General Knowledge India Economy

Industries in India

Cotton Textile

Most important industry in terms of employment and production of

export goods. In Maharashtra (Mumbai, Sholapur, Pune, Kolhapur,
Satara, Wardha, Hajipur), Gujarat (Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Rajkot,
Surat, Bhavnagar), Tamil Nadu (Coimbatore Manchestor of South
India). Tamil Nadu has the largest number of cotton textile mills in
India

Jute

India manufactures the largest quantity of jute goods in the world.

Mainly located in West Bengal, followed by Andhra Pradesh, Bihar,
UP, MP

Silk Textile

The location of silk industry is governed by two factors - prevalence

of sericulture practices and availability of skilled labour. Karnataka is
the leading producer, followed by West Bengal, Bihar, etc

Woollen Textiles

In Punjab (Dhariwal, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Ferozpur), Maharashtra

(Mumbai), UP (Kanpur, Mirzapur, Agra, Tanakpur), etc

Iron and steel

Located near the sources of raw materials and fuel (coal). In

Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), Durgapur, Burnpur (W.B.), Bhadrwati
(Karnataka), Bokaro (Jharkhand), Rourkela (Orissa), Bhilai
(Chhatisgarh), Salem (T.N.), Vishakhapatnam (A.P.)

Located mainly near the sources of raw materials, means of

transport and cheap electricity. In Hirakud, Koraput (Orissa),
Aluminium Smelting
Renukoot (UP), Korba (MP), Ratnagiri (Maharashtra), Mettur (TN),
Alwaye

Copper Smelting

In Khetri, Alwar, Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan), Singhbhum (Jharkhand),

Agnigundala (A.P.)

Heavy Machinery
Machine Tools
Industry

In Ranchi, Vishakapattnam, Durgapur, Tiruchirapalli, Mumbai, Naini

it forms the basis for the manufacturing of industrial, defence
equipments, automobiles, railway engines and electrical machinery.
In Bangalore, Pinjore (Haryana), Kalamassery (Kerala), Hyderabad,
Secunderabad, Srinagar, Ajmer.

Heavy Electrical
Equipments

Power generation equipments. In Bhopal, Tiruchirapalli, Jammu,

Ramchandrapuram (Hyderabad), Hardwar, Bangalore, and
Jagdishpur (UP).

Locomotives: In Chittaranjan (WB), Varanasi, Jamshedpur, Bhopal.

10 Railway Equipments Coaches: Perambur(TN), Kapurthala (Punjab), also at Bangalore and
Kolkata.
11 Ship Building

Hindustan Shipyard at Vishakhapatnam, Cochin Shipyard, Mumbai

(Mazgaon Dock) and Kolkata (Garden Reach Workshop). For Indian
Navy, only at Mazgaon

12 Cycles

In Mumbai, Asansol, Sonepat, Delhi, Chennai, Jalandhar and

Ludhiana

13 Tractors

At Faridabad, Pinjore, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai

14 Fertilizers

The location of fertilizer industry is closely related to petrochemicals. About 70% of the plants producing nitrogenous fertilizers
use naphtha as raw material Naphtha is a by-product of oil refiners.
Phosphate plants are dependent on mineral phosphate found in UP
and MP. Now natural gas based fertilizer plants are also being set
up. The Fertilizer Corporation of India (FCL) was setup up in 1961.
National Fertilizer Limited (NFL) was set up in 1974. In Sindri
(Bihar), Nangal, Trombay, Gorakhpur, Durgapur, Namrup, Cochin,

Five Year Plans

First Plan
(1951 - 56)

It was based on Harrod-Domar Model.

Community Development Program was launched in 1952.
Emphasized on agriculture, price stability, power & transport.
It was more than a success, because of good harvests in the last two
years.

Second Plan
(1956 - 61)

Also called Mahalanobis Plan after its chief architect.

Its objective was rapid industrialization.
Advocated huge imports which led to emptying of funds leading to
foreign loans. It shifted basic emphasis from agriculture to industry far
too soon. During this plan, price level increased by 30%, against a
decline of 13% during the First Plan.

Third Plan
(1961 - 66)

At its conception time, it was felt that Indian economy has entered a
take-off stage. Therefore, its aim was to make India a 'self-reliant' and
'self-generating' economy.
Also, it was realized from the experience of first two plans that
agriculture should be given the top priority to suffice the requirement of
export and industry.
Complete failure due to unforeseen misfortunes, viz. Chinese aggression
(1962), Indo-Pak war (1965), severest drought in 100 years (1965-66).

Three Annual
Plans (196669)

Plan holiday for 3years. The prevailing crisis in agriculture and serious
food shortage necessitated the emhasis on agriculture during the Annual
Plans.
During these plans a whole new agricultural strategy involving widespread distribution of High-Yielding Varieties of seeds, the extensive use
of fertilizers, exploitation of irrigation potential and soil conservation was
put into action to tide-over the crisis in agricultural production.
During the Annual Plans, the economy basically absorbed the shocks
given during the Third Plan, making way for a planned growth.

Fourth Plan
(1969 - 74)

Main emphasis on agriculture's growth rate so that a chain reaction can

start.
Fared well in the first two years with record production, last three years
failure because of poor monsoon.
Had to tackle the influx of Bangladeshi refugees before and after 1971
Indo-Pak war.

Fifth
Plan(1974-79)

The fifth plan prepared and launched by D.D. Dhar proposed to achieve
two main objectives viz, 'removal of poverty' (Garibi Hatao) and
'attainment of self reliance', through promotion of high rate of growth,
better distribution of income and a very significant growth in the
domestic rate of savings.
The plan was terminated in 1978 (instead of 1979) when Janta
Govt.came to power.

Rolling Plan
(1978 - 80)

There were 2 Sixth Plans. One by Janta Govt. (for 78-83) which was in
operation for 2 years only and the other by the Congress Govt. when it
returned to power in 1980.

Sixth Plan
(1980 - 85)

Objectives: Increase in national income, modernization of technology,

ensuring continuous decrease in poverty and unemployment, population
control through family planning, etc.

Seventh Plan
(1985 - 90)

The Seventh plan emphasized policies and programs which aimed at

rapid growth in food-grains production, increased employment
opportunities and productivity within the framework of basic tenants of
planning.
It was a great success, the economy recorded 6% growth rate against
the targeted 5%.

Growth During Five Year Plans

Plan

Target

Actual

First Plan (1951 - 56)

2.9%

3.6%

Second Plan (1956 - 61)

4.5%

4.3%

Third Plan (1961 - 66)

5.6%

2.8%

Fourth Plan (1969 - 1974)

5.7%

3.3%

Fifth Plan (1974 - 79)

4.4%

4.8%

Sixth Plan (1980 - 85)

5.2%

6.0%

Seventh Plan (1985 - 90)

5.0%

6.0%

Eighth Plan (1992 - 97)

5.6%

6.8%

Ninth Plan (1997 - 2002)

6.5%

5.4%

Tenth Plan (2002 - 2007)

8.0%

Important Antipoverty Employment Generation Programs

Swaranjayanti
1 Gram Swarozgar
Yojana (SGRY)

Started on April 1, 1999. It has replaced the following programs:

Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP) : Started in 1978 79).
Training Rural Youth for Self -Employment (TRYSEM): Started in
1978-79.
Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA):
Started in 1978 -79.
Ganga Kalyan Yojana (GKY): Started in 1997.
Million Wells Scheme (MWS): Started in 1989.
Supply of Improved Tool-kits to Rural Artisans (SITRA).
The yojana takes into account all the strengths and weaknesses of
the earlier self-employment programs.
Every assisted family will be brought above the poverty line. It is
proposed to cover 30% of the rural poor in each block. To Target at
atleast 50% Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, 40% women
and 3% disabled.

Pradhan Mantri
2 Gramodaya Yojana
(PMGY)

It was introduced in 2000-01 with the objective of focusing on village

level development in five critical areas I.e., primary health, primary
education, housing, rural roads and drinking water and nutrition with
the overall objective of improving the quality of life of people in rural
areas. Rural electrification was added as an additional component
from 2001-02.
It has the following components:
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (Gramin Awas).
Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (Rural Drinking Water Project).

It was started on Sept. 25,2001, with the mergence of the

Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) and the Jawahar Gram
Sampoorna Gramin
Samriddhi Yojana (JGSY). Earlier Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, which
3 Rozgar Yojana
started in 1989, was merged with Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana.
(SGRY)
The objective of the program is to provide additional wage
employment in rural areas and also to provide food security.

Swarna Jayanti
4 Shahari Rozgar
Yojana (SJSRY)

The SJSRY came into operation in Dec, 1997, through a restructuring

and streamlining of the earlier urban poverty alleviation programs,
the Nehru Rozgar Yojana (NRY), the Urban Basic Services for the Poor
(UBSP) and the Prime Minister's Integrated Urban Poverty alleviation
Program (PMIUPEP).
It seeks to provide employment to the urban employed or
underemployed living below poverty line and educated up to IX
standard through encouraging the setting up of self-employment
ventures or provision of wage employment.

Antyodaya Anna
Yojana

Launched on Dec. 25,2000. The scheme aims at providing food

security to poor families.
The scheme contemplates identification of 10 million 'poorest of the
poor' families and providing the \m with 25kg of food grains per
family per month at a low price of Rs.2 per Kg for wheat and Rs.3 per
Kg for rice.

6 Annapurna Yojana

Inaugurated on March 19, 1999.

Initially the scheme provided 10 kg food grains to senior citizens who
were eligible fore old age pension but could not get it due to one
reason or the other. Later on, it was extended to cover those people
who get old age pensions.
Food grains are provided to the beneficiaries at subsidized rates of
Rs.2 per kg of wheat and Rs.3 per kg of rice.

General Knowledge Indian Geography

Indian States International Boundaries
1 Bordering Pakistan

Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat.

2 Bordering China

Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim,

Arunachal Pradesh.

3 Bordering Nepal

Bihar, Uttaranchal, UP, Sikkim, West Bengal

Bordering
Bangladesh

West Bengal, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Tripura, Assam

5 Bordering Bhutan

West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam

6 Bordering Myanmar

Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram

Bordering
Afghanistan

Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan - occupied area)

Moon Important Facts

Average distance from Earth

3,84,365 km

Diameter

3,476 km

Ratio of diameter of moon to that of

earth

1 : 3.7

Rotation speed

27 days, 2hrs, 43 min & 11.47Sec.

Revolution Speed

27 days, 7hrs, 43 min & 11.47 Sec.

Time taken by moonlight to reach earth

1.3 Sec

Percent of surface visible from earth

59%

First man to reach moon

Neil Armstrong and Edvin Aldrin on Apollo XI

(1969)

Heights of Some Important Indian Peaks

SNo

Peak

Height in metres above mean Sea Level

K2

8,611

Kanchen Junga

8,598

Nanga Parvat

8,126

Gasher Brum

8,068

Broad Peak

8,047

Disteghil Sar

7,885

Masher Brum E

7,821

Nanda Devi

7,817

Masher Brum W

7,806

10

Rakaposhi

7,788

11

Kamet

7,756

12

Saser Kangri

7,672

13

Skyang Kangri

7,544

14

Sia Kangri

7,422

15

Chaukhamba (Badrinath Peak) 7,138

16

Trisul West

7,138

17

Nunkun

7,135

18

Pauhunri

7,128

19

Kangto

7,090

20

Dunagiri

7,066

Important Crops India

Rice

West Bengal, Punjab, UP

Wheat

UP, Punjab, Haryana

Maize

Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka

Bajra

Rajasthan, Gujarat, UP

Jowar

Maharashtra, Karnataka, MP, AP

TOTAL COARSE
Maharashtra, Karnataka, UP
CEREALS

TOTAL PULSES

MP, UP, Maharashtra

TOTAL FOOD
GRAINS

UP, Punjab, West Bengal

Groundnut

Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh

10

Rapeseed And
Mustard

Rajasthan, UP, Haryana

11 Soyabean

Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan

12 Sunflower

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra

TOTAL OIL
SEEDS

MP, Maharashtra, Rajasthan

14 Sugarcane

UP, Maharashtra, Karnataka

15 Cotton

Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh

16 Jute and Mesta

WB, Bihar, Assam

17 Tea

Assam, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh

18 Coffee

Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu

19 Rubber

Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka

20 Silk

Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh. In India all 4 varieties

of silk are available; Mulberry, tussar, eri and muga. Mulberry is the
main variety, while tussar is mainly found in Bihar.

21 Tobacco

Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka

13

Important Indian Town Rivers

SNo

Town

River

Allahabad

At the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna

Patna

Ganga

Varanasi

Ganga

Kanpur

Ganga

Hardwar

Ganga

Badrinath

Alaknanda

Agra

Yamuna

Delhi

Yamuna

Mathura

Yamuna

10

Ferozpur

Satluj

11

Ludhiana

Satluj

12

Srinagar

Jhelum

13

Lucknow

Gomti

14

Jaunpur

Gomti

15

Ayodhya

Saryu

16

Bareilly

Ram Ganga

17

Ahmedabad

Sabarmati

18

Kota

Chambal

19

Jabalpur

Narmada

20

Panji

Mandavi

21

Ujjain

Kshipra

22

Surat

Tapti

23

Jamshedpur

Swarnarekha

24

Dibrugarh

Brahmaputra

25

Guwahati

Brahmaputra

26

Kolkata

Hooghly

27

Sambalpur

Mahanadi

28

Cuttack

Mahanadi

29

Serirangapatnam

Cauvery

30

Hyderabad

Musi

31

Nasik

Godavari

32

Vijayvada

Krishna

Important National Highways

SNo National Highways

Connects

NH 1

New Delhi - Ambala - Jalandhar - Amritsar.

NH 2

Delhi - Mathura - Agra - Kanpur - Allahabad - Varanasi - Kolkata

NH 3

Agra - Gwalior - Nasik - Mumbai

NH 4

Thane and Chennai via Pune and Belgaun.

NH 5

Kolkata - Chennai

NH 6

Kolkata - Dhule

NH 7

Varanasi - Kanyakumari

NH 8

Delhi - Mumbai (Via Jaipur, Baroda and Ahmedabad)

NH 9

Mumbai - Vijaywada

10

NH 10

Delhi - Fazilka

Important Rivers India

SNo

Name

Origin From

Falls into

Length (km)

23

Tungabhadra Western Ghats

Krishna river

640

Ganges

Combined Sources

Bay of Bengal

2525

Satluj

Mansarovar Rakas Lakes

Chenab

1050

Indus

Near Mansarovar Lake

Arabian Sea

2880

Ravi

Kullu Hills near Rohtang Pass

Chenab

720

Beas

Near Rohtang Pass

Satluj

470

Jhelum

Verinag in Kashmir

Chenab

725

Yamuna

Yamunotri

Ganga

1375

Chambal

M.P.

