IN HA HC

1. Phn ng oxy ha kh
2. Cn bng phn ng oxy ha Kh
3. Th in cc
4. Nguyn t Gavani
5. S in phn
6. nh lut Faraday1

1.Phn ng oxy ha kh v cp oxi ha kh lin hp

1.1 Phn ng oxy ha kh

S oxy
ha

PHN NG TRAO I ELECTRON

Nhng e =
s oxy ha

Nhn e =
S kh

S kh
(s oxy
ha
gim)

S oxy
ha (s
oxy ha
tng)

Phn ng oxy ha kh
Phn ng oxy ha kh
PHN NG TRAO I ELECTRON

Mt s thut ng thng dng:

S oxy ha nhng electron
tng s oxy ha
S kh nhn electron
gim s oxy ha
Cht oxy ha nhn electron
Cht kh nhng electron

Phn ng oxy ha kh
Phn ng oxy ha kh

1.2 Cn bng phn ng

Cu (s) + Ag+ (aq)

Cu2+ (aq) + Ag (s)

Bc 1: Xc nh bn phn ng oxi ha v kh:

RED: Ag+ + e Ag
OX: Cu Cu2+ + 2e
Bc 2:Cn bng cc bn phng trnh

Bc 3:

Cu Cu2+ + 2e
2 Ag+ + 2 e 2 Ag

Bc 4:Cu (s) + 2 Ag+ (aq)

Cu2+ (aq) + 2Ag (s)

1.3 in cc
in cc: l mt h gm mt thanh dn in ( kim loi
hoc phi kim nh than ch) tip xc vi dung dch
cha mt cp oxi ha kh lin hp.
V d: Khi nhng
mt thanh dn in
vo dd cht in ly
ta c mt in
cc

Cc loi in cc ph bin

- in cc kim lai ion kim loi (in cc tan)

- in cc kh ion
- in cc kim loi anion mui khng tan
- in cc tr

3.1 in cc kim lai ion kim lai (in cc tan)

Gm mt kim lai
tip xc vi ion ca
n trong dung dch
in cc thng c k
hiu tt M ( r) | Mn+ (dd)

V d: in cc ng
Cu (r) | Cu2+
Qu trnh xy ra Cu -2e Cu2+

3.2 in cc kh ion
Cht kh tip xc vi cation ca n
H+ (dd) | H2(k) | Pt (r)
Qu trnh xy ra
2H+ (dd) + 2e H2(k)
Nu p sut kh H2 bng 1
atm, a H+=1M, nhit 250C ta
c in cc tiu chun hydro
(E=0)

3.3 in cc kim lai anion mui khng tan ca kloi

Kim loi tip xc

vi mui khng tan
ca n ng thi
tip xc vi dung
dch cha mui tan
cng anion.
I-(dd) | AgI(r ) |Ag (r )

AgI (r ) + 1e Ag (r) + I- (dd)

3.4. in cc tr
Gm mt thanh kim loi tr (nh Pt) tip xc vi hai dd cht c trng
thi oxy ha kh khc nhau ( v d dd cha hn hp 2 mui Fe2+, Fe3+)

Fe3+,Fe2+(dd)|Pt(r )

Fe2+ - 1e Fe3+

4. Pin in (Nguyn t Ganvani)

L mt h gm 2 in cc ghp ni vi nhau thnh mt mch kn

(-) Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq) || Cu2+(aq) | Cu(s) (+) Ecell = 1.103 V

Cch biu din nguyn t Ganvani

Anot l in cc xy ra qu trnh oxi ha
Zn (r ) - 2e
Zn2+
Catot l in cc xy ra qu trnh kh
Cu2+ + 2e Cu
Cch biu din nguyn t Ganvani
Dng k hiu | ch s phn cch gia hai pha; cc cht
trong cng mt pha dng du phy (, );dng | | ch
cu mui; anot c vit bn tri, catot c vit bn
phi

(-) Zn(r) | Zn2+ (dd) || Cu2+(dd) | Cu(r) (+)

5. Th in cc
5.1 Th in cc tiu chun
Th in cc tiu chun ca mt cp oxy ho -kh l sc
in ng ca mt pin to bi in cc chun ca cp oxy
ho - kh vi in cc hidro chun

