.

()
555
10900
. 0 2537 2000 www.pttplc.com

11
555/2
10900
. 0 2537 0440-8 www.ptit.org


Petrochemical Encyclopedia

. ()

.
.

..

..

..

..

..

..

.
.
.

Petrochemical Encyclopedia

. ()

National Library of Thailand Cataloging in Publication Data

. ()
= Petrochemical encyclopedia.-- : . (), 2554.
450 .
1. --. 2. --. 3. --. I. .
661.804

ISBN 978-974-496-257-7
1

.. 2554

. ()
555 10900

()
194 46 71
10110

()
167/5 4 - (. 29.5)
10560

. ()

30
.. 2521 .




.

24 .

. ()

. () .

()


()


12
14
68

290

326
368
424
432

additive





(processability)
/
(life/survival ability)
(mechanical properties)

noise induced hearing loss

a, b, c, d .

(dose)
2
(temporary threshold
shift)
(tinnitus)
2

(permanent threshold shift)




(audiometer)

( xxxx)


light fastness
( additive)
( fluorescent
whitening agent)
( optical brightening agent)
(whitening index)

occupational disease

(occupational illness)



( noise induced hearing loss)

( xxxx )

placard

( globally harmonized system for classification and

labeling of chemicals (GHS), hazard classification
)
evaporative cooler .

(venture scrubber)
(particulate wet scrubbing system)
( 1 )

(throat)
( wet
scrubber )

(petroleum chemicals)

(petrochemicals)

..
1880

20

(: )

( )

( )

()

16

.. 1950 2,500 .. 2000
6,100 .. 2010 7,000
8,700 .. 2030
11,000 .. 2050

(carrying capacity
of the earth)

(economies of scale)

17

(petrochemical feedstock,
petrochemical raw material)




(biomass resource)
(natural gas)

(liquefied natural gas (LNG))

(CH4)






(C2+ )
8-9 (wet gas)

(methane)


(ethane)
(gas base petrochemicals)
(ethylene)

(propane)

18

 (liquefied petroleum gas (LPG))

(butane)

1
(feedstock)

(natural gasoline (NGL))

(crude petroleum,
crude oil)

(petroleum
product)

(naphtha)

(liquid base
petrochemicals)
(naphtha base petrochemicals)

(liquefied petroleum gas (LPG))

(gas oil)

(condensate)






(condense)

19

(coal)

(oil shale) (tar sand)
(shale gas)

(biomass resource)

20

.. 1869

(camphor)


(celluloid)
8 32 .


.. 1900

()

21

.. 2378
(.. 1835)

.. 2382
(.. 1839)

(Henri Victor Regnault)

(Eduard Simon)

(styrol)

.. 2405
(.. 1862)

.. 2422
(.. 1879)

(Bouchardt)
(Alexander Parkes)

Parkesine cellulose
nitrate

(John
Wesley Hyatt)

celluloid cellulose
acetate .. 2413

.. 2441
(.. 1898)

(Hans von Pechmann)
polyethylene
(PE)

diazomethane

.. 2472
(.. 1929)
.. (I.G.
Farbenindustrie AG)

(PS)

.. 2473
(.. 1930)

(Wallace Carothers)

(DuPont)

(neoprene)

..

.. 2476
(.. 1933)

.. 2478
(.. 1935)

.. 2480
(.. 1937)

(Reginald
Gibson)
(Eric Fawcett)

(ICI)

(LDPE)

(ethylene)
(benzaldehyde)

.. 2478
(Michael Perrin)

.. 2482

(Wallace Carothers)

(Julian Werner
Hill)
(DuPont)
66

(Otto
Bayer)

(Friedrich Bayer &
Company)

(polyurethane)

22

LDPE


.. 2450
(.. 1907)

.. 2463
(.. 1920)

.. 2465
(.. 1922)

.. 2469
(.. 1926)

.
(F. Rachig)
-
(HoffmannLaRoch)

(phenol)

(coal tar)
67
.. 2377

(Leo
Hendrik Baekeland)

(bakelite)

(formaldehyde)

1930

(Union Carbide)

(Clendenin)

(Hermann Staudinger)

(macromolecular chemistry)

.. 2496

(Waldo
Semon)

(PVC)

.. 2444
(.. 1901)

20

.. 2484
(.. 1941)

(John Rex Whinfield)

(James Tennant Dickson)

(Calico Printes Association)

PET

(Paul
Hogan & Robert
Banks)

(Phillips Petroleum)

(HDPE)
(PP)

.. 2523
(.. 1980)

.. 2496
(.. 1953)

.. 2494
(.. 1951)

(Karl
Ziegler)
( HDPE
.. 2496)

(catalyst)
Ziegler-Natta
catalyst

(Giulio
Natta) (
PP)

.. 2506
ZieglerNatta catalyst

(Walter
Kaminsky)
(Hansjrg Sinn.)

(metallocene)

23

(feedstock)

(exploration & production)

(petroleum processing)

(natural gas separation plant) (oil
refinery) (condensate splitter)

(upstream
petrochemical product)
7
1 (C1 chemistry) (ethylene)
(propylene) (butadiene) 4 (mixed C4)
(benzene) (toluene) (xylene)

24

3

(upstream petrochemical
product)
(feedstock)

7 1
(C1 chemistry) (ethylene) (propylene)
4 (mixed C4) (benzene)
(toluene) (xylene)
7

1 (C1 chemistry group)

(methanol)
(olefins group)

(ethylene) (propylene) 4
(mixed C4)
(aromatics group)

(benzene) (toluene) (xylene)
(intermediate petrochemical
product)

(feedstock)

(crude oil equivalent)

250
3,820 7

(downstream petrochemical
product)

(plastic)

25

- (commodity
plastic)

90

(HDPE)
(LDPE)
(LLDPE) (PVC) (PP)
(PS)

- (engineering plastic)



(polycarbonate) (POM)

26

(synthetic fibre)

(polyester fibre) (polyamide fibre
nylon fibre) (polypropylene fibre)
(acrylic fibre)

(synthetic rubber, elastomer)

(BR) (SBR)
(butyl rubber) (nitrile rubber)
(ethylene propylene diene elastomer
(EPDM))

- (high performance plastic)

(polytetrafluoroethylene
Teflon) (poly ether ether ketone
(PEEK)) (polyethersulfone (PES))


1

27

(synthetic coating
and adhesive material)

(PU) (epoxy resin)
(poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc))

- (ethanolamine)
(specialty chemical)


(ethylene amine)
(chemical additive)
- (fatty alcohol
ethoxylate) (specialty
chemical)
(non-ionic surfactant)
(emulsifier)

- (MTBE)
(chemical additive)

28

/
/

Detergent & Surfactant

(Green House)

29

(upstream petrochemical
process)

3
(thermal
steam cracking)





(cracker)
(ethane cracker)

(naphtha cracker)

(co-product) 4 (mixed C4)
(by-product)

(catalytic cracking)

30

(reforming)



(reformer)

(reformate)

(propane dehydrogenation (PDH))

(metathesis)
4

(downstream
petrochemical process)

(polymerization)

(monomer :
mono mer )

(polymer :
poly )
(double bond)



(repeating
units) (polymer chain)

(copolymer)

 (ethylene) (propylene) (stylene)

(vinyl chloride) (butylene) (butadiene) ()


Monomer
Polymer

[Repeating Unit]n

Polyethylene

PE

Propylene
H2C=CH(CH3)

Polypropylene

PP

Styrene
H2C=CH(C6H5)

Polystyrene

PS

CD

Vinyl chloride
H2C=CHCl

Polyvinyl chloride PVC

/
/

Methyl methacrylate
H2C=C(CH3)
COOCH3

Polymethyl
methacrylate

PMMA

Acrylonotrile
H2C=CHCN

Polyacrylonotrile

PAN

Vinyl acetate
CH3COOCH=CH2

Polyvinyl acetate PVA

Ethylene glycol
HOCH2-CH2OH

Terephthalic acid
HOOC COOH

Polyethylene
terephthalate

PET

PA
6,10

Hexamethylenediamine
H2N-(CH2)6-NH2
Nylon 6,10
Sebacic acid
HOOC-(CH2)8COOH

Ethylene
H2C=CH2

31

(
) (

) (

) (
)
(
)

(large scale)

(petrochemical complex)

(economies of scale)

32

 (technology
availability)



(barrier to
entry)

(commodity petrochemical)
(license)

(specialty petrochemical)

(joint venture)

(capital intensive)

33

(large number of participants)

(highly competitive)

(distributed globally)

34

(cost is based
on feedstock follow crude oil price trend)

9%

2%

89%

(uniform in quality)

(HDPE)

(margin vary by
operating rate)

(demand depends on economics)

35

(Gross Domestic Product, GDP)

(cyclicality)

7-9

(% growth of product demand/% growth of GDP)

3-5

(economies of
scale)

HDPE ()
2552

GDP
HDPE

2530

2550
2540 2539

GDP ()
(GDP)
(HDPE) .. 2530-2552

36

(integration)

(stand-alone)

(integrated operation)

37

(backward integration)


(forward integration)

(feedstock)

(condensate splitter)



(transfer price)

(security of feedstock/raw material)

Ludwigshafen

38

39

(feedstock position)
(infrastructure)



( 60-70 )

"

http://depts.drew.edu/mideast/

"

http://www.menainfra.com/news/middle-east-oil
w.edu/mideast/
round-up/

http://www.menainfra.com/news/middle-east-oil
round-up/

s/jup

http://www.menainfra.com/news/middle-east-oil
round-up/

http://www.chemicalstechnology.com/projects/jup
c/jupc1.html

http://www.worldmapsonline.com/classroomm
aps/regional_maps_of_asia.htm

http://www.abudhabi.ms/

http://www.abudhabi.ms/

http://www.worldmapsonline.com/classroomm
aps/regional_maps_of_asia.htm

(feedstock/
http://www.abudhabi.ms/
raw material security)

assroomm

40

(human resource)

(capital)

41

(market)

(logistics management)

(baseload)

(technology)

42

Largest Ethylene Cracker Capacity in Thailand

1,200
1,000

(economies of scale)
(
)

315,000 .. 2533 1,000,000 .. 2553

800
600
400
200
0

800

800

.. 2546

.. 2551

1000

315
.. 2533

.. 2553

(appropriate integration)

(transfer
price)



(regional/global reach)

43

44

45

2











.. 2500

46

()
.. 2514 .
.
9,000 /
8,300 /


4-6

() . .

.. 2516

1 .. 2523-2532 (.. 1980-1989)

.
1

VCM
PTT
GSP

Ethane

PVC

Plastic tubing

PE

Plastic bag
& goods

PP

Plastic parts
& goods

Ethylene
NPC

Propane/LPG
Propylene

1 (NPC I)

47

2 .. 2532-2547 (.. 1989-2004)

2
- 1 .. 2532-2538 (.. 1989-1995)

2



()

- 2 .. 2538-2547 (.. 1995-2004)

(.. 2541 .. 1998)

PE

Plastic bags
& goods

PVC

Plastic tubing

Propylene

PP

Plastic parts
& goods

Mixed C4

MTBE, Butene-1,
LPG

Fuel/additives

PS

Electric appliances
& housing market

Styrene

ABS

Automotive parts
market

PTA

Polyester

Textile & garment

market

PA

Plasticizer

Reinforced fiber
plastic market

From PTT, Gas

LPG

Ethylene

NGL
Naphtha

Thai Olefins

PTT & Import

Pygas

Condensate
FRN

Raffinate

Thai Aromatics
Benzene

Hydrogen

Users

p-Xylene

Gas

PTT/Refinery
/Export
Solvents

VCM

Light naphtha
o-Xylene

Condensate
residue
Toluene
Mixed xylenes
Heavy aromatics

p-Xylene
Benzene

Export
Export

2 (NPC II)

3 .. 2547- (.. 2004-)

(world scale)

48

.. 2553

49

 .. 2553

50

Aditya Birla Chemicals (Thailand) Ltd.

AO Chemical
Apex Petrochemical Co., Ltd. (Apex)
Asia Fibre Co., Ltd.
Bangkok Polyester Plc.
Bangkok Polyethylene Plc. (BPE)
Bangkok Synthetics Co., Ltd. (BST)
Bayer Thai
BST Elastomer Co., Ltd.
Chiem Patana Synthetic Fibers Co., Ltd.
Chiem Patana Textiles Co., Ltd.
Continental Petrochemicals (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
Cytec Industries (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
Dia Polyacrylate Co., Ltd
Diforce Chemie Co., Ltd.
Dow Chemical Thailand Co., Ltd.
Eternal Resin Co., Ltd.
ExxonMobil Chemical (Thailand) Limited
HMC Polymers Co., Ltd. (HMC)
Indorama Polyester Industries Plc.
Indorama Polymers Plc.
INEOS ABS (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
IRPC Plc. (IRPC)
IRPC Polyol Co., Ltd.
Kangwal Polyester Co., Ltd.
Map Ta Phut Olefins Co., Ltd. (MOC)
Ming Dih Chemical Co., Ltd.
Pacific Plastic (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
Polyplex (Thailand) Plc.
PTT Aromatics and Refining Plc. (PTTAR)
PTT Asahi Chemical Co., Ltd.
PTT Chemical Plc. (PTTCH)
PTT Phenol Co., Ltd.
PTT Polyethylene Co., Ltd. (PTTPE)
Rayong Olefins Co., Ltd. (ROC)
Sand and Soil Industry Co., Ltd.
Siam Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
Siam Mitsui PTA Co., Ltd.
Siam Polyethylene Co., Ltd. (SPE)
Siam Polystyrene Co., Ltd.
Siam Styrene Monomer Co., Ltd. (SSMC)
Siam Synthetic Latex Co., Ltd. (SSLC)
Siam Tire Cord Co., Ltd.
South City Petrochem Co., Ltd.

()



()
()





()
()




()

()
()
()
()




()
() ()
. ()

. ()

Sunflag (Thailand) Co., Ltd.

()
Teijin Polyester (Thailand) Co., Ltd.

Thai ABS Co., Ltd.

Thai Acrylic Fibre Co., Ltd.

Thai Baroda Industries Co., Ltd.

Thai Chemical Co., Ltd.

Thai Ethanolamine Co., Ltd.

Thai Etoxylate Co., Ltd.

Thai Indo Kordsa Co., Ltd.

Thai Mitsui Specialty Chemical Co., Ltd.

Thai MMA Co., Ltd.

Thai Paraxylene Co., Ltd. (TPX)

Thai Pet Resin Co., Ltd.

Thai Plastic and Chemicals Plc. (TPC)
()
Thai Polyacetal Co., Ltd. (TPAC)

Thai Polycarbonate Co., Ltd. (TPCC)

Thai Polyester Co., Ltd.

Thai Polyethylene Co., Ltd. (TPE)

Thai Polymer Textile Co., Ltd.

Thai Polypropylene Co., Ltd. (TPP)

Thai Polyset Co., Ltd.

Thai Shinkong Corp., Ltd.

Thai Styrenics Co., Ltd.

Thai Synthetic Rubbers Co., Ltd.

Thai Taffeta Co., Ltd.

Thai Toray Synthetics Co., Ltd. (TORAY)

Thai Urethane Co., Ltd.

TOA Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

TOC Glycol Co., Ltd. (TOCGC)

Toray Nylon Thai Co., Ltd.

TPC Paste Resin Co., Ltd.

TPI Polene Plc.
()
TPT Petrochemicals Plc. (TPT)
()
Ube Chemicals (Asia) Plc. (UBE)
() ()
UR Chemical Co., Ltd.

Vinylthai Plc. (VNT)
()

Bangchak Petroleum Plc. (BCP)

()
ExxonMobil Co., Ltd (ExxonMobil)

PTT Gas Separation Plant (PTT GSP)
. ()
Rayong Purifier Plc. (RRC)
()
Star Petroleum Refining (SPRC)

Thai Oil Plc. (TOP)
()

51

.. 2509

.. 2511

Hoechst
Chemical Industries

.. 2540

(Tom Yum Kung

Crisis)

()
TPI

()

(TAC)

()
() ATC

(BTX)

52

.. 2516

.. 2521

.. 2542

.. 2547

.. 2548

.. 2514

ROC

()
()

3
.. 2547-

TPI

()
TOC

()
NPC
.
()
PTTChem

.. 2527

1
(NPC I)

1
.
.

.. 2532

.. 2533

2 (NPC II)

TPE

(HDPE)

.. 2538

.. 2525

(LDPE)

.. 2549
.
()


() TPI

()
IRPC

.. 2550

()
() ATC

()
RRC
.

() PTTAR

.. 2551

(Hamburger Crisis)

.. 2552

.. 2553

76

(AFTA)

29

53

1
.. 2547 4 .. 2552
4.6 5.1

.. 2552
9 22 7
8

9%

* 22%

LPG 9%
()
LPG 8%
()

70%

82%

861,876

326,000

* 80,000
.. 2552

54

4 .. 2552

2.2

39,551 (18%)
85,116 (38%)

23,129 (10%)

33,304 (15%)

580 (0.3%)

221,479

7,868 (4%)

4,189 (2%)

5,389 (2%)

1,812 (1%)

20,541 (9%)
.. 2552

55

10,000 360,000




(dynamic)

1 (.. 2523-2532) 3 (.. 2547-)
30

( .)


(
) 1 (NPC I)

56

57

.
. . . .
. 5

RIL

(condensate
splitter) (feedstock)
(integration)

IRPC (TPI ) . .


.

.


.

58

59

(industrial capacity)

.. 2514

.. 2540

.. 2554 29
12 7
10

35
30

25

20
15
10
5
0

2514 2523 2525 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554
.. 2554

(economies of scale)
1
(

)
3
1


40 .. 2545
55 .. 2554

60


60
50
40
30
20

13
7

37

42

2545

2549

2554

35

10
0

.
()
.
.
IRPC ( TPI ) ..
2553 .
80

35
30
25

PTT
Group

SCG
Group

Others
SCG
PTT

20
15
10

Others

5
0

2546

2551

2553

61

 . ()

. PTT Group



(olefins) (aromatics)
.. 2553 .
14


. ()

. () 2
IRPC


()
PTT Group

Petroleum
Petroleum
exploration

Petrochemical
Olens and
derivatives

Renery
Gasoline
station chain
Natural gas
separation
Lube base
plant

62

Oleochemical
Aromatics and
derivatives

Ethylene

Benzene
Cyclohexane

Ethanolamine
Ethoxylate
LDPE
LLDPE
HDPE

SM
PS
EPS
ABS/SAN
Toluene
P-Xylene
O-Xylene
Mixed-Xylene

EG

VCM
PVC
Propylene
PP
Phenol/Acetone
ACN
MMA
Polyol/PU
Butadiene

Methyl ester
Fatty alcohols

.. 2456
.. 2532
(HDPE)

SCG-Dow Group
.. 2553
9.7


RIL
2

SCG
Petrochemicals
Aromatics
and derivatives

Olens
and derivatives
Ethylene
LDPE
LLDPE
HDPE
VCM
PVC
Propylene
PP
PO

BR
SBR
SBL
Butadiene
MTBE
Butene-1
MMA
BMA

C1 chemistry
and derivatives
MF resins

Benzene
SM
PS
Toluene
PTA
PET

63

- TOA

TOA



(engineering plastics) (PC)
(POM)
-
(polyester)

(PET) .. 2538




(Indorama Polymers Public Co., Ltd. IRP)
(PET)
(Indo Poly (Thailand) Ltd.)

(Indorama Petrochem Ltd.)
(PTA)
- Bayer

/
(ABS/SAN) (PC)
.. 2547 Bayer ABS/SAN
Lanxess INEOS ABS
Bayer

64

- ExxonMobil Chemical
ExxonMobil


.. 2542
(p-Xylene)
- Ube
Ube
(Nylon) Caprolactam

.. 2547-2548

-






Polyol/PU PG

Website

www.apic-online.org

Arab Fertilizer Association (AFA)

www.afa.com.eg

European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC)

www.cefic.org

The European Petrochemical Association (EPCA)

www.epca.be

The Association of Petrochemicals Producers in Europe

(APPE)

www.petrochemistry.
net

The Latin American Petrochemical Association (APLA)

www.apla.com.ar

The Methanol Institute

www.methanol.org

National Petrochemicals and Refiners Association (NPRA)

www.npra.org

The Canadian Chemical Producers Association (CCPA)

www.ccpa.ca

The Japan Petrochemical Industry Association (JPCA)

www.jpca.or.jp

The Korean Petrochemical Industry Association (KPIA)

www.kpia.or.kr

The Petrochemical Industry Association of Taiwan (PIAT)

www.piat.org.tw

The Chemicals and Petrochemicals Manufacturers

Association (CPMA)

www.cpmai.com

The Malaysian Petrochemicals Association (MPA)

www.mpa.org.my

The Singapore Chemical Industry Council (SCIC)

www.scic.sg

The Petrochemial Industry Club under the Federation of

Thai Industries
( )

www.ftipc.or.th

The Petroleum Institute of Thailand

()

www.ptit.org

Asia Petrochemical Industry Conference (APIC)

65

Website

66

www.che.eng.ku.ac.th
http://mat.eng.ku.ac.th/
index.htm
http://chem.sci.ku.ac.th/
http://physics.sci.ku.ac.th/
http://chemsci.kku.ac.th/
www.chem.eng.chula.ac.th
www.ppc.chula.ac.th
www.chemtech.sc.chula.
ac.th/
www.chemistry.sc.chula.
ac.th/home.htm
http://gensci.sc.chula.ac.th/
www.sc.chula.ac.th/matsci/
www.sc.chula.ac.th/
petrochem/home.html
www.science.cmu.ac.th/
department/ic/
www.cmuchem.com/
www.che.eng.kmutt.ac.th
http://science.kmutt.ac.th/
WebChem/index.html
www.jgsee.kmutt.ac.th

www.ic.kmutnb.ac.th/

www.en.rmutt.ac.th/

www.sut.ac.th/engineering/
polymer
http://science.sut.ac.th/
chemistry/
www.che.engr.tu.ac.th

www.siit.tu.ac.th

http://chemistry.buu.ac.th/

www.eng.mut.ac.th/Chemical

http://chemw.sc.mahidol.
ac.th/
www.eg.mahidol.ac.th/dept/
egche/
http://eng.swu.ac.th/
department/che dept.html

www.eng.su.ac.th

www.sc.psu.ac.th

www.kmitl.ac.th/che/people/

index.html

www.kmitl.ac.th/chem

http://chem.sci.ubu.ac.th/

Website

www.mtec.or.th/index.php

www.nanotec.or.th/
nanotec th/

67

-methylstyrene (AMS) ()

(-olefin) ( styrene) (methyl
group, -CH3)
1 (alpha, )
C9H10

( cumene) ( benzene)
( propylene)
( dehydrogenation)

(intermediate)
(plasticizer) (resin)

-lactam

(heteroatom) 3
1

1-butene 1-
( alkene) 4
C4H8 1 (isomer)
1- 2- ( 2-butene) ( iso-butene)

1-

4 ( mixed C4) (by product) (cracking)
( olefin) () ( naphtha)

(extractive distillation)
(molecular sieve adsorption) (intermediate)
(comonomer) (ethylene)
( high density polyethylene)
( linear low density polyethylene)
2-butene 2-
( alkene) 4
C4H8 2 (isomer)
1- ( 1-butene) 2- ( iso-butene)
2 -2- (cis-2-butene)
70 -2- (trans-2-butene) 30

-2-

-2-

4 4 ( mixed C4)
(by product) (cracking) (
) ( naphtha)
( butadiene)
(butanone)

70

absorption


(Nernst
partition law) (partition coefficient, KN)
KN = [x]1/[x]2 [x]1
(solute) 1 [x]2
2 KN
(amine treating)


(monoethanolamine (MEA)) (diethanolamine (DEA))
(methyldiethanolamine (MDEA))
(absorber)
(sweet gas)
(rich amine) (regenerator)
(desorp)
(lean amine)

71

acetaldehyde

carbonylation)

(iodine-promoted rhodium)

(aldehyde)
(formyl group, -CHO)
(methyl group, -CH3) CH3CHO


(Wacker
process) (oxidation)
(II)
(paladium (II) chloride, PdCl2) (II)
(copper (II) chloride, CuCl2) (hydrochloric
acid, HCl)

PdCI2, CuCI2, HCI, H2O

120 C, 3 bar

CH3CHO

( acetic
acid)
acetic acid ,

(vinyl acetate)
( acetic anhydride)
(ester)
acetic anhydride
O
H3C

(carboxylic acid) (carboxyl group,
-COOH) (methyl group, -CH 3)
CH3COOH

2
10

(methanol

CH3

(anhydride acid) (acyl group, RCO-)
2 R1CO- R2CO-
R1 R2
(methyl group, -CH3) C4H6O3
( acetic acid)
(acetyl iodide) (methyl acetate)

CH3CI + CH3COOCH3

CH3I + (CH3CO)2O

(cellulose acetate)
(acetylsalicylic acid)
()

()

72

acetone
H3C

( acrylonitrile)
( butadiene)

O
C

CH3

(ketone)
(carbonyl group, -CO-)
(alkyl group, R) 2
(methyl group, -CH3) C3H6O


(cumene process)

(methyl
methacrylate)
(polymethyl metacrylate (PMMA))

C6H5OH + CH3COCH3

acetonitrile

H
H C C N
H

(nitrile)
(nitrile group, -CN) (alkyl
group, R) (methyl group, -CH3)
CH3CN

73

acetoxylation
(carboxylic
group, RCOO-)
1,4- (1,4-butenediol)
1,3- (1,3-butadiene)
1,4--2-
(1,4-diacetoxy-2-butene) 2

acetylenic

( acetylene)

1,3-

acrolein
(aldehyde)
(formyl group, -CHO)
(vinyl group, CH2=CH-)
C3H4O

1,4--2-

1,4-

acetylene

(alkyne)
2 C2H2

(partial
oxidation) ( methane)
1,500 2-3
(quench)