Yamuna

1050

Ghagra

Matsatung Glacier

Ganga

1080

10

Kosi

Near Gosain Dham Peak

Ganga

730

11

Betwa

Vindhyanchal

Yamuna

480

12

Son

Amarkantak

Ganga

780

13

Brahmaputra Near Mansarovar Lake

Bay of Bengal

2900

14

Narmada

Amarkantak

Gulf of Khambat

1057

15

Tapti

Betul Distt. In M.P.

Gulf of Khambat

724

16

Mahanadi

Raipur Distt. In Chhatisgarh

Bay of Bengal

858

17

Luni

Aravallis

Rann of Kuchchh 450

18

Ghaggar

Himalayas

Near Fatehabad

494

19

Sabarmati

Aravallis

Gulf of Khambat

416

20

Krishna

Western Ghats

Bay of Bengal

21

Godavari

Nasik Distt. In Maharashtra

Bay of Bengal

1465

22

Cauvery

Brahmagir Range of Western Ghats Bay of Bengal

Important River Valley Projects

805

Sno

Project Name

River Name

Bhakra Nangal Project

On Sutlaj in Punjab. Highest in India. Ht 226 m. Reservoir is

called Gobind Sagar Lake.

Mandi Project

On Beas in HP

Chambal Valley Project

On Chambal in MP & Rajasthan. 3 dams are there: Gandhi

Sagar Dam, Rana Pratap Sagar Dam and Jawahar Sagar Dam.

Damodar Valley
Project

On Damodar in Bihar. Based on Tennessee Valley Project, USA.

Hirakud Project

On Mahanadi in Orissa. World's longest dam: 4801m

Rihand Project

On Son in Mirzapur, Reservoir is called Govind Vallabh Pant

reservoir.

Kosi Project

On Kosi in N.Bihar.

Mayurkashi Project

On Mayrukashi in WB.

Kakrapara Project

On Tapi in Gujarat.

10

Nizamsagar Project

On Manjra in AP.

11

Nagarjuna Sagar
Project

On Krishna in AP

12

Tungabhadra Project

On Tungabhadra in AP & Karnataka

13

Shivasamudram
Project

On Cauvery in Karnataka. It is the oldest river valley project of

India.

14

Tata Hydel Scheme

On Bhima in Maharashtra

15

Sharavathi Hydel
Project

On Jog Falls in Karnataka

16

Kundah & Periyar

Project

In TN

17

Farakka Project

On Ganga in WB. Apart from power and irrigation it helps to

remove silt for easy navigation.

18

Ukai Project

On Tapti in Gujarat

19

Mahi Project

On Mahi in Gujarat

20

Salal Project

On Chenab in J & K

21

Mata Tila Multipurpose

On Betwa in UP & MP
Project

22

Thein Project

On Ravi, Punjab

23

Pong Dam

On Beas, Punjab

24

Tehri Project

On Bhgirathi, Uttaranchal

25

Sardar Sarovar Project On Narmada, Gujarat/MP.

Lengths of Some Important Indian Rivers

SNo

River

Length (km)

Indus

3,000

Brahmaputra

2,900

Ganga

2,510

Godavari

1,450

Narmada

1,290

Krishna

1,290

Mahanadi

890

Cauvery

760

Major Ports in India

SNo

Western Coast

Eastern Coast

Kandla (Child of partition)

Kolkata - Haldia (riverine port)

Mumbai (busiest and biggest)

Paradip (exports raw iron into Japan)

Jawahar Lal Nehru (fastest growing)

Vishakhapatnam (deepest port)

Marmugao (naval base also)

Chennai (oldest and artificial)

Mangalore (exports Kudremukh iron-ore) Ennore (most modern in private hands)

Cochin (natural Harbour)

Tuticorin (southernmost)

Mineral Resources of India

Coal

West Bengal (Raniganj, Burdwan, Bankura, Purulia, Birbhum, Jalpaigudi,

Darjeeling) Jharkhand (Jharia, Giridih, Kharhawadi, Bokaro, Hazaribagh,
Karnapura, Rampur, Palamau), Orissa (Rampur, Hindgir, Talcher, Sambhal),
Madhya Pradesh and Chhatisgarh (Rewa, Pench valley, Umaria, Korba,
Sohagpur, Mand river area, Kanha valley, Betul), etc. Power sector is the
largest consumer of coal in India followed by steel industry, cement
industry, etc.

Manganese

Orissa, Maharashtra (Nagpur, Bhandara, Ratnagiri), Madhya Pradesh

(Balaghat, Chhindawara), Karnataka (Keonjhar, Bonai, Kalahandi), Andhra
Pradesh (Kadur, Garibadi).

Copper

Madhya Pradesh (Balaghat), Rajasthan (Khetri), Jharkhand (Singhbhum,

Masobani, Surda), Karnataka (Chitradurg, Hussan)

Mica

Jharkhand (Hazaribagh, Giridih, Kodarma, Bihar (Gaya, Bhagalpur), Andhra

Pradesh (Guntur, Vizag, Kurnool), Rajasthan (Bhilwara, Udaipur, Jaipur)

Petroleum

Assam (Digboi, Naharkatiya, Badarpur, Masinpur and Pallharia), Gujarat

(Ankleshwar, Khambat, Kalol), Mumbai High, Bassein (south of Mumbai
High), etc. Recently oil has been discovered in Cauvery basin, Krishna and
Godawari basin, Kharmbat basin, etc.

There are 18 refineries in India, 16 in public sector, one in joint sector and
one in private sector. Public sector refineries are located at Digboi,
Guwahati, Bongaigaon, Barauni, Haldia, Koyali, Mathura, Kochi, Chennai,
Oil Refineries
Vishakhapatnam, Mumbai (2), Panipat, Narimanam, Numanigarh and
Tatipaka. Joint sector refinery is at Mangalore. The private sector refinery
of Reliance Limited is at Jamnagar.

Iron

India possesses Haematite, a very high-grade iron ore. In Madhya Pradesh

(Bailadila, Jabalpur), Goa (North Goa), Karnataka (Bababudan hills,
Chikmagalur, Hospet), Jharkhand (Singhbhum, Naomundi), Andhra
Pradesh, Orissa India is the fifth largest exporter of Iron ore in the world.
Japan is the biggest buyer accounting for about 3/4th of India's total
exports. Major ports handling iron ore export are Vishakhapatnam,
Paradip, Marmagao and Mangalore.

Bauxite

Chief ore for producing aluminium. In Orissa (Kalahandi, Koraput,

Sundargarh, Bolangir, Sambalpur), Jharkhand (Lohardaga, Gumla),
Madhya Pradesh (Jabalpur, Mandla, Shahdol, Katni, Balaghat),
Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu

Gold

Karnataka (Kolar, Hutti, Raichur), Andhra Pradesh (Ramgiri and

Yeppamanna goldfields in Chittor and Anantapur districts

10

Silver, Zinc
and Lead

Rajasthan (Zawar mines near Udaipur), Andhra Pradesh (Mysore,

Chitradurg), Karnataka (Kolar mines)

11 Uranium

Jharkhand (Jaduguda), Rajasthan (Ajmer), Andhra Pradesh (Nellore,

Nalgonda), Karnataka (Gulbarga)

12 Thorium

Kerala coast (From Monazite sand), rocks of Aravallis in Rajasthan

Earth Some Important Facts

Age

4,550 million years

Mass

5.976 x 10kg

Volume

1.083 x 10 litres

Mean Density

5.518 kg/lt

Total Surface Area

510 million sq.km

Land Area

29.2% of the total surface area

Water Area

70.8% of the total surface area

Equatorial Diameter

12,755 km

Polar Diameter

12,712 km

Escape Velocity

11.2 km/sec

Highest Land Point

Mount Everest (8,852 m)

Lowest Land Point

Dead Sea (396 m)

Greatest Ocean Depth

Mariana Trench (11,033 m)

Equatorial Circumference

40,076 km

Polar Circumference

40,024 km

Mean Surface Temperature

14C

Maximum distance from sun (Aphelion)

About 152 million km

Minimum distance from sun (Perihelion) About 147 million km

Rotation Speed

23 hrs, 56 min & 40.91 sec

Revolution Speed

365 days, 5hrs & 45.51 sec

Dates when days & nights are equal

Mar,21 (Vernal Equinox); Sept. 23 (Autumnal

Equinox)

Dates of longest days and shortest

nights

June 21 (Summer Solstice); Dec, 22 (Winter

Solstice)

National Parks and Wild Life Sanctuaries

Gir Forests

Home of Asiatic lion. In Gujarat

Kaziranga Sanctuary

One horned rhino. In Assam

Manas Sanctuary

One horned rhino. In Assam

Chandraprabha Sanctuary

II home of Asiatic Lion. In UP

Ghana of Keoladeo Bird Sanctuary

In Bharatpur, Rajasthan

Dachigam Sanctuary

For Hangul. In Kashmir

Corbett National Park

In Uttaranchal. Home of tiger

Kanha National Park

In MP

Shiv Puri National Park

In MP

10 Hazaribagh National Park

in Jharkhand

11 Periyar Game Sanctuary

In Kerala

12 Dudhwa National Park

In UP

13 Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary

In TN

14 Nokrek National Park

In Meghalaya

15 Sariska Sanctuary

In Rajasthan

16 Ranthambhor National Park

In Rajasthan

17 Namdapha National Park

In Arunachal Pradesh

18 Keibul Lamjo Floating National Park In Manipur

19 Palamau Tiger Project

In Bihar

20 Simlipal National Park

In Orissa

21 Ranganthittoo Bird Sanctuary

In Mysore, Karnataka

22 Nagarhole National Park

In Karnataka

23 Mudumalai Sanctuary

In TN

24 Balpakram Sanctuary

In Meghalaya

25 Bandipur Sanctuary

Along the Karnataka - Tamil Nadu border

26 Jaldapara Sanctuary

In West Bengal. For rhinos

27 Wild Ass Sanctuary

In Rann of Kutch, Gujarat. For wild ass.

Nuclear Power Stations

1 Tarapur

In Maharashtra - India's oldest and biggest

2 Kalpakkam

In Tamil Nadu, called Indira Gandhi Nuclear Power Station

3 Rawatbhata

In Kota, Rajasthan

4 Narora

In Uttar Pradesh

5 Kaiga

In Karnataka

6 Kakrapara

In Gujarat

7 Kudankulam In Tamil Nadu, under construction with the assistance of Russia

Railway Zones
SNo

Railway Zones

Head Quarters

Central

Mumbai VT

Eastern

Kolkata

Northern

New Delhi

North Eastern

Gorakhpur

North-East Frontier

Maligaon - Guwahati

Southern

Chennai

South Central

Secunderabad

South Eastern

Kolkata

Western

Mumbai Churchgate

10

East Coast

Bhubaneshwar

11

East Central

Hajipur

12

North Central

Allahabad

13

North Western

Jaipur

14

South Western

Bangalore (Hubli)

15

West Central

Jabalpur

16

SouthEast Central

Bilaspur

Sanctuaries and Parks in India

Name

Location

Reserves for

Achanakmar Sanctuary

Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh

Tiger, bear, chital, sambar,

bison

Bandhavgarh National Park

Shahdol, Madhya
Pradesh

Tiger, panther, chital, nilgai,

wild bear

Bandipur Sanctuary

Border of Karnataka
and Tamil Nadu

Elephant, tigers, panther,

sambar, deer, birds

Banarghatta

Bangalore

Elephant, chital, deer, gray

National Park

Karnataka

Partridges, green pigeon

Bhadra Sancturary

Chikmagalur,
Karnataka

Elephant, chital, panther,

sambar, wild bear

Bhimabandh Sanctuary

Monghyr, Bihar

Tiger, leopard, sambar, wild

bear, chital, water birds

Bori Sanctuary

Hoshangabad, Madhya Tiger, panther, sambar, chital,

Pradesh
wild boar, barking deer

Borivli National Park

Mumbai

Panther, sambar, langur, wild

boar, chinkara

Chandraprabha Sanctuary

Near Varanasi Uttar

Pradesh

Famous for Gir lions, chital

and sambar

Corbett National Park named in

memory of Jim Corbett, famous
sportsman

Nainital, Uttaranchal

Tiger, leopards, elephants,

sambar

Dachigam Sanctuary

Dachigam, Kashmir

Kashmiri stag

Datma Sanctuary

Singbhum, Uttaranchal

Elephants, leopard, wild bear,

barking deer

Dandeli Sanctuary

Dharwar, Karnataka

Tiger, panther, elephant,

chital, sambar, wild bear

Dudhwa National Park

Lakhimpurkheri U.P.

Tiger, panther, sambar, chital,

nilgai, barking deer

Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary

Mandsaur, M.P.

Chital, sambar, chinkara,

barking deer, wild birds

Garampani Sanctuary

Diphu, Assam

Elephant, leopard, wild

buffalo, langur

Ghana Bird Sanctuary

Bharatpur, Rajasthan

Water birds, black-buck,

chital, sambar

Gir Forest

Junagarh, Gujarat

India's biggest wild life

sanctuary famous for Gir
lions

Gautam Buddha Sanctuary

Gaya, Bihar

Tiger, leopard, sambar, chital,

barking deer

Hazaribagh Sanctuary

Hazaribagh, Jharkhand

Tiger, leopard, chital, nilgai,

sambar, wild cat

General Knowledge Indian History

Buddhism
The Buddha:

The Buddha also known as Sakyamuni or Tathagata.

Born in 563 BC on the Vaishakha Poornima Day at Lumbini (near Kapilavastu) in

Nepal.

His father Suddhodana was the Saka ruler.

His mother (Mahamaya, of Kosala dynastry) died after 7 days of his birth. Brought up
by stepmother Gautami.

Married at 16 to Yoshodhara. Enjoyed the married life for 13years and had a son
named Rahula.

After seeing an old man, a sick man, a corpse and an ascetic, he decided to become a
wanderer.