Th in cc tiu chun
Th in cc hydro tiu chun c biu th
Pt(r)| H2 (k, 1atm)| H+ (1M) khi l anot
H+ (1M) | H2 (k, 1atm)| Pt(r) khi l catot
E02H+/H2= 0
Hin nay ngi ta thng dng in cc calomen lm
in cc so snh thay cho in cc hydro.in cc ny
ch to t kim loi thy ngn trn calomen Hg2Cl2 trong
dung dch KCl
Hg2Cl2 (r ) + 1e Hg ( l) + Cl- (dd)
So vi in cc tiu chun hydro th in cc chun
ca in cc calomen bng + 0, 2680V

Bng th in cc tiu chun 250C

Bn phn ng kh

Kh ha yu

Oxi ha mnh

Kh ha mnh

Oxi ha yu

5.2 ngha ca th in cc kh tiu chun

1) So snh mnh cc cht oxy ho v mnh cc cht kh.

Th in cc kh cng ln th tnh oxi ha ca dng oxi

ha cng mnh, tnh kh ca dng lin hp cng yu
V d:
Fe3+ + e
Fe2+ E0 = + 0,71V
Cu2+ + 2e Cu0
E0 = + 0,337V
Tnh oxi ha ca Fe3+ mnh hn Cu2+, tnh kh ca ca
ng kim loi ln hn tnh kh ca Fe2+

2) Tnh c sc in ng ca mt pin
V d:

Tnh s sinh ra bi pin c phn ng :

Ag++ Cr2+ Ag(r ) + Cr3+
gi thit hot cc ion 1M
Gii : anot: Cr2+ - 1e Cr3+
E0 = + 0,41V
catot Ag+ + 1e Ag
E0 = + 0,80V
Ag++ Cr2+ Ag(r ) + Cr3+

E0 = +1,21V

Hay: E0 = + 0,80 (- 0,41) = + 1,21

E = Th kh ca in cc dng - th kh ca in cc m

= E(+) E(-) = Echt oh Echt kh

3. D on kh nng din bin ca mt phn ng

oxy ho kh
V d: Phn ng sau c xy ra khng nu tt c cc cht k
chun:
Fe3+ + Cu Fe2+ + Cu2+
Gii
Fe3+ + 1e Fe2+
E0 = + 0,771 V
Cu - 2e
Cu2+
E0 = - 0,337 V
2Fe3+ + Cu 2 Fe2+ + Cu2+ E0 = +0,434 V
V phn ng c E0 dng nn phn ng t xy ra
Dng oxi ha ca cp c th in cc kh ln
hn c kh nng nhn electron ca dng kh ca cp
c th kh nh hn

6. Phng trnh Nernst

S ph thuc ca th in cc cng nh sc in ng ca mt pin
c th hin bng phng trnh Nernst

0,0592
lg Q
E= E n
0

Trong :
E0: Th in cc tiu chun

n: S e trao i
Q: Biu thc nh lut tc dng khi lng

C phn ng a A + b B = eE + gG
Nu xy ra trong dd long , ta c h thc
G = G0 +RTln

CeECgG

= G0 +RTln Q

CAaCBb

Mt khc ta c G = -nFE
Do ta c th suy ra : nFE = nFE0 - RT lnQ

nhit thng E = E0 (0,0592 /n) lg Q

Trong
2,303.R.T/F = (2,303 x 8,314 x 298)/96500= 0,0592
v n l s e tham gia phn ng

V d:
p dng phng trnh Nernst tnh Ecell.
Pt|Fe2+(0.10 M),Fe3+(0.20 M)||Ag+(1.0 M)|Ag(s)

V d:
0.0592
Ecell = Ecell lg Q
n
0.0592
Ecell = Ecell n

[Fe3+]
lg
[Fe2+] [Ag+]

Thay vo: E0 = 0,800-0,771= 0,029V

Ecell = 0.029 V 0.018 V = 0.011 V
Pt|Fe2+(0.10 M),Fe3+(0.20 M)||Ag+(1.0 M)|Ag(s)
Fe2+(aq) + Ag+(aq) Fe3+(aq) + Ag (s)

 Neu phan ng co ket tua tao ra hay co moi trng phan ng th

phai tnh lai E0 cua cac cap oxi hoa kh.

