Nutritional Sciences 10 Prof. Amy: May, 2006 Final Exam — 60 points It is the student’s responsibility to know the following instructions. Failure to adhere to the following instructions may result in 0 points earned on the exam, + Print your name on the line provided on the scantron sheet, + Onthe next line print your section number and the first name of your GSI. + Turn the sheet “Jongways”, Fill in your complete SID in the spaces provided. + Mark the lest two rows “00” if you would like your exam score to be posted by SID. + Mark the last two rows “01” if you do not want your exam score to be posted. + Use only a #2 pencil on your scantron. + ABSOLUTELY NO Cell Phones, No Catculators. Choose the best answer for each question. You may keep these question sheets. / af 1. You have version a of the exam. Please mark a as the answer to question one. You are visiting Xenia, a friend in the physics department. She shows you her senior thesis project, a device that shrinks objects to microscopic size. In the interest of science, you shrink yourself and travel around Xenia’s digestive track to study metabolism. k 2. The first thing you noticed was the teeth. The enamel was rough and eroded, instead of being {smooth and shiny. The guns looked red too, What caused the problem with the teeth? (a) Itis probably an advanced case of scurvy. b. That person’s saliva must contain botulism toxin The teeth may be eroded due to repeated vomiting. It is due to eating too many rough raw vegetables like carrots. Je It is due to excess fluoride in the drinking water. V3. Next, you are propelled down a long dark tube. What is the name of the tube between the mouth and the stomach? Esophagus Larynx Peristalsis Pylorus Cardiac sphincter pao ce 4. Hey, the tube is ted, red, red at the bottom part, near the junction with the stomach! What is // the name of this condition? a. heartache b) heartburn c. heartfire sphincter e. chili pepper syndromeVv 11, Which of the following foods contain cholesterol? / a. Roasted peanuts do Chicken breasts b. Shredded coconut e. All of the above. ©. Com oil margarine 12. Why does dehydration cause reduced muscle strength and endurance? / (8) It leads to decreased cardiac output which results in less blood flow to the muscles. / ®. Your body seeretes too many hormones that interfere with mascle ATP production, c. It causes an increased sweat rate that depletes the sodium needed by muscles. 4, That level of dehydration (3-5%) is not enough to have an effect on muscle strength. ¢. One has reduced muscle strength only when you also have increased core temperature. / 13. MaryJane thinks that vegan diets do not contain saturated fat. Is she correct? a. She is partially correct. Saturated fat is found only in hydrogenated vegetable oils. b. Yes, saturated fats is found only in meat and dairy products c. Yes, all the saturated fat in vegetable oils is converted to unsaturated fat by cooking @® No, vegetable products may contain saturated fat, ®. No, high levels of saturated fat are found in some green vegetables / 14. Frank has had Type 1 diabetes since he was a small child. He needs frequent blood glucose checks and injections of insulin. When his blood glucose gets low, what should he do? (a) Eat a snack containing carbohydrates ‘B. Inject the correct amount of insulin ‘2 Nothing, he only is concerned when his blood glucose is too high. d: Immediately do some exercise to get his glucose mobilized e° Inject adrenaline. 15. What would occur if Frank (who has Type | diabetes) had his blood glucose in the “too high” range? _aé It would cause him to produce much more insulin (b> It can damage the proteins tiat line his arteries and small blood vessels © It will cause too much circulating glucagon Ac Itwill cause him to have too much energy and he will feet irritable -& {twill give him false positives on his glucose test. 16. Explain to Frank the difference between his Type Idiabetes and adult-onset Type 2 diabetes. _% Type 1 has high levels of circulating insulin whereas Type 2 involves the cells’ resistance to insulin Jb. Type 1 is caused by lack of circulating insulin, and Type 2 by lack of circulating glucagon. ‘Type 1 is caused by lack of circulating insulin, and Type 2 by the cells" insulin receptors not responding to insulin, 4, There are no substantive differences between Type 1 and Type 2 except that Type 1 “starts during childhood and Type 2 begins in adulthood gé Type 1 has lack of response to insulin, and Type 2 has too much insulin,/ 23: Once iron is incorporated into myoglobin. What organ will it most likely be in? a. Panereas d. Bone b, Retina @)Muscle c, Tendon (collagen) 24. Sylvia love milkshakes, but breaks out in hives and red spots and itches all over whenever she drinks them. What should she do to stop this problem? She probably should avoid chocolate milk, because that usually causes hives. b) She is allergic to milk. There is nothing to do but avoid milk products. ‘9% She is lactose intolerant. She should consume only small amounts at a time, SO She is lactose deficient. She needs enzyme supplements ‘pf She should consume fat-free milk products. / 25. 