Left his palace at 29 in search of truth (also called Mahabhinishkramana or The Great
Renunication) and wandered for 6 years.

Attained Enlightenment at 35 at Gaya in Magadha (Bihar) under the Pipal tree.

Delivered the first sermon at Sarnath where his five disciples had settled. His first
sermon is called Dharmachakrapracartan or Turning of the Wheel of Law.
Attained Mahaparinirvana at Kushinagar (identical with village Kasia in Deoria district
of UP) in 483 BC at the age of 80 in the Malla republic.

Buddhist Councils:

First Council: At Rajgriha, in 483 BC under the Chairmanship of Mehakassaapa (king

was Ajatshatru). Divided the teachings of Buddha into two Pitakas-Vinaya Pitaka and
Sutta Pitaka.

Second Council: At Vaishali, in 383 BC under Sabakami (King was

Kalasoka).Followers divided into Sthavirmadins and Mahasanghikas.

Third Council: At Pataliputra, in 250 BC under Mogaliputta Tissa (King was Ashoka)
In this, the third part of the Tripitaka was coded in the Pali language.

Fourth council: At Kashmir (Kundalvan), in 72 AD under Vasumitra (King was

Kanishka, Vice-Chairman was Ashwaghosha). Divided Buddhism into Mahayana and
Hinayana sects.

Buddist Literature: In Pali language.

Vinaya Pitaka: Rules of discipline in the Buddhist monasteries.
Sutta Pitaka: Largest, contains collection of Buddhas sermons.
Abhidhamma Pitaka: Explanation of the philosophical principles of the Buddhist religion

Constitutional Development
Regulating Act, 1773:

End of Dual govt.

Governor of Bengal to be the Governor General of British territories of India.

Establishment of Supreme Court in Calcutta.

Pitts Act of 1784:

This Act gave the British Government a measure of control over the companys affairs. In fact,
the company became a subordinate department of the State.
Act of 1786:

Governor General given the power to over-ride the Council and was made the
Commander-in-chief also.

Charter Act of 1793:

Company given monopoly of trade for 20 more years.

It laid the foundation of govt. by written laws, interpreted by courts.

Charter Act of 1813:

Company deprived of its trade monopoly in India except in tea and trade with China.

Charter Act of 1833:

End of Companys monopoly even in tea and trade with China. Company was asked to
close its business at the earliest.
Governor General of Bengal to be Governor General of India (1st Governor General of
India was Lord William Bentinck).

Charter Act of 1853:

The Act renewed the powers of the Company and allowed it to retain the possession of
Indian territories in trust of the British crown.

Recruitment to Civil Services was based on open annual competition examination

(excluding Indians).

Government of India Act, 1858:

Rule of Company in India ended and that of the Crown began.

A post of Secretary of State (a member of the British cabinet) for India created. He
was to exercise the powers of the Crown.

Secretary of State governed India through the Governor General.

Governor General received the title of Viceroy. He represented Secretary of State and
was assisted by an Executive Council, which consisted of high officials of the Govt.

Indian Council Act, 1861:

The Executive Council was now to be called Central Legislative Council.

Indian Council Act, 1892:

Indians found their way in the Provincial Legislative Councils.

Indian Council Act, 1909 or Morley-Minto Act: It envisaged a separate electorate for
Muslims.
Government of India Act, 1919 Or Montague-Chelmsford Reforms:

Dyarchy system introduced in the provinces. The Provincial subjects of administration

were to be divided into 2 categories: Transferred and Reserved. The Transferred
subjects were to be administrated by the Governor with the aid of ministers
responsible to the Legislative Council. The Governor and the Executive Council were to
administer the reserved subjects without any responsibility to the legislature.
Indian legislature became bicameral for the first time, it actually happened after 1935
Act.

Government of India Act, 1935:

Provided for the establishment of All-India Federation consisting of the British

Provinces and the Princely States. The joining of Princely States was voluntary and as
a result the federation did not come into existence.

Dyarchy was introduced at the Centre (Eg, Department of Foreign Affairs and Defence
were reserved for the Governor General). Provincial autonomy replaced Dyarchy in
provinces. They were granted separate legal identify.

Burma (now Myanmar) separated from India.

Governor Generals of India

Lord William Bentinck (1828 1835):

Carried out the social reforms like Prohibition of Sati (1829) and elimination of thugs
(1830).

Made English the Medium of higher education in the country (After the
recommendations of Macaulay).

Suppressed female infanticide and child sacrifice.

Charter Act of 1833 was passed; made him the first Governor General of India. Before
him, the designation was Governor General of Bengal.

Sir Charles Metcalfe (1835 1836): Abolished all restrictions on vernacular press (called
Liberator of the Press).
Lord Auckland (1836 1842): The most important event of his reign was the First Afghan
War, which proved to be a disaster for the English.
Lord Ellenborough (1842 1844)
Lord Hardinge I (1844 1848)
Lord Dalhousie (1848 1856):

Opened the first Indian Railway in 1853 (from Bombay to Thane).

Laid out the telegraph lines in 1853 (First was from Calcutta to Agra).

Introduced the Doctrine of Lapse and captured Satara (1848), Jaipur and Sambhalpur
(1849), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853) and Nagpur (1854).

Established the postal system on the modern lines through the length and breadth of
the country, which made communication easier.

Started the Public Works Department. Many bridges were constructed and the work on
Grand Trunk Road was started. The harbors of Karachi, Bombay and Calcutta were also
developed.

Made Shimla the summer capital.

Started Engineering College at Roorkee.

Encouraged science, forestry, commerce, mineralogy and industry.

In 1854, Woods Dispatch was passed, which provided for the properly articulated
system of education from the primary school to the university.

Due to Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagars efforts, remarriage of widows was legalized by

Widow Remarriage Act, 1856).

Newspaper Journals
Newspaper/Journal

Founder/Editor

Bengal Gazette(1780) (Indias first

newspaper)

J.K.Hikki

Kesari

B.G.Tilak

Maharatta

B.G.Tilak

Sudharak

G.K.Gokhale

Amrita Bazar Patrika

Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh

Vande Mataram

Aurobindo Ghosh

Native Opinion

V.N.Mandalik

Kavivachan Sudha

Bhartendu Harishchandra

Rast Goftar (First newspaper in Gujarati)

Dadabhai Naoroji

New India (Weekly)

Bipin Chandra Pal

Statesman

Robert Knight

Hindu

Vir Raghavacharya and G.S.Aiyar

Sandhya

B.B.Upadhyaya

Vichar Lahiri

Krishnashastri Chiplunkar

Hindu Patriot

Girish Chandra Ghosh (later Harish Chandra

Mukherji)

Som Prakash

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Yugantar

Bhupendranath Datta and Barinder Kumar Ghosh

Bombay Chronicle

Firoze Shah Mehta

Hindustan

M.M.Malviya

Mooknayak

B.R.Ambedkar

Comrade

Mohammed Ali

Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq

Sir Syyed Ahmed Khan

Al-Hilal

Abdul Kalam Azad

Al-Balagh

Abdul Kalam Azad

Independent

Motilal Nehru

Punjabi

Lala Lajpat Rai

New India (Daily)

Annie Besant

Commonweal

Annie Besant

Pratap

Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi

Essays in Indian Economics

M.G.Ranade

Samvad Kaumudi (Bengali)

Ram Mohan Roy

Mirat-ul-Akhbar

Ram Mohan Roy (first Persian newspaper)

Indian Mirror

Devendra Nath Tagore

Nav Jeevan

M.K.Gandhi

Young India

M.K.Gandhi

Harijan

M.K.Gandhi

Prabudha Bharat

Swami Vivekananda

Udbodhana

Swami Vivekananda

Indian Socialist

Shyamji Krishna Verma

Talwar (in Berlin)

Birendra Nath Chattopadhyaya

Free Hindustan (in Vancouver)

Tarak Nath Das

Hindustan Times

K.M.Pannikar

Kranti

Mirajkar, Joglekar, Ghate

Jainism

Jainism founded by Rishabha.

There were 24 Tirthankaras (Prophets or Gurus), all Kshatriyas. First was Rishabhnath
(Emblem: Bull).

The 23rd Tirthankar Parshwanath (Emblem: Snake) was the son of King Ashvasena of
Banaras.

The 24th and the last Tirthankar was Vardhman Mahavira (Emblem: Lion). He was born

in kundagram (Distt Muzaffarpur, Bihar) in 599 BC.

His father Siddhartha was the head of Jnatrika clan.

His mother was Trishla, sister of Lichchavi Prince Chetak of Vaishali.

Mahavira was related to Bimbisara.

Married to Yashoda, had a daughter named Priyadarsena, whose husband Jamali

became his first disciple.

At 30, after the death of his parents, he became an ascetic.

In the 13th year of his asceticism (on the 10th of Vaishakha), outside the town of
Jrimbhikgrama, he attained supreme knowledge (kaivalya).

From now on he was called Jaina or Jitendriya and Mahavira, and his followers were
named Jains. He also got the title of Arihant, i.e., worthy.

At the age of 72, he attained death at Pava, near Patna, in 527 BC.

Mahavira preached almost the same message as Parshvanath and added one more,
Brahmcharya (celibacy) to it.

Social and Cultural Uprising

Brahmo Samaj:

Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy in 1828.

Criticized Sati Pratha, casteism and advocated widow remarriage.

He was opposed to Sanskrit system of education, because he thought it would keep
the country in darkness.
Other important leaders were Devendranath Tagore (father of Rabindranath Tagore)
and Keshap Chandra Sen.

Arya Samaj:

Founded by Swami Dayanand (or, Moolshankar) in 1875.

His motto was Go back to the vedas & India for the Indians. He disregarded Puranas,
idol worship, casteism and untouchability. He advocated widow remarriage.
Dayanands views were published in his famous work, Satyarth Prakash. He also wrote
Veda Bhashya Bhumika and Veda Bhashya.

Ramakrishna Mission:

Founded by Vivekanand (earlier, Narendranath Dutta) (1863 1902) in 1897, 11 years

after the death of his guru Ram Krishna Paramhans.
Vivekanand attended the Parliament of Religion at Chicago in 1893.
Irish woman Margaret Nobel (Known as sister Nivedita) popularized it.

Young Bengal Movement:

Founded by Henry Louis Vivian Derozio (1809-31). He was a teacher in Hindu College
in Calcutta.
He urged the students to live and die for truth. He also supported womens education
and their rights.

Veda Samaj:

Veda Samaj called Brahmo Samaj of South. Started by Sridharalu Naidu.

He translated books of Brahmo Dharma into Tamil and Telegu.

Dharma Sabha:

Initiated by Radhakant Deb in 1830.

Was opposed to reforms and protected orthodoxy, but played an active role in
promoting western education even to girls.

Lokahitawadi:

Started by Gopal Hari Deshmukh. Advocated western education and a rational outlook.
He advocated female education for the upliftment of women.
As a votary of national self-reliance, he attended Delhi durbar in 1876, wearing
handspun khadi cloth.

Servants of India Society:

Formed by Gopal Krishna Gokhale in 1915.

It did notable work in providing famine relief and in improving the condition of the
tribal.

Radhaswami Movement:

Founded in 1861 by a banker of Agra, Tulsi Ram, popularly known as Shiv Dayal Saheb
or Swami Maharaj.
The sect preached belief in one supreme being, the Gurus supreme position and a
simple social life for the believers (the Satsangis).

Theosophical Society:

Founded by Westerners who drew inspiration from Indian thought and culture.
Madam H P Blavatsky laid the foundation of the movement in US in 1875. Later,
Col.M.S. Olcott of the US Army joined her.
In 1882, it was shifted to India at Adyar (Tamil Nadu).
Annie Besant was elected its president in 1907. She founded the Central Hindu College
in 1898, which became Banaras Hindu University in 1916.

Viceroys Of India
Lord Canning (1856 1862):

The last Governor General and the first Viceroy.

Mutiny took place in his time.
On Nov, 1858, the rule passed on to the crown.
Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse.
The Universities of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras were established in 1857.
Indian Councils Act was passed in 1861.

Lord Elgin (1862 1863)

Lord Lawrence (1864 1869):

Telegraphic communication was opened with Europe.

High Courts were established at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras in 1865.
Expanded canal works and railways.
Created the Indian Forest department.

Lord Mayo (1869 1872):

Started the process of financial decentralization in India.

Established the Rajkot college at Kathiarwar and Mayo College at Ajmer for the Indian
princes.
For the first time in Indian history, a census was held in 1871.
Organised the Statistical Survey of India.
Was the only Viceroy to be murdered in office by a Pathan convict in the Andamans in
1872.

Lord Northbrook (1872 1876):

Lord Lytton (1876 1880):

Known as the Viceroy to reverse characters.

Organised the Grand Delhi Durbar in 1877 to decorate Queen Victoria with the title of
Kaiser I Hind.
Arms Act(1878) made it mandatory for Indians to acquire license for arms.
Passed the infamous Vernacular Press Act (1878).

Lord Ripon (1880 1884):

Liberal person, who sympathized with Indians.

Repeated the Vernacular Press Act (1882)
Passed the local self government Act (1882)
Took steps to improve primary & secondary education (on William Hunter
Commissions recommendations).
The I Factory Act, 1881, aimed at prohibiting child labour.
Passed the libert Bill (1883) which enabled Indian district magistrates to try European
criminals. But this was withdrawn later.

Lord Dufferin (1884 1888):

Indian National Congress was formed during his tenure.

Lord Lansdowne (1888 1894):

II Factory Act (1891) granted a weekly holiday and stipulated working hours for
women and children, although it failed to address concerns such as work hours for
men.
Categorization of Civil Services into Imperial, Provincial and Subordinate.
Indian Council Act of 1892 was passed.
Appointment of Durand Commission to define the line between British India and
Afghanistan.

Lord Elgin II (1894 1899):

Great famine of 1896 1897. Lyall Commission was appointed.

Lord Curzon (1899 1905):

Passed the Indian Universities Act (1904) in which official control over the Universities
was increased.
Partitioned Bengal (October 16, 1905) into two provinces 1, Bengal (proper), 2.East
Bengal & Assam.
Appointed a Police Commission under Sir Andrew Frazer to enquire into the police
administration of every province.
The risings of the frontier tribes in 1897 98 led him to create the North Western
Frontier Province(NWFP).
Passed the Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1904), to restore Indias cultural
heritage. Thus the Archaeological Survey of India was established.