V du1: Xet chieu phan ng:
2Cu2+ + 4I- 2CuI + I2
Biet:

E20I / I 0,54V ; TCuI 1012

0
ECu
0,17V
2
/ Cu
Va nong o cac dang 1M

HD: Qua trnh oxi hoa :

I2 + 2e 2IQua trnh kh:
Cu2+ + I- + 1e CuI

EI

ECu 2 , I / CuI E

/ 2I

0'
Cu 2 , I / CuI

0
I2 / 2I

0,059
[I 2 ]

lg 2
2
[I ]
2

0,059 lg[Cu ][I ]

Tnh E0Cu2+, I-/CuI : Cu2+ + 1e Cu+ va TCuI = [Cu+][I-]

2
[
Cu
]
0
ECu 2 / Cu E 2 0,059 lg
Cu / Cu
[Cu ]
2

[Cu ][I ]
0
ECu 2 / Cu 0,059 lg
TCuI

1
E
0,059 lg
0,059 lg[Cu 2 ][ I ]
TCuI
1
0'
0
ECu 2 , I / CuI ECu 2 / Cu 0,059 lg
TCuI
0
Cu 2 / Cu

1
0,17 0,059 lg 12 0,878V
10
0
0
E 0 ECu

E
0,878 0,54 0,338V
2
, I / CuI
I / 2I
2

 V du 2: Xet chieu phan ng:

AsO43- + 2I- + 2H+ AsO33- + I2 + H2O

pH = 0 va pH = 8 ? Biet :
Va nong o cac dang bang 1M

0
AsO43 / AsO33

0
I2 / 2I

0,57V

0,54V

HD: AsO43- + 2e + 2H+ AsO33- + H2O

3
4

0,059 AsO H
E AsO3 / AsO3 E

lg
3
4
3
2
AsO3
Neu pH=0 => [H+] = 1M va [cac dang] = 1M
0
AsO43 / AsO33

E AsO3 / AsO3 E
4

0
AsO43 / AsO33

E = 0,57 0,54 = 0,03 > 0 (chieu thuan)

 Neu pH = 8 => [H+] = 10-8M va [cac dang] = 1M

E AsO3 / AsO3 E
4

0
AsO43 / AsO33

0,059
8 2

lg(10 ) 0,098V
2

E = 0,098 0,54 = -0,442 < 0

Phan ng theo chieu nghch
AsO33- + I2 + H2O AsO43- + 2I- + 2H+

Hang so can bang cua phan ng oxi hoa-kh

E .n n( E E )
lg K

0,059
0,059
n: so e trao oi
0

0
oxh

0
kh

V du: Tnh hang so can bang va cho biet chieu cua phan ng:
2Fe3 Cu0 Cu2 2Fe2
0
0
n( Eoxh
Ekh
) 2(0,77 0,34 )
lg K

14 ,58
0,059
0,059

K = 1014,58 >> 1 => chieu thun

7. S in phn v nh lut Faraday

e-

e-

Zn

Cu
1.0 M
Zn+2
Anode

1.0 M
Cu+2
Cathode

7.1 nh ngha in phn

in phn l qu trnh oxi ha- kh xy ra trn
cc in cc khi c dng in 1 chiu i qua cht
in ly trng thi nng chy hoc dung dch
Lu : Theo qui c in cc, c qt oxi ha
(nhng e) l anot, cn in cc m ti xy ra
qt kh (nhn e) l catot
+ Trong pin anot l cc m, catot l cc dng
+ Trong in phn catot l cc m, anot l cc
dng

7.2. Th phn gii-Qu th

1) Th phn gii: Th hiu ti thiu ca dng in mt chiu t
vo hai in cc ca bnh in phn gy nn s in phn
Th phn gii ca mt cht in ly bng th phn gii ca cation
v th phn gii ca anion, tc l bng sc in ng ca pin
tng ng
V d Th phn gii ca dd CuCl2 v ZnCl2 trong dd 1M l
Dd CuCl2: E0=E02Cl-/Cl2- E0Cu2+/Cu= 1,36-(+0,34) = 1,02V

Dd ZnCl2: E0=E02Cl-/Cl2- E0

Zn2+/Zn=

1,36-(-0,76)= 2,12V

2.Qu th
Qu th l hin tng khi t vo in cc mt
hiu in th bng th in cc nhng khng xy
ra qu trnh in phn m cn mt hiu in th
cao hn
V d nh cc ion Fe2+, H+, Ni2+, Co2+