(cracking)
( vinyl chloride)
(vinyl cyanide)

acid gas



(amine treating)
(Benfield process)

(oxidation)

(bismuth molybdate (BiMo))
(glycerol)
280
(polyester resin) ( polyurethane) ( propylene glycol)
(acrylic acid) ( acrylonitrile)
acrylamide
(amide)
(amide group, -CONH2)
(vinyl group, CH2=CH-)
C3H5NO

74



(polymerization)
( acrylonitrile)
( hydrolysis)
CH2=CH-CN + H2SO4 + H2O

(NH4)2SO4 + CH2=CHCONH2

( poly
(acrylamide))
(water-soluble thickener)

(high impact strength)

(saturated hydrocarbon)
(low-aromatic gasoline)
(lubricating oil) (vegetable and
animal oil)
(concentrated
inorganic acids and base)

acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile (ASA) - ()
( copolymer)
( monomer) 3
(acrylic acid) ( styrene)
( acrylonitrile) (high gloss)
(chemical resistance) (heat resistance)

75

acrylonitrile

(nitrile)
(nitrile group, -CN) (vinyl
group, CH2=CH-)
C3H3N (
) 53.06
0.81
-84 77
( propylene)

(catalytic ammoxidation)
(bismuth molybdenum (BiMo))
2CH3CH=CH2 + 2NH3 + 3O2

2CH2=CHCN + 6H2O

( monomer)
- ( acrylonitile-butadienestyrene) -
( styrene-acrylonitrile)
acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (ABR), nitrile rubber
(NBR) - (),
()

76

( copolymer)
( acrylonitrile) (butadiene)
18-51

(non-polar
solvent) (heat resistance)
(abrasion resistance)
-40 125
(flexibility)

(hydraulic hose) (conveyor
belting) (graphic arts)

acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) - ()
( copolymer) 3
( acrylonitrile)
( butadiene) ( styrene)
50


(rigidity)
(processability)

1,3-

-- ()

77

78

adipic acid
(carboxylic)
(carboxyl group, -COOH) 2
4 (dicarboxylic acid)
C6H10O4
2
( cyclohexanol)
( cyclohexanone) -
(ketone-alcohol oil, KA oil)
(nitric acid)
(glutaric acid)
(succinic acid)

CH2=CHCH=CH2 + CO + CH3OH

CH3CH=CHCH2COOCH3
3-

CH3CH=CHCH2COOCH3 +
3-

CO

+ CH3OH

CH3OOC(CH2)4COOCH3

CH3OOC(CH2)4COOCH3 + 2H2O

HOOC(CH2)4COOCH3 + 2CH3OH

OH

HO

C6H11OH + HNO3

C6H10O4 + HNO2 + H2O

2
( nylon)
( polyurethane)
(plasticizer)

( butadiene)
( carbonylation)
(dicobalt octacarbonyl) (quinone)

adiponitrile
(nitrile)
(nitrile group, -CN) 2
4 C6H8N2

( butadiene)
(hydrocyanation) (sodium cyanide,
NaCN) (nickel
triaryl phosphite, Ni[P(OAr)3]4)

adsorbent

2
( zeolite) (porous
alumina) (silica gel)
(activated carbon)

CH2=CHCH=CH2 + HCN

CH3CH=CHCH2CN

HCN NCCH CH CH CH CN
2
2
2
2

1,6- (1,6-diaminohexane)

79

adsorption

(interface)
2

(colloid)
(adsorbate)
( adsorbent)

(adhesion) (cohesion)
(layer)
2
(weak force)
(van der Waals forces)
(London forces)
(strong force)
(ionic force)
(metallic force)

ageing, aging






(aging test) (oven)
(test tube)

Manometer
Valve

Safety valve

Insulation
O-ring sealing
Gas phase
Liquid phase

Internal height

Heat element
Test specimen
Internal diameter

Regen gas

K.O.pot

80

alcoholysis ,
(nucleophile)
(alcohol, ROH)

(transesterification) (biodiesel)
(-OR)


( hydrolysis) (ammonolysis)
R
O

O
O

+ 3 H3C-OH

Catalyst

O
R

OH
OH

H3C
+ 3

HO

O
O

aldol condensation
(alpha)
(beta) (carbonyl group, -CO-) (hydroxyl
group, -OH)

* +

81

aldolization

()
(enol)
( alkene) (hydroxyl, -OH)

(enolate ion)


(beta) (C=O)

(-hydroxy aldehyde)
(-hydroxyketone)

alicyclics, alicyclic hydrocarbon ,

( cyclohexane)


( cyclohexene)

( cyclohexanol)
( cyclohexanone)

82

aliphatics, aliphatic hydrocarbon ,

(
) (
)
3
( alkane)
( alkene)
( alkyne)

( ethane) ( propane)

( ethylene) ( propylene)
( butadiene)
(
acetylene)
alkane

(paraffinic hydrocarbon)
( paraffin) CnH2n+2 n = 1,
2, 3,

n = 1 ( methane) CH4
n = 2 ( ethane) C2H6
n = 3 ( propane) C3H8
1
2 ( alkane)



( ethylene) ( propylene)

alkyl benzenesulfonate
(alkyl group, R)
10-14 (sulfonic
group, -SO3H) ( benzene)

n = 2 ( ethylene) C2H4
n = 3 ( propylene) C3H6

( butadiene)
( polyethylene)
( ethylene oxide) ( ethylene glycol)
( ethyl benzene)
(polypropylene)
( acrylonitrile) ( cumene)
( butadiene rubber)
--

- ( Friedel-Crafts
reaction)

(surfactant)
alkylation
(alkylate)
( alkane)
( alkene) (alkyl group, R)

(sulfuric acid)

alkene

1
( olefin) CnH2n
n 2

2,2

2,2,3

83

alkylbenzene
(alkyl group, R)
( benzene)
(methyl group, -CH3)
( ethyl
benzene) (ethyl group, -C2H5)

alkyne


1
CnH2n- 2 n 2

n = 2 (ethyne)

C2H2

n = 3 (propyne) C3H4

( acetylene)
( vinyl chloride)
( butadiene)

alkylphenol
(alkyl group, R)
( phenol) (propyl phenol) (butyl phenol)
(octyl phenol) (nonyl phenol)
3
(long chain alkylphenols (LCAPs))

84

allylic polymerization
(allyl)
(CH2=CH-CH2-Y) Y
(-OH)
(initiator) (free radical)

(free radical polymerization)

1- (1-hexene)

amination
( amine)

( ammonia)
1) ( alkylation)
(alkyl group, R)

(quaternary ammonium
salt)

R3
CH3(CH2)nN(CH3)2

R1
+
N R4
R2
+

3) (Mannich reaction)
(aminoketone) (aminoaldehyde)
(carbonyl group, C=O)

alpha olefin
( alkene)

(alpha)
2 (linear)
(branch)

2) (reductive amination)
(reductive alkylation)
(aldehyde)
(ketone) ( amine)

ClCH2C6H5

[CH3(CH2)nN(CH3)2CH2C6H5]+Cl

85

amine
(functional group)

(lone-pair electron) 1
(-NH2) (alkyl group)
(aryl group) (ammonia
derivatives)
1
(primary amine) 2
(secondary amine) 3
(tertiary amine)
(amino acid)
(methylamine) ( aniline)

ammonia
(inorganic compound)

3 NH3

2NH3

3H2 + N2

85
(ammonium nitrate)
(urea)
(nitric acid)
( caprolactam)

(refrigerant)

86

ammonium sulfate
(inorganic salt)
(NH4)2SO4

2NH3 + H2SO4

(NH4)2SO4

( caprolactam) ( acrylamide)

( ammonia)
(sulfuric acid)

87

ammonolysis ,
(nucleophile)
( ammonia)

(amide) (carboxylic
acid) (ester)
(methylamide)
( acetic acid)

CH3COOH + NH3

CH3CONH2 + H2O

(
hydrolysis) ( alcoholysis)
ammoxidation ,
(nitrile, -CN)
( ammonia)
( alkene) (sohio process)
( acrylonitrile)
( propylene)

3
2

aniline, phenylamine, aminobenzene , ,

(aromatic amine)
(amine, -NH2) ( benzene)
C6H7N

(benzene) 2

88

NH2

NO2

+ 2H2O

+ 3H2 cal

(methyl diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI))

( polyurethane)

aniline-formaldehyde resin -

( formaldehyde) ( aniline)



anionic polymerization
( addition polymerization)
(active site) (anion)
(CH2=CH-X) (X) (initiator)
(termination)
(active site)
(living polymer) (block
copolymer) - (styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR))

Init

Init

89

anthraquinone
(quinone) ( benzene)
2 (carbonyl group, -CO-)
2 2
(diketone)

- (Friedel-Craft condensation)
( phthalic anhydride) 25-60
(aluminium chloride, AlCl3)

(alizarin)

90

aromatic polyamide, aromatic nylon, aramid , ,

(aromatic ring)
(stiffness)
(high strength fiber) (bulletproof vest)
(composite structures)

aromatics
6


(benzene, C6H6)
(alkyl group) (functional
group)

4 ( benzene) (toluene)
( ethyl benzene) ( para-xylene)
aroma
CH3

CH
CH2 3
H3C

CH3

91

aromatization

(non-aromatic hydrocarbon)
(
benzene) ( toluene) ( xylene)



1) (direct dehydrogenation)
( naphthene,
cycloalkane)


( cyclohexane)

atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP)

()

( free radical polymerization)

(I) (CuX)
(
) (R-X) R
X R
( monomer)

3) (dehydrocyclization)
(aliphatic hydrocarbon)

(n-heptane)
7 (toluene)

2)
(dehydroisomerization)

(methylcyclopentane)

4) (high temperature
condensation)


600-800
( propane) 3
( methane)

92

Ka
Kd
R-X ()
R
M

autoacceleration, gel effect, Tromsdorff effect, Tromsdorff-Norrish

effect , , ,
-
(radical
polymerization) ( bulk polymerization)





(molecular weight
distribution)

azeotrope ,
2
(simple distillation)
(composition)

95.5
4.5
(nitric acid)
(perchloric acid) (hydrofluoric acid)
(sulfuric acid) ( acetone)
( methanol) (chloroform) (diethyl ether)
(halothane) ( benzene)
(hexafluorobenzene)

( poly(acrylamide))
( polystyrene) ( poly(methyl
methacrylate))

93

azeotropic distillation ,

( azeotrope)
(entrainer)

(ethanol)
78.3 100

95.5 4.5 78.15

(ketone)


99.5

Overhead
Vapor

Condenser
Reux drum
Distillate

Reux
Receivers

Column
Steam
Pot/Reboiler

Condensate

94

azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) ()


(benzoyl peroxide)

Beckmann rearrangement
(oxime, R=N-OH)
(amide)
(Ernst Otto Beckmann) .. 2429

(Beckmann solution)
( acetic acid) (hydrochloric acid) ( acetic
anhydride) (sulfuric acid)
( cyclohexanone) ( caprolactam)
(hydroxylamine, NH2OH)

95

benzaldehyde
(aromatic aldehyde)
(formyl group, -CHO) ( benzene)
C7H6O

( toluene)
( chlorination) (benzal chloride)
( hydrolysis)
(hydrochloric acid)

(mandelic acid)
(malachite green)

96

benzene
( aromatics)
6 C6H6

Ethylbenzene

Cumene

Styrene

Acetone

Polycarbonate
Bisphenol-A
Epoxy resin

Phenol

Benzene
Cyclohexane

Aniline

Polystyrene

( catalytic reforming)
(methyl group, CH3) (toluene
dehydroalkylation) (toluene disproportionation)
( steam cracking)
( aliphatic hydrocarbon) (octane number)
(gasoline)
(intermediate)
( styrene) ( phenol)
( cyclohexane)

Phenolic resin
Adipic acid

Nylon 6-6

Caprolactam

Nylon 6

Chlorobenzene

97

benzene-toluene-xylene (BTX) - ()

( benzene) ( toluene)
( xylene)
(catalytic reforming)
( aliphatic
hydrocarbon) (octane
number) (gasoline)

1
2

(benzoyl chloride)
(benzoate plasticizers) ( phenol)

CH3

H3C

CH3

benzoic acid

(aromatic carboxylic acid)
(carboxyl group, -COOH)
( benzene) C7H6O2
O

OH

(weak acid)
122.12 1.32
122.4
249.2

98

( toluene)
(partial oxidation) 165
10.13
(cobalt acetate)

biaxial orientation, biaxial stretch

,





2

99

bismaleimides (BMI) ()
(thermosetting polymeric
materials)
(diamine) ( maleic anhydride)
(crosslinking)
180

(maleic anhydride)

( phenol)
(temperature resistance) (epoxy
polymer) (glass transition
temperature) 260

200-230
460

(epoxy polymer)
(printed wire board)


(adhesive)

CO
CO
CO
N

CO

CO

CO

CO

bisphenol-A (BPA) ()

( phenol)
C15H16O2

CO
CO

CO

CO

CO

100

HO

CH3
CH3

OH

(ethanol) ( acetone)

(condensation) 50
(hydrochloric acid)

 ( epoxy resin)
( polycarbonate)
( polyether ketone) ( polysulfone)

block copolymer
( copolymer)
(simple polymer)
(diblock copolymer)
(triblock copolymer)
-- ( acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS))
(impact resistance) (toughness)
(strength) (rigidity)

(a)
Polystyrene
block

(b)

Polybutadiene
block
Polystyrene
block

101

blow moulding, blow moulding process

(thermoplastic)
(hollow object) (parison)
(preform)
(mould) 2
(extrusion blow moulding)

(injection blow moulding)


Air hose

Die head

Mold

Molten
plastic
Blow pin

Extruder

Molded part

Cooling
lines
Mold cavity
Parison
Mold half

Molded part

Station 2

Station 1

Blow
mould

Station 3

102

Preform
mould

Stripper
ejection

bromination
(bromine, Br2)
( alkane) ( alkene) ( aromatics)
(bromopentane)

1,2- (1,2-dibromoethane)
(p-bromophenol)
bromine number
100

bulk polymerization, mass polymerization ,

(monomer)
(initiator) (medium)
(solvent)

(step polymerization) (condensation
polymerization) ( polyester) ( polyamide)
( chain polymerization)
(conversion)


50

103

butadiene
( alkene)
4 2 (diene) C4H6
2 (isomer) 1,2- (1,2-butadiene) 1
2 1,3- (1,3-butadiene)
1 3 1,2-
1,3-

1,2-

4
4 ( mixed C4) ( extraction)
(steam cracking)
( aliphatics) ( olefin)
(polybutadiene) - (styrene-butadiene
rubber (SBR))

104

1,3-

butadiene rubber (BR), buna rubber

(),

butane
( alkane)
4
C4H10 2 (isomer)
(n-butane) ( iso-butane)

trans 1,4 - structure

( solution polymerization)
1,4 1,4
vinyl-1,2 (initiator)
(elasticity)
(resilience)
(abrasion resistance)

(propane) 30:70 40:60
(liquefied petroleum
gas (LPG))

( acetic acid) (n-butene)
(maleate anhydride)

cis 1,4 - structure

105

butene, butylene ,
( alkene)
4 1
C4H8 4
(isomer) 1- ( 1-butene)
1 -2- (cis-2-butene)
2
(methyl group, -CH3) -2-
(trans-2-butene)
2

1-

2-

(catalytic cracking)
(gas oil)
(steam cracking) ( naphtha)

butyl rubber
( polyisobutylene) ( isobutylene) ( butadiene)
( 2)
/
/






(adhesion properties)
( bromiation) ( chlorination)

2-

106


( butylene
glycol) (plasticizer)
(stabilizer)
(chlorinated solvent)
(surfactant)

1,2-

1,3-

1,4-

2,3-

1,4-
1,4-
(tetrahydrofuran)
(-butyrolactone)
(pyrrolidone) (n-vinylpyrrolidone)

butylene oxide
(epoxide)
(ethyl group, -CH2CH3)
2
(ethylene oxide)
C4H8O

calendering process
(plastic
sheet) (film)
( additive)
(hot mixer)


(calender rolls)
3 2

(PVC sheet)
(rigid PVC)

(soft PVC)

butylene glycol (BG), butanediol

(),
(diol) (glycol)
(hydroxyl group,
-OH) 2 4
C4H10O2 4 (isomer)
1,2- (1,2-butylene glycol)
1,2- (1,2-butanediol) 1,3-
(1,3-butylene glycol) 1,3- (1,3-butanediol)
1,4- (1,4-butylene glycol)
1,4- (1,4-butanediol) 2,3-
(2,3-butylene glycol) 2,3- (2,3-butanediol)
1,4-
1,4-

107

caprolactam
(cyclic amide) ( lactam)
(amide, -CONH-)
C6H11NO

O
NH

6 (ring opening
polymerization)
H
N O
O
H
N
n

caprolactone
(cyclic ester) (lactone)
(carboxylate group, -COO-)
C6H10O2
O

108



114.14 1.03
-1
253
( cyclohexanone)
- (Baeyer-Villiger oxidation)
(peracetic acid, CH3COOOH)

(caprolactam)
(ammonia)
(polycaprolactone)
(ring opening polymerization)
- (Baeyer-Villiger oxidation)
(Adolf von Baeyer)
(Victor Villiger)
.. 2442

Carothers equation

(Wallace Carothers) (nylon)
.. 2478

( )
(p)


p

N0 /N
(N0 -N)/N0

N0
t



A B
1. A B

carbonylation

(carbonyl
group, -CO- (aldehyde)
(ketone) (carboxylic acid)
(ester) (amide)
(hydroformylation)
(Reppe chemistry)
(p-tolualdehyde)
(intermediate)

(agrochemicals)
(toluene)

(1+r)
1+r-2rp
r A B r
1
2.
A B
xn = 2/(2 - pfav )

av

109

casting




(continuous casting process)
(batch casting process)
(cell casting process)

(Cover belt)

(Carrier belt)

110

Energy

Ea (no calalyst)
Ea (with calalyst)

X, Y

catalyst

(activation energy)


(heat of reaction)
(selective)

Reaction progress

Energy =
Ea =
X, Y = , Z =
G = (Gibbs free energy)
Reaction progress =

111

112

(transition metal)

(hydrogenation) (iron) (nickel)

(dehydrogenation) (palladium)
(hydrogenolysis)
(platinum) (gold)

(semiconductor)
(transition
metal oxide)

(nickel oxide)
(zinc oxide)
(manganese oxide)
(oxidation)
(chromium oxide)
(dehydrogenation)
(bismuth oxide)/
(desulfurization)
(molybdenum oxide)
(tin oxide)
(iron oxide)

(insulator oxide)

(dehydration)

(aluminium oxide)
(silicon oxide)
(magnesium oxide)

(acid)
(acidic mixed oxide)

(polymerization)
(isomerization)
(cracking)
(alkylation)

(esterification)

(phosphoric acid)
(sulfuric acid)
(boron fluoride)
(zeolite)

(polymerization)

/
(sodium/ammonia)

(transition metal complex)

(hydroformylation)
(polymerization)
(oxidation)
(metathesis)

/
(titanium chloride/triethylaluminium)
/
(copper chloride/platinum chloride)

(dual function catalyst)

(isomerization) /
(hydrogenation) (platinium/silica
(dehydrogenation) oxide-aluminium oxide)

(catalytic reforming)
(naphtha)

-
(platinum-supported silica-alumina)

(ethylene oxide)

(oxidation)
(ethylene)
(oxygen)

(silver-supported silica)

(direct
chlorination)
(ethylene) (chlorine)

(III) (iron (III) chloride)

(II)
(copper (II) chloride)

(dehydrochlorination)
(ethylene dichloride)

(pumice)
(charcoal)

(dehydrogenation)
(ethyl benzene)

(III) (iron (III) oxide)

(alkylation)
(benzene)
(propylene)

(sulfuric acid)

(Beckmann rearrangement)

(cyclohexanoxime)

(sulfuric acid)

(cobalt acetate)
(sodium bromide)
(hydrobromic
acid) (promoter)

(benzene, toluene, xylene)

113

catalytic conversion

( catalytic reforming)
(catalytic cracking) ( hydrocracking)
( hydrodealkylation) ( isomerization)
( alkylation) (polymerization)

catalytic reforming, catforming ,

(aliphatics)
( naphtha)
( aromatics) ( benzene) ( toluene)
( xylene) ( styrene)
( phenol) ( terephthalic acid)
(branched paraffin) ( cyclization)
(isomerization) - (platinum-silicaalumina)
cationic polymerization
(addition polymerization)
(active site) (anion)
(vinyl monomer) 1-

(cation)

114

cellulose
(C6H10O5)
(C6H10O5)n 300,000500,000 (dried wood) (jute)
(flax) (hemp)

cellulose acetate (CA) ()

( cellulose)
( acetic acid)
( acetic anhydride) (sulfuric acid)
(toughness) (gloss) (transparent)
(sheet)

(blister packaging) (cigarette filter)

CH2OCOCH3
OCH

CH

CH

CH

H3COCO

CH

OCOCH3

115

cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) ()

(environmental stress cracking resistance)
(impact strength)

(dimensional stability) (toughness)
(moisture resistance)

(safety goggles)

116

cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) ()

2-7
40 ( cellulose acetate)
(good surface quality)
(impact strength) (weatherability)
(dimensional stability)

OCOC2H5
O

CH

CH

H5C2OCO

CH

OCOC2H5

cellulose triacetate (CT) ()

( acetic anhydride)
(clarity) (tensile strength)
(heat resistance) (dimensional
stability) (book jacket)
(magnetic recording tape)

OCH

CH

117

chain initiation, initiation

( chain polymerization)
(initiator) (heat)
(radiation)

1.

2.

chain polymerization, addition polymerization

,

(CH2=CHX) (CH2=CX-CH=CH2) X

(saturated cyclic monomer)

118

chain termination, termination

( chain polymerization)
2 2
(combination coupling)

(disproportionation)

119

chain transfer

()
(monomer) (initiator) (solvent)
(radical polymerization)
2-
(2-mercaptoethanol)
( poly(acrylonitrile))
(benzyl peroxide)

chain-transfer agent (CTA) ()

(polymerization)


(impurities)

(thiol)
(carbon tetrachloride)
charge-transfer polymerization
( chain polymerization)

(monomer) (electron
donor) (electron acceptor)
2
(repeating unit) 1:1
( maleic anhydride)

(MXn) AlEtCl2 ZnCl2

120

()

()

and chemical resistance) (cable

insulation)

chlorinated polyether




121

chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC)

()

66-67

chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)

()


( high density
polyethylene (HDPE))
( low density polyethylene (LDPE))
(free radical
mechanism)
(ultraviolet light) (initiator)

( polyethylene)
( polyvinyl chloride)
(oxygen and ozone resistance)
(tear strength)
(heat aging characteristic) (oil

121

chlorination
(chlorine)

( alkene)
( aromatics)
(chlorine)
(ethylene) ( ethylene
dichloride) (intermediate)
( vinyl chloride)
( benzene)
( chlorobenzene)

CH2=CH2 + HOCl

chlorobenzene
( benzene)
( chlorine)
C6H5Cl

CH3CH=CH2 + HOCl

HOCH2CH2Cl

CH3CHOHCH2Cl

chloroprene, 2-chlorobuta-1,3-butadiene ,
2--1,3-
( alkene)
( chlorine)
2
1,3- (1,3-butadiene) C4H5Cl

( chlorination) (ferric chloride)

( phenol) ( bisphenol-A)
(monomer)
( polycarbonate)
(sodium hydroxide)
( nitrobenzene) ( aniline)

122

chlorohydrin process
(chlorohydrin)
( chlorine) (alcohol)
(ethylene
chlorohydrin) (propylene
chlorohydrin)
( ethylene
oxide) ( propylene oxide)

( acetylene) 2
(acetylene process)
HCC-CH=CH2+ HCl

H2C=C=CH-CH2Cl

H2C=C=CH-CH2Cl

H2C=CCl-CH=CH2

4--1,2-

4--1,2-


( chloroprene rubber)
( neoprene rubber)

chloroprene rubber (CR), neoprene rubber

(),

2--1,3-
(2-chloro-1,3-butadiene)

(tensile
strength) (tear resistance)
(abrasion resistance)
(polarity)
(oil resistance)

(flame retardant)

chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) ()

(Cl2)
(SO2) (polarity)
(sulfonyl
chloride)
(elastomeric) (ozone)


(cable jacketing)

123

compression moulding

(simple shape)
2 (platens)

124

condensation polymer
(condensation polymerization)
2

( polyamide) ( polyacetal)
( polyester)

TiCl4

CH3
H3C

H3C

CH3

CH3

CH3
H2C=CH2

CH3
CH2
H2C
CH3
CH3

H3C

CH3

H2C=CH2

CH2 CH2 CH2

H2C CH
3
CH2

CH3

CH3

coordination polymerization
(transition metal)
(alkyl metal) ()

(ethylene monomer) ( polyethylene)

- (Ziegler-Natta catalyst)

CH3

CH2 CH2 CH3

CH3

125

copolyester
( thermoplastic elastomers)
(segment block copolymer)
(polyester hard crystalline segment)
(flexible soft amorphous segment)
(short chain ester blocks)
(tetramethylene terephthalate)
(aliphatic polyester) (aliphatic polyester glycol)
(derivatives) (polyether ester glycol)
(automotive exterior trim)
(fascia component) (spoiler) (window tract tape)
(boots) (bellow) (underhood wire covering)
(connector) (hose and belt) (appliance
seal) (power tool component) (ski boots)
(camping component)

Hard segment
crystalline

Soft segment
amorphous

126

copolymer
1

(random copolymer) (block
copolymer) (alternating copolymer)
(graft copolymer)
-- (acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene copolymer)

127

copolymerization
( copolymer)
(monomer) (repeating unit)
1

(random copolymer)
(block copolymer) (alternating
copolymer) (graft copolymer)