Passed the Indian Coinage and Paper Currency Act (1899) and put India on a gold
standard.
Extended railways to a great extent.

Lord Minto (1905 1910):

There was great political unrest in India. Various acts were passed to curb the
revolutionary activities. Extremists like Lala Laipat Rai and Ajit Singh (in May, 1907)
and Bal Gangadhar Tilak (in July, 1908) were sent to Mandalay jail in Burma.
The Indian Council Act of 1909 or the Morley Minto Reforms was passed.

Lord Hardinge (1910 1916):

Held a durbar in dec, 1911 to celebrate the coronation of King George V.

Partition of Bengal was cancelled (1911), capital shifted from Calcutta to Delhi (1911).
A bomb was thrown at him; but he escaped unhurt (Dec 23, 1912).
Gandhiji came back to India from S.Africa (1915).
Annie Besant announced the Home Rule Movement.

Lord Chelmsford (1916 1921):

August Declaration of 1917, whereby control over the Indian government would be
gradually transferred to the Indian people.
The government of India Act in 1919 (Montague Chelmsford reforms) was passed.
Rowlatt Act of 1919; Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919).
Non Cooperation Movement.
An Indian Sir S.P.Sinha was appointed the Governor of Bengal.
A Womens university was founded at Poona in 1916.
Saddler Commission was appointed in 1917 to envisage new educational policy.

Lord Reading (1921 1926):

Rowlatt act was repeated along with the Press act of 1910.
Suppressed non-cooperation movement.
Prince of Wales visited India in Nov.1921.
Moplah rebellion (1921) took place in Kerala.
Ahmedabad session of 1921.
Formation of Swaraj Party.
Vishwabharati University started functioning in 1922.
Communist part was founded in 1921 by M.N.Roy.
Kakory Train Robbery on Aug 9, 1925.
Communal riots of 1923 25 in Multan, Amritsar, Delhi, etc.
Swami Shraddhanand, a great nationalist and a leader of the Arya Samajists, was
murdered in communal orgy.

Lord Irwin (1926 1931):

Simon Commission visited India in 1928.

Congress passed the Indian Resolution in 1929.
Dandi March (Mar 12, 1930).

Civil Disobedience Movement (1930).

First Round Table Conference held in England in 1930.
Gandhi Irwin Pact (Mar 5, 1931) was signed and Civil Disobediance Movement was
withdrawn.
Martydorm of Jatin Das after 64 days hunger strike (1929).

Lord Willington (1931 1936):

Second Round Table conference in London in 1931.

On his return Gandhiji was again arrested and Civil Disobedience Movement was
resumed in Jan 1932.
Communal Awards (Aug 16, 1932) assigned seats to different religious communities.
Gandhiji went on a epic fast in protest against this division.
Third Round Table conference in 1932.
Poona Pact was signed.
Government of India Act (1935) was passed.

Lord Linlithgow (1936 1944):

Govt. of India Act enforced in the provinces. Congress ministries formed in 8 out of 11
provinces. They remained in power for about 2 years till Oct 1939, when they gave up
offices on the issue of India having been dragged into the II World War. The Muslim
League observed the days as Deliverance Say (22 December)
Churchill became the British PM in May, 1940. He declared that the Atlantic Charter
(issued jointly by the UK and US, stating to give sovereign rights to those who have
been forcibly deprived of them) does not apply to India.
Outbreak of World War II in 1939.
Cripps Mission in 1942.
Quit India Movement (August 8, 1942).

Lord Wavell (1944 1947):

Arranged the Shimla Conference on June 25, 1945 with Indian National Congress and
Muslim League; failed.
Cabinet Mission Plan (May 16, 1946).
Elections to the constituent assembly were held and an Interim Govt. was appointed
under Nehru.
First meeting of the constituent assembly was held on Dec. 9, 1946.

Lord Mountbatten (Mar.1947 Aug.1947):

Last Viceroy of British India and the first Governor General of free India.
Partition of India decided by the June 3 Plan.
Indian Independence Act passed by the British parliament on July 4, 1947, by which
India became independent on August 15, 1947.
Retried in June 1948 and was succeeded by C.Rajagopalachari (the first and the last
Indian Governor General of free India).

Important National Activities

The Indian National Congress:

Formed in 1885 by A.O.Hume, an Englishman and a retired civil servant.

First session in Bombay under W.C.Banerjee in 1885 (72 delegates attended it).
In the first two decades (1885 1905), quite moderate in its approach and confided in
British justice and generosity.
But the repressive measures of the British gave rise to extremists within Congress like
Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai (Lal, Bal, Pal).

Partition of Bengal:

By Lord Curzon on Oct 16, 1905, through a royal Proclamation, reducing the old
province of Bengal in size by creating East Bengal and Assam out of rest of Bengal.
The objective was to set up a communal gulf between Hindus and Muslims.
A mighty upsurge swept the country against the partition. National movement found
real expression in the movement against the partition of Bengal in 1905.

Swadeshi Movement (1905):

Lal, Bal, Pal, and Aurobindo Ghosh played the important role.
INC took the Swadeshi call first at the Banaras Session, 1905 presided over by
G.K.Gokhale.
Bonfires of foreign goods were conducted at various places.

Formation of Muslim League (1906):

Setup in 1906 under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka and
Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk.
It was a loyalist, communal and conservative political organization which supported
the partition of Bengal, opposed the Swadeshi movement, demanded special
safeguards to its community and a separate electorate for Muslims.

Demand for Swaraj:

In Dec 1906 at Calcutta, the INC under Dadabhai Naoroji adopted Swaraj (Self-govt)
as the goal of Indian people.

Surat Session of Indian National Congress (1907):

The INC split into two groups The extremists and The moderates, at the Surat
session in 1907. Extremists were led by Bal, Pal, Lal while the moderates by
G.K.Gokhale.

Indian Councils Act or Minto Morley Reforms (1909):

Besides other constitutional measures, it envisaged a separate electorate for Muslims.

Aimed at dividing the nationalist ranks and at rallying the Moderates and the Muslims
to the Governments side.

Ghadar Party (1913):

Formed by Lala Hardayal, Taraknath Das and Sohan Singh Bhakna.

HQ was at San Francisco.

Home Rule Movement (1916):

Started by B.G.Tilak(April, 1916) at Poona and Annie Besant and S.Subramania Iyer at
Adyar, near Madras (Sept, 1916).
Objective: Self government for India in the British Empire.
Tilak linked up the question of Swaraj with the demand for the formation of Linguistic
States and education in vernacular language. He gave the slogan: Swaraj is my birth
right and I will have it.

Lucknow Pact (1916):

Happened following a war between Britain and Turkey leading to anti-British feelings
among Muslims.
Both INC and Muslim League concluded this (Congress accepted the separate
electorates and both jointly demanded for a representative government and dominion
status for the country).

August Declaration (1917):

After the Lucknow Pact, a British policy was announced which aimed at increasing
association of Indians in every branch of the administration for progressive realization
of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British empire. This
came to be called the August Declaration.

Rowlatt Act (March 18, 1919):

This gave unbridled powers to the govt. to arrest and imprison suspects without trial
for two years maximum. This law enabled the Government to suspend the right of
Habeas Corpus, which had been the foundation of civil liberties in Britain.
Caused a wave of anger in all sections. It was the first country-wide agitation by
Gandhiji and marked the foundation of the Non Cooperation Movement.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919):

People were agitated over the arrest of Dr. Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal on April 10, 1919.
General O Dyer fires at people who assembled in the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar.
As a result hundreds of men, women and children were killed and thousands injured.
Rabindranath Tagore returned his Knighthood in protest. Sir Shankaran Nair resigned
from Viceroys Executive Council after this.
Hunter Commission was appointed to enquire into it.
On March 13, 1940, Sardar Udham Singh killed ODyer when the later was addressing
a meeting in Caxton Hall, London.

Khilafat Movement (1920):

Muslims were agitated by the treatment done with Turkey by the British in the treaty
that followed the First World War.
Two brothers, Mohd.Ali and Shaukat Ali started this movement.

Non-cooperation Movement (1920):

It was the first mass-based political movement under Gandhiji.

Congress passed the resolution in its Calcutta session in Sept 1920.

Chauri Chaura Incident (1922):

A mob of people at Chauri Chaura (near Gorakhpur) clashed with police and burnt 22
policemen on February 5, 1922.
This compelled Gandhiji to withdraw the Non Cooperation movement on Feb.12, 1922.

Simon Commission (1927):

Constituted under John Simon, to review the political situation in India and to
introduce further reforms and extension of parliamentary democracy.
Indian leaders opposed the commission, as there were no Indians in it.
The Government used brutal repression and police attacks to break the popular
opposition. At Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely beaten in a lathi-charge. He
succumbed to his injuries on Oct.30, 1928.

Lahore Session (1929):

On Dec.19, 1929 under the President ship of J.L.Nehru, the INC, at its Lahore Session,
declared Poorna Swaraj (Complete independence) as its ultimate goal.
On Dec.31, 1929, the newly adopted tri-colour flag was unfurled and an.26, 1930 was
fixed as the First Independence Day, was to be celebrated every year.

Revolutionary Activities:

The first political murder of a European was committed in 1897 at Poona by the
Chapekar brothers, Damodar and Balkishan. Their target was Mr.Rand, President of
the Plague Commission, but Lt.Ayerst was accidentally shot.
In 1907, Madam Bhikaiji Cama, a Parsi revolutionary unfurled the flag of India at
Stuttgart Congress (of Second international).
In 1908, Khudiram Bose and Prafulla chaki threw a bomb on the carriage of kingford,
the unpopular judge of Muzaffapur. Khudiram, Kanhaiyalal Dutt and Satyendranath
Bose were hanged. (Alipur Case).
In 1909, M L Dhingra shot dead Col.William Curzon Whyllie, the political advisor of
India Office in London.
In 1912, Rasbihari Bose and Sachindra Nath Sanyal threw a bomb and Lord Hardinge
at Delhi. (Delhi Conspiracy Case).
In Oct, 1924, a meeting of revolutionaries from all parts of India was called at Kanpur.
They setup Hindustan Socialist Republic Association/Army (HSRA).
They carried out a dacoity on the Kakori bound train on the Saharanpur-Lucknow
railway line on Aug. 9, 1925.
Bhagat Singh, with his colleagues, shot dead Saunders (Asst. S.P. of Lahore, who
ordered lathi charge on Lala Lajpat Rai) on Dec.17, 1928.
Then Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Central Assembly on
Apr 8, 1929. Thus, he, Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged on March. 23,1931 at
Lahore Jall (Lahore Conspiracy Case) and their bodies cremated at Hussainiwala near
Ferozepur.
In 1929 only Jatin Das died in Lahore jail after 63 days fast to protest against horrible
conditions in jail.
Surya Sen, a revolutionary of Bengal, formed the Indian Republic Army in Bengal. In
1930, he masterminded the raid on Chittagong armoury. He was hanged in 1933.
In 1931, Chandrashekhar Azad shot himself at Alfred Park in Allahabad.

Dandi March (1930):

Also called the Salt Satyagraha.

Along with 78 followers, Gandhiji started his march from Sabarmati Ashram on March
12, 1930 for the small village Dandhi to break the salt law.
He reached the seashore on Apr.6, 1930.
He picked a handful of salt and inaugurated the Civil Disobedience Movement.

First Round Table conference (1930):

It was the first conference arranged between the British and Indians as equals. It was
held on Nov.12, 1930 in London to discuss Simon commission.
Boycotted by INC, Muslim League, Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals and some others were
there.

Gandhi Irwin Pact (1931):

Moderate Statesman, Sapru, Jaikar and Srinivas Shastri initiated efforts to break the
ice between Gandhiji and the government.
The two (government represented by Irwin and INC by Gandhiji) signed a pact on
March 5, 1931.
In this the INC called off the civil disobedience movement and agreed to join the
second round table conference.
The government on its part released the political prisoners and conceded the right to
make salt for consumption for villages along the coast.

Second Round Table Conference (1931):

Gandhiji represented the INC and went to London to meet British P.M. Ramsay
Macdonald.
However, the session was soon deadlocked on the minorities issue and this time
separate electorates was demanded not only by Muslims but also by Depressed
Classes, Indian Christians and Anglo Indians.

The Communal Award (Aug 16,1932):

Announced by Ramsay McDonald. It showed divide and rule policy of the British.
Envisaged representation of Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo Indians, women
and even Backward classes.
Gandhiji, who was in Yeravada jail at that time, started a fast unto death against it.

Poona Pact (September 25, 1932):

After the announcement of communal award and subsequent fast of Gandhiji, mass
meeting took place almost everywhere.
Political leaders like Madan Mohan Malviya, B.R.Ambedkar and M.C.Rajah became
active.
Eventually Poona pact was reached and Gandhiji broke his fact on the sixth day (Sept
25, 1932).
In this, the idea of separate electorate for the depressed classes was abandoned, but
seats reserved to them in the provincial legislature were increased.

Third Round Table Conference (1932):

Proved fruitless as most of the national leaders were in prison. The discussions led to
the passing of the Government of India Act, 1935.

Demand For Pakistan:

In 1930, Iqbal suggested that the Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Sindh and Kashmir
be made the Muslim State within the federation.
Chaudhary Rehmat Ali gave the term Pakistan in 1923.
Mohd. Ali Jinnah of Bombay gave it practicality.
Muslim League first passed the proposal of separate Pakistan in its Lahore session in
1940.

The Cripps Mission 1942:

In Dec. 1941, Japan entered the World War II and advanced towards Indian borders.
By March 7, 1942, Rangoon fell and Japan occupied the entire S E Asia.
The British govt. with a view to getting co-operation from Indians sent Sir Stafford
Cripps, leader of the House of Commons to settle terms with the Indian leaders.
He offered a draft which proposed dominion status to be granted after the war.
Rejected by the Congress as it didnt want to rely upon future promises.
Gandhiji termed it as a post dated cheque in a crashing bank.

The Revolt of 1942 & The Quit India Movement:

Called the Vardha Proposal and Leaderless Revolt.