1s there any carbohydrate in fat-free milk? / 2. No, only protein is present. b. No, the carbohydrate is removed with the fat. c. Yes, the carbohydrate is present in the fat micelles d. Yes, however, the only carbohydrates that are available are from the digestion of the fat. (© Yes, the carbohydrate is soluble in fat-free milk. / 26. Why does folate deficiency cause impaired functioning of the gastrointestinal tract? a. Folate deficiency results in nerve damage to the intestinal wall. (&) Since folate functions in the process of cell synthesis, a deficiency slows mucosal cell replacement. Folate is required for bile synthesis, and a deficiency results in insufficient bile production, thereby promoting fat malabsorption and diarrhea. d~- Since folate functions in the synthesis of pancreatic digestive enzymes, a deficiency leads to decreased enzymatic capacity in the intestine. .s¢ The anemia of folate deficiency results in decreased oxygen supply to body tissues, the intestines being particularly affected because of its high metabolic activity. \ 27. May thinks a strict vegan diet contains no cholesterol. Should she worry about getting adequate “cholesterol for her needs? Yes, she should eat an egg yolk once a month to obtain adequate cholesterol. No, there is plenty of cholesterol in coconut and olive oils . No, the body does not need cholesterol. ae No, many foods in a vegan diet contain cholesterol ®.) No, the body makes all the cholesterol that it needs. /, 28. Which of the following statements is true concerning osteoporosis? a. It results from short-term dietary calcium deprivation @) It has virtually no effect on blood calcium. c. It is most common in men older than 45 years. d. Iris easily cured, e. It can be prevented by dietary folic acid.35. Amniotic fluid is an example of how water acts as a shock absorber. What is amniotic fluid? \ ge the water found in the knees and other joints the water found within the eyeball the water formed as part of the digestive process the sack of water that surrounds the growing fetus the water found in the disks between the vertebrae. As Fe 16. ‘The major use of energy in most people is . that is highly dependent upon a. Physical activity; amount of exercise performed b. thermogenesis; air temperature ©, Basal metabolic rate; physical activity d. the thermic effect of food; fat kealories ; ©) basal metabolic rate; lean body mass / 37. Dan ate a jarge serving of pasta with fresh tomatoes. After the nutrients were absorbed in the ‘small intestine, where did they go next? a, Stomach @ liver b. Small intestine ©. pancreas c. Large intestine Z /38. If your roommate consumes 2150 calories per day and wants his fat intake to remain under the recommended maximum 30% of daily calories, what is the maximum number of grams of fat he can eat? aft 1 a, 63 grams 4. 91 grams 45 q “b.) 72 grams e. 105 grams ~ ts ©. 80 grams > 41 / 39, The reduced incidence of infection seen in breast-fed infants occurs because: ac human milk is higher in fat b. human milk has antibodies from the mother ce” human milk is never cold 4. commercial infant formula is higher in protein . commercial infant formula is higher in fat 40, Joseph weighs 119 Ibs (54 kg). Approximately how many keal does he expend every day on Basal Metabolism? (a) 1296 4. 2552 3 b. 1350 e. 2635 - ©. 