( chain polymerization)
(addition polymerization)

(coal tar)
( toluene)
(sulfonation)
(oxidation) (nitrous oxide)


(tricresyl phosphate)
(plasticizer) (salicyl aldehyde)
(chelating agent)

cracking

4
( steam cracking)
( thermal cracking)
(catalytic cracking)
( hydrocracking)
cresol, tricresol, methyl phenol , ,

( alkylphenol)
(methyl group, -CH3)
( phenol) C7H8O
3 (isomer)

1) (ortho-cresol, o-cresol) 2-
(2-methyl cresol)

2) (meta-cresol, m-cresol) 3-
(3-methyl cresol)

3) (para-cresol, p-cresol) 4-
(4-methyl cresol)

128

HCH
H H HCH
C C
H
H H C H
C C
H H
HCH
HCH

crosslinked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE) (,

)
(crosslinking)
(thermoplastic) (thermoset)
(chemical means and ionizing
radiation)

(ionizing radiation)


(dimensional stability)
(impact and tensile
strength) (brittle fracture resistance)

129

cryogenic process
-150

(liquefaction)
( methane)
-162

Condenser

Reux
subcooler

Monoethanolamine
Molecular
sieve

Activated
carbon
adsorper

Water

Heavy hydrocarbon

Low-pressure
fractionating
column

High-pressure
fractionating
column

Scrubber
Crude
natural
gas

Expansion
valve

Monoethanolamine
plus carbon dioxide
Upgraded natural gas
Nitrogen
Main heat exchanger

Separating

Pretreating

130

Crude subcooler

Cold crude
helium

PX-Plus Process with Badger/Niro crystallization

Toluene
PX-Plus

crystallization process
(solution)
(melted solid) -
(solute)
2
(nucleation) (crystal growth)

(cluster)
(critical cluster size)
(crystal structure)

(participant)




/ (Badger/Niro para-xylene crystallization process)
(UOP-Universal Oil Products)

Benzene
Fractionation

Badger/Niro
crystallization

para-Xylene

Parex

Mixed xylenes

IsomarTM
/

131

cumene, isopropyl benzene ,

(alkyl benzene)
(isopropyl, -CH(CH3)2) ( benzene)
C9H12

( alkylation)
( propylene)

H3PO4

( phenol) ( acetone)
2 ( bisphenol-A)
(polycarbonate)
( -methylstyrene)
Cyclar process
(UOP) ( aromatics)
( benzene) ( toluene) ( xylene)

(dehydrocyclodimerization) 425

Parans

Olens

Oligomers

By products

132

Naphthenes

Hydrogen

Aromatics

Cyclar Process

Hydrogen
product

Stacked
reactor
Fresh LPG feed
from driers

CCR
regenerator

Fuel
gas

Gas recovery
section

Combined feed
exchanger
Separator

Regenerated
catalyst

Fired heaters
Spent
catalyst

Stripper

Aromatic
product

cyclization

(n-hexane)
( benzene) (octane number)

(catalytic reforming)

Light ends
drag to
fuel gas

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

133

cyclohexane

(cycloalkane)
C6H12

1
2

( benzene)
230 1.5-2.5

cyclohexanone
(ketone)
(carbonyl group, -CO-)
C6H10O

(adipic acid) ( carpolactam)
cyclohexanol
(alcohol)
(hydroxyl group, -OH)
(
cyclohexane) C6H12O

( acetone)
(cyclohexane)
(oxidation)
95-120 10.13
(cobalt acetate)
(orthoboric acid)

( cyclohexanol) (ketonealcohol oil, KA oil)

1
2

(oxidation)

95-120
10.13 (cobalt
acetate) (orthoboric acid)

( cyclohexanone)
(ketone-alcohol oil, KA oil)

134

cyclohexene
( alkene)

1 C6H10



(peroxide) (benzene)
(partial hydrogenation)
( cyclohexanol) ( adipic acid) (maleic acid)
(dicyclohexyladipate) (cyclohexene
oxide)

cyclopentane

C5H10

( hydrogenation)
(cyclopentene) (cyclopentanone)
(blowing agent)
( polyurethane)

cycloparaffin, cycloalkane ,
( alkane)

CnH2n n
3
(cyclopropane) (cyclobutane) ( cyclopentane)
( cyclohexane) (methylcyclopentane)

135

dealkylation
(alkyl group)

(demethylation)
( aromatics)
(methyl group, -CH3)
(toluene) (benzene)

degree of polymerization (DP)

()

( monomer)

6,000
6,000
dehydration


( alkene)
(glycerol)
( acrolein)
(potassium bisulfate, KHSO4)
(potassium sulfate, K2SO4)

dehydrochlorination ,
(hydrogen chloride)

(ethylene dichloride)
(vinyl chloride)

CICH2CH2CI

136

CH2=CHCI + HCI

dehydrocyclization


( aromatics)
4
(heptane) ( toluene)

dehydrogenation

( ethylene)
( ethane) ( propylene)
( propane)

CH3CH2CH3

CH3CH=CH2 + H2

denier
(linear
mass density)
9,000
() (tex)
10,000

depolymerization, depropagation ,

(
(ceiling temperature)
)

100

GTP

Depolymerization

Polymerization

GDP

Catastrophe

Rescue
GTP-tubulin
GDP-tubulin

HO

OH

HO
O

O
CH2

HO

CH2

HO

OH

HO

OH
HO

CH2

HO
O

OH
HO

O
CH2

OH

H2
C

O H
O
O

OH

HO

OH

HO

O
CH2

OH
O

O
C
H2

HO

O
H

HO

HO

H2
C
O
O

HO

HO

OH
O

O
CH2

H2
C O

OH O
H2C

OH

HO

HO O
OH

OH

137

desorbent
(adsorbent)
(parex)
(UOP) ( p-xylene)

(molecular sieve)
(p-diethylbenzene)

138

Adsorption
Gas phase (Exothermal)

Desorption
(Endothermal)

Adsorbate

Boundary surface
Homogenous

Heterogenous

Active sites
Adsorbans

Soild phases

Diels-Alder reaction -

( cyclohexene)

(conjugated diene) 1,3-

(1,3-butadiene) 2--1,3- (2-methylbuta-1,3diene) 1,3- (1,3-cyclohexadiene)
( alkene)
(dienophile)
( acrylonitrile) (dimethylfumarate)
(dimethylmaleate) 2,5--1,4- (2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione)

-
(cyclohexene)
( ethylene)

1,3-

HO

OH

( ethylene oxide)
(morpholine)
1,4- (1,4-dioxane)
(nitrocellulose)

(refrigerant)

differential microemulsion polymerization

(surfactant)
(initiator)

diisobutene, 2,2,4-trimethylpentene ,
2,2,4-

( alkene) 5
(methyl group, -CH3)
2 4
2 1 1
1
2 2 (isomer) 2,2,4-1- (2,2,4-trimethyl-1-pentene) 2,2,4-2- (2,2,4-trimethyl-2-pentene)
75 25 C8H16

CH2 CH3
H3C

CH
CH3 3

2,2,4--1-

CH3 CH3
CH
CH3 3

H3C

2,2,4--2-

diethylene glycol (DEG) ()

( diol)
( glycol)

2
(hydroxyl group, -OH)
C4H10O3

(nanometer level)

( 10:1)

(polymethyl methacrylate)

2
2
(isobutene) 2
(dimerization)
(oligomerization)
(phosphoric acid) (sulfuric acid)
(hydrofluoric acid)
(octylphenol) (phenol)
(ethoxylated
nonionic surfactant)

2,2,4--1-

2,2,4--2-

139

diisocyanate
(isocyanate,
-N=C=O) 2
( aliphatics)
( alicyclics) ( aromatics)
(hexamethylene
diisocyanate) 6
(isoprone diisocyanate)
6
( toluene diisocyanate)
( toluene)

diisopropylbenzene
( aromatics)
(isopropyl, -CH(CH3)2) 2
( benzene) 2
(isomer)
(m-diisopropylbenzene)
(p-diisopropylbenzene)

60 40
2 C12H18

H3C

CH3

H3C

CH3

( cumene)
( propylene) 50-150
(aluminium chloride)
2
( disproportionation) ( zeolite)


(diisopropyl benzene
peroxide)

H3C

CH3
CH3

140

CH3

dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) ()

(ester) (methoxy group,
-OCH3) 2 (hydroxyl group, -OH) ( terephthalic
acid) C10H10O4
O
O
CH3

H3C

(oxidation) ( p-xylene) (methanol)
200 15.2 -
(cobalt acetate-sodium bromide) (cobalt acetatehydrobromic acid)

COOCH3

CH3
+ 3O2 + 2CH3OH

+ 4H2O
COOCH3

CH3

( polyester) (
polyethylene terephthalate)

141

dimethylacetamide
(secondary
amide) (methyl group) 2

(acetamide) C4H9NO
O
CH3

CH3
CH3

(dimethylamine)
( acetic acid)
( acetic anhydride)
(acetyl chloride) (polar solvent)

(reaction medium)
(plasticizer)
dinitrotoluene (DNT) ()

( aromatics) (nitro group, -NO2)
2 (toluene)
6
(isomer) 2,4- (2,4-dinitrotoluene) 2,6 (2,6-dinitrotoluene) 3,4-
(3,4-dinitrotoluene) 2,3- (2,3-dinitrotoluene)
2,5- (2,5-dinitrotoluene) 3,5 (3,5-dinitrotoluene) 2,4 74-76
2,6- 19-21
3,4- 2.4-2.6
1.7
2,4-
2 4
(ortho) (para)
C7H6N2O4

2,4-

142

2,4-

(nitric acid) (sulfuric)
80 2
2,4- 2,6-

2,4- 2,6-

2,4-
( toluene diisocyanate)
(flexible polyurethane foam)
( trinitrotoluene (TNT))

2
dipropylene glycol
( diol)
( glycol)

3
(hydroxyl group, -OH) 2
2 (isomer) 4--2,6-
(4-oxa-2,6-heptandiol) 4--1,7-
(4-oxa-1,7-heptandiol) 2
C6H14O3
OH
H3C
HO

( propylene glycol)
( propylene oxide)
(plasticizer) (initiator)

OH

CH3

4--2,6-

OH

4--1,7-

143

dispersion polyvinyl chloride

( emulsion polymerization)
0.1-1


disproportionation
2

2
( ethylene)
( butene) ( propylene) 2

2CH3CH=CH2

dispersion polymerization

( suspension polymerization)
(stabilizer)
(monomer)
(organic solvent) (initiator)


(organic solvent)

1-10

( polystyrene)
Dispersion
water

Pre-polymer

Mixing

( benzene) ( xylene)
( toluene) 2

Chain
extender

Dispersion
Reaction

Dehydration
drying

Powder

Powder

144

CH2=CH2 + CH3CH=CHCH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

distillation


(vapor pressure)



1) (fractionation distillation)
1- ( 1-butene) 2- ( 2-butene)

2) (extractive distillation) ( butadiene)
4 ( mixed C4) ( acetonitrile)

3) (azeotropic distillation) (ethanol)
(azeotrope)
Isoprene

Synthetic
rubbers

Butadiene

Long distillate
of hydrocarbons

Ethylene

Glycols
Polyethylene

Oxidation
processes

Virgin gasoline

Oil

Carbon black
Ethylene
oxide

Plastic
goods

Polypropylene

Propylene
Phenol and
acetone
Benzene

Dimethyl
terephthalate

Ethylbenzene

Xylols

Toluene

Phthatic
anhydride

Paints and
varnishes

Styrene

Polystyrene

Caprolactam

Synthetic
bers

Associated
petroleum gas

Inputs
for carbon
black

Tyres and
mechanic
rubber

145

elasticity

(plasticity)

()

146

elastomer
(
200-1000)



( thermoset)
(thermoplastic)
( thermoplastic elastomer)
( butyl rubber) (neoprene rubber)
(nitrile rubber))

147

electrochemical polymerization, electro-initiated polymerization, electrolytic

polymerization, electropolymerization ,

( chain polymerization)
(monomer) (electrolyte solution)
(radical) (cation)
(initiator)

(polyaniline)

emulsion polymerization
(monomer)
( butadiene) ( styrene)
( vinyl chloride) (surfactant)
(hydrophobic)
(micelle)
K2S2O8
1/10

148

Surfactant molecule
Initiator molecule
Micelle formation
Monomer
droplet

Polymerization

engineering polymer, engineering plastic ,

(thermoplastic) ( thermoset)


125

(creep) (coefficient
of thermal expansion)

149

-- ()
(polyether sulfone)
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)
(polyacetal)
(polyphenylene oxide)
(polyacrylic)
(polysulfone)
(fluoropolymer)
(polyimide)
(nylon)
(polyphenylene sulfide)

(polybutylene)
(polybutylene terephthalate)
(polyaryl ether)
(polycarbonate)
engineering thermoplastic elastomer, engineering
TPEs, (ETES)
()
( thermoplastic
elastomer)
(rigid engineering plastic)
(rubber)
(high performance)
(dielectric strength)
600
(hot oil)

150

epichlorohydrin
(organochloride)
(chloromethyl, -CH2Cl) ( epoxide)
C3H5ClO

nHO

CH3
C
CH3

O
OH + nCICH2 CH CH2 OH

O
CH2 CHCH2 O

CH3

OH
OCH2CHCH2 OROR

R=

CH3

O
R = CH2 CH CH2

CH3
C
CH3

(allyl chloride) 2
( epoxy resin)
(ring-opening polymerization) ( bisphenol-A)
(sodium hydroxide)

epoxidation
(ether) (threemembered ether)
( olefin) (oxirane)

151

epoxide
(ether)
2 1
(strain)
C2R1R2R3R4O R (alkyl group) (aryl group)

( ethylene oxide)
( oxirane)
(chloromethyl)
(chloromethyl oxirane)
( benzene) (styrene oxide)

O
CI

( ethylene
glycol) (ethanolamine) ( propylene
oxide) (polyether polyol)
( polyurethane)

152

epoxy, epoxy resin (EP) , ()

( oxirane)
(epichlorohydrin) ( bisphenol-A)
(diglycidyl ethers of bisphenol-A (DGEBA))
175




O

CH3
C
CH3

OH
O CH2 CH CH2 O
n

O
O CH2 CH CH2

()

epoxy plastic
( thermoset plastic)
( epoxide) (resin) (polyamine)
(hardener)
(adhesive)



(fiber-reinforced
plastic)

CH2 CH CH2 O

CH3
C
CH3

153

ethane
(alkane)
2
C2H6
H3C

CH3

( methane)
( ethylene)

ethanol dehydration
( ethylene)
(dehydration) (ethanol)
170 (sulfuric
acid) (phosphoric acid)

CH3CH2OH

CH2=CH2

H2O

H H
H C C+ + H2O
H H

ethyl acetate (EA) ()

(ester)
C4H8O2

( acetic acid)
(esterification) (ethanol)

CH3CH2OH + CH3COOH

H H
H
H C C O
H H
H+

(proton)
(lone pair electron)



(carbocation)

H H
H C C O+ H
H H H

H
H

C C

H
H

(circuit board)

+ H+

154

CH3COOCH2CH3+ H2O

ethyl acrylate
(ester)
1 C5H8O2

ethyl aldehyde
acetaldehyde
ethyl benzene

( aromatics) (ethyl group, -C2H5)

( benzene)
C8H10

CH2=CHCOOC2H5

( extraction)

8 ( catalytic
reforming)
(alkylation)
( ethylene) 40-100
2-8.1 -
(aluminium chloride-hydrochloric acid)

CH3
CH2

CH2=CHCOOH + C2H5OH

CH3
CH2

(acrylic acid) (b-propiolactone)
(esterification) (ethanol)

( styrene)
(monomer) ( polystyrene)

155

156

ethyl cellulose (EC) ()

(alkali) (ethyl chloride)

(flashlight case)

ethylene
( alkene)

2 C2H4

ethylene-acid copolymer

(methacrylic acid)
(acrylic acid)
(flexible)
(LDPE)



(adhesion)
(optic) (toughness)
(hot tack properties)


(adhesive laminating)

(the dispersion form)
(paper
and paperboard coating)
(aluminium foil priming)
(heat-seal coating)
(binders for nonwovens)
()

( steam
cracking) (catalytic
cracking)
( ethane) ( propane)
(liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)) ( naphtha)

157

ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer (EAA)

- ()
(random copolymer) (acrylic acid)
(carboxylic group)




(multilayer packaging film)
(compatibiliser)
(polymer blend)
(composite material)

ethylene chlorohydrin
( alkane)
(hydroxyl group, -OH)
(chlorine, Cl) 1 2
( ethylene) C2H5ClO
1

Cl
2

(ether)
(hydrochlorination)
(hypochlorous acid)
H2C CH2 + HOCI

CI

OH

( ethylene oxide) (
)
( cellulose acetate) ( ethyl
cellulose)

158

OH

ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (CETPE)

- ()
( ethylene)


(cable jacket) (tank lining)

(corrosion-resistant coatings)

(chloroform)
(direct chlorination)
40-50
4.05 (III) (iron (lll)
chloride) (II) (copper (ll) chloride)

CICH2CH2CI

( oxychlorination)
(hydrochloric acid) 225
2-4.05 (II)

1
2

80 (intermediate)
(vinyl chloride)
( polyvinyl chloride (PVC))

CH2=CH2 + CI2

ethylene dichloride (EDC) ()

( alkane)
1 2
( ethylene) C2H4Cl2
CI
H C
H

C H
CI

159

ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer (EEA)

- ()
(random copolymer)
(ethyl acrylate)
15-30 (flexible)

(environmental stress cracking resistance)

(resistance to flexural fatigue)

(mould rubber-like part)

CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-CH2
C
O OCH2CH3

(hydration)
( ethylene oxide)

( diethylene glycol)
( triethylene glycol)
( polyethylene glycol)
91 : 8.6 : 0.4 50-100
(diluted sulfuric acid)

HOCH2CH2OH

()

HOC2H4OC2H4OH

HOC2H4OC2H4OC2H4OH

68 ( polyethylene terephthalate)

(antifreeze)
-

ethylene glycol (EG), monoethylene glycol (MEG)

(), ()
( diol)
( glycol) (hydroxyl group, -OH)
1 2
( ethylene) C2H6O2

160

ethylene-n-butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA) - ()

CH2CH2

CH2

CH

CH2CH2

CHCH2

( ethylene) (direct oxidation)
220-280 10-30

1 O
2 2

ethylene oxide (EO), oxirane (),

(ether)
2 1
C2H4O

(activity)

( ethylene glycol)
( polyethylene terephthalate)
(ethanolamine)
( polyethylene
glycol)

161

ethylene propylene diene terpolymer, EPDM rubber

,

(metallocene catalyzed
polymerization)
1,4- (1,4-hexadiene)
- (Ziegler-Natta
catalyst) (radiation)
(weather resistance)
(resilience) (salt solution)
(oxygenated solvent)
(synthetic hydraulic fluid)
(automotive body seal)
(waterproof roofing membrane) (hose)
(tubing) (duct)
(encapsulating electrical
component)
Propylene units

ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETPE)

- ()
( ethylene)
(impact
strength)

(cable insulation)

Saturated backbone

EP(D)M

Ethylene units

Active position for crosslinking

ENB unit

162

ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA)

()
(random copolymer)
( vinly acetate)
10-15
(laminate)
(crystallinity)
(clarity)
(disposable syringe)

(construction film)
(inflatable toy) (shoe sole)
(small appliance bumper)
(canister gasket)

CH2 CH
O
C

extract

( butadiene)
4 ( mixed C4)
( acetonitrile)
extraction




( butadiene) 4 ( mixed C4)
( acetonitrile)

CH2 CH2

Extract
Feed solution

expandable polystyrene (EPS, XPS), styrene foam

(, ),
( polystyrene)
(pentane) (blowing agent)
( )

Extraction
column
Solvent
Raffinate

163

fatigue



(yield point)


(dynamic fatigue)
(static fatigue)

(time-dependent behavior)


()

164

flash separation


(flash)

Vapor
phase
Pressure
P<Pf
Temperature
T<Tf

Vapor
Liquid phase

( acetic) (Chiyoda Corp) (UOP)

( carbonylation) (methanol)
(carbon monoxide) (rhodium)
(bubble column reactor)

High
pressure
feed mixture

165

nt
Spetalyst
ca

Gasoline
Light gas oil

Steam

Heavy gas oil

Claried slurry

Riser
Combustion air

FRACTIONATOR

Catalyst
stripper

Gas (C+4 lighter)

Crude
oil

SLURRY
SETTLER

REGENERATOR

Flue gas to particulates

Removal and energy recovery

REACTOR OR
SEPARATION VESSEL

fluid catalytic cracking (FCC)

()

( zeolite)
3-5 (C3-C5
hydrocarbon)
(alkylate) (gasoline)
(octane number)
( aromatics) (branched paraffin) ( olefin)

(fluidized bed reactor)
(riser)

(reactor separation vessel)
(fractionator)

(coke) (activity)
(regenerator)

Rege
catanerated
lyst

Raw oil charge

166

raw oil charge =

riser =
steam =

reactor or separation vessel

fractionator =
gas (C4 lighter) =

regenerator =
flue gas to particulates removal and
energy recovery =

gasoline =

catalyst stripper =
clarified slurry =

light gas oil/heavy gas oil =

/

spent catalyst =
slurry settler =

CF3

formaldehyde
(aldehyde)
CH2O

(methanol) (oxidation reaction)
400-425
1 -
(iron-molybdenum oxide)
2CH3OH

O
C H

O2

2CH2O

fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), perfluoroethylene

propylene plastic () ,

290

200


(solar collector glazing)

2H2O

(formic acid) (urea formaldehyde)
(melamine formaldehyde)
(phenol-formaldehyde) 1,4- (1,4-butanediol)
(methylene diphenyl diisocyanate)

167

free radical initiator, radical initiator

(free radical)


(UV light)

1) (halogen molecule) (chlorine)

(CI.) 2
2) (azo compounds, R-N=N-R )
2 (R. R.)
/
3) (organic peroxides)
(-O-O-) (oxyl
radical, O.) 2

168

Friedel-Crafts reaction -

CH3CI

CH3

AICI3

+ HCI

2) (methyl phenyl ketone)

(acetyl chloride)
H3C

AICI3

H3C

CI

(Charles Friedel) (James

Crafts) .. 2420 ( benzene)
(electrophile group) (alkyl group, -R)
(acyl group, RCO-) (acid halide)
(acid anhydride) (Lewis acid)
(ferric chloride) (aluminium chloride) 1)
( toluene) (benzene) (chloromethane)

+ HCI

furan resin, furan plastic ,

(furfuryl alcohol) (2-)

(2-furaldehyde)
(furfuryl-ketone)

(heavy syrup)
(moulding material)

169

furfural
(heterocyclic) (aldehyde)
2
(carbonyl group, -CO-)
C5H4O2

(pentose)

(dehydration)
(hydrochloric acid) (sulfuric acid)

1,3- (1,3-butadiene) 4
( mixed C4) (extractive distillation)
(phenol
furfuraldehyde) (furfural alcohol)

170

glycol, diol ,
(hydroxyl group, -OH) 2
( alkane) (cycloalkane) ( aromatics)
(ethylene glycol) 1,3- (1,3-butanediol)
(benzenediol)

2
HO

OH
OH
1,3-

HO

OH

OH

group transfer polymerization (GTP)

()
( living
polymerization)
(acrylic acid) (methacrylic acid)

(silylketone acetal)


(block copolymer)
(telechelic polymer)

171

OSi(CH3)3

OSi(CH3)3

172

halogenation

(halogen)
(fluorine) (chlorine) (bromine) (iodine)

(fluorination) ( chlorination)
( bromination) (iodination)
(hydroxyl group, -OH) (methanol)
(chloromethane)
(hydrochloric acid)

CH3

CH3
Br2
C2H4CI2, 20 C, 8hrs.