The resolution was passed on Aug.8, 1942, at Bombay. Gandhiji gave the slogan Do
or Die.
On Aug 9, the Congress was banned and its important leaders were arrested.
The arrests provoked indignation among the masses and, there being no program of
action, the movement became spontaneous and violent. Violence spread throughout
the country.
The movement was however crushed.
The Indian National Army:
Founded by Rasbehari Bose with Captain Mohan Singh.
S.C.Bose secretly escaped from India in Jain 1941, and reached Berlin. In July 1943,
he joined the INA at Singapore. There, Rasbehari Bose handed over the leadership to
him.
The soldiers were mostly raised from Indian soldiers of the British army who had been
taken prisoners by the Japanese after they conquered S.E.Asia.
Two INA head quarters were Rangoon and Singapore (formed in Singapore).
INA had three fighting brigades named after Gandhiji, Azad and Nehru. Rani Jhansi
Brigade was an exclusive women force.

The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946):

The struggle for freedom entered a decisive phase in the year 1945-46. The new
Labour Party PM.Lord Attlee, made a declaration on March 15, 1946, that British
Cabinet Mission (comprising of Lord Pethick Lawrence as Chairman, Sir Stafford Cripps
and A.V.Alexander) will visit India.

The mission held talks with the INC and ML to bring about acceptance of their
proposals.
On May 16, 1946, the mission put towards its proposals. It rejected the demand for
separate Pakistan and instead a federal union consisting of British India and the
Princely States was suggested.
Both Congress and Muslims League accepted it.

Formation of Interim Government (Sept 2, 1946):

Based on Cabinet Mission Plan, an interim government consisting of Congress

nominees was formed on Sept.2, 1946. J.L.Nehru was its Vice-President and the
Governor-General remained as its President.

Jinnahs Direct Action Resolution (Aug 16, 1946):

Jinnah was alarmed at the results of the elections because the Muslim League was in
danger of being totally eclipsed in the constituent assembly.
Therefore, Muslim League withdrew its acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan on July
29, 1946.
It passed a Direct action resolution, which condemned both the British Government
and the Congress (Aug 16, 1946). It resulted in heavy communal riots.
Jinnah celebrated Pakistan Day on Mar 27, 1947.

Formation of Constituent Assembly (Dec 9, 1946):

The Constituent assembly met on Dec 9, 1946 and Dr.Rajendra Prasad was elected as
its president.

Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947):

On June 3, 1947, Lord Mountbatten put forward his plan which outlined the steps for
the solution of Indias political problem. The outlines of the Plan were:
India to be divided into India and Pakistan.
Bengal and Punjab will be partitioned and a referendum in NEFP and Sylhet district of
Assam would be held.
There would be a separate constitutional assembly for Pakistan to frame its
constitution.
The Princely states would enjoy the liberty to join either India or Pakistan or even
remain independent.
Aug.15, 1947 was the date fixed for handing over power to India and Pakistan.
The British govt. passed the Indian Independence Act of 1947 in July 1947, which
contained the major provisions put forward by the Mountbatten plan.

Partition and Independence (Aug 1947):

All political parties accepted the Mountbatten plan.

At the time of independence, there were 562 small and big Princely States in India.
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, the first home minister, used iron hand in this regard. By
August 15, 1947, all the States, with a few exceptions like Kashmir, Hyderabad and
Junagarh had signed the Instrument of Accession. Goa was with the Portuguese and
Pondicherry with the French.

Venue, Year and Presidents of India National Congress (INC)

Year

Venue

President

1885,
1882

Bombay,
Allahabad

W.C.Bannerji

1886

Calcutta

Dadabhai Naoroji

1893

Lahore

"

1906

Calcutta

"

1887

Madras

Badruddin Tyyabji (fist Muslim President)

1888

Allahabad

George Yule (first English President)

1889

Bombay

Sir William Wedderburn

1890

Calcutta

Sir Feroze S.Mehta

1895,
1902

Poona,
Ahmedabad

S.N.Banerjee

1905

Banaras

G.K.Gokhale

1907,
1908

Surat, Madras

Rasbehari Ghosh

1909

Lahore

M.M.Malviya

1916

Lucknow

A.C.Majumdar (Re-union of the Congress)

1917

Calcutta

Annie Besant (first woman President)

1919

Amritsar

Motilal Nehru

1920

Calcutta
(sp.session)

Lala Lajpat Rai

1921,1922

Ahmedabad,
Gaya

C.R.Das

1923

Delhi
(sp.session)

Abdul Kalam Azad (youngest President)

1924

Belgaon

M.K.Gandhi

1925

Kanpur

Sarojini Naidu (first Indian woman President)

1928

Calcutta

Motilal Nehru (first All India Youth Congress Formed)

1929

Lahore

J.L.Nehru (Poorna Swaraj resolution was passed)

1931

Karachi

Vallabhbhai Patel (Here, resolution on Fundamental rightsand the

National Economic Program was passed)

1932,
1933

Delhi, Calcutta

(Session Banned)

1934

Bombay

Rajendra Prasad

1936

Lucknow

J.L.Nehru

1937

Faizpur

J.L.Nehru (first session in a village)

1938

Haripura

S.C.Bose (a National Planning Committed set-up underJ.L.Nehru).

1939

Tripuri

S.C.Bose was re-elected but had to resign due to protestby

Gandhiji (as Gandhiji supported Dr.Pattabhi Sitaramayya).
Rajendra Prasadwas appointed in his place.

1940

Ramgarh

Abdul Kalam Azad

1946

Meerut

Acharya J.B.Kriplani

1948

Jaipur

Dr.Pattabhi Sitaramayya.

General Knowledge India Politics

The Governor

Citizen of India
Completed 35 yrs of age.
Shouldn't be a member of either house of parliament or the State
1 Qualification
legislature.
Must possess the qualification for membership of State Legislature.
Mustn't hold any office of profit.
Nominal executive in States.
Normally each State has its own Governor, but under the Seventh
Amendment Act 1956, the same person can be appointed as Governor of
one or more States or Lt. Governor of the Union Territory.
Appointed by the President on the recommendations of Union Council of
Ministers.
His usual term of office is 5 yrs but he holds office during the pleasure
of the President. He can be asked to continue for more time until his
successor takes the charge.
2 Status

Can give his resignation or can be removed earlier by the President.

The legislature of a State or a High Court has no role in the removal of a
Governor.
Salary from the Consolidated Fund of the State (Rs.36,000 per month)
and is not subject to the vote of the State Legislature. When the same
person is appointed as the Governor of two or more States, the emoluments
and allowances payable to him shall be allocated among the States in such
proportion as determined by the President of India.
His oath is administrated by the Chief Justice of the concerned State
High Court and in his absence, the senior - most of that Court.
Appoints Chief Minister, Council of Ministers, Chairman & members of
State Public Service Commission, Advocate General of the State and Election
Commissioner of the State.
Summons, Prorogues & dissolves the State Legislature.

3 Powers

President consults Governor while appointing Chief Justice and other

judges of High Court. Appoints judges of courts below the High Court.
Reports to the President if the State Government is not running
constitutionally and recommends the President's rule (Article 356). When the
President's Rule is in progress, he becomes the 'Agent of the Union
Government in the State'. He takes over the reigns of administration directly
into his own hands and runs the State with the aid of the Civil Servants

President

1 Qualification

Must be a citizen of India.

Completed 35 yrs in age.
Eligible to be a member of Lok Sabha.
Must not hold any Government post. Exceptions:
President and Vice-President.
Governor of any State.
Minister of Union or State.

2 Election

Indirectly elected through 'Electoral College' consisting of Elected

members of both the Houses of Parliament & Elected members of the
Legislative Assemblies of the States. (No nominated members).
Security deposit - 15,000/Supreme Court inquires all disputes regarding President's election.
Takes OATH in presence of Chief Justice of India, or in his absence, senior
most judge of Supreme Court.

Term &
Emoluments

5 year term
Article 57 says that there is no upper limit on the no. of times a person
can ecome President.
Can give resignation to Vice President before full-term.
Present Salary - 50,000/month (including allowances & emoluments).

4 Impeachment

Quasi-judicial procedure.
Can be impeached only on the ground of violation of Constitution.
The impeachment procedure can be initiated in either House of the
Parliament.

5 Vacancy

In case the office falls vacant due to death, resignation or removal, the
Vice-President acts as President. If he is not available then Chief Justice, if
not then senior-most judge of Supreme Court shall act as the President of
India.
The election is to be held within 6 months of the vacancy.

7 Powers

Appoints PM, ministers, Chief Justice & Judges of Supreme Court & High
courts, Chairman & members of UPSC, Comptroller and Auditor General,
Attorney General, Chief Election Commissioner and other members of
Election Commission, Governors, Members of Finance Commission,
Ambassadors, etc.
Can summon & prorogue the sessions of the 2 houses & can dissolve Lok
Sabha.
Appoints Finance Commission (after every 5 yrs) that recommends
distribution of taxes between Union & State govts.
Appoints the Chief Justice and the judges of the Supreme Court and High
Courts.
The President can promulgate 3 types of Emergencies:
National Emergency (Article 352)
State Emergency (President's Rule) (Article 356)
Financial Emergency (Article 360)
He is the Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces of India.
President appoints Chiefs of Army, Navy & Air Force.
Declares wars & concludes peace subject to the approval of the
Parliament.

Prime Ministers of India

Jawahar Lal Nehru

15.08.1947

27.05.1964

Gulzari Lal Nanda

27.05.1964

09.06.1964

Lal Bahadur Shastri

09.06.1964

11.01.1966

Gulzari Lal Nanda

11.01.1966

24.01.1966

Indira Gandhi

24.01.1966

24.03.1977

Morarji Desai

24.03.1977

28.07.1979

Charan Singh

28.07.1979

14.01.1980

Indira Gandhi

14.01.1980

31.10.1984

Rajiv Gandhi

31.10.1984

01.12.1989

V.P.Singh

02.12.1989

10.11.1990

Chandra Shekhar

10.11.1990

21.06.1991

P.V.Narsimha Rao

21.06.1991

16.05.1996

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

16.05.1996

01.06.1996

H.D. Deve Gowda

01.06.1996

21.04.1997

I.K.Gujral

21.04.1997

18.03.1998

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

19.03.1998

12.10.1999

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

13.10.1999

21.05.2004

Dr.Manmohan Singh

22.05.2004

Till Date

Strength of State Legislatures

SNo

State / UTs

Legislative Assembly

Legislative Council

Andhra Pradesh

294

Nil

Arunachal Pradesh

40

Nil

Assam

126

Nil

Delhi

70

Nil

Bihar

243

75

Jharkhand

81

Nil

Goa

40

Nil

Gujarat

182

Nil

Haryana

90

Nil

10

Himachal Pradesh

68

Nil

11

Jammu & Kashmir

76

36

12

Karnataka

224

75

13

Kerala

140

Nil

14

Madhya Pradesh

230

Nil

15

Chhatisgarh

90

Nil

16

Maharashtra

288

78

17

Manipur

60

Nil

18

Meghalaya

60

Nil

19

Mizoram

40

Nil

20

Nagaland

60

Nil

21

Orissa

147

Nil

22

Pondicherry

30

Nil

23

Punjab

117

Nil

24

Rajasthan

200

Nil

25

Sikkim

32

Nil

26

Tamil Nadu

234

Nil

27

Tripura

60

Nil

28

Uttar Pradesh

403

104

29

Uttaranchal

70

Nil

30

West Bengal

294

Nil

Supreme Court of India

1 Status

Stands at the apex of the judicial system of India.

Consists of Chief Justice & 25 other judges.

2 Appointment

The senior most judge of the Supreme Court is appointed as the

Chief Justice of India. Other judges are appointed by the President
after consultation with such judges of the Supreme Court and of the
High Court as the President may deem necessary.

3 Qualification

Citizen of India
Have been a judge of High Court for 5 yrs or An advocate of High
Court for 10 yrs minimum or In President's view, a distinguished jurist
of the country.

4 Term & Salary

The Chief Justice & other judges hold office till 65 yrs of age.
Can give resignation to President.
Can be removed by the Parliament.
After retirement, a judge of Supreme Court cannot plead or act
before any authority.
Salary: Chief Justice - 33,000/- per month, Other Judges 30,000/- per month

Removal of
Judges

A motion seeking the removal of the judge can be preferred

before either House of the Parliament.
The resolution should be supported by a majority of total
membership of both houses & by 2/3 majority of the members present
& voting.
Original Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court settles all disputes
between Centre - State, State - State, etc.
Writ Jurisdiction: Every individual has the right to move the
Supreme Court directly by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement
of his Fundamental Rights.
Advisory Jurisdiction: If the President seeks the advice of
Supreme Court, it is duty bound to give its opinion. (Its opinion isn't a
binding of President).

Revisory Jurisdiction: The Supreme Court under Article 137 is

empowered to review any judgement or order made by it with a view
to removing any mistake or error that might have crept in the
Jurisdiction of The
6
judgement or order.
Supreme Court
It is a court of record as its decisions are of evidentiary value &
cannot be questioned in any court.
The Supreme Court also enjoys the power of Judicial review as it
can ensure that the laws passed by legislature and orders issued by the
executive do not contravene any provision of the Constitution.
The Supreme Court decides disputes regarding the election of the
President and the Vice President.
The Supreme Court recommends the removal of members of
UPSC to the President.

Attorney General of India

Status:

Highest legal officer of the Union Govt.

Appointed by the President.

The person should be qualified to be appointed a judge of the Supreme Court.

He is entitled to audience in all courts of the country & can take part in the
proceedings of the Parliament & its committees. However, he is not given the right to
vote.

He is also allowed to take up private practice provided the other party is not the State.
Because of this, he is not paid salary but a retainer to be determined by the President.

In England, the Attorney General is a member of the Cabinet, but in India he is not. It
is a political appointment and therefore, whenever there is a change in the party in
power, the Attorney General resigns from his post to enable the new Government to
appoint a nominee of his choice.

The Attorney General is assisted by two Solicitors-General and four Additional Solicitors
- General.

The Attorney General gets a retainer equivalent to the salary of a judge of the
Supreme Court.

Gives advice on all such legal matters which may be referred or assigned to him by the
President.

Appears before the Supreme Court and various High Courts in cases involving the govt.
of India.

Vice President

Elected by both the houses (Electoral College) in accordance with the

system of proportional representation by means of single transferable
vote and the vote being secret. Nominated members also participate in
his election.

The Supreme Court has the final and exclusive jurisdiction for resolving
disputes and doubts relating to the election of the Vice-President.

Citizen of India.

More than 35 yrs of age

Possess the qualification for membership of Rajya Sabha.