7.2 nh lut Faraday

nh lut 1:Khi lng cht thot ra t l vi in lng qua bnh
in phn
m= kQ
Trong k l ng lng in ha v gi tr n bng khi
lng cht thot ra in cc khi c mt n v in lng i qua
bnh in phn
Q l in lng c th tnh bng n v Faraday (F),
1F= 96.500 C = 26,8 A.h
nh lut 2: Nhng in lng nh nhau i qua bnh in phn
lm thot ra cng mt s ng lng gam cht
C 1 F in lng i qua bnh in phn thot ra 1 ng lng
gam cht bt k
Thay Q=I.t v = A/n th biu thc ton hc ca nh lut l
m= (A.I.t)/(n.F)
Al n.t.g; I cng dng in (Ampe); t l thi gian(giy),
F= 96500 C

Q = It
e-

e-

Pin
>1.10V

Zn

Cu
1.0 M
Zn+2
Cathode

1.0 M
Cu+2
Anode

Mt s ngun in ha thng dng

Pin

Acqui
S in phn

Mt s ngun in ha thng dng

Pin

Mt s ngun in ha thng dng

Acqui

Acqui ch gm hai tm ch khot nhiu l cha PbO nhng trong

dung dch H2SO4 nng 25% 30% , lc ny xy ra phn ng:
PbO + H2SO4 = PbSO4 + H2O
Khi np in (sc):
Cc (+) : PbSO4 - 2e- + 2H2O = PbO2 + SO42- + 4H+
Cc (-) : PbSO4 + 2e= Pb + SO42Nh th trong c acqui xy ra phn ng:
2PbSO4 + 2H2O = Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4
v PbSO4 cc m bin thnh ch hot ng, cc dng bin
thnh PbO2.
Khi acqui hot ng s xy ra qu trnh phng in:
Cc (-) : Pb - 2e- + SO42- PbSO4
Cc (+) : PbO2 + 2e- + 4H+ + SO42- PbSO4 + 2H2O
Nh th trong c acqui xy ra phn ng:
Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4 = 2PbSO4 + 2H2O

. Mt s ngun in ha thng dng

S in phn

HA KEO

Ni dung:
- Dung dch keo
- Cu to ht keo
- Tnh cht ca dung dch keo
- S ong t ca ht keo
- ng dng ca dung dch keo

1. Dung dch keo

- Dung dch co pha phan tan co kch thc t 10 7-109m
c goi la dung dch keo.
- Cac hat cua pha phan tan c goi la hat keo.
- Do kch thc cua pha phan tan rat nho nen hien tng
be mat trong dung dch keo ong vai tro quan trong.

Cac loai he keo:

Kh dung (kh + long hay ran, VD: sng, khoi),

Bot (long+ kh,VD: bot xa phong),

Nhu tng (long+ long, VD: sa),

Huyen phu (long+ ran, VD: sn),

Bot ran (Ran+ kh, VD: mop xop),

Huyen phu ran (ran+ long, VD: b)

- Chung ta ch khao sat he keo co moi trng phan tan la

pha long.
48

Phn loi:
Keo a long la keo hap thu cac phan t cua moi trng
phan tan. Cac hat keo a long c bao boc bang mot lp
vo solvat. Khi moi trng phan tan la nc th goi la keo a
nc.

Keo k long la keo hau nh khong hap thu cac phan t cua
moi trng phan tan. Khi moi trng phan tan la nc th
goi la keo k nc.
49

Muoi cua acid beo co au k nc la day hirocacbon

va au a nc la au cha nhom phan cc (VD: nhom
OH, NH, COO)
Trong nc cac phan t co hai au a nc va k nc
sap xep sao cho cac au k nc chum lai vi nhau tao thanh
phan t khong lo. au a nc quay ra ngoai e tang o
tan.

Dau m la chat k nc nen khong de tan trong nc.

Neu them xa bong la chat ma phan t co hai au khac nhau: k va

a nc.
au k nc la day hirocacbon bam vao hat dau va au a nc
la au cha nhom COO
au a nc quay ra ngoai lam m de phan tan trong nc.
V du:

CH3[CH2]16

COO-Na+

51

2. Cau tao cua hat keo

- Xet mot hat keo sat (III) hydroxid. Khi thuy phan FeCl3
trong nc nong tao thanh ket tua Fe(OH)3 theo phng
trnh phan ng:

FeCl3 + 3H2O
Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl
- Sat (III) hydroxid nam di dang nhng hat rat mn tao
thanh nhan keo:

mFe(OH)3
[Fe(OH)3]m

S o cau tao cua mixen cua keo sat (III) hydroxid

 - Be mat nhan keo hap phu cac ion Fe3 co trong dung dch tao
thanh lp ion b hap phu:
[Fe(OH)3]m + nFe3
[Fe(OH)3]m.nFe3
- Cac ion Fe3 nam tren be mat nhan keo se hut cac ion Cl
tch ien am lai gan tao thanh lp oi ion b hap phu:
[Fe(OH)3]m.nFe3 + xCl