Br

OH

OH

Br

2,6-

heterocyclics, heterocyclic compound ,

(heteroatom)

(pyridine)
(thiazolidine)
(ethylene oxide)

(p-cresol)
2,6- (2,6-dibromo-p-cresol)

NH

173

heterogeneous catalyst
(phase)
(reactant) (product)
( zeolite)
(adsorption)
(desorption)
(active site)





( hydrogenation) ( olefin)
( paraffin)
( ethylene) ( ethane)
(nikel)
CH2=CH2 + H2

Ni

nickel

CH3 CH3

nickel

nickel
nickel

nickel

174

high density polyethylene (HDPE)

()
( polyethylene)
0.94
(Phillips catalyst)
(chromium oxide)
- (Ziegler-Natta catalyst)
(highly crystalline)
(translucent)

(water vapor barrier)
(impact resistance)
(toughness)

high impact polystyrene (HIPS), impact polystyrene

()
( polystyrene)
( butadiene)
(gloss) (toughness)
(impact resistance)

175

homogeneous catalyst
(phase) (reactant)
(product)
(acid
catalyst) (base catalyst)
(sulfuric acid) (sodium
hydroxide)
( cumene)
( benzene) ( propylene)

(proton, H+)

(propyl cation)

H+

( heterogeneous catalyst)

hydrochlorination

( olefin)
( acetylene)
2- (2-chloropentane)
( propylene) (dichloromethane)
(rhodium)
100

176

2-

hydrocracking

hydrodealkylation ,

(alkyl group)
(alkyl aromatic) ( toluene)
(methyl group, -CH3)
1,2,4- (1,2,4-trimethyl
benzene) ( xylene)
(chromium)
(molybdenum)

1,2,4-

hydroformylation, oxo synthesis ,

(formyl group, -CHO)

( alkene)
(aldehyde)
(carbon monoxide)
40-200
10-100 (rhodium)

(n-butyraldehyde)
(isobutyraldehyde) ( propylene)

(heteroatom)
2
( hydrogenolysis)
hydrogenolysis ,

(heteroatom)
2


(hydrodesulfurization)
(hydrogen sulfide)

(ethyl mercaptan)

H2

C2H6 + H2S

hydrohalogenation
(hydrohalic acid)

(halogen) (hydrochloric
acid) (hydrobromic acid)
( alkene)
(haloalkane)

(carbocation)

(Markovnikovs rule)
3
(Vladimir Markovnikov)
.. 2412
2-
(2-bromopropane) ( propylene)

H
C
H
H

H
C

C
H

HBr

hydrogenation ,


(platinum)
(palladium) (rhodium)
( alkene)
( alkane)
( benzene)
( cyclohexane) 230
1.5-2.5

C2H5SH

H Br
C
H
H
C
C
H
H
H
H
2-

177

hydroisomerization ,

(n-hexane)
2- (2-methylpentane)
3- (3-methylpentane) 2,2-
(2,2-dimethylbutane) 2,3-
(2,3-dimethylbutane) - (platinumalumina)

hydrolysis ,
2
(hydrogen ion, H+)
(hydroxide ion, OH-)
AB+ HOH

AB AH BOH

(ester) (carboxylic acid)
(alcohol) (amide)
( amine)
hydroquinone
( diol)
(hydroxyl group, -OH) 2
( benzene) (para
position) C6H6O2

2-

( propylene)
(isopropyl benzene)
3-

2,2-

2,3-

178

AH +BOH

(2--
2- )

 (antioxidant) (antiozonant)
(polymerization inhibitor)
( monomer) (acrylonitrile)
( vinyl acetate) (acrylic ester)
(methacrylic ester)

injection moulding



( thermoset)

179

Raw plastic
Hopper

Cavity/Part

Barrel

Mould

Screw

raw plastic
hopper
barrel
screw
mould
cavity/part

=
=
=
=
=
=

180

interfacial polymerization
(step polymerization)
(condensation polymerization) ( monomer) 2

(immiscible solution)
(organic
solvent) 6 (polyamide 6)
(diacid chloride)
(continuous strand) 6

interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) ()

( )
( polystyrene)

181

inverse emulsion polymerization

( emulsion polymerization)
(water-soluble monomer)
( acrylamide) (acrylic acid)


(hexane) (surfactant)
(initiator)
(monomer)



(nonionic surfactants)



( poly(acrylamide))
Oil
Water

ionomer

(transparency)
(tenacity) (resilience)


(low-temperature
flexibility) (resilience)
(elongation) (impact
strength)
(melt strength)
(abrasion resistance)
(stiffness)
(susceptibility to creep)
(heat distortion temperature)
(ultraviolet resistance)

(golf ball cover)
(bowling pin coating)
(packaging application)

inverse suspension polymerization

( suspension polymerization)



(water-soluble
monomers) ( acrylamide)


( poly(acrylamide))

iso-butane
( alkane)
4
(isomer)
C4H10

182



(n-butane)
(isomerization)

(chlorided alumina catalyst)
CH3CH2CH2CH3

CH3CH(CH3)2

(refrigerant)
-600 (R-600a)

( propane)
80:20

-600

183

iso-butene, iso-butylene ,
( alkene)
4
1
( butene) C4H8

( dehydrogenation)
( iso-butane)

( methyl tertiary butyl ether)
(octane booster)
( butyl
rubber)

iso-butylene glycol
( diol)
( glycol) (hydroxyl group, -OH) 2
1 2
C4H10O2

184



(hydration) ( isobutylene oxide)

(a-hydroxyisobutyric acid)
( methacrylic acid)
(PMMA)
( polycarbonate)

( isobutene) (chlorohydrination)
(hypochlorous acid)
(CH3)2CH=CH2 + HOCl

(CH3)2CHOHCH2Cl

2(CH3)2CHOHCH2Cl + Ca(OH)2

(CH3)2COCH2

+ CaCl2

2H2O

(direct oxidation)
(III) (titanium (III) chloride)
(II) (copper (II) chloride)

iso-butylene oxide
( epoxide)
(methyl
group, -CH3) 2
C4H8O

(direct oxidation)
(thallium acetate) ( acetic acid)

(CH3)2C=CH2 + O2

( isobutylene
glycol)

185

iso-butyric acid
(carboxylic acid)
(carboxyl group, -COOH) 3
(isomer) (n-butyric acid)
C4H8O2

(isobutanol)
(oxidation) (potassium dichromate)
(sulfuric acid) ( propylene)
(carbon monoxide) (hydrofluoric acid)
CH2=CH-CH3 + CO

H2O
HF

CH3
CH3-CH-COOH

( methacrylic acid)
( dehydrogenation)

isocyanate
(N=C=O)

2
3
( polyisocyanurate, diisocyanate)
isomerization ,
(chemical conversion)

( n-butane) ( iso-butene)

186

iso-paraffin
(branched alkane)
4

(iso-butane)
2- (2-methyl
propane)

(refrigerant)

(isohexane)
2- (2-methyl
pentane)

(isoheptane)
2- (2-methyl
hexane)

3-
(3-methyl hexane)

(isooctane)
2,2,4-
(2,2,4-trimethyl pentane)

(anti-knock)

100

187

isophthalic acid

(aromatic carboxylic acid) (-COOH) 2

( benzene)
(meta position)
( phthalic acid) C8H6O4

166.14 1.53
341-343
(m-xylene)
(oxidation)
(ammonium sulfite)

kinetic chain length

( monomer)
1
(termination
reaction) V
(Rp)
(Ri) (Rt)

200
12 (cobalt salt)
(manganese salt)
(promoter) ( acetic acid)

(unsaturated polyester) (alkyd resin)

188

lactam
(cyclic amide)
1
(-lactam)
(g-lactam)
(-lactam)

(e-caprolactam)
( caprolactam)
6 6 ( polyamide 6, nylon 6)

 (detergent)

H3C(CH2)x

(CH2)yCH3

/
(HF/n-paraffin)
( olefin) ( dehydrogenation)
( paraffin) (hydrofluoric
acid) 40-70

linear alkyl benzene (LAB)

()
( aromatics)
(alkyl group)
(monoolefin) 12-14
( benzene)
C6H5CHR1R2 R1= CnH2n+1 R2= CmH2m+1
m n 0
(m 0) 1 (n 1)

189

linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS)

()
( aromatics)
(sulfonate group, -SO3-)
10-14
( benzene)

(linear alkyl benzene) (sulfur trioxide)
(fuming sulfuric acid)
(sodium hydroxide)

linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)

()
( polyethylene)
( low density polyethylene
(LDPE))
(tensile strength)

living polymerization
(living polymer)

( anionic polymerization)
- ( Ziegler-Natta polymerization)

(styrene-butadiene copolymer)
--
CH

CH2=CH CH=CH2

CH2 CH=CH CH2 CH CH=CH

n

190

low density polyethylene (LDPE) ()

( polyethylene) 0.915-0.925

(alkyl group) 2-8
4 (impact strength)
(toughness) (ductile)

Lycra
( polyurethane)
( polyether)
( 1,4- )

191

maleic acid
(dicarboxylic acid)
1 (carboxyl group, -COOH) 2
C4H4O4

( hydrolysis) ( maleic anhydride)
(glyoxylic acid)
4- (4-hydroxymandelic
acid) (amoxicillin)
(succinic acid) (lacquer)

192

maleic anhydride (MA) ()

(cyclic
anhydride)
1 (carbonyl group,-CO-)
2
C4H2O3

2CH3CH2CH2CH3 + 7O2

2C2H2(CO)2O + 8H2O

( benzene)
400
(vanadium pentaoxide)

+ 4.5O2

+ 2CO2 + 2H2O

medium density polyethylene (MLDPE)

()
0.941-0.965

( low density polyethylene (LDPE))

( n-butane)
(oxidation) 490
(cerium
chloride) - (cobaltmolybdenum oxide)

melamine formaldehyde resin (MF) ()

( thermosetting polymer)

( formaldehyde)
CH2

(unsaturated
polyester)
(fumaric acid) (alkyd resin)
(pesticide)

N H
C
H
CH2

C N ( CH2) 2 N C

N C
N

C N ( CH2) 2 N C
N

H
C N CH2

N
C

N H

N H

CH2

CH2

193

membranes ,
(selective
barrier) 2
(driving force)


(homogeneous)
(heterogeneous)
(pore diameter)
(microporous) 2
(mesoporous)
2-50 (macroporous)
50

( olefin) ( paraffin)
(silver nitrate)

(hollow
microporous membrane fiber)

metathesis
2


(olefin metathesis)
(nickel)
(tungsten)
( styrene) ( ethylene)
1,2- (1,2-diphenylethylene)
-20 (tungsten
hexachloride) (ethyl
aluminium dichloride) (ethanol)

1,2-

meta-xylene, m-xylene

( aromatics) (isomer)
( xylene) 3 (o-xylene)
(m-xylene) (p-xylene)
( benzene)
(methyl group, -CH3) 2
(meta position)
C8H10

194

(mixed xylene)
(catalytic reforming)
( naphtha)
(molecular sieve)

 (adsorbent)
( crystallization process)


(isophthalic acid) ( copolymer)
(
polyethylene terephthalate)
(isomerization)

O
OH

( iso-butene)
2

CH3

CH3
CH2=C COOH

methacrylic acid (MAA) ()

(vinyl)
(methyl group, -CH3) (carboxylic
group, -COOH) 1
C4H6O2

16.04 0.717
-182.5
-161.6

(tetrahedral) (lone pair
electron)

(compressed natural gas (CNG))

(natural gas for vehicles (NGV))

(synthesis gas)

(methanol)
( acetic acid) ( acetic
anhydride)

( methyl
methacrylate) ( methanol)

methane
( alkane)

1 CH4
H
H

195

methanol, methyl alcohol ,

(alcohol)
(hydroxyl group, -OH)

( methane) CH3OH

methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) ()

(ketone)
4 C4H8O

(synthesis gas)
1:2
250 50-100
- (copper-zinc oxide)
(alumina)
CO

2H2

CH3OH

(fuel cell)

50
( formaldehyde)
(methyl ester) (methyl acrylate)
( methyl methacrylate)
(methyl acetate) (methyl
terephthalate) ( methyl tertiary butyl ether)
(octane booster)
(biodiesel)

( n-butene)
(oxidation) 130
3 (II) (palladium
(II) chloride) (II) (copper (II)
chloride)

196

(vinyl)
(acrylic)
(methyl ethyl ketone peroxide)
(methyl pentynol)
( polyamide)
(corrosion inhibitor)

O
II
CH3CCH2CH3

methyl methacrylate (MMA) ()

(methyl group, -CH3)
(methylacetate, -COOCH3)
C5H8O2

(hydrocyanation)
(cyanohydrin)
(sulfuric acid) ( methanol)

(ammonium sulfate)

( acetone)
( aldol condensation)
(sodium hydroxide)
CH3
CO NaOH
CH3

(CH3)2CCH2COCH3
OH

H2O

(CH3)2C=CHCOCH3

H3C
C

CN

H3C
OH
(CH3)2CHCH2COCH3

H2
cat.
+ Cu/Ni
H2SO
4

H3C
H3C

OH

CH3OH

H2SO4

COOCH3
H2C

CH3OH

(CH3)2CHCH2CHCH3
OH

CN

+
CH3

methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)

()
(ketone)
6 C6H12O

NH4HSO4

(nitrocellulose)
(lacquer) ( resin)

80
( poly(methyl methacrylate))

197

methyl methacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (MABS)

()
(comonomer) 4
( methyl methacrylate) ( acrylonitrile) ( butadiene)
( styrene) 4 (a two-phase graft
tetrapolymer) (ABS)
(degradation)

methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) ()

(ether)
5 C5H12O

( iso-butene)
( methanol) 50

CH3
CH3OH + CH3 C = CH2

CH3
CH3 O C CH3
CH3

(additive) (octane number)

(gasoline)

198

methylene diphenylene diisocyanate (MDI)

()
( isocyanate) (
polyurethane)

microemulsion polymerization
( emulsion
polymerization) 100

100

(drug delivery)

Add
isooctane + monomer

Surfactant
Micelle in water

Polymerization

Filled surfactant
Micelle

Phase-separation
Remove surfactant

Dry
Polymer
nanocapsule

Core-shell
morphology

199

miniemulsion polymerization

( emulsion polymerization) ( microemulsion polymerization) 50-500
(
100 )

50-500

(drug delivery)

mixed C4 4

4 ( isobutene) ( butadiene)
1- ( 1-butene)

( olefin) ( naphtha) 4

(octane
number) (gasoline)
( butadieine rubber)
-- ( acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) 1-
(comonomer) ( ethylene)
( high density polyethylene)
(LLDPE)

FeCI2 + FeCI3

PAM200

Coprecipitation
in alkaline medium

CH3
C
CH2 C
O

CH3
O

CH2 CH O

-Fe2O3

CH
n=6

Phase transfer with

PAM200/Styrene

-Fe2O3

CH

Styrene
Miniemulsion
polymerization

Emulsication
Water

200

modacrylic fiber
(
acrylonitrile) 35-85 20

201

202

molecular sieve ,





(polarity)
(filter)

( dehydration)

(carrier gas)
(alumino silicate mineral)
(clay) (porous glass)
(microporous charcoal) ( zeolite)
(activated carbon)


1) 3 (angstrom)
3A (ammonia)

2) 4 4A

(sulfur dioxide) (hydrogen
sulfide) (ethylene) (ethane)
(propylene) (ethyl alcohol)
3) 5 5A

(mercaptan)
4
4) 8 10X

5) 10 13X
(dibutylamine)

monomer


(polymer) ( chain polymerization)
( ethylene)
( vinylchloride)
(step growth polymerization)
(functional group) 2
(diacid) (diamine) (amino acid)

203

n-butene
( alkene) 4
1 C4H8
2 (isomer) 1- ( 1-butene)
1 2- ( 2-butene) 2
( iso-butene) 1

1-

2-

n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) ()
( lactam) 5
(amide group, CONH2) (methyl group, -CH3)
C5H9NO

(ethyl acetate) (chloroform)
( benzene) ( dehydrogenation)
(butylene glycol) (-butyrolactone)
(methylamine) (dehydration)
HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH

-2H2

H2C
O CH3NH2
H2C
-H2O
C
C
O
H2

H2C
NCH3
H2C
C C
O
H2

1,3- (1,3-butadiene) 4 ( mixed

C4)

(plasticizer)

204

205

naphtha

( aliphatics) (cyclo
aliphatic) 5-12
3
1) (full range naphtha)
5-12
30-200
2) (light naphtha)
5-6
30-90
3) (heavy naphtha)
6-12

160-220

(kerosene)

( aromatics)

naphthalene

( benzene) 2
C10H8

(coal tar)


(recrystallization)
( phthalic
anhydride)
(surfactant)

206

naphthene, cycloalkane ,

(alkane)

CnH2n
n
3
(cyclopropane)
(cyclobutane) ( cyclopentane)
( cyclohexane)
(methyl cyclopentane)
natural rubber (NR) ()

1,4-

( acetic acid) ()

Hevea
brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Mll.Arg.



(resistance
to cut-through and cold flow)

H3C

C C

CH2

H
CH2

15 < n < 20,000

n

1,4-

nitrobenzene
( aromatics)
(nitro group,-NO2)
( benzene)
C6H5NO2

100
(crosslinking agent)
(hexamethylentetramine)

CH2

OH

CH2

OH

CH2

OH

CH2

CH2

OH

CH2

CH2

OH

CH2

OH

CH2

CH2

CH2
NH
CH2

(nitration reaction)
(nitronium ion, NO2+)
50

CH2

CH2
OH

CH2

OH

( aniline) 97
(quinoline) (benzidine)
(cellulose ether)
Novolac, Novolac resin ,
( thermosetting polymer)
(phenol formaldehyde resin)

( formaldehyde) ( phenol)

207

number-average molecular weight

Ni Mi
Mi i
olefin
alkene
olefin-modified styrene-acrylonitrile (OSA) -
()
- ( styrene-acrylonitrile)
(saturated olefinic elastomer) (UV absorber)
(antioxidant)
(specially tough)

(protective cap layer) (co-extrusion)

ortho-phthalic acid
( aromatics) (carboxyl group,
COOH) 2 ( benzene)
(ortho position) (isomer) ( isophthalic acid)
( terephthalic acid) C8H6O4

HO

OH
O

208




( hydrolysis)
( phthalic anhydride)


(decarboxylation) (calcium
carbonate)

oxo reaction
hydroformylation
oxychlorination
(chlorine)

(hydrochloric acid)

(ethylene dichloride)
( ethylene)
( chlorobenzene) ( benzene)

ortho-xylene, o-xylene

(isomer) ( xylene)
3 ( m-xylene)
( p-xylene)
( benzene) (methyl group, -CH3)
2
(ortho position) C8H10

C2H4 + 2HCl +

O2

C2H4Cl2 + H2O

(mixed xylene)
( catalytic reforming) (
naphtha)
( distillation)

( phthalic anhydride) (
isomerization)

CI
Cu/Fe
oxides
250 C

+ H2O

209

paraffin
alkane

210

para-xylene, p-xylene

( aromatics) (isomer)
3 ( o-xylene)
( m-xylene)
(methyl group, -CH3) 2
(para position)
C8H10

CH3

H3C

(mixed xylene)
( catalytic reforming)

( naphtha)

2
(molecular sieve)
(adsorbent)
( crystallization process)
(freezing point)

( isomerization)

( terephthalic acid) ( polyethylene terephthalate)

petrochemical complex

 .. 2412
( cellulose acetate)

(celluloid)
2



.. 2502-2504






.. 2553

29

petrochemicals ,

(petroleum chemicals)

(biomass resource)


(upstream petrochemical product)

( methane) ( ethylene)
( propylene) ( butadiene) 4
( mixed C4) ( benzene) ( toluene)
( xylene)

211

212

213

--

/-

--

-1

214

215

phenol
(alcohol)
(hydroxyl group, -OH)
( benzene)
C6H5OH
OH

( cumene)

CH3CHCH3

(CH3)2COOH

+ O2

(CH3)2COOH

OH
H+

O
CH3CCH3

50 ( phenolic
resin) (circuit board)
( bisphenol-A)
( cyclohexane) ( alkylphenol)
(derivative)

216

phenol furfuran resin

(thermosetting resin)
( phenol)
( furfural)

(moulding material) (adhesive)
(impregnating varnish)

217

phenolic resin, phenol formaldehyde (PF), bakelite

, (),
(thermoset plastic)
(condensation
polymerization) ( phenol)
( formaldehyde)
(temperature resistance) (scratch
resistance) (dimensional
stability) (electrochemical properties)
(moulding material)
(impregnating agent)

OH

CI2

cat.

COCI2

( toluene diisocyanate)
( methylene diphenylene
diisocyanate) ( polyurethane)
( polycarbonate)
( bisphenol-A)
phosgenation
(carbonyl group, C=O)
( phosgene)
2,4- (2,4-toluene diisocyanate)
(toluenediamine)

CH2

CH2
OH
OH
CH2

CH2

OH
CH2

OH

OH

phosgene

(carbonyl group, -C=O) (chlorine)

2 COl2

C
CI

NH2

OH

CH2

O
CI

(carbonmonoxide) 250
(activated carbon)

( isocyanate)

218

OH

CH2
CH2

CO

NH2

2,4-

photoinitiation
(UV light) (laser)
( photopolymerization)
(initiator)
(photoinitiator) (absorb)
( free
radical) (free radical
polymerization)
( cationic polymerization)

photopolymerization


(photoinitiator)



(microfabrication)

Initiator
Monomer

UV

UV

Polymerization

Prepolymer

Adhesive
complete

Coating

Polymer

Add Chandroitinase ABC

1

Exposed collagen left

Add H2O2
+
UV exposure

Tyroxine
residue

Collagen

Oxidation
Oil tyroxine
residue

Tyroxyl
radicals

Oxidation

Collagen

Add UV for
polymerization

Tyroxyl
radicals

Collagen
Polymerization
Collagen

UV Polymerization

Hydrogel
cartilage

Add polymers
in solution
4

Native cartilage

219

phthalic acid
ortho-phthalic acid
phthalic anhydride
(anhydride)
( phthalic acid) C8H4O3

(oxidation) (o-xylene)
375-435 0.7
(vanadium (V) pentoxide)
(titanium oxide)
(antimony (III) trioxide)

O
C

CH3
+ 3O2
CH3

(plasticizer) 4-10
2- (2-ethylhexanol)
(dioctylphthalate)
( polyvinyl
chloride)

C
O

O + 3H3O

plasma polymerization



(plasma state)
(free radical)


(thin-film polymer)
(thin-film capacitors)
(antireflection film)

Conventional polymer

Plasma polymer

Monomer

220

2-

R.F.
Power source
Electrode
Excited
Gas

Plasma gas
inIet

Vacuum pump

221

plastic

2 (rigid plastic)
(flexible plastic)


(thermoplastic) ( thermoset
plastic)
(commodity plastic)
(engineering plastic)

222

223

plasticized polyvinyl chloride (pPVC)

()




(dioctyl phthalate)
(di-iso-octyl phthalate) (dibutyl
phthalate)

H
C O
H
n

polyacetal, polyoxymethylene (POM) ,

()

( formaldehyde)
180
(strength)
(stiffness) (creep)
(fatigue)

(oxidizing agent)

224

poly(acrylamide)
(non-ionic water
soluble polymer)
( addition polymerization)
( acrylamide)

(glycerol) ( ethylene glycol)
(formamide)
(thickener)
(suspending agent)

(superabsorbent)

CH2
NH2

poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) ()

(sizing agent)
(coatings) (floor
polish) (ink) (dispersant)
(adhesive) (caulk)

CH2

H
C

polyacrylate acrylic rubber (ACM)

()

( emulsion polymerization)
/




(AcronTM)


200
40

CH
COOH

225

polyacrylic plastic, acrylic plastic, acrylic polymer,

acrylic resin , ,
,




(clarity) (resistance
to discolorization) (loss of light
transmission)

(steering wheel boss)

poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) ()

(free radical polymerization)
(anionic initiator)




(decompose)

(vinylidene) ( styrene)

( methyl ethyl ketone) (dioxane)
( acetone) (dimethyl for
mamide) (spinning
technique)
(dimethyl formamide)
(tetramethylene sulphone)

(outdoor awnings)
(fiber reinforced concrete)


(carbon fiber)

226

polyamide 11, nylon 11 11, 11

11- (11-aminoundecanoic
acid) (castor oil)

(abrasion resistance) (dimensional
stability) (water absorption)
6,6 ( polyamide
6,6) (packaging film)

11

polyacrylonitrile fiber, PAN fiber, acrylic fiber

, ,

( acrylonitrile)
( vinyl acetate) (vinyl
pyrolidone) (vinyl ester)

85
(abrasion
resistance) (toughness)
(strength)

polyamide 12, nylon 12, polylauryllactam 12,

12,

(lauriclactam,
dodecanoic lactam)
(cyclododecalactam) 11
CONH

12
( 1.5)
(1.01 )
(cable ties)
(wire insulation) (flexible hosing)
(nozzle) (damping cogwheel)
(sheet gasket) (sealing ring)
(medical catheter) (ski
boots)

N
H

O
(CH2)10 C

12

227

 6,10

12

6,10

polyamide 6, nylon 6 6, 6

( caprolactam) 6,6 ( polyamide 6,6)

( 255 )
6,6

N
H

O
(CH2)5 C
6

polyamide 6,10, nylon 6,10 6,10, 6,10

(sebacic
acid) (hexamethylene diamine)
215
6,6 ( polyamide 6,6)
(dimensional stability)
(filaments for brush) (electrical insulator)

228

polyamide 6,6, nylon 6,6 6,6, 6,6

(adipic acid)
(hexamethylene diamine)
(toughness)
(abrasion resistance)
(self-lubricating)
265
(fiber) (carpet)
(hose) (belt
reinforcement) (tire cord)

(gear) (bearing)

6,6

polyamide, nylon (PA) , ()

(engineering thermoplastic)

(condensation polymerization)
(diamine) (diacid)
(amide bond, -CONH-)
6,6 6,6 ( polyamide 6,6) 6,10
6,10 ( polyamide 6,10) 6,12
6,12 (addition
reaction) (ring compound)
6 6
( polyamide 6) 11 11 ( polyamide 11)
12 12 ( polyamide 12)

( monomer)
(semi-crystalline polymer)
(impact resistance)
(tensile modulus)
(friction coefficient) (abrasion
resistance)

(formic acid)
(hydrogen bond)

poly(amide-imide) (PAI) - ()

(trimellitic trichloride) (methylenedianilene)
(temperature resistance)
(stiffness) (creep)
(flame retardant)


(wear and friction properties)
(radiation resistance)
(glass transition temperature) 270-285

(hydraulic bushing)
(seal) (laminated
resin)

229

polyaryl ether (PAE) ()

(acrylon)

polyaryl sulfone (PAS) ()

( aliphatics)
(oxidative stability)


(lubricant)
(cleaning agent)
(hydraulic fluid)
(methylene chloride) (dimethyl
acetamide) (dimethyl formamide)
(glass transition temperature)
210
(heat-deflection temperature) 250 1.82
(MPa)
(hydrolytic stability)

polybenzimidazole (PBI) ()

3,3,4,4
(3,3,4,4tetraaminobiphenyl)
(diphenyl isophthalate)


(pyrolysis condition)

(compressive strength)
(surface hardness)



H
N

N
H
n

230

polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)

( )
(engineering thermoplastic)
( terephthalic
acid) 1,4- (butane 1,4-diol)
4

(strength)
(stiffness) (hardness)
(dimensional stability)

(pump housing) (impeller) (bearing)
(bushing) (gear wheel)
-
(coil) (bobbin) (light sockets)
(fuse holder)
(motor part)
-- ( acrylic-styreneacrylonitrile)
C
O

C O CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

O

O
n

poly(butene), poly(butylene) (PB) ,

()

