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GII THIU V
X L TN HIU S V
MATLAB

X l tn hiu s l g

Digital Signal Processing (DSP): cp n cc

php ton x l cc dy s c c cc thng tin
cn thit nh phn tch, bin i tn hiu sang dng
mi ph hp vi h thng.

Digital Signal: tn hiu biu din d liu di dng s ri

rc
Processing: Thc hin cc tc v trn d liu theo nhng
lnh c lp trnh

Thay i hoc phn tch tn hiu (thng tin) c

biu din di dng cc chui s, tn hiu xut pht
t th gii thc

u im ca x l tn hiu s

So vi x l tn hiu tng t, x l tn hiu

s c nhiu u im nh :

chnh xc cao, sao chp trung thc, tin cy.

Tnh bn vng: khng chu nh hng nhiu ca
nhit hay thi gian
Linh hot v mm do: thay i phn mm c th
thay i cc tnh nng phn cng.
Thi gian thit k nhanh, cc chip DSP ngy cng
hon thin v c tch hp cao.

ng dng ca X l tn hiu s

Vin thng
X l m thanh
in t dn dng
Y hc
X l hnh nh
in t qun s
Vn ti v Hng khng
K ngh

Khi nim v tn hiu

Tn hiu l tn hiu l dng biu din vt l ca

thng tin. V mt ton hc: tn hiu c biu din
bi hm ca mt hoc nhiu bin s c lp..
V d v tn hiu:

Tn hiu m thanh, ting ni l s thay i p sut khng

kh theo thi gian
Tn hiu hnh nh l hm sng theo 2 bin khng gian
v thi gian
Tn hiu in l s thay i in p, dng in theo thi
gian

Tn hiu a knh

Tn hiu a knh: gm nhiu Tn hiu thnh

phn, cng chung m t mt i tng no
(thng c biu din di dng vector)

Tn hiu m thanh Stereo

Tn hiu in tim (ECG ElectroCardioGram)
Tn hiu nh mu RGB

Tn hiu a chiu

Tn hiu a chiu: bin thin theo nhiu hn

mt bin c lp

Tn hiu hnh nh 2 chiu (x, y)

Tn hiu TV trng en 3 chiu (x, y, t)

C Tn hiu va a knh v a chiu

Tn hiu TV mu: 3 knh

M hnh mu RGB
RGB: Red (),
Green (xanh l cy),
Blue (xanh lam)
Ba mu gc trong
cc m hnh nh
sng b sung.

Tn hiu lin tc

Tn hiu lin tc x(t) l tn hiu c bin thi

gian t lin tc

Tn hiu ri rc

Tn hiu ri rc x(nT) l tn hiu c bin thi

gian gin on t = nT

Phn loi tn hiu

Tn hiu tng t l tn hiu lin tc c

bin thi gian v gi tr lin tc
Tn hiu ri rc l tn hiu c bin thi gian
gin on t = nT
Tn hiu lng t l tn hiu ch nhn cc
gi tr xc nh bng s nguyn ln mt gi tr
c s gi l gi tr lng t.
Tn hiu s l tn hiu c bin thi gian v
gi tr ri rc

Loi tn hiu theo bin bin v thi

gian
Tn hiu
tng t
(analog)

Tn hiu
ri rc
(ly mu)

Tn hiu
lng t

Tn hiu
s

Bin

Lin tc

Lin tc

Ri rc

Ri rc

Thi gian

Lin tc

Ri rc

Lin tc

Ri rc

xa(t)

xa(nTs)

t
0

n
0 Ts 2Ts

Tn hiu tng t
xq(t)

9q
8q
7q
6q
5q
4q
3q
2q
q

xd(n)

Tn hiu lng t

Tn hiu ri rc

9q
8q
7q
6q
5q
4q
3q
2q
q

0 Ts 2Ts

Tn hiu s

V d:
S ha tn
hiu tng t

x(t)
4

2
0

x(nT)

x(nT)

4
2
0

4
2
0

Bt 2
Bt 1
Bt 0

nT

1
nT

0
nT

1
nT

Tn hiu ri rc

Tn hiu ri rc ch xc nh nhng thi im gin on t =

nT, khng xc nh trong cc khong thi gian gia hai
im gin on.
C th bin i tn hiu lin tc x(t) thnh tn hiu ri rc
x(nT), qu trnh c gi l ri rc ha tn hiu lin tc.

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

x ( n ) xc nT n

M hnh biu din tn hiu ri rc

Tn hiu ri rc c biu din bng mt dy cc gi tr vi

phn t th n c k hiu x(n).