{[Fe(OH)3]m.nFe3.xCl}(3n-x)+

 Toan bo hat keo luc nay tch ien dng (3n-x). Mot phan cac oi ion
Cl khac cach xa nhan hn tao thanh lp oi ion khuyech tan. Tat
ca cac hp phan nay tao thanh mixen:

{[Fe(OH)3]m.nFe3.xCl}(3n-x)+ (3n-x) Clnhan

keo

lp ion

b hap
phu

lp oi

ion b
hap phu

hat keo
mixen

lp oi ion

khuyech tan

Tnh bn vng:
- Do s tch ien cung dau cua cac hat keo.
- oi vi keo a nc, do lp vo hydrat quyet nh. Lp vo
nay khong cho cac hat keo ket tu lai vi nhau.
- Do chuyen ong nhiet hon loan cua cac hat keo, song yeu
to nay la th yeu.

3. Tnh chat cua dung dch keo

Hieu ng Tyndall:
- Chieu mot chum tia sang manh qua mot bnh ng dung dch
keo thay mot hnh non sang rat ro.
- Nguyn nhn:
do hat keo co kch thc nho, khi tia sang cham vao hat keo
th hat keo se tan xa tia sang theo moi phng.
Luc nay moi hat keo tr thanh mot iem sang. Do o ta co
the quan sat ng i cua tia sang.

 - Cac tnh chat: o giam ap suat hi bao hoa, o tang nhiet

o soi, o giam nhiet o hoa ran, ap suat tham thau,
cua dung dch keo the hien yeu hn so vi dung dch that.

Do vi nong o mol bang nhau th so tieu phan co trong

mot n v the tch cua dung dch that bao gi cung ln hn
nhieu so vi dung dch keo.

Tnh hoat ong be mat cua hat keo :

- Cac tieu phan tren be mat ch b hut bi cac tieu phan
ben trong hat keo.
- Tao nen sc cang be mat
- He keo co dien tch be mat ln nen co sc cang be mat
ln.
- Quyet nh tnh bam dnh cua cac loai keo dan, tnh tay ra
cua xa phong va chat tay ra, ien tch cua hat keo va
nhieu tnh chat khac.

4. S ong tu keo
Qua trnh ong tu keo xy ra khi:
- Lam giam hay trung hoa c ien tch cua cac hat keo k
nc

- Hoc pha v lp vo hydrat cua cac hat keo a nc

- Loai keo k nc khi ong tu se khong keo nc theo nen ket
tua di dang bot rat mn hoac dang bong.
- Loai keo a nc khi ong tu se keo theo mot lng nc
tng oi ln tao thanh ket tua dang nhay. V d: Tht ong

ong tu keo bang chat ien ly

- Khi cho mot chat ien ly vao dung dch keo th hat keo se hap
phu them cac ion ngc dau nen ien tch cua hat keo giam
nhanh lam cho keo ong tu.
- Cac keo a nc co lp vo hydrat ben vng nen muon
ong tu phai s dung mot lng chat ien ly ln hn nhieu
so vi trng hp keo k nc.

ong tu keo bang keo tch ien trai dau

- Khi tron lan hai dung dch keo tch ien trai dau th cac keo
tch ien trai dau se trung hoa lan nhau va ket tu xuong.
- V du: e ket tua cac hat keo at trong nc song tch ien
am, khi them phen nhom KAl(SO4)2.12H2O th Al3+ trong phen
thuy phan tao thanh keo mang ien tch dng trung hoa vi
keo am cua at nen chung ong tu xuong.

ong tu keo bang cach un nong

- Mot so chat keo khi un nong se b ong tu do khi nhiet
o tang th s hap phu ion giam, do o lam giam ien
tch cua hat keo.

ng dung cua cac dung dch keo

- Cac ng dung cua dung dch keo rat rong rai cung nh s
phong phu va a dang cua chnh cac dung dch keo.
- Hau het cac thc pham va cac tieu phan cua c the
chung ta (chat beo, protit, hydratcarbon,) la cac chat keo.
- Khoi, sng mu, khong kh b o nhiem, nuc t nhien, nc
thai cung la nhng he keo.
- Nh vay, viec nghien cu cac he keo co y ngha ca ve
phng dien khoa hoc lan thc tien