1- ( 1-butene) (Ziegler-Natta catalyst)
-17 25

(environmental stress
cracking resistance) (impact strength)
(tear resistance)
(puncture resistance)
90
( toluene)
(decalin)


(thinner wall pipe)
(abrasive fluids)

231

polycarbonate (PC) ()

2
( phosgene)
(transesterification) ( biphenol-A)
(diphenyl carbonate)
30,000-50,000

(transparency) (high strength)

(brittle) (heat resistance)
(electrical resistance)
(heat-deflection temperatures)
( aromatics)
( benzene) ( toluene) ( xylene)
(weakness
to notches)


(toughness)
/
(CD/DVD disc)
(sport
safety equipment) (medical device)
(safety helmet)
(riot shield)
(durability)
(shatter-resistance)
(tableware)
(reusable bottle)

( acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)

(heat
deflection temperature)


(thin-wall electronic application)
(laptop computer)
( polybutylene terephtharate)

poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PCTFE) ()

(chlorotrifluoroethylene)

( polytetrafluoroethylene)

200
(swell)
(halogenated solvent)


(tensile strength)

(gasket) (tubing)

F

Cl

CH3
C

OCO

CH3

232

poly(cyclohexylenedimetylene terephthalate) (PCT)

()
(
dimethyl terephthalate) 1,4- (1,4-cyclohexyleneglycol)

(engine fluid)
(pressure sensor)
(acid-modified polyester)
(glycol-modified polyester) (clarity)
(tear strength)
(injection-mould) (optic)

polyester, polyester thermoplastic ,

)
(
(aliphatic)
(aromatic ring) ( monomer)

(polycarpolactam)
( polybutylene terephthalate)
(polycyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate)
( polyethylene terephthalate)
polyether
( polyglycol)
( chlorinated polyether) ( polyaryl
ether)

polyether ether ketone (PEEK) ()

( polyketone) 2
334 1.8
160 (tensile strength) 91
30 300

233

polyether ketone (PEK) ()

( polyether ether ketone) 365
( polyketone )

polyetherether ketoneketone (PEEKK) ()

( polyether ketone) 2 2
( benzene)
( polyketone )

polyetherimide (PEI) ()
(diamine)
(dianhydride) (temperature resistance)
(impact strength) (creep resistance) (rigidity)
(glass transition temperature) 215
(tensile strength) (dimensional stability)
(flame resistance)

(printed circuit substrate) - (burn-in
sockets)

(temperature sensor) (lamp socket)

234

H H H H H H H H H H H

C C C C C C C C C C C

polyethylene, polyethene (PE) , ()

(commodity polymer)
(thermoplastic) (ethylene monomer)
(translucent)
(toughness) (ductile) (chemical resistance)
(water vapor permeability) (water absorption)
(processability)
(tensile modulus)
(very low density polyethylene (VLDPE))
( low density polyethylene (LDPE))
(linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE))
( high density polyethylene (HDPE)) (ultra high
molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE))

H H H H H H H H H H H

HDPE

LLDPE

LDPE

235

polyethylene glycol (PEG) ()

( polyether)
(polyethylene oxide)

(paper coating) (adhesive) (ink) (mould releasing agent)
(ductility)
(water soluble package and capsule)
HO

HO

polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyoxyethylene (POE) (),

()
(ethylene
oxide) (condensation polymerization)
( ethylene glycol)

(crystalline material) 65-67
(water-soluble
packaging)
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) ()
( dimethyl
terephthalate) ( ethylene glycol)
(translucent)
(oriented PET)
(toughness) (clarity)


O

CH2

CH2

236

polyglycol
( polyether)
( olefin)
( polyethylene glycol)
(polyethylene oxide)
( polypropylene glycol)

polyisobutylene (PIB) ()
( isobutylene)

(oily liquid) (elastomer)

( polyethylene)

(tackifying agent)
( aliphatic hydrocarbon)
( aromatics)

polyimide (PI) ()

(condensation polymerization) (pyromelletic anhydride)
(primary diamine)
(aromatic diamine)

(thermal stability)
(harsh environment)

260



(seal and gasket)
(flexible wiring)
(electric motor insulation) (print circuit
board)

CH3
CH

C
CH3

237

polyisocyanate
isocyanate
polyisocyanurate (PIR) ()

(rigid polyurethane)

N
C

O
C
N

N
C

polyisoprene rubber (IR) ()

( natural rubber)
1,4-
1,4- 1,4 (Natsyn )

CH3
CH2
C=C
CH2
H

polyketone


( polyether ketone)
( polyether ether ketone) ( polyetherether ketoneketone)

( aromatics)

CH2
CH2
C=C
CH3
H

1,4-

C=C

CH2

CH2
CH2
C=C
CH3
H

1,4-

238

polymer
(repeating unit)
( monomer) 2
(natural polymer)

(natural rubber)
(synthesis polymer)
(polymerization)
( polyethylene)
( polypropylene) ( polystyrene) ( polyvinyl chloride)



(plastic) (rubber or elastomer) (fiber)
(glue) (binder)

239

240

polymer electrolyte, polyelectrolyte ,

(polyion) (+)
(-) (polyacrylic acid)
(polyacrylate) (-)
(polyvinyl amine)
(polyammonium) (+)
(electrically conductive)
(electrolyte)

poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)

()

(methyl
methacrylate monomer)
(plexiglass) (lucite) (acrylite)


1.150-1.190
( polystyrene)

( polycarbonate)

(aquarium)
(lenses) (aircraft cockpits)
(helicopter canopy)
(skylight)

H
H

C C
O

CH3

Free radical vinyl polymerization

C O

CH2

CH3

CH3
C O
CH3

241

poly(methyl pentene) (PMP) ()

- (Ziegler-Natta catalyst) (transparency)
(0.84 ) 245
( ketone) ( aromatics)
(chlorinated hydrocarbon)

(autoclave)


(sound equipment)
(ultrasonic scanner)

242

H
N

O
O

H
N
O

H
N

N
H

O
O
N
H

N
H
H
N
O

N
H

poly(paraphenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA, Kevlar)

(, )

(para-phenylenediamine) (terephthaloyl
chloride) (tensile
strength)
(-NH)

(carbon fiber)
(carbon fiber composites)
(composite)



(tensile modulus)

243

poly(phenyl sulphide) (PPS) ( )

( benzene)
(sodium sulfide)
(p-dichlorobenzene)



(flame retardant)

(membrane) (gasket)
(printed circuits)


(bushing) (ball valve)

poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) ( )

-2,6-- (poly-2,6-dimethylp-phenylene ether)
(oxidative coupling
polymerization) 2,6-
(2,6-dimethyl phenol)
(semi-crystalline polymer)
210


(high impact
polystyrene (HIPS))
(resilience)
(modified PPO)
(Noryl)

( hydrolysis) (hydrolytic and
dimensional stabilities)
(television
accessories)

244

polyphthalamide (PPA) ()
(semi-aromatic polyamide)
(terephthalic acid (TPA)) /
(isophthalic acid (IPA))

polypropylene glycol (PPG) ( )

( propylene oxide)
750


( polyethylene
glycol)
( polyurethane)
( diisocyanate)

polystyrene (PS), general purpose polystyrene

(),

(addition polymerization) ( styrene monomer)


(optical properties)
(stiffness) (brittle)
(insulation) (humidity)
(electrostatic)

2 (biaxially orientation)
(flexibility)
(durability)

(semi-crystalline) (amorphous) (glass transition

temperature) 124
(stiffness) (strength)
(thermal
capability) 6,6
( nylon 6,6) (creep) (fatigue)
(ductile) 6,6
( aliphatics) ( aromatics)
(chlorinated
hydrocarbon) (ester) ( ketone)
(alcohol) (aqueous solutions)

(strong acid)
(strong oxidising agent) ( phenol)
(cresol)

(head lamp reflector)

245

polysulfone (PSO) ()

(diaryl sulfone)
( bisphenol-A) (transparent)
(acid-base resistance)
(salt solution) (detergent) (oil)
(alcohol) (heat
resistance) (flame retardation)

(glass transition temperature) 198

C
CH3

O
n

polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), teflon (),

327



250

F
F
n F2C

246

CF2

2
polyurethane (PU) ()
( isocyanate)
(rigid) (elastomeric)
( thermoset)
( copolymer) 3 ( diisocyanate)
( diol)

(abrasion resistance)
(cut resistance)


3
79

247

polyurethane-polyurea copolymer, spandex

,
( polyurethane)
85

500

polyvinyl acetal
(aldehydes) ( poly(vinyl
alcohol) (PVA)) (amorphous)
(rigidity) (softening point)


( polyvinyl formal)
( poly(vinyl butyral))
(moulding compound)
(coating) (adhesive) (modifier)

CH2 CH CH2 CH
O

CH

248

poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAC) ()

(free radical polymerization)
(degree of
polymerization) 100-5,000

( acetic acid)

poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) ()

(grease)
(tensile strength) (flexibility)
(fully degradable)


230 ( 200
)

 (polyvinyl nitrate)
( polyvinyl acetal)
( poly(vinyl butyral))
( polyvinyl formal)

(emulsifier) (colloid)



(nonwoven fabrics)

OH

(waterproof coating)

poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) ()

( poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA))
(butylraldehyde) (noncorrosive)
(transparent)
(impact resistance)
(tensile strength)
(adhesiveness) (elasticity)




(coating)

249

polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ()

( vinyl chloride monomer)
(addition polymerzation)
( free radical initiator)
4

(dispersion polyvinyl chloride)
( chlorinated polyvinyl chloride)

90-200
0.5-2
60-80


(tensile strength)
(dimensional
stability)


70

H H
C C
H CI n

nCH2=CHCI

poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF) ()

( ketone)

250

polyvinyl formal (PVFO, PVFM)

(, )
( polyvinyl
acetal)
(polycondensation) ( formaldehyde)
( poly(vinyl alcohol)
(PVA)) (wire
enamel) (wash
primer)

polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)

()
( polyvinyl chloride (PVC))

( addition polymerization)

(cling properties)


H CI
C

H CI

251

poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)

()

(free radical polymerization)

-35
170



(creep) (distortion)
1.78

(piezoelectric)

(sensor) (battery)

252

precipitation polymerization

( monomer)

(powder) (granular)
( polyvinyl chloride (PVC)) ( polyacrylonitrile fiber)
pressure swing adsorption (PSA) ()







( 78) ( 21) ( 1)
1.5 1 (adsorbent
vessel) ( zeolite)

(oxygen surge tank)
(regenerate) 2

Air
Air compressor
Adsorbent
vessel

Waste
gas
Silencer

Adsorbent
vessel

Low
pressure
oxygen
surge
tank

High
pressure
Oxygen compressor oxygen
storage
tank
Oxygen cooler

After cooler

Oxygen

Water
separator

253

propane
( alkane)
3 C3H8

2 (distillation)
( olefin)
( butane) 70:30 (liquefied
petroleum gas)
( aromatics)

254

propene, propylene ,
( alkene)
3 1
C3H6

(cracking)
( naphtha)
(dehydrogenation)
(propane) 550-680 5-20

CH3CH2CH3

CH2=CH-CH3 + H2

(polypropylene) ( acetone) ( phenol)
( acrylonitrile) ( propylene oxide) (epichlorohydrin)

255

propylene glycol (PG) ()

( diol) ( glycol) (hydroxyl
group, -OH) 2 1 2 ( propylene) C3H8O2
HO
OH

( propylene oxide)
200-220 (oligomer)
(dipropylene glycol) (tripropylene glycol)
( polypropylene glycol)

(unsaturated ester)
(antifreeze)

256

(chlorohydrination)
( propylene) (hypochlorous) (propylene
chlorohydrin) 35
CH3CH=CH2 +

HOCI

2CH3CHOHCH2CI + Ca(OH)2

CH3CHOHCH2CI

2CH3CH

CH2 + CaCI2 + 2H2O

propylene oxide (PO) ()

( epoxide)
(methyl group, -CH3) 1
C3H6O

(ethylbenzene hydroperoxide) 130
35 (molybdinum)
O

OH

( propylene glycol) (propylene carbonate) (isomerization)

(allyl alcohol)

257

radiation polymerization
(electron
beam) (neutron beam) (alpha beam) (X-ray)
(g-ray)
(free radical cation)
(isopropyl vinyl ether) 30

raffinate
( extraction)
( extract)

Pregnant Leach Solution (1)

(5)
Extraction 1

Extraction 2 Stripped
organic (4)

Strip 1

Electrowinning

(6)

Ranate (2)

Loaded
organic
(3)

redox polymerization
(redox
initiator) (free radical)
(H2O2) (Fe3+)

50
reformate
( reforming) ( aromatics)
( naphtha)
(platforming)

258

reforming ,

(conversion)


( naphtha)
(platforming) ( methane)
(methane reforming)

CH4

H2O
C

H2O

3H2

+ 2H2

refractive index, index of refraction

(sin i/sin r)


ASTM D542
(optic fiber)

Normal
Air

Silica
Glass

1.35

1.51-1.52

1.52-1.55

1.59-1.60

1.633

259

repeating unit



[ M ]n M
n
( polyethylene) ( [ CH2-CH2 ]n )
( ethylene) (CH2-CH2)
( copolymer) 1 - ( acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS))

( natural rubber)

H
C

C
H

--

resin

260

resole resin
( thermosetting polymer)
- ( phenol-formaldehyde resin)
( formaldehyde) ( phenol)

(crosslinking
agent)
CH2 O CH2

OH

CH2

OH

CH2
CH2

CH2

OH

CH2

CH2
CH2

OH

CH2 CH2 O CH2

OH

CH2

CH2

semi-interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN)

()
2

( monomer)

( butadiene rubber)
(polymethyl methacrylate)

CH2
O
CH2

OH

separation
(phase)
- -
-

1) ( distillation)
(vapor pressure)

( ethylene glycol)

2) ( adsorption)
(adsorbent)
(adsorbate)
(p-xylene) (mixed xylene)
(molecular sieve)
3) ( extraction)

(solvent)
( butadiene) 4 ( mixed C4)
( acetonitrile)
4) ( crystallization)
(freezing point)

(m-xylene)

261

shift conversion
steam reforming

Solution polymerization
Initiator
Monomer
+
Solvent

Heat

Adhesive
complete

Polymer
+
Solvent

Polymerization

nt

be
sor

De

solution polymerization

( bulk polymerization) ( solvent)

( monomer)

Extra

ct

Rotary
valve

Extract

Extract
column

Concentrated
extract

Desorbent

Feed
te

na

Ra

Adsorbent
chamber

Concentrated
ranate

Ranate
Feed

Pumparound pump

262

Ranate
column

solvent

( acetonitrile)
( butadiene) 4
( mixed C4)

Drying

Fractionation

CH4 + H2O

CO

+ 3H2

2) (shift conversion)
1
(carbon dioxide)
343 (chromium)
(iron oxide)

CO + H2O

CO2 +

H2

3) (gas purification)
( absorption)
( amine)
(potassium carbonate)

steam cracking
(saturated
hydrocarbon) ( naphtha)
(liquefied petroleum gas) ( ethane)
(unsaturated
hydrocarbon) ( olefin)
( ethylene) ( propylene)


815-927

(quench)
550-600

( polyethylene)
( polypropylene)

steam reforming
( synthesis gas)
(light ends) ( methane)
( ethane) ( propane)
4
1) ( reforming)
(carbon monoxide)
760-816
(nickel oxide)

4) (methanation)

370427 (nickel)

Steam
cracking
Gas
compression
Quench

Product
storage

263

styrene, styrene monomer (SM) ,

()
(vinyl)
( aromatics)
( ethylene) C8H8

(polymerization) (free radical)
(initiator)
( dehydrogenation)
( ethyl benzene) 600-700
(III)
(iron (III) oxide)
CH
CH2 3

CH

CH2
+ H2

( polystyrene)
( copolymer) -
(styrene-butadiene rubber) - (polyacrylonitrile-styrene-butadiene)

styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) -
()
( copolymer) ( styrene)
( acrylonitrile)
(amorphous)
(continuous mass
suspension polymerization)
( emulsion polymerization)
(transparent)
(chemical resistance)
(aliphatic hydrocarbon)
(alkalis)
(alcohol) (detergent)
(aromatic hydrocarbon)
( ketone) (ester)
(chlorinated hydrocarbon)
(impact resistance)
(softening point) (polystyrene)

CH2 CH
n

CH2 CH
C
N

264

styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) - ()

( styrene) ( maleic anhydride)
( polystyrene)


(glass
transition temperature)
(heat deflection temperature, HDT)
(thermal stability)
287

H H
C C
O O O

CH2 CH
-

styrene-butadiene copolymer
(block copolymer)
( styrene) 50
(solution polymerization)
(alkyl lithium)

(rigidity) (gloss)
(compatibility)

(toughness)
(impact resistance)


(blister packs)

265

sulfolane
(organo
sulfur) (sulfonyl group, SO2)
C4H8O2S
O

O
S

1,3- (1,3-butadiene)
(sulfur dioxide)

CH2=CHCH=CH2 + SO2 + H2
1,3-

SO2

(lignin)
(fiber spinning)
( aromatics)
( reformate)

266

surfactant

2
(hydrophilic)
(hydrophobic) 4
(anionic surfactant)

(cationic surfactant)


- (pH) 1011
(nonionic surfactant)
(amphoteric surfactant zwitterion)

(
- 7)
(- 7)

267

1.
(anionic
surfactant)

268

CH2(CH2)nCH3

(carboxylate)
SO-3 Na+
(sulfate) (sulfonate)
(phosphate)

(sodium linear
alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS))
R-CH2OSO-3 Na+
(sodium
alkyl sulfate (AS))
R-O(PO3)2- 2Na+

(sodium alkyl phosphate)

2.
(cationic
surfactant)

(quaternary
ammonium salt)

(pH10-11)

[RCOO-CH2N(CH3)+2(CH2)-2

OOCR] Cl
(alkyl ester ammonium salts)
[ R-N+(CH3)3]X
(alkyltrimethylammonium
salts)

3.
(nonionic
surfactant)

CH3(CH2)11-O-(CH2-CH2-O)7H
(polyether) (alcohol
(polyhydroxyl) ethoxylates (AE))

4.

(amphoteric surfactant)

RN+(CH3)2CH2COO

(alkyl betaine)
+
RCONH(CH2)3N (CH3)2CH2COO

(alkylamidopropyl betaine)

Organic
phase

Aqueous
phase

Monomer droplet

Polymer particle

suspension polyvinyl chloride

( polyvinyl chloride (PVC))

suspension polymerization, bead polymerization, pearl polymerization,

, ,
( solution
polymerization) (organic
phase) 0.01-1.0

2
(water soluble polymer)
(insoluble inorganic) 0.3
( monomer) (initiator)

( bulk polymerization)
( polyvinyl chloride (PVC))
( poly(vinyl acetate))

269

synthesis gas, syn gas

( naphtha)
( cellulose) (steam reforming)
(partial oxidation) (gasification)



(1) () 800
(nickel)

CH4

+ H2O

CO

3H2

(2)

(3)
5-10 9 (C5-C10) (heptane)
CH3(CH2)5CH3

7H2O

7CO

15H2

(4) (gasification)
3C

+ O2 + H2O

3CO

H2

()

(heptane) ( ethane) ( methane)
1:2.1 1:2.5 1:3

(watergas shift reaction) (intermediate)
(methanol)
( ammonia) (gas oil)
- (Fisher-Tropsch synthesis)
( hydroformylation) (oxoaldehyde)

270

Feedstock options

Process technology
Nitrogen

Ethane
Propane
Synthesis Gas
COx + H2

CH=CH

Residual oil
Biomass
Coal
Coke

Ammonia

Methanol synthesis

Methanol

Fischer Tropsch

Gasoline, Parans

Mobil technology

Gasoline, Aromatics

Eastman technology

Butane
Naphtha

NH3synthesis

Olens
Methanol
H2O

Acetic anhydride

Other synthesis

Hydroquinone

Homologation

Ethanol

Glycol synthesis
Oxo-synthesis
Methanol carbonylation
Water-gas shift
Shift methanation

Ethylene glycol
Aldehydes, Alcohols
Acetic acid

Natural gas

Products

Hydrogen, CO2
SNG

271

temperature swing adsorption (TSA)

()

A B
B
A 1
(
) B
A
1 1
(regenerate)
B
1

2 1

template polymerization

( monomer)

(complex molecule)

272

(propagation step)

2-5

-4-

terephthalic acid (TA, TPA, PTA) (,
, )
( aromatics)
2 (carboxylic group, -COOH)
(para position)
( benzene) (isomer) ( phthalic
acid) ( isophthalic acid)
C8H6O4
O

OH

HO

402
(oxidation) (p-xylene)
(cobalt acetate)
(sodium bromide)
(hydrobromic acid) (promoter)
( acetic acid) 200
15
O

CH3

OH

O2
-H2O

CH3

OH

 ( monomer) ( polyethylene terephthalate (PET))

(PET)

273

tetrahydrofuran (THF) ()
(ether)

4 C4H8O

( polyvinyl
chloride (PVC)) (varnish)

(polytetramethylene ether glycol)
( polyurethane)

( dehydration)
1,4- (1,4-butanediol)
-H2O

HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH
1,4-

1,4- 1,3-
(1,3-butadiene) 1,4-2- (1,4-diacetoxylate-2-butene)

H
C

H2C
H

CH2

1,3-

274

1,4--2-

tex
(linear mass density)
1000
(detex) 10,000
(filament tex)
(cigarette filter)
(yarn) (fabric)

(filament) (detex)

f=

4 x 10-6 dtex
pr

r
f
thermal cracking

(gas oil) (fuel oil)
(diesel oil) (gasoline)

275

thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs), thermoplastic rubber

(),
(thermoset
rubber)
(processability)
(thermoplastic)
2 (phase)
(thermoplastic)
( elastomer)

--
--

thermoplastic olefin elastomers, olefinic TPEs (TPOs)

,
()
( thermoplastic elastomers)
(polypropylene)
(rubber)

(semi-crystalline thermoplastic polyolefin)

(amorphous elastomer)

(polypropylene
homopolymer)

276

thermosetting polyester
( thermosetting polymer)
( unsaturated polyester) ( styrene)
(free radical polymerization)
(benzyl peroxide)
(free radical) (ethylene glycol maleate polyester)

thermoset, thermoset plastic ,

/


(degradation)
( phenolic resin)
(melamine-formaldehyde resin)
( natural rubber) (synthetic rubber)
(cross-linked) (curing)

thermosetting polymer

2
(novolac)

277

toluene
( aromatics)
(methyl group, -CH3)
( benzene) C7H8

( reforming) (cracking)
( naphtha) ( olefin)

( benzene) ( dealkylation)
( xylene) (disproportionation)

278

CH3
O

2,6-

toluene dealkylation
( benzene) (methyl
group, -CH3) ( toluene)

700 40
(nickel)

ON

CH

Fe
HCl

NO

HN

2,4-

CH3
+ H2

CH

+ CH4

toluene diisocyanate (TDI)

()
( aromatics)
( isocyanate) 2
( toluene)
2 (isomer) 2,4-
(2,4-toluenediisocyanate)
2 4 2,6- (2,6-toluenediisocyanate)
2 6
80:20

2,4- C9H6N2O2

CH

NH

2,4-

CH
NH
+ ClCOCl

NH
2,4-

NCO
+ HCl

NCO
2,4-

( carbonylation) (carbon
monoxide) 250 200
(II) (palladium (II)
chloride)
CH

NO

NO
+

CH
CO

2,4-

NCO
+

(dinitrotoluene)
( hydrogenation) (iron)
(hydrochloric acid)
2,4- (2,4-diaminotoluene)
( phosgene)

CO

NCO

2,4-

CH 3
O

2,4-

( polyurethane)
(polyol)

279

transalkylation
(alkyl group, R)
2
( xylene)
(methyl group, -CH3) 1
(mesitylene)
( toluene)

triethylene glycol (TEG) ()

( glycol, diol)
3
(hydroxyl group, -OH)
C6H14O4
HO

OH

( ethylene glycol)
(ethylene oxide) (plasticizer)
( polyvinyl chloride)

(hydraulic fluid)
(brake fluid)

280

Glycol dehydration unit

Dry gas
Water vapor

Glycol pump
1

Condenser

Glycol contactor

Flash gas
2

Rich glycol
Rich ash

Skim oil

Glycol regenerator

Cross exchangar
Lean glycol

Roboiler

(wet gas feed) (glycol contactor)

(dry gas)
(rich glycol)
(rich flash)

(cross exchanger) (glycol
regenerator)

(lean glycol) (reboiler)

Wet gas feed

281

trinitrotoluene (TNT) ()
( aromatics)
(nitro group, NO2) 3
( toluene)
2 4 6 C7H5N3O6

(dinitrotoluene)
(nitration reaction) (nitronium
ion, NO2+) (nitric acid)
(sulfuric acid)

tripropylene glycol
( glycol,
diol) (hydroxyl group, -OH)
2 (-O-)
2 C9H20O4

282

( propylene glycol) (propylene
oxide)
( polyester)
(plasticizer) (lubricant)
(antifreeze)

unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC)

()

(high rigidity) (strength)
(stiffness) ( polyethylene)
( polypropylene)

ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)

( polyethylene)
1-3
( high density polyethylene (HDPE))
(impurities)
0.97
(abrasion resistance)
(toughness)
(cryogenic temperature)
(stress cracking resistance)
(abrasion resistance) (selflubricating) (chemical resistance)

(liners for chemical processing
equipment)
(recreational equipment) (ski base)
(medical device)
(high strength
fiber)
( Kevlar) ( composite
material)

283

unsaturated polyester (UP)

()
( polyester)
(backbone chain)
(condensation)
(dibasic acid) ( glycol)
( maleic
anhydride) (
propylene glycol) ( ethylene glycol)
( diethylene glycol)
( phthalic
anhydride) (isophthalic acid)
(adipic acid)
(reactive monomer)
( styrene)
(crosslinking agent)
( thermosetting
polyester)
(prepolymer)



