Perpetaan Geologi Struktur Geologi

Universitas Bangka Belitung
Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan
Perpetaan Geologi
(Tahap Pemetaan Geologi-Data Lapangan : Struktur Geologi)
Oleh :
Irvani
Referensi :
Thomson, G. R. and Turk, J. 1991. Modern Physical Geology. Saunder

College Publishing, USA.
Lutgens, F. K., Tarbuck, E. J. and Tasa, D. 2012. Essentials of Geology,
11th Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Freeman, T. 2004. Environmental Geology Laboratory. John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., USA.
Monroe, J. S. and Wicander, R. 2009. The Changing Earth: Exploring
Geology and Evolution. 5th Edition. Pre-Press PMG, USA.
Carlson, D. H., Plummer, C. C. and Hammersley, L. 2011. Physical Geology
: Earth Revealed. 9th Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Bates, R.L. and Jackson, J.A., 1987. Glossary Geology. 3th Edition.
American Geological Institute Elexandria, Virginia.
Williams, L. 2004. Earth Science Demystified. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Frisch, W., Meschede, M. And Blakey, R., 2011. Plate Tectonics :
Continental Drift and Mountain Building. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
German.
DLL
Materi (Pokok Bahasan)

VI Tahap Pemetaan Geologi (P.6-13)
a. Persiapan (P.6)
b. Pengambilan data lapangan (P.7-9)
II Pengenalan Kartografi (P.2)
- Petrologi dan mineralogi (P.7)
- Stratigrafi batuan
III Jenis Peta (P.3)
- Struktur geologi (P.8)
Peta situasi, Peta topografi
- Sampling dan penomoran (P.9)
& Peta tematik
- Plotting data
c. Analisis laboratorium (P.10)
IV Peralatan Pemetaan Geologi (P.4)
d. Penyajian peta (P.11-13)
a. Macam dan jenis alat/bahan
- Rekonstruksi struktur geologi
b. Teknik pemakaian alat
- Satuan batuan
- Kolom stratigrafi dan korelasi
V Metode Pemetaan Geologi (P.5)
- Sayatan geologi
a. Orientasi lapangan
- Penyajian peta & pelaporan
b. Lintasan kompas
c. Lintasan kompas dan pita ukur VII Keselamatan Kerja dan Etika Geologi/
Etika Lapangan (P.14)
I Pendahuluan (P.1)
The major plates of the world.
Carlson et all. (2009)
The present plate configurations and plate motions on Earth;
Frisch et all. (2011)
Three types of plate

divergent, and transform.
boundaries:
convergent,
Tectonics (Materi Tambahan)
Reichard (2011) : Environmental Geology
...... Convergent Plate Margins

The accretionary wedge of the Sunda Arc
Frisch et all. (2011)
Struktur Dalam Geologi

1. Struktur Primer : terbentuk bersamaan (syn)
dengan pembentuakan batuan. Contoh :
Struktur sedimen, struktur pada batuan beku,
dll.
2. Struktur sekunder : terbentuk setelah (post)
pembentukan batuan. Contoh : lipatan, kekar,
sesar.
I. UNSUR-UNSUR STRUKTUR GEOLOGI

Unsur-Unsur Struktur Geologi meliputi :
1. Titik : Penyederhanaan dari unsur garis.
Ex: Titik pengamatan.
2. Garis : Kumpulan dari titiktitik/Penyederhanaan dari unsur bidang.
Ex : Strike
3. Bidang : Kumpulan dari garis-garis. Ex :
Bidang perlapisan, kekar, sesar, dll.
Carlson, et al. 2011
Keterangan :
Strike
:
Menunjukkan
arah
penyebaran
batuan/orientasi sesar/orientasi kekar, dll.
Merupakan garis potong antara bidang horisontal
terhadap suatu bidang tertentu (bidang perlapisan,
bidang sesar, bidang kekar, dll)
Dip : Sudut kemiringan maksimal, yang diukur
tegak lurus terhadap strike.
Carlson, et al. 2011
Skema urutan pengambilan unsur