Tn hiu lin tc
xa(t)

Ly mu
t = nTs

Tn hiu ri rc
xs(nTs) x(n) T =1
s

Vi Ts chu k ly mu v n s nguyn

Tn hiu ri rc c th biu din bng mt trong cc dng: hm

s, dy s v th.

M hnh biu din tn hiu ri rc

(tip)

Tn hiu c biu din di dng chui s c

gi l mu (sample)
Gi tr ca mu thng c vit nh x(n) vi n l
mt s nguyn trong khong
n
X(n) ch xc nh vi gi tr nguyn n v khng xc
nh vi cc gi tr khng nguyn n
Mt tn hiu ri rc c vit {x(n)}

x(n) {, 0.2, 2.2,1.1, 0.2, 3.7, 2.9,}

- Gc thi gian n=0

Mt s dy ri rc cn bn
Dy xung n v:

1 : n 0
( n)
0 : n cn li
Dy nhy bc n v:

1 : n 0
u( n)
0 : n 0

Dy ch nht:

1 : N - 1 n 0
rectN ( n)
0 : n cn li

(n)
1

n
-2 -1 0 1 2

u(n)
1

n
-2 -1 0

rectN(n)
1

n
-2 -1 0

N-1 N

Mt s dy ri rc cn bn (tip)
r(n)

Dy dc n v:

n : n 0
r ( n)
0 : n 0

1
-2 -1 0

Dy hm m thc:

a n : n 0
e( n)
0 : n 0

n
1

s(n)
1

0=2/8

Dy sin:

s( n) sin( 0 n)

0 1 2
-1

3 4

Cc php ton trn tn hiu

Cho 2 dy: x1 ( n) 1, 2,3 ; x2 ( n) 2, 3,4

a. Cng 2 dy:

Cng cc mu 2 dy vi nhau
tng ng vi ch s n
b. Nhn 2 dy:

Nhn cc mu 2 dy vi nhau
tng ng vi ch s n

x1(n) x2 (n) 3, 5,7

x1(n) x2 (n) 2, 6,12

Cc php ton trn tn hiu (tip)

Cho dy:

x( n) 1, 2,3

c. Dch: x(n) ->x(n-no)

n0>0 dch sang phi

n0<0 dch sang tri

x(n 1) 1,2,3 ; x(n 1) 1,2, 3

d. Gp tn hiu: x(n) ->x(-n)

Ly i xng
qua trc tung

x(n) 1, 2,3 x(n) 3, 2,1

Nng lng v cng sut tn hiu

a. Nng lng dy x(n):

Ex

x ( n)

Nu >Ex>0 th x(n) gi
l tn hiu nng lng

b. Cng sut trung bnh dy x(n):

N
1
2
Px Lim
x ( n)

N ( 2 N 1)
n N

Nu >Px>0 th x(n) gi
l tn hiu cng sut

Tng chp 2 tn hiu

y( n) x( n) h( n)

x(k )h(n k )

i bin s n ->k: x(k) & h(k)

Gp h(k) qua trc tung, c h(-k)
Dch h(-k) i n n v: sang phi nu n>0, sang tri
nu n<0 c h(n-k)
Nhn cc mu 2 dy x(k) v h(n-k) v cng li

Cc tnh cht ca tng chp

Giao hon:

y(n) = x(n)h(n)=h (n)x(n)

Kt hp:

y(n) = x(n) [h1(n)h2(n)]

= [x(n)h1(n)]h2(n)

Phn phi:

y(n) = x(n)[h1(n) +h2(n)]

= x(n)h1(n)+x(n)h2(n)

Gii thiu v lp trnh Matlab

Gii thiu Matlab

Matrix laboratory
H thng tnh ton khoa hc k thut
Ngn ng lp trnh cp cao
Th vin hm phong ph
M phng, v th, biu
Phn tch d liu
Pht trin phn mm k thut
Phin bn mi nht: Matlab 2013.

c im ca Matlab

MATLAB l mi trng lp trnh dng tnh ton

k thut, khng i hi bit nhiu th tc
Ngn ng matlab kh ging ngn ng C, v cc
chng trnh ca matlab c th c dch thnh
chng trnh C.
T chc b nh lu tr cc mng rt tt, cc tnh
ton trn mng c matlab thc hin cc k
nhanh.
C th nhanh chng thy c kt qu ca tng
lnh, nn d dng kim tra chng trnh.