Not hold any office of profit under union, state or local authority.
However, for this purpose, the President, Vice-President, Governor of a
State and a Minister of the Union or a State, are not held to be holding
an office of profit.

Holds office for 5 yrs. Can be re-elected.

Term can be cut short if he resigns or by a resolution of the Raja Sabha

passed by a majority of all the then members of the Rajya Sabha and
agreed to by the Lok Sabha.

He is the ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha. Since he is not a member

of Rajya Sabha, he has no right to vote.

Being the Vice President of India, he is not entitled for any salary, but he
is entitled to the salary and allowances payable to the Chairman of the
Rajya Sabha.

All bills, resolution, motion can be taken in Rajya Sabha after his
consent.

1 Election

2 Criteria

Other
Points

Vice Presidents of India

SNo

Name

Year

1952 - 1962

S. Radhakrishnan

1962 - 1977

Zakir Hussain

1967 - 1969

V.V.Giri

1969 - 1974

G.S. Pathak

1974 - 1979

B.D. Jatti

1979 - 1984

Md. Hidayatullah

1984 - 1987

R. Venkataraman

1987 - 1992

Dr. S.D. Sharma

1992 - 1997

K.R. Narayanan

10

1997 - 2002

Krishna Kanth

11

2002 -

Bhairon Singh Shekawat

Parts of the Constitution

Part - I (Article 1
- 4)

Deals with territory of India formation of new states, alterations, names of

existing states.

Part - II (Art. 5 11)

Deals with various rights of citizenship.

Part - III (Art. 12

- 35)

Deals with fundamental rights of Indian citizens. (Art. 31 - dealing with

the right to property was deleted by 44th amendment).

Part - IV (Art. 36Deals with Directive Principles of State Policy.

51)
Part - IV - A (Art.
Added by 42nd amendment in 1976. Contains the duties of the citizens.
51A)
Deals with govt. at the Union Level. (Duties & Function of PM, Ministers,
Part - V (Art. 52 Presidents, Attorney General, Parliament - Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha,
151)
Comptroller & Auditor General).
Part - VI (Art.
152 - 237)

Deals with govt. at the State Level. (Duties & functions of Chief Minister &
his ministers, Governor, State legislature, High Court, Advocate General of
the State).

Part - VII (Art.

238)

Deals with States, was replaced in 1956 by the 7th amendment.

Part - VIII (Art.

239 - 241)

Deals with Union Territories.

Part - IX

Consists of 2 parts:
1. Added by 73rd amendment in 1992. Contains a new schedule
'SCHEDULE ELEVEN'. It contains 29 subjects related to Panchayati Raj.
(They have been given administrative powers).
2. Added by 74th amendment in 1992. Contains a new schedule
'SCHEDULE TWELVE'. It contains 18 subjects related to Municipalities.
(They have been given administrative powers).

Part - X (Art.
244, 244A)

Deals with Scheduled & Tribal Areas.

Part - XI (Art.
245 - 263)

Deals with relation between Union & States.

Part - XII (Art.

264 - 300A)

Deals with distribution of revenue between Union & States, appointment of

Finance Commission (Article 280), contracts, liabilities etc.

Part - XIII
(Art.301 - 307)

Relates to trade, commerce & intercourse within the Territory of India.

Part - XIV
(Art.308 - 323)

Deals with UPSC and Public Service Commissions.

Part - XV
(Art.324 - 329)

Deals with elections (Also Election Commission)

Part - XVI
(Art.330 - 342)

Deals with special provisions for Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribed &
Anglo - Indian Representation.

Part - XVII (Art.

343 - 351)

Relates to official language.

Part, XVIII
(Art.352 - 360)

Deals with emergency provisions.

Parliament of India
LOK SABHA:
Maximum strength - 550 + 2 nominated members. (530 - States/ 20 - Union Territories)
Present strength of Lok Sabha - 545.
The Eighty Fourth Amendment, 2001, extended freeze on Lok Sabha and State Assembly
seats till 2026.
The normal tenure of the Lok Sabha is five years, but it may be dissolved earlier by the
President. The life of the Lok Sabha can be extended by the Parliament beyond the five year
term, when a proclamation of emergency under Article 352 is in force. But the Parliament
cannot extend the normal life of the Lok Sabha for more than one year at a time (no limit on
the number of times in the Constitution).
The Candidate must be: (a) Citizen of India. (b) Atleast 25 yrs of age. (c ) Mustn't hold
any office of profit. (d) No unsound mind/ insolvent. (e) Has registered as voter in any
Parliamentary Constituency.
Oath of MPs is conducted by the Speaker. Can resign, by writing to Speaker.
Presiding officer is Speaker (In his absence Deputy Speaker). The members among
themselves elect him.
The Speaker continues in office even after the dissolution of the Lok Sabha till a newly
elected Lok Sabha meets.
Usually the Speaker, after his election cuts-off all connection with his party & acts in an
impartial manner. He does not vote in the first instance, but exercises his casting vote only to
remove a deadlock.
Charges his salary from Consolidated Fund of India.
Speaker sends his resignation to deputy Speaker.
The Majority of the total membership can remove Speaker after giving a 14 days notice.
(During this time, he doesn't preside over the meetings). After his removal, continues in office
till his successor takes charge.
RAJYA SABHA

Maximum Strength - 250 {Out of these, President nominates 12 amongst persons

having special knowledge or practical experience in the fields of literature, science, art
and social service}.

Presently, the Parliament, by law, has provided for 233 seats for the States and the
Union Territories. The total membership of Rajya Sabha is thus 245.

All the States and the Union Territories of Delhi and Pondicherry are represented in the
Rajya Sabha.

Representatives of the State are elected by members of State legislative assemblies on

the basis of proportional representation through a single transferable vote.

There are no seats reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Rajya
Sabha.

The candidate must be: (a) Citizen of India. (b) 30 yrs of age. (c ) Be a parliamentary
elector in the State in which he is seeking election. (d) Others as prescribed by
parliament from time-to-time.

The Rajya Sabha MPs are elected for a term of 6 years, as 1/3rd members retire every
2 years.

Vice-President is the ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha. He presides over the

proceedings of the Rajya Sabha as long as he does not act as the President of India
during a vacancy in the office of the President of India.

Also a deputy chairman is elected from its members.

In Rajya Sabha any bill can originate, apart from money bill (including budget).

The New States Created After 1950

Andhra Pradesh

Created by the State of Andhra Pradesh Act, 1953 by carving out some
areas from the State of Madras

Gujarat and
Maharashtra

The State of Bombay was divided into two States, I.e., Maharashtra and
Gujarat by the Bombay (Reorganisation) Act, 1960

Kerala

Created by the State Reorganisation Act, 1956. Te comprised Travancor

and Cochin areas.

Karnataka

Created from the Princely State of Mysore by the State Reorganisation

Act, 1956. It was renamed Karnataka in 1973.

Nagaland

It was carved out from the State of Assam by the State of Nagaland
Act, 1962.

Haryana

It was carved out from the State of Punjab by the Punjab

(Reorganisation) Act, 1966

Himachal
Pradesh

The Union Territory of Himachal Pradesh was elevated to the status of

State by the State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970

Meghalaya

First carved out as a sub-State within the State of Assam by 23rd

Constitutional Amendment, 1969. Later in 1971, it received the status
of a full-fledged State by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act.
1971

Manipur and
Tripura

Both these States were elevated from the status of Union Territories by
the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971.

10 Sikkim

Sikkim was first given the Status of Associate State by the 35th
Constitutional Amendment Act, 1974. It got the status of a full State in
1975 by the 36th Amendment Act, 1975.

11 Mizoram

It was elevated to the Status of a full State by the State of Mizoram

Act, 1986.

12

Arunachal
Pradesh

It received the status of a full State by the State of Arunachal Pradesh

Act, 1986.

13 Goa

Goa was separated from the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu and
was made a full-fledged State by the Goa, Daman and Diu
Reorganisation Act, 1987. But Daman and Diu remained as Union
Territory

14 Chhattisgarh

Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Madhya

Pradesh on November 1, 2000

15 Uttaranchal

Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Uttar

Pradesh on November 9, 2000

16 Jharkhand

Formed by the Constitutional Amendment Act, 2000 by dividing Bihar

on November 15,2000.

Important Constitutional Amendments

First Amendment
Added Ninth Schedule.
1951

Seventh
Amendment
1956

Necessitated on account of reorganisation of States on a linguistic

basis

Eighth
Amendment
1959

Extended special provisions for reservations of seats for SCs, STs and
Anglo-Indian in Lok Sabha and Leg. Assemblies for a period of 10
years from1960 to 1970.

The Ninth
Amendment
1960

Gave effect to transfer certain territories to Pakistan following the

1958 Indo-Pak agreement.

The Tenth
Amendment
1961

Incorporated Dadra & Nagar Haveli as a UT.

Twelfth
Amendment
1962

Incorporated Goa, Daman & Diu as a UT.

Thirteenth
Amendment
1962

Created Nagaland as a State.

Fourteenth
Amendment
1963

Pondicherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam, the former French territories

were included in the I schedules as UT of Pondicherry.

Eighteenth
Amendment
1966

Reorganised Punjab into Punjab, Haryana and UT of Chandigarh.

Twenty first
10 Amendment
1967

Included Sindhi as the Fifteenth Regional language.

Twenty second
11 Amendment
1969

Created a sub-state of Meghalaya with in Assam.

Twenty third
12 Amendment
1969

Extended the reservation of seats for SC/ST and nomination of AngloIndians for a further period of 10 years (till 1980).

Twenty sixth
13 Amendment
1971

Abolished the titles and special privileges of former rulers of princely

states.

Twenty seventh
14 Amendment
1971

Established Manipur and Tripura as States and Mizoram and Arunachal

Pradesh as UTs.

Thirty first
15 Amendment
1973

Increased the elective Strength of LS from 525 to 545. The upper limit
of representatives of States went up from 500 to 525.

Thirty sixth
16 Amendments
1975

Made Sikkim a State

Jurisdiction and Seats of High Courts

High Court
Status:

Each State has a High Court; it is the highest judicial organ of the State.

However, there can be a common High Court like Punjab, Haryana & Union Territory of
Chandigarh.

Presently there are 21 High Courts in India.

Consists of Chief Justice & other such judges as appointed by the President.

The Constitution, unlike in the case of the Supreme Court, does not fix any maximum
number of judges for a High Court. (Allahabad High Court has 37 judges while J & K
High Court has only 5).

A judge of a High Court can be transferred to another High Court without his consent
by the President. In this the Chief Justice of India is also consulted. The opinion
provided by him shall have primacy and is binding on the President.

Appointment of Judges:
The appointment of Chief Justice is made after consultation with the Chief Justice of Supreme
Court & the Governor of the State by the President. In case of appointment of a judge, the
chief justice of the High Court concerned is also consulted in addition to chief Justice of
Supreme Court & Governor of the State concerned.
Qualifications:

Must be a citizen of India

Should have been an advocate of a High Court or of two such Courts in succession for
atleast 10 yrs; or should have held judicial office in India for a period of atleast 10yrs.

Term:
A judge of High Court continues his office till 62 yrs of age. Term can be cut short due to

resignation or removal by the President.

Removal:

The President can remove a judge of High Court only if the Parliament passes the
resolution by a 2/3 majority of its members present & voting in each house.

The conduct of the judges of the High Court cannot be discussed in Parliament, except
on a motion for the removal of a judge.

Jurisdiction Seats High Courts:

Name

Estd.in
the year

Territorial Jurisdiction

Seat

Allahabad

1866

Uttar Pradesh

Allahabad (Bench at Lucknow)

Andhra
Pradesh

1954

Andhra Pradesh

Hyderabad

Mumbai

1862

Maharashtra, Dadra and Nagar

Haveli, Goa, Daman and Diu

Mumbai (Bench at Nagpur, Panaji

and Aurangabad)

Kolkata

1862

West Bengal and Andaman and

Nicobar

Kolkata (Circuit Bench at Port

Blair)

Delhi

1966

Delhi

Delhi

Guwahati

1948

Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya,

Nagaland, Tripura, Mizoram and
Arunachal Pradesh

Guwahati (Bench at Kohima and

Circuit Benches at Imphal,
Agartala & Shillong)

Gujarat

1960

Gujarat

Ahmedabad

Himachal
Pradesh

1971

Himachal Pradesh

Shimla

J&K

1957

J&K

Srinagar and Jammu

Karnataka

1884

Karnataka

Bangalore

Kerala

1956

Kerala and Lakshadweep

Ernakulam

Madhya
Pradesh

1956

Madhya Pradesh

Jabalpur (Benches at Gwalior

and Indore)

Chennai

1862

Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry

Chennai

Orissa

1948

Orissa

Cuttack

Patna

1916

Bihar

Patna

Punjab &
Haryana

1966

Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh Chandigarh

Rajasthan

1950

Rajasthan

Jodhpur (Bench at Jaipur)

Sikkim

1975

Sikkim

Gangtok

Bilaspur

2000

Chhattisgarh

Bilaspur

Nainital

2000

Uttaranchal

Nainital

Ranchi

2000

Jharkhand

Ranchi

Fundamental Rights
Right to Equality

Article 14 Equality before law and equal protection of law

Article 15

Prohibition of discrimination on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place

of birth.

Article 16 Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment.

Article 17 End of untouchability
Article 18 Abolition of titles, Military and academic distinctions are, however, exempted.

Right to Freedom of Religion

Article 25 Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.
Article 26 Freedom to manage religious affairs
Article 27 Prohibits taxes on religious grounds
Article 28

Freedom as to attendance at religious ceremonies in certain educational

institutions

Right Against Exploitation

Article 23

Traffic in human beings prohibited

Article 24

No child below the age of 14 can be employed

Right to Freedom of Religion

Article 25 Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion.
Article 26 Freedom to manage religious affairs
Article 27 Prohibits taxes on religious grounds
Article 28

Freedom as to attendance at religious ceremonies in certain educational

institutions

Cultural and Educational Rights

Article 29

Protection of interests of minorities

Article 30

Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions.

Article 31

Omitted by the 44th Amendment Act.

Right to Constitutional Remedies

Article
32

The right to move the Supreme Court in case of their violation (called Soul and
heart of the Constitution
by DR Ambedkar).