struktur geologi dan pengolahannya
1. Pengambilan data struktur geologi :
Unsur bidang
Unsur garis
Unsur titik
2. Pengolahan data struktur Geologi :
Unsur bidang
Unsur garis Unsur titik
Iustrasi Unsur struktur geologi
Ductile and Brittle Deformation Features
Ductile
Brittle
II. LIPATAN
Pengertian :
Ragan, 1973 : Lipatan merupakan perubahan bentuk dari
suatu benda yang dinyatakan sebagai lengkungan atau
sekumpulan garis atau unsure bidang di dalam benda.
Billings, 1964 : Lipatan adalah gelombang batuan di
bumi. Seperti pada batuan sedimen, batuan vulkanik,
batuan metamorf. Akan tetapi pada kondisi tertentu
lipatan dapat terbentuk pada batuan beku seprti gabro
yang berlapis atau granit gneiss.
Lipatan pada batuan (sedimen) terjadi karena

batuan memiliki daya plastisitas.
Jika daya plastisitasnya terlampaui, maka batuan
akan pecah (kekar) dan jika gaya terus bekerja
maka bisa mengalami pergeseran posisi
(sesar).
10
Faktor-Faktor yang Menentukan Bentuk Lipatan

1. Variasi litologi.
2. Ketebalan lapisan.
Catatan :
Setiap batuan memiliki sifat pejal dan lentur yang
berbeda, sehingga bentuk lengkungannya juga berbeda.
Batugamping lebih pejal dari batulempung, dan batupasir
lebih lentur dari batugamping.
Unsur-Unsur Lipatan
11
Nomenklatur Lipatan
Antiklin : lipatan dengan bagian cembungnya mengarah
ke atas. Dalam hal ini batuan tua makin dalam letaknya.
Sinklin : lipatan dengan bagian cukungnya mengarah ke
atas. Makin muda batuannya makin dalam letaknya.
12
Klasifikasi Lipatan
(Billings,1951)
Berdasarkan
Geometri
Lipatan simetri
lipatan asimetri
lipatan rebah
lipatan menggantung
lipatan isoklinal
lipatan monoklin
lipatan chevron
lipatan kipas (fan fold)
13
Gambar Sinklin (Simetri)
14
Singkapan Antiklin (Simetri)
Lipatan jenis Chevron
15
Singkapan Lipatan Asimetri di Lapangan
Cara Mengenal Lipatan

Cara langsung : dengan langsung melihat lipatan di lapangan.
Plotting kedudukan lapisan : dari hasil pengukuran strike/dip
di lapangan yang diplot di peta.
Pola peta : Dengan membuat peta geologi, dimana terdapat
unit-unit batuan yang berbeda dapat dilihat strukturnya.
Topografi : Batuan yang resisten akan membenuk gununggunung dan yang lemah membentuk lembah-lembah.
Pemboran
Penambangan : Dapat memberikan data terlengkap tentang
struktur geologi.
Geofisika
16
Pengambilan data Struktur Lipatan
Plot data struktur pada peta
17
III. KEKAR
Kekar adalah rekahan batuan, memanjang dengan
sedikit atau tanpa pergeseran (displacement) (Giani,
1992; Bell, 2007 dan Twiss & Moores, 2007).
Orientasi geometri kekar (Bell, 2007). Ket : (cross joint, longitudinal joint,
diagonal joint) relatif terhadap sumbu lipatan dan sumbu tegasan utama.
Klasifikasi Kekar Secara Genetis (Klasifikasi

berdasarkan cara terjadinya)
1. Kekar Gerus (Shear Joint)
Akibat dari stress yang cenderung mengelincir satu sama
lainnya
2. Kekar Regangan (Ekstensional Joint)
Akibat stress yang saling menjauh
3. Kekar Tegangan (Compresional Joint)
Kekar yang diakibatkan oleh gaya bersifat kompresional.
18
Keterangan :
Stress adalah gaya per luas yang mengenai batuan
(atau sesuatu yang lain)
Strain adalah perubahan dalam ukuran dan/atau bentuk
dari suatu objek padat (solid object) sebagai reaksi
terhadap stress.
19
Tipe Stress
1. Tension: Stress tegak lurus suatu bidang dengan arah
yang saling menjauh
Tarikan pada batuan
Membentuk special fractures yang disebut joint
Cenderung meningkatkan volume
2. Compression: Stress tegak lurus suatu bidang dengan
arah yang saling mendekat
Menekan batuan
Mengurangi volume
3. Shear: Stress saling berpapasan/parallel terhadap suatu
permukaan
Cenderung mengubah bentuk
20
Pola kekar secara umum :

