Umayyads 661-740

rightly guided caliphs more or less behaved themselves..

Umayyads did not.

There was consensus amongst the first leaders; monarchy established from
Muawiyyah onwards with the appointment of his son Yazid.
Umayyad Dynasty:
Damascus Capital extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River
Expansion:
- conquests, north Africa, spain, far as china
first three Umayyads were incompetent and corrupt rulers
`Abd al-Malik (684/5-705
- spread further
- Arabic made state language
- Financial administration was reorganized
Walid I (705-715)
`Umar II 717-720
- Fiscal reforms, aimed to mollify the increasingly discontented non-Arab
muslims by placing all Muslims on the same footing without respect of
nationality led to financial crisis
- Fueds of arab tribes seriously impacted military power
Hisham and the other ruling chaps..
Tunisa captured in 670
Spain Jabal al-Tariq
- took over most of the Iberia
- Cordoba was established as capital
- Abd al-rahman I estebalihsed himself as ruler of al-Andalus
Central Asia:
Stupid