Election Commission (Article 324)

Status:

The Constitution provides for an independent election commission to ensure free and
fair election to the Parliament, the State legislature and the offices of President and
Vice-President.

Consists of Chief Election Commissioner +2 Election Commissioners. They all enjoy

equal powers.

The Chief Election Commissioner is appointed by the President and the other Election
Commissioners are appointed by the President after consultation with the Chief
Election Commissioner. Article 324 also provides for the appointment of Regional
Commissioners at the time of General Elections after consultation with the Election
Commission.

Election Commissioners are appointed for a term of 5yrs.

They are not eligible for re-appointment. Also, they cannot hold any office of profit
after their retirement.

The term of 5yrs can by cut short by resignation or removal by President on

recommendation of the Parliament (Same as that of Judge of the Supreme Court).

Functions:

Preparation of electoral rolls & keeping voters list updated.

Preparation of code of conductor for all political parties.

Recognition of various political parties & allotment of election symbols.

Appointment of election officers to look into disputes concerning election

arrangements.

To examine the returns of election expenses filed by the candidate.

Comptroller Auditor General India CAG

Status:

Appointed by the President.

A person with long administrative experience & knowledge of accounts is appointed.

Holds office for 6 yrs or till 65 yrs of age.

The President can remove him only on the recommendation of the 2 houses of
Parliament (as in case of judge of Supreme Court).

Powers:

He is the guardian of the public purse. His duties are to audit the accounts of the Union
and the States and to ensure that nothing is spent out of the Consolidated Fund of
India or of the States without the sanction of the Parliament or the respective State
Legislature.

He submits an audit report of the Union to the President who shall lay it before the
Parliamentary and the audit reports of the States to the respective Governors who
shall lay it before the respective State Legislature.

In short the CAG acts as the custodian & trustee of public money.

Chief Minister
Status

Real executive head of the Govt at the State level.

The position of Chief Minister at the State level is analogous to the position of the
Prime Minister at the Centre.

Appointed by Governor. Other Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of
the Chief Minister.

If CM resigns. Entire ministry resigns.

Generally, the leader of the majority party is appointed.

A person who is not a member of State Legislature can be appointed, but he has to get
himself elected within 6 months otherwise he is removed.

Presidents of India
1

Dr. Rajendra Prasad

26.01.1950

13.05.1962

Dr. S. Radhakrishnan

13.05.1962

13.05.1967

Dr. Zakir Hussain

13.05.1967

03.05.1969

V.V.Giri (Vice President)#

03.05.1969

20.07.1969

Justice M. Hidayatullah*#

20.07.1969

24.08.1969

V.V. Giri

24.08.1969

24.08.1974

F. Ali Ahmed

24.08.1974

11.02.1977

B.D. Jatti#

11.02.1977

25.07.1977

N. Sanjiva Reddy

25.07.1977

25.07.1982

10

Gaini Jail Singh

25.07.1982

25.07.1987

11

R. Venkataraman

25.07.1987

25.071992

12

Dr.S.D. Sharma

25.07.1992

25.07.1997

13

K.R. Narayanan

25.07.1997

25.07.2002

14

Dr.A.P. J. Abdul Kalam

25.07.2002

Till Date

General Knowledge Science

Common and Chemical Names of Some Compounds

Common Name

Chemical Name

Chemical Formulae

Dry Ice

Solid Carbondioxide

CO2

slaked Lime

Calcium Hydroxide

Ca (OH)2

Bleaching Powder

Calcium Oxychloride

CaOCl2

Nausadar

Ammonium Chloride

NH4Cl

Caustic Soda

Sodium Hydroxide

NaOH

Rock Salt

Sodium Chloride

NaCl

Caustic Potash

Potassium Hydroxide

KOH

Potash Alum

Potassium Aluminium Sulphate

K2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3.24H2O

Epsom

Magnesium Sulphate

MgSO4.7H2O

Quick Lime

Calcium Oxide

CaO

Plaster of Paris

Calcium Sulphate

(CaSO4) H2O

Gypsum

Calcium Sulphate

(CaSO4) .2H2O

Green Vitriol

Ferrous Sulphate

FeSO4.7H2O

Mohr's Salt

Ammonium Ferrous Sulphate

FeSO4 (NH4)2 SO4.6H2O

Blue Vitriol

Copper Sulphate

CuSO4.5H2O

White Vitriol

Zinc Sulphate

ZnSO4.7H2O

Marsh Gas

Methane

CH4

Vinegar

Acetic Acid

CH3COOH

Potash Ash

Potassium Carbonate

K2CO3

Hypo

Sodium Thiosulphate

Na2S2O3.5H2O

Baking Powder

Sodium Bicarbonate

NaHCO3

Washing Soda

Sodium Carbonate

Na2CO3.10H2O

Magnesia

Magnesium Oxide

MgO

Chalk (Marble)

Calcium Carbonate

CaCO3

Lunar Caustic

Silver Nitrate

AgNO3

Laughing Gas

Nitrous Oxide

N2O

Chloroform

Tricholoro Methane

CHCl3

Vermelium

Mercuric Sulphide

HgS

Borax

Borax

Na2B4O7.10H2O

Alcohol

Ethyl Alcohol

C2H5OH

Sugar

Sucrose

C12H22O11

Heavy Water

Duterium Oxide

D2O

Elements Symbols and Atomic Numbers

Name

Symbol

Atomic Number

Hydrogen

Helium

He

Lithium

Li

Beryllium

Be

Boron

Carbon

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Flourine

Neon

Ne

10

Sodium (Natrium)

Na

11

Magnesium

Mg

12

Aluminium

Al

13

Silicon

Si

14

Phosphorous

15

Sulphur

16

Chlorine

Cl

17

Argon

Ar

18

Potassium (Kalium)

19

Calcium

Ca

20

Titanium

Ti

22

Vanadium

23

Chromium

Cr

24

Manganese

Mn

25

Iron (Ferum)

Fe

26

Cobalt

Co

27

Nickel

Ni

28

Copper (Cuprum)

Cu

29

Zinc

Zn

30

Germenium

Ge

32

Bromine

Br

35

Krypton

Kr

36

Different Branches of Science

Branch

Concerning Field

Aeronautics

Science of flight of airplanes

Astronomy

Study of heavenly bodies

Agronomy

Science dealing with crop plants

angiology

Deals with the study of blood vascular system

Anthology

Study of flowers

Anthropology

Study of apes and man

Apiculture

Honey industry (Bee Keeping)

Araneology

Study of spiders

Batracology

Study of frogs

Biochemistry

Deals with the study of chemical reactions in relation to life activities

Biotechnology

Deals with the use of micro-organism in commercial processes for producing

fine chemicals such as drugs, vaccines, hormones, etc, on a large scale

Cardiology

Study of heart

Craniology

Study of skulls

Cryptography

Study of secret writing

Cryogenics

Study concerning with the application and uses of very low temperature

Cytology

Study of cells

Dermatology

Study of skin

Ecology

The study of relationship between organisms and environment

Entomology

Study of insects

Etiology

Study of cause of disease

Eugenics

Study of improvement of human race by applying laws of heredity. It is

related with future generations

Evolution

Deals with the study of origin of new from old

Exbiology

Deals with life or possibilities of life beyond the earth

Floriculture

Study of flower yielding plants

Geology

Study of condition and structure of the earth

Genetics

Study of heredity and variations

Gerontology

Study of growing old

Gynaecology

Study of female reproductive organ

Horticulture

Study of garden cultivation

Haematology

Study of blood

Hepatology

Study of liver

Human Endocrine System

Gland

Hormone

Functions

Hypothalamus

Releasing and inhibiting

hormones and factors
Posterior pituitary hormones
produced here

Control of another pituitary hormones

Posterior
pituitary gland

Receives hormones from

hypothalamus no hormones
synthesised here
stores and secretes the
following:
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
(vasopressin)

Ejection of milk from mammary gland,

contraction of uterus during birth
Reduction of urine secretion by kidney

Anterior
pituitary gland

Follicle stimulating hormone

(FSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH)
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
(ACTH or corticotrophin)
Growth hormone (GH)

In male, stimulate spermatogenesis

In female, growth of ovarian follicles
In male testosterone secretion
In female secretion of oestrogen and
progesterone, ovulation and maintenance
of corpus luteum
Stimulates milk production and secretion
Synthesis and secretion of thyroid
hormones growth of thyroid glands.
Synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortex
hormones growth of gland
Protein synthesis, growth, especially of
bone of limbs

Parathyroid
gland

Parathormone

Increases blood calcium level

Decreases blood phosphate level

Thyroid gland

Triiodothyronine (T3)and
thyroxine (T4)
Calcitonin

Regulation of basal metabolic rate,

growth and development
Decreases blood calcium level

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Protein breakdown, glucose/glycogen

synthesis,adaptation to stress, antiinflammatory/allergy effects
Na+ retention in kidney, Na+ and K+
ratios in extracellular and intracellular
fluids, raises blood pressure

Adrenaline (epinephrine)
Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

Increase rate and force of heartbeat,

constriction of skin and gut capillaries
Dilation of arterioles of heart and skeletal
muscles, raising blood glucose level
General constriction of small arteries,
raising of blood pressure

Islets of
Langerhans

Insulin (beta cells)

Glucagon (alpha cells)

Decreases blood glucose level, increases

glucose and amino acid uptake and
utilisation by cells
Increases blood glucose level, breakdown
of glucogen to glucose in liver

stomach
Duodenum

Gastrin
Secretin
Cholecystokinin (Pancreozymin)

Adrenal cortex

Adrenal medulla

Secretion of gastric juices

Secretion of pancreatic juice
Inhibits gastric secretion
Emptying of gall bladder and release of

Medical Inventions and Discoveries

SNo

Name

Medical Inventions

Ronald Rose

Malaria Parasite

Salk, Jonas E.

Anti-polio Vaccine

Simpson and Harrison

Chloroform

Waksman

Streptomycin

Banting

Insulin ( as a palliative for diabetes)

Barnard, Christian

Replacing the human heart

Brahmachari, U.N.

Cure of Kala-a-zar fever

Davy

Isolation of metals by electricity; studied properties of

chlorine

Domagk

Sulpha drugs as bactericides

10

Eijkman

Cause of Beri-Beri

11

Finsen

Discovered curative effect of ultra violet rays; photography

12

Fleming, Alexander

Penicillin (in 1929)

13

Harvey

Circulation of blood

14

Hahnemann

Homoeopathy (founder)

15

Hopkins, Frederick
Gowland

Vitamin D

16

Jenner

Smallpox Vaccination

17

Koch

Tubercle Bacillus

18

Lainnec

Stethoscope

19

Lister, Lord

Antiseptic treatment

20

Pasteur, Louis

Treatment of rabies; cure of hydrophobia

Milestones in Medicine

SNo

Discovery / Invention

Year

Discoverer / Inventor

Country

Adrenaline

1894

Schafer and Oliver

Britain

Anesthesia, Local

1885

Koller

Austria

Anesthesia, Spinal

1898

Bier

Germany

Anti-toxins (Science of
Immunity)

1890

Behring and Kitasato

Germany, Japan

Aspirin

1889

Dreser

Germany

Ayurveda

2000-1000
BC

Bacteria

1683

Leeuwenhock

Netherlands

Bacteriology

1872

Ferdinand Cohn

Germany

Biochemistry

1648

Jan Baptista Van

Helmont

Belgium

10

Blood Plasma storage (Blood

bank)

1940

Drew

U.S.A

11

Blood Transfusion

1625

Jean-Baptiste Denys

France

12

Cardiac Pacemaker

1932

A.S Hyman

U.S.A

13

CAT Scanner

1968

Godfrey Hounsfield

Britain

14

Chemotherapy

1493-1541

Paracelsus

Switzerland

15

Chloroform as anaesthetic

1847

James Simpson

Britain

16

Chloromycetin

1947

Burkholder

U.S.A

17

Cholera T.B germs

1877

Robert Koch

Germany

18

Circulation of blood

1628

William Harvey

Britain

19

Cryo-Surgery

1953

Henry Swan

U.S.A

20

Diphtheria germs

1883-84

Klebs and Loffler

Germany

21

Electro-Cardiograph

1903

Willem Einthoven

Netherlands

22

Electro-encephalogram

1929

Hand Berger

Germany

23

Embryology

1792-1896

Kari Ernest Van Baer

Estonia

24

Endocrinology

1902

Bayliss and Starling

Britain

25

First Test Tube Baby

1978

Steptoe and Edwards

Britain

26

Gene Therapy on humans

1980

Martin Clive

U.S.A

27

Genes associated with cancer 1982

Robert Weinberg and

others

U.S.A

28

Heart Transplant Surgery

1967

Christian Barnard

S. Africa

29

Histology

1771-1802

Marie Bichat

France

30

Hypodermic syringe

1853

Alexander wood

Britain

India

National Laboratories and Research Institutions

SNo

Name

Place

Central Building Research Institute

Roorkee, Uttaranchal

Central Drug Research Institute

Lucknow, U.P

Central Electro-Chemical Research

Institute

Karaikudi, T.N

Central Electronics Engineering

research institute

Pilani, Rajasthan

Central Food Technological Research

Institute

Mysore, Karnataka

Central Fuel Research Institute

Dhanbad, Jharkhand

Central Glass and Ceramic Research

Institute

Jadhavpur, W.B

Central Institute of Medicinal and

Aromatic Plants

Lucknow, U.P

Central Leather Research Institute

Chennai, T.N

10

Central Mechanical Engineering

Research Institute

Durgapur, W.B

11

Central Mining Research Station

Dhanbad, Jharkhand

12

Central Road Research Institute

New Delhi, Delhi

13

Central Salt and Marine Chemical

Research Institute

Bhavnagar, Gujarat

14

Central Scientific Instruments

Organisation

Chandigarh, Chandigarh

15

Indian Institute of Chemical Biology

Kolkatta, W.B

16

Indian Institute of Petroleum

Dehradun, Uttaranchal

17

Industrial Texicology Central Centre

Lucknow, U.P

18

National Aeronautical Laboratory

Bangalore, Karnataka

19

National Botanical Research Institute Lucknow, U.P

20

National Chemical Laboratory

Pune, Maharashtra

21

National Environment Engineering

Institute

Napery, Maharashtra

22

National Geophysical Research

Institute

Hyderabad, A.P

23

National Institute of Oceanography

Panjim, Goa

24

Bose Research Institute

Kolkata, W.B

25

National Metallurgical Laboratory

Jamshedpur, Jharkhand

26

National Physical Laboratory

New Delhi, Delhi

Bhubaneshwer, Orissa; Jorhat, Assam; Jammu, J

Some Important Alloys

Name

Composition

Use

Brass

Cu(60% to 80%), Zn (40 to 20%)