1. Sistematik : Merupakan set kekar yang menunjukkan
kelompok kekar paralel dan sub-paralel (Giani, 1992
dan Pluijm & Marshak, 2004).
2. Non-sistematik : Kekar yang tidak memiliki pola definitif,
dengan distribusi spatial tidak teratur (Pluijm &
Marshak, 2004) dan Twiss & Moores, 2007). 26
Pluijm & Marshak, 2004
21
22
ORIGIN AND INTERPRETATION OF JOINTS
23
IV SESAR/PATAHAN (Fault)
Patahan merupakan diskontinuitas memanjang
dengan teramati perpindahan posisi. Secara umum
patahan membentuk set-set diskontinuitas paralel
atau sub-paralel memanjang, atau disebut juga zona
patahan.
(Pluijm & Marshak, 2004; Davis, 1984; Twiss & Moores, 2007; Jaeger et al., 2007; Giani,
1992; dan Wyllie & Mah, 2004)
24
Secara umum sesar dibagi menjadi 3 macam

1. Sesar Normal/Sesar turun : jika blok hangging wall
relatif turun terhadap foot wallnya. Atau blok foot
wall relatif naik terhadap hangging wallnya.
2. Sesar Mendatar : sesar yang kedua blok sesarnya
bergerak secara horizontal dengan arah yang
berlawanan.
3. Sesar Naik : jika blok hangging wall relatif naik
terhadap foot wallnya. Atau blok foot wall relatif
turun terhadap hangging wallnya.
Ket :
Hangging Wall : merupakan blok yang terletak di atas bidang sesar.
Foot wall : Merupakan blok yang terletak di bawah bidang sesar.
Diagram dan plotting proyeksi luasan-sama dari tiga kelas

patahan (Anderson, 1942 dalam Rowland et al., 2007).
25
Berdasarkan arah pergerakannya (slip),

sesar dibagi menjadi
1. Strike Slip Fault
2. Dip Slip Fault
3. Oblique (strike dip slip fault)
Dip-Slip Faults
-- primary movement is
vertical
hanging wall
foot wall
reverse fault: old rocks are

brought up in hanging
wall
normal fault: old rocks are

brought up in foot wall
foot wall
hanging wall
26
Normal Faults
older rocks moved
down in hanging walls
Sesar Normal
27
Sesar Normal
Sesar Naik
28
Skema terbentuknya sesar naik
Sesar Naik
29
Reverse Fault
older rocks moved up
in hanging wall
Sesar Naik
30
Sesar Naik
Strike-Slip Faults
-- primary movement is horizontal, not vertical, meaning no old
rocks are brought up or moved down relative to
the Earths surface
Strike-slip faults
result from shear
stress, like what we
see at transform
plate margins. The
San Andreas
system is a big
strike-slip fault
31
Sesar Mendatar Menganan
Sesar Mendatar
32
33
Block diagram sketches showing the different types of

faults
34
35
Gejala2 (ciri) keterdapatan sesar :

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Kelurusan topografi, air panas, rawa-rawa.

Perubahan mendadak bidang lapisan/ foliasi
Perubahan mendadak struktur lain ; lipatan, retas dll
Perubahan arah dan kemiringan kekar lineasi
Pergeseran batas satuan peta
Perulangan dan hilangnya satuan batuan
Bongkah-bongkah asing pada batuan lain
Kelurusan jalur mineralisasi, silifikasi dan ubahan
Metamorfosa
Pelurusan pd jalur mineralisasi, terbreksikan atau ubahan
dari data geofisika : a. Pelurusan dan perubahan sifat
anomali gaya berat dan magnetik. B. Gradien yang curam
pada peta gaya berat magnetik.
36
Fault Geometry and Displacement
Change in fault character with depth for a steeply

dipping fault
37
Fault breccia
Banded clay gouge
38
Pseudotachylyte
Shiny slickensided surface
Slip fibers on a fault surface
39
Fault scarp
slip fibers along a fault
40
Subsidiary Fault and Fracture Geometries
41
42
Komponen-komponen Bidang Sesar :

1. Bidang Sesar
2. Cermin sesar (slicken side)
3. Gores garis (Slicken line)
Pengukuran Bidang Sesar :

1. Data Orientasi kemiringan bidang sesar (strike/dip)
2. Data Pitch : merupakan besarnya sudut runcing
yang dibentuk antara strike dengan slicken line.
43
Tabel hubungan nilai pitch dengan jenis patahan (Ragan, 1973)
Analisis struktur geologi