2500 | / 41, Humans use sunlight to synthesize Vitamin D from a precursor in the skin, What is that VV precursor? a, Cholesterol 4. Beta-carotene b. Tryptophan e. Niacin c. Retinolic of an essential nutrient? A9, Which of the following is characteris ge Cannot be found in food / bd. Cannot be degraded by the body ¢.) Cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body de Cannot be used to synthesize other compounds in the body. e Cannot be found in plant products 50. What is the primary function of insulin? \/ a Raises blood glucose levels ® Lowers blood glucose levels ©. Stimulates glycogen breakdown 4. Stimulates intestina] carbohydrate absorption . Stimulates glucagon synthesis 51. Which of the following conditions is associated with edema? & Excessive use of certain drugs which causes high excretion of water and amino acid ;. Above-normal concentration of blood protein which causes fluid to leak from the V blood vessels & Below-normal concentration of blood protein which causes fluid to leak from the blood vessels 4” Excessive protein in the diet leading to increased retention of fluid, especially in the extravascular spaces Excessive circulating lipoproteins which cause blood volume to increase. 52. Which of the following statements pertaining to energy balance is TRUE? x _AG Hunger is the psychological sensation of desire to eat a food with a particular flavor. B.Appetite is controlled very simply by the brain in a mechanism fully understood by A scientists. @® Itis possible to have hunger without appetite. “a:Consuming a very low kcalorie diet has no influence on BMR jou can routinely consume more Kcalories than expended and still remain in balance. 53. Why do some older people develop B12 deficiency? ae” they have increased stomach acid and indigestion (&) they have decreased stomach acid of they no longer have intestinal bacteria dy” they refuse fo take supplements ¢/ their diet is low in folic acid which helps in the absorption of B12 / 54, Why do deficiencies in B vitamins lead to a lack of energy? 2 B vitamins are a source of kilocalories. ‘be Absorption of carbohydrates and fats is decreased. ‘e* Oxygen for energy metabolism cannot be transported to muscle cells. a B vitamin deficiencies only occur when there is a lack of dietary fat. ,) B vitamins are essential coenzymes for the enzymes of energy metabolism./_ 5. After that narrow passageway, you are in a sea of acid. What is that acid? a, Sulfuric 4. bicarbonate .) Hydrochloric e.bile . pepsin , 6. The acid denatured most of the proteins in the stomach contents. Can any protein survive stomach acid? (BC No proteins survive stomach acid bé Proteins that are not made of amino acids can survive stomach acid. ® Yes, pepsin and intrinsic factor are examples of two proteins that survive and function in stomach acid. a Only proteins in seeds that are not broken open can survive stomach acid ) Many proteins survive stomach acid and become functional in intestinal cells. 7. Stomach acid is really strong and corrosive. Is that normal, and what function could it have? a No, the person must have eaten something that disagreed with her digestion. ‘be Itis not normal, The stomach secretes acid only after igh protein meals, ‘,) Itis normal. The acid kills most harmful microerganisms ‘de No, the stomach acid is fairly weak except in people with certain genetic diseases. # Itis normal only when meals are too close together, 8. Gross, somebody must have sneezed on the sandwich that came down. Bacteria are all over it. What kind of bacteria probably arrived with the sandwich? Staphylococcus aureus d. Helicobacter pylori Clostridium jiardia ¢, Botulinum 9. Alcohol! from the wine she drank seemed to disappear through the stomach wall. Could this really happen? “% No. The alcohol just dissolved some of the stomach wall. 2%. Yes, alcohol is acted on by alcohol oxidase in the stomach wall. se Yes, stomach acid breaks alcohol into pieces that can go through the stomach wall “@) Yes. Alcohol can diffuse through the stomach wall and enter the blood stream. 2. No. Nothing is absorbed through the stomach. 10, The stomach contents entered the intestine and were neutralized. The fat molecules were / emulsified with bile. What happens (o the fat after itis emulsified? a, It goes immediately to the liver. Jb It is excreted with the feces. (©) tis broken apart by enzymes, transported into the intestinal cells, exported as chylomicrons in the lymph. delt is converted into LDL and transported into the blood stream. _ge"itis broken apart by proteases, and then transported in the portal vein./ 17. What is currently thought to be the cause of Type 1 diabetes? pe Liver (de Beta-cells of pancreas destroyed D. Obesity 2. Excess glucagon production ‘e Hepatitis, 18. You are concerned that you too could have Type I diabetes, because you are tired all the time and never have any energy. What other symptoms would a person have with this type of diabetes? iA a. Albumin in