(resistant to soft
and flexible) 50
25,000
(laminate) (composite)

urea-formaldehyde resin (UF), urea (),

( thermosetting polymer)
()
( formaldehyde)

CH2
N

CH2

N CH2
N CH2
C

CH2

CH2

N CH2
C

N CH2

CH2

N CH2

CH2

C O

C O

CH2

CH2 N CH2

N CH2

CH2 N CH2

CH2

N CH2
C

CH2

Urea Formaldehyde

vinyl acetate
(vinyl)
(acetate group, CH3COO-)
( ethylene) C4H6O2

( acetic
acid)
117
5 (palladium acetate)

( monomer)
( poly(vinyl acetate) (PVCA))
( poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)) (vinyl acetate copolymer)

284

vinyl alcohol (VA) ()

(vinyl) (hydroxyl group, -OH)
(isomer)
( acetaldehyde) (ethylene oxide)
C2H4O

(tautomerization)

CH2=CHOH

CH3-CH=O

285

vinyl chloride, vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) , ()

(vinyl)
(chlorine, Cl)
( ethylene) C2H3Cl

(direct chlorination)

40-50 4 (III)
(ferric (III) chloride) (II) (copper (II)
chloride) (III) (antimony (III)
chloride) (ethylene dichloride)

CH2=CH2 + CI2

CICH2CH2CI

CICH2CH2CI

CH2=CHCI + HCI

weight-average molecular weight

S Ni M i
Mw = i=1 N M
S i=1 i i

Ni Mi
Mi i
( monomer)
( polyvinyl chloride)

286

xylene

( aromatics) (methyl group, -CH3) 2

( benzene)
C8H10 3 (isomer)

(o-xylene) (m-xylene)
(p-xylene) (mixed xylene)
( catalytic reforming)
( naphtha)

( distillation)

 (molecular sieve) ( crystallization

process)
( isomerization)
CH3

(magnesium oxide)
(o-cresol)
(p-cresol)

CH3

CH3
CH3

CH3

CH3

2,6-

xylenol, dimethyl phenol ,

(
phenol) (methyl group, -CH3) 2
6
2,6- (2,6-xylenol) 2,5- (2,5-xylenol)
2,4- (2,4-xylenol) 2,3- (2,3-xylenol)
3,4- (3,4-xylenol) 3,5- (3,5-xylenol)
2,6-
(ortho position)
(hydroxyl group, -OH)

2,6- 6
C8H10O

2,6-

2,3-

2,5-

3,4-

( monomer) (polyphenylene ether)

(engineering plastic)

( )

2,4-

3,5-

2,6-

(methylation) (methanol)
1 6 500

287

z-average molecular weight

S Ni M i
= i=1 N M 2
S i=1 i i

Ni Mi
Mi i

zeolite
(alumino silicate)
(silicon)
(aluminium) 1 4
(silicon tetraoxide) (aluminium tetraoxide)
(tetrahedron)

()
2-10 (1 1x10-10
)

(lithium) (sodium)
(potassium) (calcium)
(ion exchange) (proton)
(cation)

40


3
1) (ion exchanger)

(ammonia)

2) (adsorbent)
(molecular sieve)
(p-xylene) ( aromatics)
3) ( catalyst)

(catalytic
cracking) ( hydrocracking)
( isomerization)
( alkylation)

()

288

CI
CI

TI

CI
CI

CI CI
CI TLI
+

H2C=CHR

CI CI
CI TLI H C R
H

M-CI

rearrange

H C R
CH2

CI CI
CI TLI
H2C=CHR

H C R
CH2

Final Product

L
+
,
R M
M = Al Li Mg Zn...
L is an unspecied ligand

active catalyst

repeat
many times

CI CI
CI TLI

rearrange

H C R
CH2
CI TI CI
CI L H C R
C
H H
=

CI TI CI n
CI L

H C R
CH2

Ziegler-Natta polymerization -

- (Ziegler-Natta catalyst) (Karl Ziegler)
(Guilio Natta)
.. 2506
- .. 2499
2
4-8 (co-catalyst)
(organometallic compound) 1-3



( high density polyethylene (HDPE))
(isotactic polypropylene (iso-PP))
( coordination polymerization)

zip polymerization

( template polymerization)

289

additive





(processability)
/
(life/survival ability)
(mechanical properties)


: heat stabilizer
lubricant/mold releasing agent
plasticizer
viscosity depressant
/
: antioxidants
carbon black
light stabilizer

: colorant
optical brightening agent

antiblocking agent
( additive)


(diatomaceous earth)
(clarity) (haze)
(talc) (linear
low density polyethylene (LLDPE))

(nepheline
syenite) (feldspar)
(calcium
carbonate)
( filler)

292

antidegradant
( additive)

antifogging agent
( additive)
(surfactant) 2
(hydrophilic) (lipophilic)


(wetting) 2 (external)

(internal) (diffuse)



(sealing)
(sorbitan esters)
(polyoxyethylene esters) (glycerol esters)
(polyglycerol esters)

293

Discrete droplets

Polymer

Polymer + Antifogging agent

Continuous transparent layer

294

 (isothiazolin)



(epoxidized soybean oil)
(diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP))
/
(toxicity)

antimicrobials
( additive)


(flexible PVC)




(carrier)
( plasticizers)

(leach)

10,16-
(10,16-oxy-bisphenoxy arsine (OBPA))

295

antioxidant

( additive)
(oxidation) (aging)



(ultraviolet) (degradation)
(discoloration)
(cracks)

antiozonant
( additive)
(migrate)

antistat, antistatic agent

( additive)
2

2 (ionic)
(non-ionic) (cationic) (quaternary
ammonium salt) (anionic) (sodium salt
of sulfonate and phosphate) (ester) (amine)
(glycerol ester of fatty acid)
(ethoxylated tertiary amine)

2 (internal antistatic agent)
()
PE, PP PVC
(external antistatic agent) (spraying)
(dipping) (PET)
(PC)

296

blowing agent, foaming agent ,

( additive)


(cells)
(opened-cell structure)
(closed-cell structure)
(half-open half-closed cell structure)





2 ( physical blowing agents)
( chemical blowing agents)

carbon black
( additive) ( colorant)
(pigment)



10-100 25-1,500 /
(cluster) (aggregate)

high-structure
low-structure

A typical carbon black aggregate

Primary particle size

Aggregate size

297

298

chemical blowing agent

( additive)

50-60
2
( endothermic chemical blowing agent)
( exothermic chemical
blowing agent)
( )

(gas yield)

(
)
0.5-2.5
( blowing agent, foaming agent )

2) (dye)

(pigment) (solubility)

(polyolefins)
(engineering plastic)

clarifying agent, clarifier

( additive) ( nucleating
agent) (sorbitol)


colorant
( additive)

2

1) (pigment)

0.01-1
(aggregate) (plane)
(agglomerate)

(dispersion)
(oxide) (sulfide)
( carbon black)
(ferric oxide)

composite, composite material

2
( matrix) (continuous
phase) (reinforcing phase)

(stiffness)



( polymer composite polymer
matrix composite (PMC)) (metal
composite metal matrix composite (MMC))
(ceramic matrix composite
(CMC))

compounding

( additive)

1) (preparation of
ingredients)

(air circulation oven)

(vacuum drying oven)
2) (premixing)
(agglomerate)


(ball mill)
(propeller)
(batch)
(continuous)

3) (melt-mixing)


( two-roll
mill) (internal mixer)



(single screw extruder)
( twin screw extruder)
(twin-shaft continuous mixer)
4)
(extrude)
Manufacturing steps

Products

Synthesis &
polymerization

Monomer &
polymer

Compounding

Compounds

compound
()
( additive)

(PE)

( polyvinyl chloride
(PVC)) 2
(thermoplastic elastomer)
(crosslinked
elastomer)

Processing &
forming

Shapes/fiber/film

Machining &
secondary processing

Parts & components

299

decomposition activator, kicker

( chemical blowing agent)
( exothermic chemical blowing agent)
(polyol) (urea) (amine)
(pigment)
decomposition inhibitor
( exothermic chemical
blowing agent) ( decomposition activator, kicker)
(dicarboxylic acid) (tricarboxylic acid)
(anhydride) (benzotriazole derivative)

de-moulding, releasing agent

mould releasing agent
di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) -2- ()
dioctyl phthalate (DOP)
differential thermal analysis (DTA) ()



(
)
( glass transition temperature (Tg)) ( melting temperature (Tm))
(degradation temperature (Td))

(enthalpy)
(differential scanning
calorimeter (DSC))
() ()

300

endothermic chemical blowing agent

( chemical blowing agent)


(gas yield)
( exothermic chemical blowing agent)

(citric acid) (sodium bicarbonate)
(CO2) 160-210

dioctyl phthalate (DOP) ()

( plasticizer)

(carbon tetrachloride) -2-
( di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP))
( polyvinyl chloride (PVC))

( poly(vinyl acetate) (PVCA))
( polyurethane (PU))


(polysulfide)


20-60 100

(
)

C6H8O7 + 3NaHCO3 C6H5Na3O7 + 3CO2 + 3H2O

301

exothermic chemical blowing agent

( chemical blowing agent)

(gas yield)
( endothermic chemical
blowing agent)
(crosslinked polyolefins foam)
(extrusion)

(azodicarbonamide) 4,4-
(4,4-oxybis benzenesufonyl hydrazide) (para-toluenesulfonyl semicarbazide)
5- (5-phenyltetrasole)

external lubricant
( additive)

(fusion
time) ( internal lubricant)
(calcium stearate) (stearic acid)
external mould releasing agent
( additive) ( mould releasing agent)
(fluorocarbon)
0.1-20
2-3
(texture) ( )



(non-permanent) (semi-permanent)
(oily film)

(oil-repellent) (stain proofing)

302

filler
( additive)



10-50
(extender)
(phenolic) (urea)
(melamine)




(calcium carbonate,
CaCO3) (talc) (clay) (silica)
(mica)
(heat resistance)
(warpage) (metal oxide)
(calcium sulfate)
(barium sulfate)

( carbon black)
(conductive) /
(stone flour/chalk) (hollow glass
micro sphere) (glass
fiber)

flame retardant
(bromine)
(chlorine) (phosphorus)
(antimony) (aluminium)

(ignition temperature)


(flammability)
(self-extinguishing)


2

( additive)


3
1) (char former)

(ammonium phosphate) (zinc borate)
2) (heat absorber)


(aluminium
trihydrate) (magnesium hydroxide)

3) (flame quencher)

(bromine) (chlorine)
(synergist)
(antimony trioxide)

external plasticization



( plasicizers)



()
()





(phthalate) (epoxy) (adipate)
(azelate) (trimellitate)
(glutarate) (citrate)

303

fluorescent whitening agent (FWA), fluorescent brightener (FB)

(, )
optical brightening agent (OBA)
foaming
( chemical blowing agent)

()
(warpage)
(sink mark)
(cycle time)

fragrance
(fragrance oil)







(injection moulding) (film blowing)
(foaming) (rotational moulding)

304

free radical terminator

( additive)


(hindered amine)
( UV absorber)

( antioxidant)

heat stabilizer
( additive)


( polyvinyl chloride (PVC)) (degrade)
(dehydroclorination)
100

(catalyst)

---
(organotin compound)
- -

glass transition temperature (Tg)

(glassy) (rubbery)

(amorphous)




( melting temperature (Tm))
(softening temperature (Ts))

impact modifier
( additive)
(impact strength)
(toughness) (inherent
properties)
(modulus of elasticity)
(tensile strength)

(processability)
( plasticizer)


( polyvinyl chloride (PVC)) ( polyethylene
(PE)) (polypropylene (PP))
( polystyrene (PS))

internal lubricant
( additive)



(fatty
acid) (fatty acid amide)
(fatty acid ester)

305

internal mould releasing agent

( additive) ( mould releasing
agent)
(carrier solvent)


30-50
(fatty alcohol/amide)
(ester) (wax)

(adhesion)

internal plasticization


(copolymer)






(dimensional
stability)

306

light fastness
( additive)
( fluorescent
whitening agent)
( optical brightening agent)
(whitening index)

200

100

50

20

40

60

Exposure Time (hours)

0.05% Uvitex OB
0.05% Uvitex FP
Control

w Ciba

150

light stabilizer
( additive)

(aging)
(photodegradation)
(ultraviolet (UV))

(free radicals)
(peroxy radical)

(yellowing)
(embrittlement) 3
( UV absorber)
( free radical terminator)
(quencher)


0.05-2.00

307

limiting oxygen index (LOI), oxygen index

(),
(flammability)


(American Standard for Testing of Material (ASTM))
ASTM D 2863



(LOI) LOI
40
40 (screening)

(LOI)

lubricant
( additive)
(polymer melt)
(roll) (barrel) (screw)

2 ( internal lubricant)
( external lubricant) (metal soap)
(hydrocarbon wax) (PE wax)
(amide wax) (fatty acid) (fatty acid amide)
(fatty alcohol) (fatty acid ester)

308

matrix
( composite, composite material)


( nylon) (PP)
(uPET) ( epoxy)
( phenol formaldehyde (PF)) (vinyl ester)

(Tg) (Tm)

Polyethylene (high density)

Polyoxymethylene
Polyisoprene (natural rubber)
Polyisobutylene
Polyvinylidene chloride
Polyhexamethylene adipamide (nylon 66)
Polyethylene terephthalate
Polyvinyl chloride
Polystyrene
Polytetrafluoroethylene

Tg (oC)
-115
-85
-73
-73
-19
53
69
81
100
127

Tm (oC)
137
181
28
28
190
265
265
212
240
327

melting temperature (Tm)

(intermolecular bonding)

( glass transition temperature (Tg))
(softening temperature (Ts))
(degradation temperature (Td))
(degree of crystallinity)

309

miscibility



(Gibbs free energy of mixing, Gm)
(equilibrium thermodynamics)
Gm = G12 (G1 + G2)

G1 1
G2 2
G12 1 2

(misciblepolymer blends) Gm < 0

(immiscible polymer blends)
Gm > 0

(a)

Polymer 1
Polymer 2

(b)

2

(a)

(b)

310

PPE/PS, PPE/PA, PPE/PET, PPE/PBT, PPE/HIPS,

PC/ASA, PC/PET, PC/PBT, PC/PCT, PC/ABS, PC/PE,
PC/PO1, PBT/PET, PEI/PA, PEI/PC, PPS alloys, SAN/PSO2,
ABS/PA, ABS/PMMA, ABS/PVC, ASA/PVC, acrylic/PVC,
ASA/PMMA, PBT/EL3, PBT/ABS
PC/ABS, PO/EPDM, TPU4/ABS, PS/PMMA, PS/EL

General Electric
Plastics

DOW

PC/ABS, PC/PE, PC/PS, PC/PET, PA-6/EL, PA-6/PO,

Bayer/Mobay

PC/PBT, PBT/EL, PC/PO, PA-6/PA-6.6

BASF

PC/PET/EL, PBT/ASA, PBT/SAN, PA/ASA, PA/ABS, PPE/PA,

PSO alloys, PA-6/PA-6.6, PPE/PA, PPS alloys
POM/EL, PA/EL, PA/PE, PET/EL, PBT/EL
POM/EL, POM/PTFE, acrylic/PVC, PA/acrylic rubber,

Du Pont

PA-6/PA-6.6, PA-6, 12/EL

PA/EL, PBT/PET, PBT/EL, POM/EL, POM/TPU, PP/EPDM,
PS/EL

Hocchst/Celanese

PO = polyolefins; 2PSO = polysulfone; 3EL = elastomer; 4TPU = thermoplastic linear polyurethanes

mould releasing agent

( additive) (
composite, composite material)
(lubricant oil) (solid lubricant) (wax)
(teflon)
(polytetrafluoroethylene)


(
)
2
( internal mould releasing agent)
( external mould releasing agent)

PPE/HIPS, PP/EPR, PC/ABS, PC/ASA, PC/PBT/EL,

311

nucleating agent
( additive) (semi-crystalline)
(nuclei) (crystal)

(lamellar)

(spherulites)



(heterogeneous nucleation)

(cycle time)
(injection moulding)

() ()

312

Polymer
melt

No crystallization

Partially
crystallized

Fully
crystallized

Crystallization
begins

Partially
crystallized

Fully
crystallized

Non-nucleated

Nucleated
Nucleating agent

optical brightening agent (OBA), optical brightener (OB)

(, )
( additive)
(UV)
300-400
400-500




(commodity plastic) ( polyethylene (PE))
( polyvinyl chloride (PVC)) ( polystyrene
(PS))
( acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS))
( polycarbonate (PC)) ( polyamide (PA))
( polyester) ( polyurethane (PU))

Cooling

313

%
50
40
30
20
10

100

90

80

70

70

60

60

50

50

40

40

30

30

20

20

10

10

10

10

20

20

30

30

40

40

50

50

60

60

70

70

80

80

90

90

%
300 400 500 600 700

(a)

300 400 500 600 700

(b)

-

/

314

90
80

300 400 500 600 700 700

(c) -

oxidation induction time (OIT, isothermal OIT), oxidation induction temperature

(OIT, dynamic OIT) ,
()


ISO 11357-6 (differential scanning
calorimeter (DSC))
(isothermal)

T1

T2

T3

T4

Key
X temperature
Y heat ow rate
T1 melting temperature of polymer
T2 onset of oxidation
T3 intercept point determined by tangent method (oxidation induction temperature)
T4 temperature of oxidation peak
a exothermic

T4

parts per hundred parts of resin, phr 100

( additive) () 100
permanent antistat
( additive)

(quaternary ammonium salts)

(conductive filler) ( carbon black) (metal
filler)
( polyamide (PA))
( polycarbonate (PC)) (ABS)
( polyvinyl chloride (PVC))

315

physical blowing agent

(pentane)
(chlorinated hydrocarbon) (methyl
chloride) (isopropyl alcohol)
(chlorofluoro carbon
(CFC))

plasticization

( plasticizers)
2 ( external
plasticization) ( internal
plasticization)
plasticizer extender

( plasticizers)
( primary plasticizer)
(diluent)

plasticizers
( additive) (rubber)
(elastomer) (
50-60 100 )
(flexibility) (soft) (flexible)
(strechable)

(polymer melt)

(thermal stability)

( compounding) (compatibility)

( internal lubricant)

316

polymer alloy
( polymer blend)
(immiscible) (compatible)
(compatibilization) (compatibilizer)
(interfacial adhesion) (morphology)


ABS/Nylon, Nylon/olefin elastomer, PC/ABS, PC/PP, PC/Thermoplastic PU,
PPE/Nylon, PVC/ABS and Polyester/elastomer

(Polymer)

(Copolymer)

polymer blend

2
(co-solvent)
(spray drying) (film casting)
(fine powder mixing)
(latex blending) (mechanical mixing)

( )
()
(miscible) (homogeneous)
(heterogeneous)
(immiscible) (compatible)

(Polymer blend)
(Miscible)

(Homogeneous) (Heterogeneous)

(Immiscible)
(Compatibilization)

(Polymer alloy)

317

polymer composite
( matrix)

(modulus of elasticity)
(fracture energy)

( )

primary plasticizer
( additive)


( compounding)
(phthalate) ( epoxy)
(phosphate) (adipate diester) (sebacate)
( polyester)
reinforcing materials
( polymer composite)
(modulus of elasticity)
( matrix) (fiber)
(glass fiber) (carbon fiber) (aramid fiber)
(boron fiber)
(filament) (tow ravings)
(yarn)
(mats) (woven)



(staple)
(random) (isotropic)

secondary plasticizer
( additive)
( primary plasticizer)

318

(metal soap)
(fatty acid amide ester)
(silicon oil) (wax) (paraffin oil)
(glycol)



(fatty acid amide)
1,000

ASTM D-1894

(, ppm)

0.50 - 0.80
0.20 - 0.40
0.05 - 0.20

200 - 400
500 - 600
700 - 1,000

slip agent
( additive)




(coefficient of friction)
(processing agent) 2
(internal slip agent)
(external slip agent)

( filler)

(amphipolar)
(fatty acid)
(long chain fatty acid ester)
(PE wax) (white oil)

319

thermal stabilizer
heat stabilizer
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) ( )


( additive)

Gas outlet
Furnace

Sample crucible
Control thermocouple
Sample thermocouple
Radiation shield
Vacuum
Sample gas (1 and 2)
Water cooling
Sample holder lift
Vacuum-tight housing
Microbalance system
Protective gas

Analyzer

Thermogravimetric
TG 209

320

titanium dioxide
( additive) ( colorant) (pigment)
2
(rutile) (anatase)
(oxidative degradation)
(chalking) (titanium
dioxide, TiO2)
2

(reflection) (refraction) (diffraction)

( TiO2 )

TiO2

321

twin screw extruder (TSE) , ()

( compounding)
(intermesh)
(barrel)
(single screw extruder
(SSE)) (co-rotating) (counterrotating) (feed hopper)

(conical screw)
( additive)
(die)

Screw rotation

Resin
flow

Material path

(a) Co-rotating

Resin
flow

Material
bank

(b) Counter-rotating

Material path

(a) (b)

Thrust
bearing

Feed
Hopper
Hopper

Vent port
Feed throat

Linkage

Breaker plate, screen

packs and adapter ring

Caterpillar
roller

Wind-up or
cut-off

Puller

Removal

Extrudate (Extruded part)

Die Sizing plates Vacuum port

Water

Motor

Heating zones
Base
Extruder

Die

322

Cooling

two-roll mill

( compounding)
( polyvinyl chloride
(PVC)) (polished rolls)


(nip)

( additive)
( bank)

(compression moulding)

1 500

323

UV absorber
( additive)


(benzophenone)
(benzotriazole) 2--4-
- ( 2 - h y d r o x y - 4 - n - o c t o x y
benzophenone)

R2

H
N

R3

R1

N
Ar

HO
OR

N
R2

Benzotriazole

Benzophenone

Ar

R1

H
N

Ar1

N
H

Oxanilide

Triazine

Ph
Ph

CN

O-R

Cyanoacrylate

UV absorber

324

Ar2

UV stabilizer
light stabilizer

viscosity depressant
( additive)
(PVC plastisol)

( plasticizer extender)


(pin hole)

(aliphatic) (naphthenic)
(chlorinated hydrocarbon)
(surfactant)
(ethoxylated fatty acids)
(fatty esters)

325

air conveyor

American Petroleum Institute (API) standard

,

500

API 620, API 650

American Production and Inventory Control

Society (APICS)
()


(supply chain) (logistics)
Certified in Production and Inventory
Management (CPIM) 5
Basic Supply Chain Management, Master Planning
of Resources, Detailed Scheduling and Planning,
Execution and Control of Operations Strategic
Management of Resources
CPIM


APICS dictionary

automated storage and retrieval system (AS/RS)

AS/RS

American Standard of Mechanical Engineering

Code (ASME Code)
( )

328

asset utilization

100

backhaul

baffle plate

2-3

bag

25

berth ,



(bulk cargo)
(bulk berth)

(container berth)

bill of lading (BL) ,

()

barge ,

( tug boat)

329

bottom loading

(vapor line)

bulk marine

( International Maritime
Organization (IMO))

330

bulk terminal



( bulk marine)

chartering

(voyage charter)
(time charter)
(bareboat charter)
(demise charter)

chemical tanker
5,000
40,000





(hull) 2 ( vessel )

331

combined shipment

competent authority

(main
competent authority)

(competent authority)


(classification)
consolidation

()

containerization

20 1 ( twenty feet
equivalent unit (TEU)) 20 8
8 6
( pallet)

container port

332

containment capability

cross docking
2

cycle count

cycle time

30

10
20

dangerous goods

9



( United
Nations Recommendation on Transport of Dangerous
Goods (UNRTDG))

contract of affreightment

20,000
8,000
4,000 5,000
3,000

cycle stock

333

dangerous goods packaging

( United Nations Recommendation

on Transport of Dangerous Goods (UNRTDG))
(UN mark)


200 UN Mark UN 1A1/Y/20/

(packing group II)
20

dangerous goods safety advisor (DGSA)

()

dangerous goods tank code

() ( European Agreement Concerning the
International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road
(ADR))
L4BN (L)
4 (4)
(B)

(N)

L4BN

334

dangerous goods warehouse

(explosion
proof)

demurrage

depot

(container depot)

dead weight ton (DWT) ( )

(cargo)
(ballast)

2,000 40,000 DWT

detention

delivery order (DO) ()

(delivery note)

drain valve

335

drop test

drybreak coupling

electrostatic

(grounding earthing)

drum

20 1,000
200


(UN mark)

drum filling

336

emergency response

enterprise resource planning (ERP)

()

European Agreement Concerning the International

Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR)
()

European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC)

.. 2515
29,000 60

CEFIC 4,000
()
( registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction of chemicals (REACH))

()

337

explosion proof

fixed tank




() ( European
Agreement Concerning the International Carriage of
Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR))


.. 2546

( United Nations number) 2055

LGBF

L =

G =

B =
3

F =
(venting system)

338

flammable, inflammable

1 (flammable range) 12
13

(flammable range)
2
1

23
35

flange

flash point

2 (open cup)
(closed cup)

() ( globally harmonized system
for classification and labeling of chemicals (GHS))
93
16
15.6

23
2
35
23
3
60

339

flexibag

20 (1 ) ( twenty
feet equivalent unit (TEU))


20



( isotank)

floating roof tank

(lower
explosion limit)
(upper explosion limit)

flexible hose

340

forecast accuracy

full container load (FCL)
()

globally harmonized system for classification and

labeling of chemicals (GHS)
()

(safety data sheet)

(hazard pictogram)

()

gas cylinder

green logistics






grounding, earthing

full trailer

341

hazard classification


33
( flash point)
23 336



( UN
number placard )