Analisis patahan menggunakan program proyeksi
stereografi Dips V-3.0, sehingga diketahui jenis
dan pola pergerakan patahan.
44
(a) Perspective view of a gently - dipping thrust plane (arrowed

contact between dark strata in hanging wall and pale strata in
the footwall) which follows topographic contours: Keystone
thrust, Nevada, USA. Distance between arrows is about 20
km. (b) A major strike - slip fault (arrowed) cuts across
topography in this image showing relief on the South Island of
New Zealand, generated using radar from the Space Shuttle.
(c) Steep faults offsetting tilted strata in this satellite image, southern
Pakistan. (d) River valleys aligned along faults (dashed red lines) in this
satellite image near Lake Baikal, Russia. Inset is a modifi ed Landsat image
that highlights the pronounced offset of a river (blue) across a strike - slip
fault (dashed red lines). (a: Generated from U.S. Geological Survey Landsat
image and National Elevation Dataset; b and c: courtesy of the U.S.
Geological Survey /NASA images; d: Modifi ed from U.S. Geological Survey
/ NASA MODIS and Landsat images.)
45
(a) Measuring an uneven plane with the aid of a clipboard. Remember to ensure that any
metal clips are not affecting the measurement. (b) Measuring the dip of an irregular fault by
sighting using the compass - clinometer. Inset shows orientation of the compass - clinometer
and detail of the line of sight. (c) A set of subsidiary fractures (thin arrows) with a consistent
angular relationship to the main fault zone (thick arrows). These are Riedel fractures (Section
8.2.2 ), evidence that the fault downthrows to the right. (a and c: Tom W. Argles, The Open
University, UK. b: Angela L. Coe, The Open University, UK.)
(a) Conjugate veins, with a characteristic X - shaped pattern and minor offsets (Switzerland).
(b) Diagram of shear and extensional fractures on a fold (based on McClay 1991 ); (c)
Unloading joints in granite exposure near Balmoral, Scotland, UK: two sets are subvertical,
almost at right angles to each other, while the third set is roughly parallel to the land surface.
(d) Chaotic veins in this exposure suggest hydraulic fracturing under high fl uid pressure
(Wales, UK). (a, c and d: Tom W. Argles, The Open University, UK.)
46
Determining past motion on brittle structures

The following indicators are the most common:
Slickenfibres : are mineral fibres that grow during fault creep. The long axes of fi
bres are parallel to the fault slip direction, while steps in the fi bres may reveal the
sense of fault motion. The direction of motion is down the steps.
Slickenside lineations (slickenlines) are grooves and striations on fault surfaces
(slickensides) that also run parallel to fault slip direction, i.e. down dip on thrust
and normal faults, or subhorizontal on strike slip faults. Slickenlines observed at
an intermediate orientation between the dip and strike of a fault plane imply that
the fault moved by oblique slip, a combination of dip - slip and strike - slip
movement which is not uncommon. This interpretation assumes the fault to be in
its original orientation. Note also that slickensides tend to record the latter stages
of fault movement, which in some cases may differ from the main phase of slip on
the fault.
Minor fractures in fault zone breccias or gouges may also bear slickensides,
which can be measured to build up a picture of movement throughout the zone.
47
(a) Arrows mark individual steps and indicate slip direction of the missing block on this slickenside in
southwest Wales, UK. Field of view 6 cm across. (b) Secondary fractures may develop that produce a
stepped effect opposite to that in (a). (c) The pattern of en chelon vein arrays indicates relative shear
sense, confi rmed in this example by the defl ection of dark solution seams through the shear zone that
caused vein formation (southwest Wales, UK). (d) Some features within a wider shear zone that can be
used to diagnose sense of shear (Riedel fractures, antithetic Riedel fractures, gouge fabrics, broken clasts).
(a and c: Tom W. Argles, The Open University, UK.)
48
Examples of tectonic foliations. (a) Mylonitic foliation, northwest Himalaya. High strain is indicated by the
strong planar fabric and tightly wrapped porphyroclasts with tails streaked out into the fabric. (b) Slaty
cleavage, visible as fi ne lines running from top left to lower right (two separate cleavage planes are
arrowed). The cleavage cuts obliquely across bedding (dark/pale subhorizontal layers) in these fi ne
grained mudstones and siltstones from Cumbria, UK. (c) Spaced fractures (arrowed) cut across subvertical
bedding in a limestone, southwest Wales, UK. This fabric is sometimes referred to as fracture cleavage .
(d) Pressure solution cleavage (thin, dark lines) in siltstones, west Wales, UK. Note also the cleavage
refraction, where cleavage orientation changes abruptly across some bedding planes (arrowed), refl ecting
grain - size changes. There is also a very fi ne (barely visible) slaty cleavage parallel to the solution
cleavage.
49
Examples of tectonic foliations. (e) Subhorizontal crenulation cleavage in schist, NW

