jqakanun skxbnveun
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