the. blood \b/ Glucose in the urine g High insulin in the blood (@ High circulating glycogen ¢. Low circulating thyroxin J 19, LDLis sometimes called “bad cholesterol”, but does it have a useful function in our body? a No, itis just a breakdown product of excess cholesterol. B. No, itis harmful and we can reduce it by reducing triglyceride consumption. -¢. [tis not harmful, but has no useful function, ‘Yes, it is important for transporting cholesterol from the liver to the tissues. ve. Yes, itis important for transporting cholesterol to the liver. heme iron from the \ 20. You have just eaten some pasta with tomato sauce and absorbed some. sauce. What is the fate of the iron? _#® It will initially become incorporated in the visual pigment, then excreted when the protein is normally degraded. Jb It will bind to dietary cholesterol! in the small intestine and get absorbed via the chylomicrons. ‘It will become incorporated into intestinal ferretin and used by the body if iron is needed. 4b Itwill bind dietary protein in the small intestine and get taken up and become a part of that prot ©. Itwill cause bloating and diarthea when it becomes incorporated into bacterial hemoglobin in the large intestine. 21. Once an iron atom is incorporated into myogiobin, when should you expect it to get excreted? _a& When the red cell turns over and is broken down, be Only when your host becomes vitamin C deficient. € When the intestinal cells slough off in 3-5 days 4. As soon as the iron can bind to some phytates or fiber ©) Never. Learn to like recycling. 22, What happens to the lactic acid that a sprinter builds up after a race? a Excreted as fast as possible by the kidneys 4; Broken down into amino acids ef Converted directly into ATP G) Converted to glucose by the liver ©. Converted to glucagon/ 29. Which of the following nutrients are required in higher amounts during pregnancy due to their toles,in the synthesis of red blood cells? (4) Iron and folate 4. Protein ‘b. Calcium and vitamin A e. Fat c. Vitamin E and Vitamin C \ / 30. To calculate BMI (body mass index), the units will be in: fa) Keim’ 4. cmikg” ‘b. Ibsfin e. Ibs/feet c. kg/m 31. You have decided to supplement your diet with “fet-burning enzymes”. What happens to the enzymes that are present in the foods we eat? y (% Any dietary enzymes are hydrolyzed in the GT tract, 'b) These enzymes are absorbed intact by the stomach c. Any enzyme is absorbed intact by the small intestine and goes directly into the blood stream d. Enzymes are resistant to digestion and passed through the GI tract and excreted in the stool. c. By the time food is cooked, no enzymes exist in your food. 32. Joan is concerned about eating many different foods at the same time. She is afraid that the digestive enzymes will get “mixed-up” and break down the wrong nutrient, What should you tell her? AG In the end, it doesn’t really matter if a lipase breaks apart some protein, just as long as, the protein gets digested. 1b, The stomach acid does most of the digestion, so enzymes don’t have much to do. 0° She is right to be concemed, because if the wrong enzyme acts on a nutrient, it could tead to toxic by-products. @) Because of their structure, enzymes are specific for the nutrients they break down, G~She should eat carbohydrates first, then proteins and fat for optimal digestion. 33. Which of the following is a characteristic of botulism illness? \ a. Itis caused by eating food contaminated with mold b. Itis rarely fatal and victims usually recover completely (E.) Itis caused by a toxic compound rather than by invasion of pathogenic bacteria. d._Itis caused by Salmonella poisoning e. Itcures all your wrinkles. 34, Your father’s doctor told him that he had high resting blood pressure and should start and exercise program. Please explain how exercise could lower his blood pressure. 4 The lactic acid that accumulates during exercise causes reduced blood pressure. (Cb) Bxercise results in incteased oxygen delivery and breathing efficiency, leading to increased circulation and decreased blood pressure. er The doctor is wrong. Exercise increases blood pressure during heavy exertion, de Exercise prevents him from watch the news that always raises his blood pressure. Exercise leads to an increase in blood sugar that causes decreased osmotic pressure on the vessels.42. What term best describes a factor that causes abnormal fetal development and birth defects? a. Toxigenic 4. Neoagenic (b) Teratogenic ¢. Proliferative °C Mutagenic / 43. How does absorption of fat-soluble vitamins differ from that of water soluble vitamins? 