ROCKS & MINERALS } rt EE ‘A Pictoriat. Guide To MINERALOGY ‘ed, pul, deco brit, sft Yellow, be, coneeidal Face Sve black weakly magnetic Sivs euble devage brown to lack lac greasy writes ‘slvr edith no ceavage town, amorphous ac magnete Yello gal. rte, no deavage . pee P| Cr ied anced = = = = res deeags = oa = ce wate vite te ‘te Heh bee HHHHE PH rr | ; Yallow-brown, amorphous een wil rac with HCL 1 i EE EREREEE F Ri Sulfur (Native)ie aed: Silicon foons a pyr] [4 Sueak cor ofmincal a powdered fom Ini shaped stctue wih oryzea, basic || a. Creed by scratching mineral on steak ‘A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorgan- ‘building block for silicate minerals plate or unglazed porcelain (applies to je, solid mateal with a defined chemical eae a neal with 8 hardness of 6 oF les if . These react with sodium in the magma to become more and more sodium rich ences Crystal structure does not change | Intrusive Igneous Rok: firme ins the car's crstin varying eck badis | | 2. Discontinuous Renetion Series (Left side of the Bowen Series) 4 Batholith: largest intrusive igneous rock body, greater chan 100 | } 3. Minerals that form react with remaining magma to form new mineral square miles, widens with depth (plutonic, very deep) 'b._New mineral isthe result ofa structural change of previous mineral ‘Stock: similar but smaller than Batholith, less than 100 square miles | 3, End of Cooling ‘ Laccolith: bulge of magma pacallel to bedding plane ‘4. When everything is almost coo, remaining magma will have high sili- 4. Sil thin shect, runs parallel to bedding plane cme conten, and quartz wil form. «. Dike: cuts through formations, usually in fractures +>. When cooling is complete, minerals that cooled atthe same time will usu- 2. Extrasive Igneous Reck: formed onthe surface ofthe earth (volcanic) ally be close to ne anothes (feldspar, micas and quartz cool near ene '2,_Lava Moms: lava seeping out of volcanoes notr to make granite)forces) fons | L oT oo al Red Granite Pero Pees Boro Sediments: pieces or fragments from existing rock that accumulate on the earths surface ‘Weathering: physical or chemical breakdown of ock that er ates sediments at or nea the surface ofthe earth ‘Mechanical weathering and erosion i. Fron wedging 4. Unoasing i. Biological atv ‘Chemica weathering i. CO, and water make carbonic aid ii. Granite eats with wate and gs to make cay minerals + passim 2. ‘Transport: method of moving sediments a. Ruming vate vers c. Wind Ground water Glaciers & Gravity Wave curens 3. Depesitional environment: places where the sediment is deposited 4 Comtinena - esos, lakes, river beds, swamps, caves 1 Continental and Marine - dels, snd bas, agunes, estuaries Marine the ocean fot 4 Lithifleation: method of sediments becoming. consolidated sedimentary rocks 2 Compaction: weight compresses deeper sediments 16. Cementation: materials are "coment together fom precipi tion ofa mineral in spaces between sediment &_Crystalization: sedimentary rock created fom a solution B. Sedimentary rocks: rocks formed from existing sediments through lthfication 1. Clase rocks: (detrital) ‘Accumulated debris from weathering and transport 1h Made up of mostly clay minerals and quartz © Conger: made w of gel zd pares 2. Chemical rocks: created from chemical precipitation ‘Formed srom materials in solution in bodies of water |b Mest abundant form is Timestne ‘Organic (Biochemical) rocks create ffom biological remnants suchas plants, shel, bones, oroter organic mater Shapes, Sizes and Sorting of Sediments Shapes ‘Angular, sediment has sharp corners and dees Rounded: sediment has undergone bra sion and bas rounded, smote edges ‘Clay <1/2S6mm, creates mudstone Site betwoen 1256 and 1/16 mm, coats siltstone Sand: betwoon U/I6 and 2 mm, erates sandstone Pebble: bese conglemente ‘Cobble: Beemcen 64 and 256 mm, creates ‘conglomerate. £_Boublr:>256 mm, cute conglomerate 3. Sorting ‘4 Poorly sorted: particles of diferent sizes together, Le, ahacer doesnot set ea >, Wallsoed:pariles of te same size ogether, i. ariversosrocks| from hie (aprender) 1nd 64 mm, erates aae Tecate naif epic 5 tbl sed, und Inimac of amend sand ee ———— oF dierent nes, costed Serre ended arts promt a cacamaaas eee Sees — ae eo ate eae span cea — oe ood aaa asian a oe rr eee =a — ee te courelariss neeuoens ree FE stem atmos |A. Metamorphism: to change form within the earth from existing rocks through heat, pressure and chemical activity, nota result of ‘weathering oF sedimentation 1. Heat ', Most important agent 1 Provides ene’ for chemical rections Cred fom igneous ok bakes movement rough the existing rock 44 Created from goothermal gradient, 25°C increase in temperature with ‘ach kilometer increase in depth [geothermal gradient) For example, clay rerystlizs ito feldspar and mica at high emperaures 2° Pressure and Stress ‘&. Confining pressure 1. Eg presse on al sides de dep ba i Depth determines mount of pressure iiFor example, an object in the water as oqual amounts of reste on al sides Directed Stress: Specific pressure to rock, not uniform, Such a im the form. ing of a mountain i Differential ros: sess in ier rections not equal ii. Compressive stresses that causes the object tobe squeezed i. Shear stress: steses in opposite directions tat cause the object © move parallel othe sss 3. Chemical Activity ' Change in stomic composition due to eat andor pressure mey cause crystal to reensllize Water is the most common chemical agent Presse in Kb Depth in Klemens‘Types of Metamorphism Contact metamorphism: changes caused by proximity 10 ‘magma or deep, hot rock Regional metamorphism: changes caused by intense sess and high temperatures Hydrothermal metamorphism: changes caused by hot liquids Fault Zone metamorphism: changes caused by fault movernent Degrees of Metamorphism Metamorphic grade: degre of metamorphism applied to rock High-grade: ey high amounts ofhet ad prestre; example ress Tntermediategrade- medium amounts of heat and pressure; ‘example: schist . Lomegrade: lower amounts of heat and pressure, more dense and ‘compact; example slate 2. Metamorphic facies: minerals present in metamorphic rock correlate to amount of heat and pressure 1 Low pressure, hih trperatre hornfls Facies 1b High pressure, high temperature; granite facies, amphibolite facies, and greenshist facies High ese, lw temperate uschist ices and eclogite facies Changes in Mineralogy: changes in texture ot composition ‘of the mineral due to heat and pressure Recrystallization: changed by smaller crystals joining to create larger erystals of the same mineral, common [Neomorphism: new mincrals created from existing mineralog- ‘cal compositions Metamorphism: new minerals crated through gaining or los- ing chemicals Properties of Metamorphic Rocks Texture ‘a Folate texture: contains flistions, minerals brought nto Fine ot tvth one anothe, ayes, due fo. heat and pressure, common for ‘gional metamorphism, typeof fliation can idly rock 1 Sat: cased by low-grade metamorphism: dense, rek conning ‘ey finpoined mica mineral, spurts in set, extare f slate Tson-3s T36N-10 uickstudy.com olrensz2lzeser ik Payiie: caused by low-nde 10 intemedate-grade metamorphism: rock containing very fine-grained bch sd chloe minerals that frm in wave lke manner, plas laste, looks wrikled texts of pie liSehstose: caused ty intermedine. ‘grde metamorphism: medium to ‘ease gined play mincas such as tcc, td qu preset ‘of set in Gneisie assed by intermediate ‘geo high-grade" metamorphism roskcomtnng pes ol varying me timo couse irl, ight ad dak lier akemating tex of pes ws Migmatitie: cased by exteme heat and pressure, meking rock containing ‘gasae (grin) snd metamorphic ek, texture of mgmatie . Nenfointed texture: lacks foliations, of layers, of minerals, granular com- ‘mon for contact metamorphism i Cates: made of agents o angular pees of existing rocks crested by fznding fen nee ft, hydrothermal ves ai. Granular: osks conning ners of sma sie erysta tat can be sen swiththe Bare eye, such as guartate ‘i. Mlcrogranar ack containing minerals of smile size hat cannot be sen ‘rt the Bare ee, ich as oes i Glas: no etal canbe soon, soot, bas conchoial facture; example: ‘aiiacite coal _ Porphyroblaste: rock conning lage crystal (porphyroblass) ina mass of finer ryt schist 2. Composition: assists in identification of nonfoiated rocks, some prop fetieg of the metamorphosed rock (sedimentary, igneous or etamo*phie) ‘ean remain inthe new rock ‘Sandstone: can create quartzite Limestone: ean erate marble ‘Basalt: can create schist or amphibolite Shale: can create slate Granite: can create schist Rivoli: ean create schist 78 aspera 9 3sreeesbh-0 5.0.5.9.5 DISCLAIMER ‘ al 0562