For making household utencils

Bronze

Cu (75 to 90%), Sn (25 to 10%)

For making coins, idols, utencils

German Silver Cu (60%), Zn (25%), Ni (15%)

For making utencils

Magnelium

Mg (5%), Al (95%)

For making aircraft frame

Rolled Gold

Cu(90%), Ni (10%)

For making cheap ornaments

Monel metal

Cu (70%), Ni (30%)

For making alkali resistant

containers

Bell metals

Cu (80%), Sn (20%)

For making bells

Gun metal

Cu (85%), Zn (10%), Sn(5%)

Used for engineering purpose

Solder

Sn(50-75%), Pb (50-25%)

Soldering of metals

Duralium

Al (95%), Cu (4%), Mg (0.5%), Mn

(0.5%)

In aircraft manufacturing

Steel

Fe (98%), C (2%)

For making nails, screws, bridges

Stainless
Steel

Fe (82%) Cr, Ni (18%)

for making cooking utencils, knives

Some Important Facts of Human Body

Length of alimentary canal

Approximately 8 meters

BMR (Basal metabolic rate)

1600 K.cal/day

Number calls in body

75 trillion

Longest bone

Femur (thigh bone)

Smallest bone

Ear ossicle, stapes

Weight of brain

1400 gms

Blood volume

6.8 litres (in 70 kg body)

Normal B.P

120/80 mm Hg

Number of R.B.C

(a) In male: 4.5-5.0 million/cubic mm

(b) In female: 4.0-4.5 million/cubic mm

Life span of R.B.C

120 days

Normal W.B.C count

5000-10000/cubic mm

Life span of W.B.C

3-4 days

D.L.C (Differential leucocyte count)

(a) Basophils-0.5-1%
(b) Eosinophils-1-3%
(c) Monocytes-3-8%
(d) Neutrophils-40-70%
(e) Lymphocytes-2-25%

Blood platelets count

2,00,000-4,00,000/cubic mm

Haemoglobin

(a) In male: 14-15.6 gm/100 c.c of blood

(b) In female: 11-14 gm/100 c.c of blood

Hb content in body

500-700 gm

Universal blood donor

O Rh-ve

Universal blood recipient

AB

Blood clotting time

2-5 minutes

Average body weight

70 kg

Normal body temperature

98.4.F or 37.C

Breathing rate

16-20 minutes

Dental formula

adult:2123/2123=32
child: 2120/2120=22 milk teeth

Number of cranial nerves

12 pairs

Number of spinal nerves

31 pairs

Largest endocrine gland

Thyroid

Gestation period

9 months (253-266 days)

Normal heart beat

72-75/ minutes

Largest gland

Liver

Units of Measurement

Ampere

Electric current

Angstrom

Wave-length and also lengths of atomic dimensions

Bar

Atmospheric pressure

Becquerel

Radioactivity

Bel

Intensity of Sound

Calorie

Quantity of Heat

Candela

Luminous intensity

Candle power

Illuminating power of source of light

Celsius (Centigrade)

Temperature

Coulomb

Electric Charge

Decibel

Intensity of sound (1/10th of Bel)

Dyne

Force

Electron-volt

Energy

Erg

Work or Energy

Fahrenheit

Temperature

Farad

Electric Capacitance

Faraday

Electric Charge

Fathom

Depth of water

Foot Candle

Brightness

Gauss

Magnetic Induction

Henry

Inductance

Hertz

Frequency

Horse-power

Power

Joule

Work or Energy

Kelvin

Thermodynamic temperature

Kilogram

Mass

Knot

Speed of Ship and Aircraft

Lambert

Brightness

Light Year

Stellar Distance

Lumen

Luminous flux

Maxwell

Magnetic flux

Metre

Length

Mole

Amount of Substance

Well Known Indian Scientists

Aryabhatta: He lived between 476 and 520 A.D. He was a great mathematician and an
astronomer. His contributions include about the movement of earth around the Sun,
determination of various physical parameters of various celestial bodies, such as diameter of
Earth and Moon. He laid foundations of algebra and pointed out the importance of zero. The
first Indian satellite was named after him.
Bhagavantam: His contribution to radio astronomy and cosmic rays in noteworthy. An associate
of Sir C.V.Raman, Dr.S.Bhagavantam was scientific adviser in the Ministry of Defence and
Director General of Defence Research Development Organisation.
Bhaskaracharya: Born in 1114 A.D., bhaskaracharya was a great Hindu mathematician and
Astronomer. His work 'Sidhanta Siromain' consists of two parts of mathematics and two parts
of astronomy. He had a foresight on the modern theory of conventions.
S.S. Bhatnagar: A great Indian Scientist who lived between 1895 and 1955. He was the first
Director General of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Under his directorship, many
research laboratories were established throughout India.
J.C.Bose: He was an eminent Physicist and Botanist. He founded Bose Research Institute,
Calcutta. He invented Crescograph and lived between 1858 and 1937.
S.N. Bose: He became well-known when he expounded the Bose Einstein theory which deals with
the detection of a group of nuclear particles - named after him 'Boson'. His contribution to
Planck's Law is laudable. He died in 1974.
Dr. S.Chandrasekhar: An Indian-born American, who won Nobel Prize for Physics in 1983. He is
an Astrophysicist. His theory of Stellar Evolution - the birth and death of stars is 35 years old.
His first discovery was laughed at. After three decades, it was recognised and today he is a
Nobel Laureate. According to his theory, the old stars just collapse and disappear in the light of
denser stars of low light popularly called Chandrasekhar Limit.
Charaka: He lived between 80 and 180 A.D. He was a court physician of King Kanishka. His
writings on Hindu Medicine are invaluable
Dhanvantri: He was a great physician during the period of Chandragupta Vikramaditya. His
period was between 375 and 413 A.D.
Hargobind Khorana: He created an artificial gene and deciphered genetic code. He was awarded
Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1968.
Homi J.Bhaba: He largely contributed to the development of Atomic Physics and he was
primarily responsible for setting up of Nuclear reactors in India. He published important papers
on Quantum Theory, Cosmic Rays, Structure of atom, etc. He was the first Chairman of Atomic
Energy Commission. He died in a plane crash in 1966 over Alps.
Joshi: Prof. S.S.Joshi's works on physical and chemical reaction under electrical discharge on
active nitrogen, colloids, hydrogen peroxide are noteworthy
Nagarjuna: A great Buddhist Philosopher and Chemist. He mentioned about crecibles,
sublimation, colouring process etc. His works are still available in China and Tibet. His theory

on extraction of copper and metallic oxides are mention-worthy.

Nag Chowdhury B.D: An eminent Indian Nuclear Physicist known all over the world.
Narlikar: J.V.Narlikar was the co-author of Hoyle-Narlikar theory of continuous creation which
supplies missing links in Einstein's theory of Relativity. Hoyle and Narlikar have shown that the
gravitation is always attractive and there is no gravitational repulsions.
Raja Ramanna: A great nuclear scientist, who was instrumental to stage India's first Nuclear
explosion at Pokharan range in 1974.
Sir C.V. Raman: First Indian Scientist to receive Nobel prize for physics in 1929 for his invention
'Raman Effect'. His study of crystal structure is of unique importance. He founded Raman
Research Institute at Bangalore.
Sir C.P.Roy: Author of 'Hindu Chemistry'. He founded Indian Chemical Society and Bengal
Chemical and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. He has done good work on nitrous acid and its salts. He
lived between 1861- 1944 AD.
Prof. V.Ramachandra Rao: Direction of Indian Scientific Satellite Project (ISSP) at Peenya near
Bangalore
Saha Dr.Maghnad: Late Palit Prof.of Physics, University College of Scientific and Technology,
Calcutta University well-known for his researches in nuclear physics, cosmic rays, spectrum
analysis and other branches of theoretical physics. He lived from 1893 to 1956.
Srinivas Ramanujam: A mathematical wizard, contributed much to number theory, theory of
partitions and theory of continuous fractions. He lived between 1887 to 1920 AD. His birth
centenary was celebrated in 1987.
Satish Dhavan: He was chairman of Indian Space Research Organisation. He was instrumental to
take India into space age by launching Aryabhatta in 1975.
Susruta: A fourth century Hindu Surgeon and Physician. He had written an important book on
medicine and on medical properties of garlic.
Varahamihira: An Indian astronomer and astrologer of 6th Century A.D. He was a
mathematician and philosopher. He was one of the nine gems of Vikramaditya.

General Knowledge Sports

Sports

Field

Person

The first Indian woman to swim across the English Channel

Miss. Arati Shah

The first Indian to win world Billiards Trophy

Wilson Jones

The first to cross the Damelles by swimming

Mihir Sen

The first to conquer Everest

Sherpa Tenzing (1953)

The first to sail round the world

Megellan

The first person to win Wimbledon title five times

Bjorn Borg

The first woman who conquered Everest

Jungo Table (Japan)

The first person to reach North Pole

Robert Peary

First woman Olympic Medallist (Weight Lifting)

Karnam Malleswari (2000)

The first person to reach South Pole

Amundsen

The first Indian to win All England Badminton Championship

Prakash Padukone

The first Indian woman to conquer Everest

Bichendri Pal

The first an to climb Everest twice

Nawang Gombu

The first person to complete solo walk to magnetic North pole David Hempleman Adam (UK)
The first woman to reach North pole

Ann Bancroft

The first woman to sail non stop around the world alone

Kaycottee

The first deaf & dumb to cross the strait of Gibraltar

Taranath Shenoy (India)

The first woman to climb Mt. Everest twice

Santosh Yadav (India)

The first black player to win the Wimbledon men's singles title Arthur Ashe (US)
The first person to win the Palk Strait ocean swimming
contest

Baidyanath

World Athletics Records Men

S.No

Athlete Name

Nation

Event

Time

Place

Date

Tim Montgomery

USA

100m

9.78

Paris

9/14/2002

Michael Johnson

USA

200m

19.32

Atlanta, Ga

1/8/1996

Michael Johnson

USA

400m

43.18

Sevilla

8/26/1999

Wilson Kipketer

DEN

800m

01:41.1 Koln

8/24/1997

Hicham El
Guerrouj

MAR

1500m

03:26.0 Roma

7/14/1998

Kenenisa Bekele

ETH

5000m

12:37.4 Hengelo

5/31/2004

Kenenisa Bekele

ETH

10,000m

26.20.3

8/6/2004

Saif Saaeed
Shaheen

QAT

3000m Steeple
Chase

07:53.6 Bruxelles

3/9/2004

Colin Jackson

GBR

110m Hurdles

12.91

Stuttgart

8/20/1993

10

Xiang Liu

CHN

110m Hurdles

12.91

Athina

8/27/2004

11

Kevin Young

USA

400m Hurdles

46.78

Barcelona

6/8/1992

12

Javier Sotomayor

CUB

High Jump

2.45

Salamanca

7/27/1993

13

Sergey Bubka

UKR

Pole Vault

6.14

Sestriere

7/31/1994

14

Mike Powell

USA

Long Jump

8.95

Tokyo

8/30/1991

15

Jonathan Edwards GBR

Triple Jump

18.29

Goteborg

7/8/1996

16

Randy Barnes

USA

Short Put

23.12

Westwood

5/20/1990

18

Jurgen Schult

GDR

Discus

74.08

Neubranden
Burg

6/6/1986

19

Yuriy Sedykh

RUS

Hammer

86.74

Stuttgart

8/30/1986

20

Jan Zelezny

CZE

Javelin

98.48

Jena

5/25/1996

21

Roman Sebrle

CZE

Decathlon

9026

Gotzis

5/27/2001

22

Bernardo Segura

MEX

20 km Race
Walking

17:25.6 Bergen

7/5/1994

23

Thierry Toutain

FRA

50 km Race
Walking

40:57.9 Hericourt

9/29/1996

24

Paul Tergat

KEN

Marathon

2:04:55 Berlin

9/28/2003

Ostrava

World Athletics Records Women

S.No

Athlete Name

Nation

Event

Time

Place

Date

Florence G.Joyner USA

100M

10.49

Indianapolis

7/16/1988

Florence G.Joyner USA

200M

21.34

Seoul

9/29/1988

Marita Koch

GDR

400M

47.6

Canberra

6/10/1985

Jarmila
Kratochvilova

TCH

800M

01:53.3 Munchen

7/26/1983

Yunxia Qu

CHN

1500M

03:50.5 Beijing

11/9/1993

Elvan
Abeylegesse

TUR

5000M

14:24.7 Bergen

11/6/2004

Junxia Wang

CHN

10,000M

29:31.8 Beijing

8/9/1993

Gulnara Samitova RUS

3000M
STEEPLECHASE

09:01.6 Iraklio

4/7/2004

Yordanka
Donkova

BUL

100M HURDLES

12.21

Stara Zagora

8/20/1988

10

Yuliya Pechenkina RUS

400M HURDLES

52.34

Tula

8/8/2003

11

Stefka
Kostadinova

HIGH JUMP

2.09

Roma

8/30/1987

12

Yelena Isinbayeva RUS

POLE VAULT

4.92

Bruxelles

3/9/2004

13

Galina
Chistyakova

URS

LONG JUMP

752

Leningrad

11/6/1988

14

Inessa Kravets

UKR

TRIPLE JUMP

15.5

Goteborg

10/8/1995

15

Natalya
Lisovskaya

URS

SHOT PUT

22.63

Moskva

7/6/1987

16

Gabriele Reinsch

GDR

DISCUS

76.8

Neubran
denburg

9/7/1988

17

Mihaela Melinte

ROM

HAMMER

76.07

Rudlingen

8/29/1999

18

Osleidys
Menendez

CUB

JAVELIN

71.54

Rethimno

1/7/2001

19

Jackie JoynerKersee

USA

HEPTATHLON

7291

Seoul

9/24/1988

20

Nadezhda
Ryashkina

URS

10 KM RACE
WALKING

41:56.2 Seattle, WA

7/24/1990

21

Olimpiada
Ivanova

RUS

20KM WALK

26:52.3 Brisbane

6/9/2001

BUL