Mark IV
Flow controller

Overfill and retained

product sensors
Sculmatic
actuators

Ventafils

Scully
nozzles

MagneLinkTM
Econ-o-gauges

X338
1717

33
1088

acetyl chloride (1717) acetal (1088)

hazardous substance

( globally harmonized
system for classification and labeling of chemicals
(GHS))

hedge stock
speculative stock
high level protection

342

Ventalarm
signals

IMO tank container

isotank
in transit inventory

incompatible chemical

inhibitor

insulation

inland container depot (ICD)

()

inland waterway

343

intermediate bulk container (IBC)

()

700 3,000

international commercial terms (INCOTERMS)

()

F :
FCA = free carrier

FAS = free alongside


FOB = free on board

C :
CFR = cost and freight


CIF = cost, insurance and freight CFR

CPT = carriage paid to CFR

CIP = carriage and insurance paid
CIF
D :
DAT = delivered at terminal

DAP = delivered at place

DDU = delivered duty unpaid

DDP = delivered duty paid

E :
EXW = ex works

CIF

transport & insurance paid

CFR

transport + paid

FOB
The seller

DES
Loading
port

First
carrier

DAF

FAS
EXW

Destination
port

The buye r

DEQ

FCA
CPT
CIP

DDU
transport paid

Frontier

transport & insurance paid

344

DDP

international maritime dangerous goods (IMDG)

()

9

( United Nations Recommendation
on Transport of Dangerous Goods (UNRTDG))

inventory accuracy

inventory management





(safety stock)
(cycle stock)

isotank
16,000 24,000
20
20


() ( International Maritime Organization (IMO))

IMO

IMO

IMO

IMO
IMO

Type 0
(food grade)
Type 1
(volatile liquid)
Type 2

Type 5
Type 7
ASME Class VIII Division 1

jetty

International Maritime Organization (IMO)

()

..
2491


169

SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea),
COLREGs (Convention on the International Regulations
for Preventing Collisions at Sea), MARPOL (International
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships)

345

label

lead time ,

(customer lead time)
(purchasing lead time)

(production lead time)
(delivery lead time)

less than container load (LCL)

()

346

level indicator


(sight glass)
(ultrasonic)

lightering

loading



(bulk)

200 25
( pallet)
loading arm

load securement

(air
bag)

347

loading hose

()
( drybreak coupling)
( flange)

loose bag

( pallet)
(forklift)

manhole

348

manifold

marking

( placard )
mode of transport

( rail transport)
( inland waterway)

multimodal transport





(bulk
chemical tanker)




1)
2)
3)

nitrogen padding

on-time delivery

1,000
985
98.5




(safety stock)
open top drum

(high viscosity)
(powder) (emulsion)
(mix) (stir)

non destructive testing (NDT)

()



(ultrasonic) (magneticparticle) (liquid penetrant)

notice of readiness

349

optimization

(product mix)

overflow

overturn protection

packaging ,
3,000

3,000

pallet ,

100 x 120 x 15
80 x 120 x 15
110 x 110 x 15


(forklift truck) (handlift)
1.5
(rack)

Top deckboard

Two-way entry

Bottom deckboard

Four-way entry
Runner

350

palletizer
( pallet)




perfect order

pipeline

placard

( globally harmonized system for classification and

labeling of chemicals (GHS), hazard classification
)

351

port of destination



CFR CIF ( international
commercial terms )
port of shipment


FOB
( international commercial terms )

product stewardship

( responsible care)

PULL strategy

352

PUSH strategy

quick coupling

( flange)

rail transport

40

reconditioned drum ,

registration, evaluation, authorization and restriction

of chemicals (REACH)
()

4
1. (registration)





2. (evaluation)




3. (authorization)
(very high concern)

4. (restriction)

radio frequency identification (RFID)

()

(bar code)

353

reorder point

( lead time)

( lead time)
(safety stock)

354

Reorder

Reorder

Reorder

S
S

responsible care




6 (management practice
code)
1)
(community awareness & emergency response)
2) (process safety)
3) (employee health
& safety)
4) (pollution prevention)
5) (distribution)
6) (product stewardship)

safety and quality assessment system (SQAS)

()

( European Chemical Industry
Council (CEFIC))

safety audit





(checklist)

safety stock


(demand) (supply)
/ ( lead time)

(sales forecast accuracy)

/
(on time delivery)

sales and operations planning (S&OP)

()

(demand) (supply)

1-3

sea bulk container

(bulk)

( air conveyor)


(tilt)

safety data sheet (SDS)

()

( globally harmonized system

for classification and labeling of chemicals (GHS))
16
1.
(identification of the substance or mixture and
of the supplier)
2. (hazardous identification)
3. (composition/
information on ingredients)
4. (first-aid measures)
5. (fire fighting measures)
6.
(accidental release measures)
7. (handling
and storage)
8.
(exposure controls/personal protection)
9. (physical and chemical
properties)
10. (stability and reactivity)
11. (toxicological information)
12. (ecological information)
13. (disposal considerations)
14. (transport information)
15. (regulatory information)
16. (other information)

355

segregation



(incompatibility)

semi trailer

356

shipping mark


1. (package number)
2. (item number)
3. (description of goods)
4. (front mark)
5. (side mark)
6. (handling mark)
Side mark

Handling mark

Front mark

0
NO. A38 OLS
ITEM MATIC TO
PNEU 2 SETSS
QTY.. 20 KGS
S
N.W . 23 KGCMS
5 CM
G.W ,0.113 61 X 30.
MEAS 61 X

Front mark

Handing mark

Side mark

D.I.

SUNNY PORT
MADE IN EXPORT-COUNTRY
C/NO.1

Lead mark

silo

ITEM NO. A380

PNEUMATIC TOOLS
QTY. 2 SETS
N.W. 20 KGS
G.W. 23 KGS
MEAS,0.113 CMS
61 X 61 X 30.5 CMS

357

slip sheet

( pallet)

(forklift)
( pallet)

spherical tank

(LPG)

speculative stock

358

spill control

stacking height

(stacking test)
2 3

359

360

storage tank

supersack, big bag

500 1,000

(forklift)

tank farm

supply chain optimization

(upstream)
(downstream)

361

tank inspection

( tank farm)



3

tank truck
( fixed tank)
(portable tank) (tank container)

(compatability)

telemetry

terminal
( tank farm)
top loading

(manhole)
(gangway)

362

transport emergency card (TREMCARD)

tug boat

twenty feet equivalent unit (TEU)

20 ()

20 20 8 8
6 40 2

4,000
1,400

20

363

United Nations number

4
1077 1280

( safety
data sheet)

4
United Nations number

United Nations Recommendation on Transport

of Dangerous Goods (UNRTDG)

2
16 .. 2552

9 (class)
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Flammable Gas

Nonflammable Gas

Poisonous Gas

Oxygen
(Alternative Placard)

Flammable Liquids

Flammable Solids

Spontaneously
Combustible Solids

Dangerous
when Wet

Oxidizing Agent

Organic Peroxide
Oxidizing Agent

Poison

Biohazard

Radioactive
Material I (Cat.1)

Radioactive
Materials II (Cat.2)

Radioactive
Materials III (Cat.3)

Corrosive

Miscellaneous

unloading

25

( pallet)

364

value chain

1
g g g
2
g g g
3
g g g

VAPOR

LIQUID

vapor return line

liquid vapor return

365

vendor managed inventory (VMI)

()

vessel ,

( chemical
tanker)

(chemical storage vessel)

weight discrepancy

(bulk)




(calibration)



0.25%

warehouse

366

warehouse management system (WMS)

()

(first in first
out (FIFO))

367


acoustic trauma


( temporary threshold shift noise
induced hearing loss )
aerosol ,


1 1

air sampling

( air
pollutant ) 2

(area air sampling)
(personal air
sampling)

allergy



()

American Conference of Governmental Industrial

Hygienists (ACGIH)

(
occupational health)
( safety
)
(scientific association)

( threshold limit value)
( biological exposure index)

370

anthropometry

asphyxiant



(asphyxia)
(methane)
( carbon monoxide
)
biological exposure index (BEI)
()



( biological monitoring test)

biological monitoring test

(medical
surveillance)

carcinogen ,

(malignant
tumor, cancer)

( American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH))
5
( occupational cancer )
A1 (confirmed
human carcinogen)
A2 (suspected human
carcinogen)
A3

(confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance

cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

()
(cardio )
(pulmonary )
4

7
1.
2.
3.

4. 2

5. ()
30

6. 2 30
5
7.

breathing zone sample

30

to humans)

A4
(not classifiable as human carcinogen)

A5
(not suspected as a human carcinogen)

371

carpal tunnel syndrome

disease






( occupational disease )

epidemiology

( disease)


( incident )

ergonomics ,

(activities of human beings)
(working conditions
and environment)

372

(better quality of working life)

(errors) ( accident
)



( occupational
health) 2 ergon
nomos
(Wojciech Jastrzebowski)
.. 1799-1882

Human Engineering, Human Factors
Engineering, Engineering Psychology, Bioengineering,
Biomechanics

fitness for duty

glare



1) (direct and
indirect glare)


2) (contrast glare)






3) (transition
glare)

health hazard

1) ()

2) ()

3) ()


4) ( ergonomics)




5)

6)

373

health impact assessment (HIA)

()
(procedure)
(method) (tool)




( epidemiology)

1)
2)
3)



4)
5)

health risk assessment (HRA)

()
(tool)
( occupational health)

7
1)

2)


3)


4)




5)



6)




7)

GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG

374

 .......................................................................................................... ...............................................................................
...................................................................................................
TWA
STEL

> 100% RV

100%RV

> > 50% RV

50%RV

> > 10% RV

10%RV

>

I
II
III
IV
RV =
=

Elimination

RELIABILITY

COST (Long Term)

High

Low

Low

High

health risk control

( health hazard) (elimination)
(substitution)
(engineering control) (procedure)
(personal protective equipment)

Substitution
Engineering
Procedural
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

(hierarchy of health risk control)

375

hearing conservation

(hearing
conservation program)


(audiometer)

industrial hygiene
(anticipation) (recognition)
(evaluation) (control)




( health hazard)






4 (chemical hazards)

(physical hazards)

(biological hazards)

(ergonomics hazards)
()
()

376

industrial hygienist

(certified
industrial hygienist)
( occupational health)

lung function test

(static) (dynamic)

(vital capacity (VC))
(forced expiratory volume (FEV))
1 (maximum
ventilatory volume (MVV))

377

material safety data sheet (MSDS)

()

noise induced hearing loss

(dose)
2
(temporary threshold
shift)
(tinnitus)
2

(permanent threshold shift)



(audiometer)

378

occupational cancer

(malignant tumor)

( carcinogen)
occupational disease

(occupational illness)




(occupational medicine)
(occupational health specialist)
(occupational health nurse)
( industrial hygienist)

occupational exposure limit (OEL)

()
/







( Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA))
( permissible
exposure limit (PEL))
( American
Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH))
( threshold limit
value)
(NIOSH)
(recommended exposure limit (REL))
3
(time-weighted average (TWA))
(short-term exposure limit
(STEL)) (ceiling (C))






( permissible exposure
limit (PEL) )

occupational health management system

(systematic
approach)
( occupational health)






BS OHSAS 18001:2007 (occupational health and safety
management system : requirements)
. 18011-2549
:

occupational health ,

( noise induced hearing loss)

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

()
..
2514 ( occupational
health) (Williams-Steiger Occupational
Safety and Health Act)

379

permissible exposure limit (PEL)

()

( occupational
safety and health administration (OSHA)
occupational exposure limit (OEL) )
pneumoconiosis


(silicosis)

(asbestosis)

product stewardship

Raynuads disease

(Raynuads syndrome)

380

respiratory protection

temporary threshold shift (TTS)

()

TTS

volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

()



(organic solvent)

3
1)
2)

3)


( emergency )

16

threshold limit value (TLV)

()


( American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH))

381

accident









( incident )

American National Standard Institute (ANSI)

()



(Injury Frequency Rate (IFR)) (Injury
Severity Rate (ISR))

( 1,000,000
)
IFR = (N x 1,000,000)/MH
: N = (number of injured workers)
MH = (total workers man hours)

( 1,000,000
)

ISR = (DL x 1,000,000)/MH
: DL =
(number of days lost)
MH = (total workers man hours)
boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE)

( explosion) (vessel)

384

clean agent system

cold work

crisis management

385

dry run


( emergency drill)

( hydrant)
emergency






emergency drill



( dry run )

emergency exercise






(full-scale exercise)

(field training exercise (FTX))

emergency management

( emergency)

emergency response team (ERT)

( emergency)

excavation work

2



( safety)

386

explosion

(shock wave)


2 (deflagration)

1 /
(detonation)

2,000-3,000 /

fireball

(vessel)

( jet fire)

387

fire compartment

fire department connection

1-3 in. (76 mm)

waterproof
mastic
Fire
department
connection

Check
valve

Header
in valve
room

Automatic
drip

388

fire pump ,
150
65
140

fire tetrahedron
3 (fuel) (oxygen)
(heat)
4
(combustion reaction) (chain reaction)
(heat
generated) (heat feedback)

Heat generated
Conduction
Convection
Radiation

yge

He
at

Ox
n

Chain reaction

Heat feedback

Fuel

389

fire triangle
3 (fuel) (oxygen)
(heat)




flash fire
(instantaneous)
(vapor cloud)

flash over

(ignition temperature)

500800

frostbite, cold burn

-2.2 (28)





(superficial frostbite)
(deep frostbite)

390

hazardous material control

(zone) 3
1) (hot zone) 50

2) (warm zone)

3) (cold zone)
(incident command)

391

hot work





( safety)
( work permit)




(fire proof blanket)



( emergency)

392

hydrant

> 0.6 m.
Small
stones for
drainage

Hydrant connection valve

incident


(ill health)

(near miss)
( accident)

WeiG

HT

(ill health)

393

394

jet fire
(blow
torch)

1,6002,000
(heat flux)

jockey pump ,

(pressure switch)

395

lower explosive limit (LEL) ()

(explosive mixture)


5 2.1
( upper explosive limit (UEL) )
opening protection

(fire barriers) (fire wall)

personal protective equipment (PPE) ,

()

396

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

1.

397

pool fire

safety
(hazard)
(danger) (injury) (risk)
(loss)

( safety)

398

2



sprinkler system

Cap/seal

Glass bulb

Deector

table top exercise

(command post exercise (CPX))

upper explosive limit (UEL) ()

(explosive mixture)

399

% UEL

% LEL

% UEL

% LEL

5
work permit





( hot work) ( cold work)

( excavation work)


( safety)

400

working environment

( ergonomics )



(physical environment)

(chemical environment)
(solvent)

(biological environment)

(ergonomic)

401

acid deposition

(SOx)
(SO2) (SO3)
(NOx) (NO)
(NO2)
(H2SO4)
(HNO3)

2 ( dry
deposition) ( wet deposition)

acid rain
- (pH) 5.6
pH
7
340

(H2CO3)

pH 5.6 pH 5.6

activated carbon ,

(activate)

(adsorption)

activated sludge (AS) ()

404

acute effect

( 24 )

aerated lagoon ,




aerobic digestion ,
,

air pollutant

air quality monitoring system (AQMS)

()

(real time monitoring)

2

10

air dispersion model

( air pollutant)

air quality index (AQI) ()

5 (O3)
(NO2) (CO)
(SO2)
10 (PM10)



5

405

ambient air quality standard

( air pollutant)

( criteria
air pollutants) 8

100 (PM100)
10 (PM10)
2.5 (PM2.5)
9
1,2-
1,2-
1,3-
anaerobic digestion ,
,

406

anaerobic filter ,

anaerobic pond ,
( 3-4 )

anaerobic treatment ,
,

assimilative capacity

( biochemical oxygen demand (BOD))




bag filter


(cake)
1
(100-450 )
(bag house)
(compartment)

Basel Convention

(The United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP))
.. 2532

24
.. 2540 22
.. 2541

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

()



5 20

Dampers

Gas
outlet

Induced
draft
fan

Compartment 3
Compartment 2

Tube sheet
Gas inlet

Bags

Compartment 1

407

bottom ash

breathing loss

( fixed roof tank)
1,2-

(vapor space)

(PV valve)

408

buffer zone ,

carbon monoxide









catalytic incinerator
( air pollutant)
(volatile organic
compounds)

chemical oxygen demand (COD)

()



chronic effect ,

clean technology (CT) ()

coagulation

criteria air pollutants (CAPs)

,
( air pollutant)
(Environment Protection
Agency (EPA))
(criteria)


(common air pollutants) 6

cyclone


main vortex

core vortex





10
25
90

409

day-night sound (pressure) level (Ldn)

-
24 ( equivalent sound
(pressure) level)
10 1
(Leq 1 hr) (22:00 - 7:00 .)
decibel


0
130
dissolved oxygen (DO) ()

downwash





( air pollutant)

Turbulence generated in ow around buildings

electrostatic precipitator

(discharge electrode)


(collection plate)


(hopper)
99.5
1

Rappers

Transformer rectifier sets

Collection
plates

Clean gas out

Flue gas in

Discharge
electrodes
Hoppers

Downwash

Top

Wake eddy

dry deposition





( wet deposition )

410

effluent standard

emission inventory
( air pollutant)
( emission
source)

emission source
( air pollutant)

2
1. (natural sources)




2. (anthropogenic
sources)

emission standard

Environmental Management System (EMS)

()

equivalent sound (pressure) level (Leq, 24 hr)

24

24
evaporative cooler ,

(venturi scrubber)
(particulate wet scrubbing system)
( 1 )

(throat)
( wet
scrubber )

Cooled gas

City
water
Hot inlet
gas
stream

Mist
eliminator

CW

Venturi
scrubber

Fan
Cyclonic
separator

Alkaline
storage
tank
(Powder)

pH

Evaporative
cooler

Pump

Recirculation
tank

Purge
stream

Lime or
limestone
slurry

Clarifier
Pump
Slurry underflow

Feeder
Mixing
tank

Pump

411

excess air

external floating roof tank

(vapor space)
(rim seal system)
( fixed roof tank )

facultative pond ,

fixed roof tank

( external floating
roof tank )

Overflow drain
Deck leg
Vacuum breaker
Rim seal
(mechanical-shoe)

Open top (no fixed roof)

Access hatch
Gauge hatch/
sample port
Solid guidepole
(unslotted)
Gauge float

Rim vent

Tank shell

412

flare

(flare stack)
( air
pollutant)

flue gas desulfurization (FGD)

()



( activated
carbon)
(limestone wet scrubbing system)

(CaO) Ca(OH)2

(CaSO 3. H 2O)

- (pH) 5-9

80-95

fly ash

Gaussian plume model

( air pollutant)

(plume)



(Gaussian equation)
Gaussian puff model

( air pollutant)

(puff)

( Gaussian
plume model)
(a)
2m
X = 1 puff/s

u = 2 m s-1

(b)
u = 6 m s-1

X = 1 puff/s

6m

grab sample ,

413

gravity settling chamber

(chamber)
40-60

greenhouse effect




( greenhouse gas)
(global
warming) (climate change)

greenhouse gas


(fossil fuel)



(CO2) (CH4) (N2O)
(HFCs) (PFCs) (SF6)

414

ground level ozone

( photochemical reaction)
(volatile organic compounds (VOCs)) (NOx)

hazardous waste


/

hazardous waste manifest system

.. 2547
100

hazardous air pollutant (HAPs)

()
( air pollutant)




(Environment Protection Agency (EPA))
189

415

industrial wastes ,

integrated risk information system (IRIS)

()

(Environment
Protection Agency (EPA))

540
www.epa.gov/iris
internal floating roof tank

ion exchange

Ca2+ Mg2+ SO42- Cl

416

Kyoto protocol

3 ..
2540
I (
)
..
2551-2555
.. 2533
.. 2547
I

(clean development mechanism (CDM))

I

I
I

( greenhouse gas)
leak detection and repair program (LDAR)
()

(self monitoring)

life cycle analysis, life cycle assessment (LCA)

()

(cradle
to grave)
/

417

ozone
3

418

ozonation
( ozone)

earth

oxidation-reduction -
(oxidant)
(reductant)
-

er

oil and grease trap

er

odor threshold value

,
50

spher
o
s
m ea t o s p h e
osph
tro

neutralization , pH

pH

ozone layer
( ozone)
15-30

(good ozone)

(bad ozone)

str

low NOx burner

(NOx)

bad
ozone

good
ozone

perceived noise level (PNL, LPN)

(, )

photochemical reaction

(free radical)

(peroxyacetyl nitrate (PANs))


(photochemical smog)

Nitric oxide (NO)

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

Nitrogen oxides

Ultraviolet rays
Photochemical
reaction
Atmospheric
oxygen

Nitric oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbon

Photochemical smog
Oxidant
Oxidants consisting mainly
of ozone (O3)
PAN
Aldehyde
Acrolein

Oil tank,
Gas station

pollutant release and transfer register (PRTR)

()

pollution prevention

rotating biological contactor (RBC)

()






40

precipitation ,


pH
pH

(OH-)

reverse osmosis (RO) ()

(membrane)

419

salinity

secure landfill

Leachate
detection
system

Leachate
primary
collection
system

sensory odor measurement

sludge thickening


(sedimentation) (flotation)
(centrifugation)


sound exposure level (SEL) ()

1

sound level, noise level
(sound pressure
level) (decibel (dB))

Minimum 3ft. final clay cover

6 top soil

1 ft. sand

Grass

30 mil. HDPE
cover liner
1 ft. clay
intermediate
cover

Hazardous waste
Native clay

5 Ft. recompacted clay

80 mil. HDPE primary liner
60 mil. HDPE secondary liner
Peastone - minimum 24

420

stabilization ponds

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)
()
(World Health
Organization (WHO))





5
Group 1 ( 1)


Group 2A ( 2A)




Group 2B ( 2B)




Group 3 ( 3)
Group 4 ( 4)

www.iarc.fr

turbidity

waste water

waste water treatment

3
(physical treatment)


(chemical treatment)


(biological treatment)

trickling filter

vapor recovery unit

( activated carbon)


(regeneration)

421

weighted sound pressure level

wet deposition


( dry deposition )
wet scrubber
( air pollutant)



0.510
(venturi scrubber)
(impingement plate scrubber) (spray
tower scrubber) (particulate
wet scrubber system) 3


( evaporative cooler )

wind rose


NORTH

15%
12%
9%
6%
3%
WEST

EAST

: (Knots)
>= 22

Resultant Vector

176 deg-24%

17 - 21

SOUTH

11 - 17
7 - 11
4-7
1-4

Calms: 2.80%

422

working loss

( fixed
roof tank) 2
(filling)
(emptying)

(vapor space)

423

Index
-methylstyrene
-lactam

(AMS)

68
70
1-butene
70
2,2,4-trimethylpentene
139
2-butene
70
2-chlorobuta-1,3-butadiene 122

absorption
71
accident
382
acetaldehyde
72
acetic acid
72
acetic anhydride
72
acetone
73
acetonitrile
73
acetoxylation
74
acetylene
74
acetylenic 74
acid deposition
403
acid gas
74
acid rain
404
acoustic trauma
368
acrolein
74
acrylamide
74
acrylic fiber
225
acrylic plastic
225
acrylic polymer
225

424

acrylic resin
225
acrylic-styrene-acrylonitrile (ASA) 75
acrylonitrile
76
acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (ABR) 76
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) 76
activated carbon
404
activated sludge (AS)
404
acute effect
405
addition polymerization
118
additive
290
adipic acid
78
adiponitrile
79
adsorbent
79
adsorption
80
aerated lagoon
405
aerobic digestion
405
aerosol
368
ageing 80
aging
80
air conveyor
326
air dispersion model
405
air pollutant
405
air quality index (AQI)
405
air quality monitoring system
(AQMS)
405
air sampling
370
alcoholysis
81

aldol condensation
81
aldolization
82
alicyclic hydrocarbon
82
alicyclics 82
aliphatic hydrocarbon
82
aliphatics 82
alkane
82
alkene
83
alkyl benzenesulfonate
83
alkylation
83
alkylbenzene
84
alkylphenol
84
alkyne
84
allergy
370
allylic polymerization
85
alpha olefin
85
ambient air quality standard
406
American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH)
370
American National Standard
Institute (ANSI)
384
American Petroleum Institute
(API) standard
326
American Production and Inventor
Control Society (APICS)
328

backhaul
baffle plate
bag
bag filter
bakelite
barge
Basel Convention
bead polymerization

328
328
329
407
218
329
407
269

Beckmann rearrangement
95
benzaldehyde
96
benzene
97
benzene-toluene-xylene (BTX)
98
benzoic acid
98
berth
329
biaxial orientation
98
biaxial stretch
98
big bag
361
bill of lading
329
biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD)
407
biological exposure index (BEI) 370
biological monitoring test
371
bismaleimides (BMI)
100
bisphenol-A (BPA)
100
block copolymer
101
blow moulding
102
blow moulding process
102
blowing agent
297
boiling liquid expanding vapor
explosion (BLEVE)
384
bottom ash
408
bottom loading
330
breathing loss
408
breathing zone sample
371
bromination
103
bromine number
103
buffer zone
408
bulk marine
330
bulk polymerization
103
bulk terminal
331
buna rubber
105
butadiene
104
butadiene rubber (BR)
105
butane
105
butanediol
107
butene 106
butyl rubber
106
butylene
106
butylene glycol (BG)
107
butylene oxide
107

calendaring 107
calendering process
107
caprolactam
108
caprolactone
108
carbon black
297
carbon monoxide
408
carbonylation
109
carcinogen
371

cardio pulmonary resuscitation

(CPR)
371
Carothers equation
109
carpal tunnel syndrome
372
casting
110
catalyst
111
catalytic conversion
114
catalytic incinerator
408
catalytic reforming
114
catforming 114
cationic polymerization
114
cellulose
115
cellulose acetate (CA)
115
cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) 116
cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) 117
cellulose triacetate (CT)
117
chain initiation
118
chain polymerization
118
chain termination
119
chain transfer
120
chain-transfer agent (CTA)
120
charge-transfer polymerization 120
chartering
331
chemical blowing agent
298
chemical oxygen demand (COD) 408
chemical tanker
331
chlorinated polyether
121
chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) 121
chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
(cPVC)
121
chlorination
122
chlorobenzene
122
chlorohydrin process
122
chloroprene 122
chloroprene rubber (CR)
123
chlorosulfonated polyethylene
(CSPE)
123
chronic effect
408
clarifier
298
clarifying agent
298
clean agent system
385
clean technology (CT)
409
coagulation
409
cold burn
390
cold work
385
colorant
298
combined shipment
332
competent authority
332
composite 298
composite material
298
compound
299
compounding
299