7 A. Fat soluble vitamins require transferrin. ’.) Fat soluble vitamins are transported in the lymph. je Fat soluble vitamins are not absorbed in the small intestine de Fat soluble vitamins require acid in the stomach and water-soluble vitamins do not. (9 Fat soluble vitamins do not require digestion. 44, How is oxygen delivered to the muscles? 2% The air from our lungs is delivered to muscles by small bubbles in blood. be The myosin in red blood cells carries the nutrients to the muscles, (c) Hemoglobin in red blood cells delivers oxygen to myoglobin in muscles. ik Oxygen binds to the glucose in red blood cells then goes to the muscles. e Oxygen is transported by transferrin to the muscle tissues \/ 45. Billy Jean was running on a treadmill and lost two pound of body weight during the session. ‘Her most prudent action is to: Take a salt table to replenish electrolyes (0) Drink water Consume a high sugar sports drink d. Immediately see a doctor; this is a life-threatening circumstance ev Keep running to get a more strenuous workout. 46, Dietary heme iron is derived from _B<_ elemental iron in food deplant sources of iron (©) myoglobin and hemoglobin in meat € phytates ‘o¢ the types of cookware in which the food is cooked 47. Why is protein from eggs considered higher quality than protein from beans? (@ Eggs have a more balanced proportion of essential amino acids Eggs are more digestible than beans Eggs have essential fatty acids and cholesterol in the yotk Wrong, the protein from beans is higher quality because it also contains many other vitamins and minerals. / e. Both have enough amino acids A RB 48. A tourist contracts a strange viral infection that destroys some of the cells in his pancreas. How would this affect him? Lid a. notatall @ he would become diabetic b. he would lose his hair . he would imraediately die c. he would become anemic55. Which of the following facts about vitamins is TRUE: (some vitamins yield 2 Keal/gram ‘be the body can synthesize some B vitamins © the more you consume of a vitamin, the better ge alcoho! helps vitamin absorption and utilization ¢,) vitamins are needed in tiny amounts V 56, Alcohol abuse can result in Vitamin D deficiency. Why? 3 Alcokoties don't drink enough milk fortified with Vitamin D ‘be Alcoholics rarely spend time in the sun. 6c Alcohol prevents the absorption of Vitamin D in the small intestine. @> Alcohol damages the liver and kidney that convert Vitamin D to its active form, e. Alcohol reduces bile production. 57. Bob asks “Why do I have cholesterol anyway? It just clogs up my arteries.” You reply: / #. You could eliminate all your circulating cholesterol by eating a cholesterol-free diet. ‘6 Cholesterol is important for the synthesis of bile and some hormones. ; Cholesterol is an important energy soutce for your muscles. 4 Cholesterol is just a consequence of eating a diet too high in fat. 6 Cholesterol is important for transporting proteins throughout the body. 58. Heather's friend suggests that she eat juicy fruit or drink fruit juice instead of drinking a soda even though they have the same caloric value. Is this a good idea? No, she would get more valuable fluid and energy from the soda be No, the sugar in the fruit would cause her to become even more hungry. ) Yes, the fruit has a higher nutrient density and she would also get fiber. ‘d; No, the sugar in the fruit would lead to diabetes. fe: Yes, the fruit would not cause her to gain weight. 59.You are working in a new biotech company and have found a diet drug that totally blocks all absorption of fat. You think, "I will be richer than Bil] Gates.” Your boss, however, thinks that you need to re-take NS 10. What is the problem? 2 Dietary fat is essential for the absorption of iron and calcium. AS Your boss doesn't know that humans can make all the fat that they need. ‘e7 Humans cannot make enough cholesterol for the synthesis of Vitamin D without dietary fat. d,) We need some dietary fat and the fat-soluble vitamins, which are transported by chylomicrons. _8® Most people could lose all their excess weight if they really wanted to and tried hard. 60. Of typicai Thanksgiving Day foods, which has the highest level of antioxidants? Wp eeg-nog (ilk with egg whites and rum) ‘by turkey, dark meat only yy pumpkin pie Xx 4. turkey stuffing (mainly bread with seasoning) 46 lime jello with miniature marshmallows 10