Giao din Matlab

Cc phm iu khin
Phm

Chc nng

Enter

thi hnh lnh

Esc

Xo dng lnh hin hnh

gi cc lnh trc

di chuyn qua li cc k t

backspace, delete

xo k t trc, sau

home, end

v u, cui dng lnh

Biu thc (expression) trong Matlab

Mt biu thc trong Matlab cha cc:

Bin (variable)
Con s (number) / hng s (constant)
Php ton (operator)
Hm (function)

V d

-2^3 + 4 * (5 7) \ 6 * 8

huge = exp(log(realmax))

V d v biu thc

rho = (1+sqrt(5))/2
rho =
1.6180

a = abs(3+4i)
a=
5

huge = exp(log(realmax))
huge =
1.7977e+308

Bin (variable)

Khng cn khai bo kiu, s chiu, di bin.

Mi khi mt ci tn mi xut hin vi php gn,
Matlab to bin v cp pht b nh cho n.
V d: sosv = 110 to mt bin tn sosv (l mt
ma trn 1x1) lu gi tr 110.
Nu l bin c, n s thay i ni dung mi
nu thc hin php gn.
V d:
1.

2.

>>X = 3
>>X = 4

X = 4.

Tn bin:

V d:

Hp l: x, a_b1, v1
Khng hp l: _a, 1x, abc*

Bin c bit ans:

Bt u bng 1 ch ci, tip theo l ch ci, ch s

hoc du gch di _. Cc ch ci phn bit ch
hoa, ch thng.

lu gi tr php ton va tnh.

Lnh who v whos:

cho bit thng tin v cc bin ang hin hu.

Cc php ton (operators)

Php ton

x=2

y=3

Cng

x+y

Tr

xy

-1

Nhn

x*y

Chia

x/y

0.6667

Chia ngc

x\y

1.5000

Lu tha

x^y

Kiu s trong Matlab

Kiu s chnh l double

Du . phn cch phn thp phn
K t i v j dng ch s o
K t e dng nhn lu tha ca 10.
V d:
-2.3456
1 + 2i 3j bng 1 j
1.5e2 bng 1.5*102 tc l bng 150

Hng s (constant) trong Matlab

pi

3.14159265

i, j

S o (i^2 = -1 )

eps

Epsilon = 2^(-52)

realmin

2^( 1022)

realmax

(2 eps)*2^1023

Inf

Infinity - V cc

NaN

Not A Number - V nh

Dng hin th s
>>format kiu
short (mc nh)
long

bank
rat

Hin th
4 ch s thp
phn
15 ch s thp
phn
2 ch s thp
phn
a/b (phn s)

>>a = pi ?
>>format rat; a ?

2600/9
288.8889
2.8888888888888
89e+002

288.89
2600/9

Xo gi tr ca bin

Xo bin x l xo vng nh cp pht cho

bin x.
Xo mt bin x:

Xo mt lc nhiu bin:

clear x
clear a b c

Xo ht tt c cc bin hin hu:

clear

Hm (function)

Matlab cung cp rt phong ph v a dng

cc hm ton hc, t s cp n cao cp.
C 2 loi hm trong Matlab
Built-in fuction: hm sn c. V d: sin(), sqrt(),
exp(),
M-file function: hm vit trong cc tp tin .m ca
Matlab. V d: gamma(), sinh(),
Chng ta khng th thy source code ca cc
hm built-in. Ngc li, ta c th xem v chnh
sa source code ca cc hm lu trong cc file
.m.

Xem tr gip (Help)

Mc ch

Cch lm

Xem cch s dng mt hm >>help converse

c tn l converse
Tm hm tnh ton trong mt Help \ Functions
lnh vc no
Categorical List hoc dng
chc nng Search
Tm tn hm

Help \ Functions
Alphabetical List hoc tm
trong Index

Tm hiu v mt vn g

Chng hn Help \
Mathematics

Simulink

Simulink l thut ng m phng c ghp bi hai

t Simulation v Link.
Simulink cho php m t h thng tuyn tnh,h phi
tuyn, cc m hnh trong min thi gian lin tc,
hay gin on hoc mt h gm c lin tc v gin
on.
Simulink l mt phn mm m rng ca
MATLAB dng m hnh ho, m phng v phn
tch mt h thng ng.
Simulink thng dng thit k h thng iu
khin, thit k DSP, h thng thng tin v cc ng
dng m phng khc.

V d mt h thng m phng

Cc khi chc nng trong Simulink

Cc khi SOURCES: u vo ca h thng

cc khi pht v nhn tn hiu nh: Signal
Generator, Sine wave, Repeating sequency,
Pulse Generator
Khi SINKS: u ra ca h thng
Cc khi x l d liu

HT CHNG 1