Index

American Standard of Mechanical

Engineering Code (ASME Code) 328
amination
85
amine
86
aminobenzene
88
ammonia
86
ammonium sulfate
87
ammonolysis
88
ammoxidation
88
anaerobic digestion
406
anaerobic filter
406
anaerobic pond
406
anaerobic treatment
406
aniline 88
aniline-formaldehyde resin
89
anionic polymerization
89
anthraquinone
90
anthropometry
370
antiblocking agent
292
antidegradant
293
antifogging agent
293
antimicrobials
295
antioxidant
296
antiozonant
296
antistat 296
antistatic agent
296
aramid
91
aromatic nylon
91
aromatic polyamide
91
aromatics 91
aromatization
92
asphyxiant
370
asset utilization
328
assimilative capacity
407
atom transfer radical polymerization
(ATRP)
92
autoacceleration 93
automated storage and retrieval
system (AS/RS)
328
azeotrope
93
azeotropic distillation
94
azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN)
95

425

Index

compression moulding
124
condensation polymer
125
consolidation
332
container port
332
containerization
332
containment capability
333
contract of affreightment
333
coordination polymerization
125
copolyester
126
copolymer
127
copolymerization
128
cracking
128
cresol 128
crisis management
385
criteria air pollutants (CAPs)
409
cross docking
333
crosslinked polyethylene
(PEX, XLPE)
129
cryogenic process
130
crystallization process
131
cumene 132
Cyclar process
132
cycle count
333
cycle stock
333
cycle time
333
cyclization
133
cycloalkane
135, 206
cyclohexane
134
cyclohexanol
134
cyclohexanone
134
cyclohexene
134
cyclone 409
cycloparaffin
135
cyclopentane
135

dangerous goods
dangerous goods packaging
dangerous goods safety advisor
(DGSA)
dangerous goods tank code
dangerous goods warehouse
day-night sound (pressure) level
(Ldn)
dead weight ton (DWT)
dealkylation
decibel
decomposition activator
decomposition inhibitor
degree of polymerization (DP)
dehydration
dehydrochlorination

426

333
334
335
334
335
410
335
136
410
300
300
136
136
136

dehydrocyclization
136
dehydrogenation
136
delivery order (DO)
335
de-moulding 300
demurrage
335
denier
136
depolymerization 137
depot
335
depropagation
137
desorbent
138
detention
335
di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) 300
Diels-Alder reaction
138
diethylene glycol (DEG)
139
differential microemulsion
polymerization
139
differential thermal analysis (DTA) 300
diisobutene 139
diisocyanate
140
diisopropylbenzene
140
dimethyl phenol
287
dimethyl terephthalate (DMT)
141
dimethylacetamide
142
dinitrotoluene (DNT)
142
dioctyl phthalate (DOP)
301
diol
171
dipropylene glycol
143
disease
372
dispersion polymerization
144
dispersion polyvinyl chloride
144
disproportionation
144
dissolved oxygen (DO)
410
distillation
144
downwash
410
drain valve
335
drop test
336
drum
336
drum filling
336
dry deposition
410
dry run
386
drybreak coupling
336

earthing
effluent standard
elasticity
elastomer
electrochemical polymerization
electro-initiated polymerization
electrolytic polymerization
electropolymerization
electrostatic

341
410
146
147
148
148
148
148
336

electrostatic precipitator
410
emergency
386
emergency drill
386
emergency exercise
386
emergency management
386
emergency response
336
emergency response team (ERT) 386
emission inventory
410
emission source
411
emission standard
411
emulsion polymerization
148
endothermic chemical blowing
agent
301
engineering plastic
149
engineering polymer
149
engineering thermoplastic elastomer
(ETES)
150
engineering TPEs
150
enterprise resource planning (ERP) 337
Environmental Management
System (EMS)
411
EPDM rubber
162
epichlorohydrin
151
epidemiology
372
epoxidation
151
epoxide
152
epoxy (EP)
153
epoxy plastic
153
epoxy resin
153
equivalent sound (pressure) level
(Leq, 24 hr)
411
ergonomics
372
ethane
154
ethanol dehydration
154
ethyl acetate (EA)
154
ethyl acrylate
155
ethyl aldehyde
155
ethyl benzene
155
ethyl cellulose (EC)
157
ethylene
157
ethylene chlorohydrin
158
ethylene dichloride (EDC)
159
ethylene glycol (EG)
160
ethylene oxide (EO)
161
ethylene propylene diene
terpolymer
162
ethylene-acid copolymer
157
ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer
(EAA)
158
ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene
copolymer (CETPE)
159

facultative pond
fatigue
filler
fire compartment
fire department connection
fire pump
fire tetrahedron
fire triangle
fireball
fitness for duty
fixed roof tank
fixed tank
flame retardant
flammable
flange
flare
flash fire
flash over
flash point
flash separation
flexibag
flexible hose
floating roof tank

412
164
303
388
388
389
389
390
387
372
412
338
303
339
339
413
390
390
339
165
340
340
340

flue gas desulfurization (FGD) 413

fluid catalytic cracking (FCC)
166
fluorescent brightener (FB)
304
fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) 304
fluorinated ethylene propylene
(FEP)
167
fly ash
413
foaming
304
foaming agent
297
forecast accuracy
340
formaldehyde
167
fragrance
304
free radical initiator
168
free radical terminator
305
Friedel-Crafts reaction
169
frostbite 390
full container load (FCL)
340
full trailer
341
furan plastic
169
furan resin
169
furfural
170

gas cylinder
341
Gaussian plume model
413
Gaussian puff model
413
gel effect
93
general purpose polystyrene
245
glare
373
glass transition temperature (Tg) 305
globally harmonized system for
classification and labeling of
chemicals (GHS)
341
glycol 171
grab sample
413
gravity settling chamber
414
green logistics
341
greenhouse effect
414
greenhouse gas
414
ground level ozone
415
grounding 341
group transfer polymerization
(GTP)
171

halogenation
hazard classification
hazardous air pollutant (HAPs)
hazardous material control
hazardous substance
hazardous waste
hazardous waste manifest system

173
342
415
391
342
415
415

health hazard
373
health impact assessment (HIA) 374
health risk assessment (HRA) 374
health risk control
375
hearing conservation
376
heat stabilizer
305
hedge stock
342
heterocyclic compound
173
heterocyclics 173
heterogeneous catalyst
174
high impact polystyrene (HIPS) 175
high level protection
342
high density polyethylene (HDPE) 174
homogeneous catalyst
176
hot work
392
hydrant
393
hydrochlorination
176
hydrocracking
176
hydrodealkylation
176
hydroformylation 176
hydrogenation
177
hydrogenolysis
177
hydrohalogenation
177
hydroisomerization
178
hydrolysis
178
hydroquinone
178

Index

ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymer

(EEA)
160
ethylene-n-butyl acrylate copolymer
(EBA)
161
ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene
copolymer (ETPE)
162
ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
(EVA)
163
European Agreement Concerning the
International Carriage of Dangerous
Goods by Road (ADR)
337
European Chemical Industry
Council (CEFIC)
337
evaporative cooler
411
excavation work
386
excess air
412
exothermic chemical blowing
agent
302
expandable polystyrene (EPS, XPS) 163
explosion
387
explosion proof
338
external floating roof tank
412
external lubricant
302
external mould releasing agent 302
external plasticization
303
extract
163
extraction
163

IMO tank container

342
impact modifier
305
impact polystyrene
175
in transit inventory
342
incident
393
incompatible chemical
342
index of refraction
259
industrial hygiene
376
industrial hygienist
377
Industrial wastes
416
inflammable
339
inhibitor
343
initiation
118
injection moulding
179
inland container depot (ICD)
343
inland waterway
343
insulation
343
integrated risk information system
(IRIS)
416
interfacial polymerization
181
intermediate bulk container (IBC) 344
internal floating roof tank
416
internal lubricant
305
internal mould releasing agent 306

427

Index

internal plasticization
306
international commercial terms
(INCOTERMS)
344
international maritime dangerous
goods (IMDG)
345
International Maritime Organization
(IMO)
345
interpenetrating polymer network
(IPN)
181
inventory accuracy
345
inventory management
345
inverse emulsion polymerization 182
inverse suspension polymerization 182
ion exchange
416
ionomer
182
iso-butane
182
iso-butene 184
iso-butylene
184
iso-butylene glycol
184
iso-butylene oxide
185
iso-butyric acid
186
isocyanate
186
isomerization
186
iso-paraffin
187
isophthalic acid
188
isopropyl benzene
132
isotank
345
jet fire
jetty
jockey pump

kicker
kinetic chain length
Kyoto protocol

label
lactam
lead time
leak detection and repair program
(LDAR)
less than container load (LCL)
level indicator
life cycle analysis
life cycle assessment (LCA)
light fastness
light stabilizer
lightering
limiting oxygen index (LOI)

428

395
345
395
300
188
416
346
188
346
416
346
346
417
417
307
307
347
308

linear alkyl benzene (LAB)

189
linear alkyl benzene sulfonate
(LAS)
190
linear low density polyethylene
(LLDPE)
190
living polymerization
190
load securement
347
loading
347
loading arm
347
loading hose
348
loose bag
348
418
low NOx burner
low density polyethylene (LDPE) 191
lower explosive limit (LEL)
396
lubricant
308
lung function test
377
191
Lycra

maleic acid
192
maleic anhydride (MA)
193
manhole
348
manifold
348
marking
348
mass polymerization
103
material safety data sheet (MSDS) 378
matrix
309
medium-density polyethylene
(MLDPE)
193
melamine formaldehyde resin (MF) 193
309
melting temperature (Tm)
membranes
194
metathesis
194
meta-xylene 194
methacrylic acid (MAA)
195
methane
195
methanol
196
methyl alcohol
196
methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)
196
methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) 197
methyl methacrylate (MMA)
197
methyl methacrylate acrylonitrile
butadiene styrene (MABS)
198
methyl phenol
128
methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) 198
methylene diphenylene diisocyanate
(MDI)
199
microemulsion polymerization
199
miniemulsion polymerization
200
miscibility
310
mixed C4
200
modacrylic fiber
201

mode of transport
348
molecular sieve
202
monoethylene glycol (MEG)
160
monomer
203
mould releasing agent
311
multimodal transport
348
m-xylene 194

naphtha
206
naphthalene
206
naphthene 206
natural rubber (NR)
206
n-butene
204
neoprene rubber
123
neutralization 418
nitrile rubber (NBR)
76
nitrobenzene
207
nitrogen padding
349
n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP)
204
noise induced hearing loss
378
noise level
420
non destructive testing (NDT) 349
notice of readiness
349
Novolac 207
Novolac resin
207
nucleating agent
312
number-average molecular weight 208
nylon (PA)
229
nylon 6
228
nylon 6,6
228
nylon 6,10
228
nylon 11
227
nylon 12
227

occupational cancer
378
occupational disease
378
occupational exposure limit (OEL) 379
occupational health
379
occupational health management
system
379
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA)
379
odor threshold value
418
oil and grease trap
418
olefin
208
olefinic TPEs (TPOs)
276
olefin-modified styrene-acrylonitrile
(OSA)
208
on-time delivery
349
open top drum
349

packaging
350
pallet
350
palletizer
351
PAN fiber
227
paraffin
210
para-xylene 210
parts per hundred parts of resin 315
pearl polymerization
269
perceived noise level (PNL, LPN) 418
perfect order
351
perfluoroethylene propylene plastic 167
permanent antistat
315
permissible exposure limit (PEL) 380
personal protective equipment
(PPE)
396
petrochemical complex
210
petrochemicals
211
phenol
216
phenol-formaldehyde (PF)
218
phenol-furfuran resin
217
phenolic resin
218
phenylamine 88
phosgenation
218
phosgene
218
photochemical reaction
418
photoinitiation
218
photopolymerization
219
phr
315

phthalic acid
220
phthalic anhydride
220
physical blowing agent
316
pipeline
351
placard
351
plasma polymerization
220
plastic 222
plasticization
316
plasticized polyvinyl chloride
(pPVC)
224
plasticizer extender
316
plasticizers
316
pneumoconiosis
380
pollutant release and transfer
register (PRTR)
419
pollution prevention
419
polyacetal 224
poly(acrylamide)
225
polyacrylate acrylic rubber (ACM) 225
poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)
225
polyacrylic plastic
226
poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN)
226
polyacrylonitrile fiber
227
polyamide 11
227
polyamide 12
227
polyamide 6
228
polyamide 6,10
228
polyamide 6,6
228
polyamide (PA)
229
poly(amide-imide) (PAI)
229
polyaryl ether (PAE)
230
polyaryl sulfone (PAS)
230
polybenzimidazole (PBI)
230
poly(butene) 231
poly(butylene) (PB)
231
polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) 231
polycarbonate (PC)
232
poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene)
(PCTFE)
232
poly(cyclohexylenedimetylene
terephthalate) (PCT)
233
polyelectrolyte
241
polyester 233
polyester thermoplastic
233
polyethene (PE)
235
polyether
233
polyether ether ketone (PEEK) 233
polyether ketone (PEK)
234
polyetherether ketoneketone
(PEEKK)
234
polyetherimide (PEI)
234
polyethylene
235

polyethylene glycol (PEG)

236
polyethylene oxide (PEO)
236
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 236
polyglycol
237
polyimide (PI)
237
polyisobutylene (PIB)
237
polyisocyanate
238
polyisocyanurate (PIR)
238
polyisoprene rubber (IR)
238
polyketone
238
polymer 239
polymer electrolyte
241
poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) 241
poly(methyl pentene) (PMP)
242
poly(paraphenylene terephthalamide)
(PPTA, Kevlar)
243
poly(phenyl sulphide) (PPS)
244
poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO)
244
polyphthalamide (PPA)
245
polypropylene glycol (PPG)
245
polystyrene (PS)
245
polysulfone (PSO)
246
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
246
polyurethane (PU)
247
polyurethane-polyurea copolymer 248
polyvinyl acetal
248
poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAC)
248
poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)
248
poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB)
249
polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
250
poly(vinyl fluoride) (PVF)
250
polyvinyl formal (PVFO, PVFM) 251
polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) 251
poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) 252
polylauryllactam
227
polymer alloy
317
polymer blend
317
polymer composite
318
polyoxyethylene (POE)
236
polyoxymethylene (POM)
224
pool fire
398
port of destination
352
port of shipment
352
precipitation
419
precipitation polymerization
253
pressure swing adsorption (PSA) 253
primary plasticizer
318
product stewardship
352, 380
propane
254
propene
255
propylene
255
propylene glycol (PG)
256

Index

opening protection
396
optical brightener (OB)
313
optical brightening agent (OBA) 313
optimization
350
ortho-phthalic acid
208
ortho-xylene 209
overflow
350
overturn protection
350
oxidation induction temperature
(OIT, dynamic OIT)
315
oxidation induction time
(OIT, isothermal OIT)
315
oxidation-reduction
418
oxirane 161
oxo reaction
209
oxo synthesis
176
oxychlorination
209
oxygen index
308
o-xylene
209
ozonation
418
ozone
418
ozone layer
418

429

propylene oxide (PO)

PULL strategy
PUSH strategy
p-xylene

Index

quick coupling

352

radiation polymerization
258
radical initiator
168
radio frequency identification
(RFID)
353
raffinate
258
rail transport
353
Raynuads disease
380
reconditioned drum
353
redox polymerization
258
reformate
258
reforming
259
refractive index
259
registration, evaluation, authorization
and restriction of chemicals
(REACH)
353
reinforcing materials
318
releasing agent
300
reorder point
354
repeating unit
260
resin
260
resole resin
261
respiratory protection
381
responsible care
354
reverse osmosis (RO)
419
rotating biological contactor (RBC) 419

safety
safety and quality assessment
system (SQAS)
safety audit
safety data sheet (SDS)
safety stock
sales and operations planning
(S&OP)
salinity
sea bulk container
secondary plasticizer
secure landfill
segregation
semi trailer

430

257
352
352
210

398
354
354
355
355
355
420
355
318
420
356
356

semi-interpenetrating polymer
network (SIPN)
261
sensory odor measurement
420
separation
261
shift conversion
262
shipping mark
357
silo
357
slip agent
319
slip sheet
358
sludge thickening
420
solution polymerization
262
solvent 263
sound exposure level (SEL)
420
sound level
420
spandex
248
speculative stock
358
spherical tank
358
spill control
359
sprinkler system
399
stabilization ponds
421
stacking height
359
steam cracking
263
steam reforming
263
storage tank
361
styrene 264
styrene foam
163
styrene monomer (SM)
264
styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)
264
styrene-butadiene copolymer
265
styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) 265
sulfolane
266
supersack 361
supply chain optimization
361
surfactant
267
suspension polymerization
269
suspension polyvinyl chloride
269
syn gas
270
synthesis gas
270

table top exercise

tank farm
tank inspection
tank truck
teflon
telemetry
temperature swing adsorption
(TSA)
template polymerization
temporary threshold shift (TTS)
terephthalic acid (TA, TPA, PTA)
terminal

399
361
362
362
245
362
272
272
381
272
362

termination 119
tetrahydrofuran (THF)
274
tex
275
The International Agency for
Research on Cancer (IARC)
421
thermal cracking
275
thermal stabilizer
320
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) 320
thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) 276
thermoplastic olefin elastomers 276
thermoplastic rubber
276
thermoset 277
thermoset plastic
277
thermosetting polyester
277
thermosetting polymer
277
threshold limit value (TLV)
381
titanium dioxide
321
toluene
278
toluene dealkylation
279
toluene diisocyanate (TDI)
279
top loading
362
transalkylation
280
transport emergency card
(TREMCARD)
363
trickling filter
421
tricresol 128
triethylene glycol (TEG)
280
trinitrotoluene (TNT)
282
tripropylene glycol
282
Tromsdorff effect
93
Tromsdorff-Norrish effect
93
tug boat
363
turbidity 421
twenty feet equivalent unit (TEU) 363
twin screw extruder (TSE)
322
two-roll mill
323

ultra-high molecular weight

polyethylene (UHMWPE)
283
United Nations number
364
United Nations Recommendation on
Transport of Dangerous Goods,
(UNRTDG)
364
unloading
364
unplasticized polyvinyl chloride
(uPVC)
283
unsaturated polyester (UP)
284
upper explosive limit (UEL)
399
urea
284
urea-formaldehyde resin (UF)
284
UV absorber
324

UV stabilizer

325

xylene
286
xylenol 287

z-average molecular weight

zeolite
Ziegler-Natta polymerization
zip polymerization

288
288
289
289

Index

value chain
365
vapor recovery unit
421
vapor return line
365
vendor managed inventory (VMI) 366
vessel
366
vinyl acetate
284
vinyl alcohol (VA)
285
vinyl chloride
286
vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) 286
viscosity depressant
325
volatile organic compounds
(VOCs)
381

warehouse
366
warehouse management system
(WMS)
366
waste water
421
waste water treatment
421
weight discrepancy
366
weight-average molecular weight 286
weighted sound pressure level 422
wet deposition
422
wet scrubber
422
wind rose
422
work permit
400
working environment
401
working loss
423

431


1- 70
2,2,4
139
2--1,3-
122
2- 70

220
(, , ) 272
72

98

192
()
195

208

78

72

188

186

122

132

131
130

107
421

102

352

432

352
304
361
372
416
74
414
270
144
94
94
388
336
370
220
148
219
190
144
269
182
269
148
114

125

272

289
- 289

118

253

118

()
171
120

103

103

200

269
200

139

128

258

262
258

()
92

148
182

89


403
419

422

410

371

354

()
416

341

122

109

103

218

74

85

83

173
81

418

177

128

275

()
166

176, 177
263

120
377

362
() 349

336
420
299
304
348
418

349
347
362
330

336

350

345

368
406
406
406

()
374

()
374
pH
418

342

396

419

381

133

114

262

186

178

413

420
399

386

386

372

405

405

406

406

406

405

261

356

165
178

88

81

332

()
353

387

384

347

259

114
263
263

218

98

410

280

416

420

()
355

331

()
320

85

181
() 413

347

333
364

330
343

353

328
() 340

332

()
346

332

()
345

348

179

124

359

375

391

350
361

386

385
95
348

409
342
() 371

328

386
136

154

98

136

279

176

136

136

136

80
() 253
() 272

71

354

352
380

419

433

()
()

()

300
417
333
163
349
88
92
176
151
82
378
381
408
423
316
303
306
80
110
137
376
350
171

415

416

()
344

()
337

336

352
388

364
() 355

118

119

407
() 380

()
379

()
396

()
399

434

() 381

408

347

128
() 121

121
()
121

()
123

122

122

362, 366

335

421
366

420

333
() 408

()
407

307

398
340
345

188

93

164
359

372

299

210
418

108

108

404

297

408

335

335

351

132

363

211

351

410

323

422
326
389

()
()

()

()

395
357
322
322
114
261
181

386

385
392

339
343
346

346
348

418

4


()
()
()
()





135,

()
()

266
200
288
115
117
115
116
117
365
409
135
135
206
134
134
134
134
286
287
357
370
405

202

296

303
411
263

111

174

176

413

413

371

355
342

408

336

406

406

412

416

340

412
412

361
418

358

353

341

366

349
353
338
345
404
407
340
408
413

389

351

348
340

278
()
279

348

365

329, 345

352

332

352

()
419

329

()
334

386

275
()
409
()
274

246

277

277

233

350

321

128
()
282

282
()
280

204
() 204

377
421
() 335
208
286
288

()
11
12
6
6,10
6,6

206
206
206
350
207
207
229
227
227
228
228
228

259

308
() 308

144

136

137

136

410
-2- () 300
()
142

143
()
141

287

142
()
301

171
()
139

140

139

140

350

361

()
344

329
334

412

405

421

412

406

406
410

104
106
106
()
107

107

105

107
()
100
()
100

218

70

96

97
-- ()
98

405
413
413

349
()
329
()
335
400

-
-

138
169

435

418

209

93

93
-
93

414
389

395

351

211

405
408
422
328
358
404

220

222

149

153

237

()
232
()
232

238
()
246

()
233
() 246
()
231
()
231

231
()
230
()
245

(, )
243
()
245
()
244
()
244
()
242
() 241

239

318

149

125

277

436

-
-
()
()
--
()

()
-
()

()


()

()

()

()
()
()

(, )
()

()
()
()
()

()

()
()


()
()
()

()

317
127
101
248
126
265
158
159
161
163
160
157
162
317
241
247
227
250
224
144
269
283
249
250
251
251
248
248
248
252
245
175
245
224
236
225
226
225
226
237
241
235

233
()
234
()
234
()
233

()
234

235
()
236

()
191

()
190

()
193
() 174

(, )
129
()
236
283
()
236

229
6
228
6,6
228
6,10
228
11
227
12
227
- ()
229

233
()
284

277

224
()
230
()
230
()
238

238
()
237

210

210

350

416

408
167

255
()
256
()
257

255

254

236

() 167

167

218
169
169
216
218
217
218
88
170
163
163
390
398
390
395
336

386

373
401

373

370

203
()
160

378
411

406
410

326

326
()
193

195

309

194

194

196
() 198

128
()
197

()
198
()
196

196
()
197

()
199
194

202

()

()

()
( )


()
-
()

()

123
276
206
123
76
105
106
105
225
76
162
238
284
194

362

356

341
334

( )
328
()
136
422

418

420
-
410
()
420
(, ) 418
24
411

()
366

()
337
() 411

379

328

()
354

() 341

()
405

421
()
419

385

()
416
399

415
() 353

346

()
315

259

258

348

260

207
- () 193
- ()
284

261
-
89

329

366

331

363
329

258

372

390

380

378

380

()




(, )

341
368
387
103
188
191

342

298

147
() 276
276
318

335

372

333

354

286

437

 ()

()

286
284
285
339

370

438

()
-
()
- ()
-
()
()

()

()






100

264
264
265
264
208
343
335
331
328
384
248
310
146
337
109
405
315
333
390
300
312
371
138
342
300
300
302
306
305
79
324
296
315
292
293
295
293
296
290

()
120
297
173

93

(, )
304

(, )
313

298
316

297

316

298

302

301

405

409

()
415

409

343

370

168

325

267

319

163

298

305, 320

307, 325

316

318

318

303

305

308

302

305
()
381

371

355

333
() 366

358

342

342

333

376

227

227

201

227

332

() 379

()
421
260

20 ()
363

339

364

414
393
418
411

()
345

370

407
() 410
-
418

161

209

209
()
419

74

226

226

226
--
()
75

76
--
()
76

74

74

74

79

88

408

412

379

379

153


()



()

















()

()





()

162
161
151
86
372
404
73
72
72
73
90
88
88
86
87
88
91
368
91
91
91
81
84
189
83
190
84
83
82
84
79
68
85

()

82
82
418
415
208
276
186
184
184
184
185
182
187
132
186
182

()
153

152

()
150

154

305

309

()
315

393

382

338

421

()
396

346

()
396
362

411
()
329

()
378

93
() 95
()
157

155

155
()
154

155

157
()
160

158
()
159

173
178
176
178
82
82
177
177
176
176
178
177

439


Petrochemical Encyclopedia