Himalaya, showing clear microfold hinges. (f) Close - up view looking down on
schistosity planes showing visible mineral grains, including mica. The surface of the
sample cuts through numerous, irregular, millimetre scale foliation planes. View is 4
cm across. (a f: Tom W. Argles, The Open University, UK.)
50
Stretching lineations. (a) Stretching lineation defined by stretched grains of quartz

and biotite in a mylonitic quartzite (5 cm across). (b) Weakly aligned orthopyroxene
grains roughly defi ne the stretching direction in a mantle peridotite (base of sample
is 10 cm across).
Stretching lineations. (c) Stretching lineation defi ned by elongate amphibole

crystals in an amphibolite that lacks foliation (base of sample is 8 cm across). (d)
High - strain gneiss with orthogonal faces cut parallel (left face) and perpendicular
(right face) to stretching lineation, which is faintly visible as colour streaking on the
top surface (weathered foliation). Note that the left face (parallel to the lineation)
appears much more sheared than the other cut face: this can be a useful feature to
look for on an irregular exposure when searching for stretching lineations. Line on
top surface is part of the marking originally used to orientate the specimen. (Right
face is 5 cm across.)
51
Sense of s hear: Kinematic indicators
Ductile kinematic indicators, all indicating dextral ( top - to - the - right ) shear sense. (a) Asymmetric
tails on feldspar porphyroclasts in a mylonite, northwest India. (b) Composite sketch depicting various
features
used for determining shear sense (width c . 40 cm). (c) S - C fabric (shear band cleavage) in a mica schist,
Switzerland. Camera case near the base is 25 cm across. (d) Asymmetric pressure shadows on a boudin in
a
gneiss, northwest India. (a, c and d: Tom W. Argles, The Open University, UK.)
52
Examples of different fold tightness. (a) An open fold in low strain strata, near Minehead, Somerset, UK. (b) Tight folds
indicating high strain are cross - cut by an undeformed (later)
granite (top), Glen Gairn, Scotland.
Examples of different fold tightness. (c) Isoclinal folds show

intense strain in metamorphosed mudstones (dark) and
sandstones (pale brown), southern Spain. (d) Monocline in
Carboniferous sedimentary rocks, Northumbria, UK. Hammer
near centre for scale. (a and d: Angela L. Coe, The Open
University, UK. b and c: Tom W. Argles, The Open University,
UK.)
53
Fold analysis
Examples of different fold shapes. (a) Chevron folds, common

in uniformly layered strata at relatively shallow crustal levels,
Tennessee, USA. (b) Disharmonic folds refl ect contrasting
rheologies of different layers. (c) Parallel folds imply
competent layers. (d) Similar folds, with thickened hinge areas
and thinned limbs, suggest weaker rocks that can deform
easily. (a: Courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey;
Photographer W. B. Hamilton. b: Tom W. Argles, The Open
University, UK.)
Information from fold asymmetry. (a) Schematic cross - section showing an

example of how fold asymmetry (and vergence) changes across a fold axial
plane (red line). (b) Isolated asymmetric fold in calcareous mylonite,
implying dextral (top - to - the - right) shear, Switzerland. (Tom W. Argles,
The Open University, UK.)
54
55
56
Terima Kasih
57

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Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Thomson, G. R. and Turk, J. 1991. Modern Physical Geology. Saunder

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Materi (Pokok Bahasan)

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

The major plates of the world.

Carlson et all. (2009)

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

The present plate configurations and plate motions on Earth;

Frisch et all. (2011)

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Three types of plate

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Tectonics (Materi Tambahan)

Reichard (2011) : Environmental Geology

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

...... Convergent Plate Margins

Frisch et all. (2011)

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Struktur Dalam Geologi

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

I. UNSUR-UNSUR STRUKTUR GEOLOGI

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Carlson, et al. 2011

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Carlson, et al. 2011

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Skema urutan pengambilan unsur

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Iustrasi Unsur struktur geologi

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Ductile and Brittle Deformation Features

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Lipatan pada batuan (sedimen) terjadi karena

Universitas Bangka Belitung

Jurusan Teknik Pertambangan

Faktor-Faktor yang Menentukan Bentuk Lipatan

Universitas Bangka Belitung