Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Cac Hthong T.tin Hien Nay Trinh Bay Thong Qua Sdung Matlab

    Uploaded by

    anhphuc83
    16 views482 pages
    ứng dụng matlab

    Original Title

    Cac Hthong t.tin Hien Nay Trinh Bay Thong Qua Sdung Matlab

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    ứng dụng matlab

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    16 views482 pages

    Cac Hthong T.tin Hien Nay Trinh Bay Thong Qua Sdung Matlab

    Uploaded by

    anhphuc83
    ứng dụng matlab

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 482
    PROAKIS J. G. va SALEHI M. CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY TRINH BAY THONG QUA SU DUNG MATLAB HA NOI- 2003 NGUOI DICH: TS. NGUYEN QUOC BINH KS. NGUYEN HUY QUAN Proakis JG. va Salehi M CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY MUC LUC Loi ngudi dich Lai gidi thieu Lai noi ddu CHUONG 1. CAC TIN HIGU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH 1.1 Gi6i thigu chung 1.2 Chudi Fourier” 1.2.1 Cac tin hiéu nudn hoan va céc he thong tuyéh tinh khéng biéh déi theo thot gian 1.3 Céc bign d6i Fourier 1.3.1 Dink I ldy maw 1.3.2 Phan tich trén mién tén s6 cdc hé thong LTT 1.4 Cong suat va nang long 1.5 Tuong duong thong thap cba cc tin hieu dai thong CHUONG 2. CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN 2.1 Gigi thieu chung 2.2 Tao cdc bién ngau nhien 2.3 Cfc qué trinh ngdu nhién Gauss va Gauss-Markov 2.4 Ph cong sudt ciia cc qué trinh ngdu nhien va céc qué trinh tring, 2.5 Loc tuyén tinh céc qué trinh ngau nhién 2.6 Cic qué trinh thong dai va thong thép CHUONG 3. DIEU CHE TUONG TU 3.1 Gidi thieu chung 3.2 Digu che bien do 3.2.1 DSB-AM 3.2.2 AM truyén thong 3.2.3 SSB-AM 3.3 Gidi didu ché céc tin higu diéu ché bien do 3.3.1 Gidi diéu che DSB-AM 3.3.2 Gidi diéu ché’SSB-AM 3.3.3 Gidi diéu ché AM truyén thong 3.4 Diéu ché géc CHUONG 4. BIEN DOI TUONG TU 6 4.1 Gigi thigu chung 4.2.DO do thong tin 4.2.1 Ma hod khong tap 4.3 Luong ti hod 4.3.1 Lutgng tit hod v6 hutdng 4.4 Diu ché ma xung (PCM) 4.4.1 PCM véi luong tic hod déu 4.4.2 PCM voi lwong tit hod khéng déu CHUONG 5. TRUYEN DAN T{N HIRU S6 BANG G6C 5.1 Gigi thiu chung 5.2 Truyén dan tin hieu nhi phan 5.2.1 Méy thu 16% unt d6i voi kénh AWGN 5.2.2 M6 phdng Monte-Carlo mot hé thong truyén tin nhi phan 5.2.3 Cac phutong phap truyén dan tin hiéu nhi phan khac 5.2.4 Biéu dé sao ciia tin higu adi véi cdc tin higu nhi phan 5.3 Truyén dan tin higu nhiéu bien do 5.3.1 Caéc dang sing vai 4 mite bién Ao 5.3.2 May thu t6i wu 46% voi kenk AWGN 5.3.3 Cde dang séng tin higu voi nhiéu mide bién dé "1 16 16 16 28 33 38 44 48 52 63 63 63 16 83 89 100 100 101 101 112 19 125 126 134 139 147 164 164 165 166 172 172 183 183 188 201 201 201 202 209 213 223 225 226 228 235 MUC LUC Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 5.4 Cf tin higu nhiéu chiéu éu tryc giao nhiéu chiéu true giao adi CHUONG 6. TRUYEN DAN S6 QUA KENH CO BANG THONG HUU HAN 6.1 Gi6i thigu chung 6.2 Pho cong sust cia mot tin higu sé PAM 6.3 Dac trmg ca cdc kénh c6 do rong bang thong hitu han va méo kenh 64 Dac mmg cia xuyen nhiéu gitta cdc dau 6.5 Thiét ke he thong truyén tin d6i voi céc kénh c6 bang thong hi han 6.5.1 Thigh é tin higu dé ISI bang khong 6.5.2 Thiét ké tin hiéu dé cé ISI kiém sodt duoc 6.5.3 Tién ma hod doi vai cdc tin hiéu dap ting mot phan 6.6 Céc bd san bing wyén tinh 6.6.1 Cac bé san bang tuyén tinh thich nghi 6.7 Céc bo san bing phi tuyén CHUONG 7. TRUYEN DAN SO THONG QUA DIEU CHE SONG MANG 7.1 Giéi thigu chung 7.2 Diéu ché bien do song mang 7.2.1 Gidi diéu ché cdc tin higu PAM 7.3 Diéu ch€ pha song mang 7.3.1 Gidi didu ché pha va tach tin hiéu 7.3.2 Diéu ché va gidi diéu ché pha vi sai 7.4 Diéu ché bién do vung géc 7.4.1 Gidi diéu ché'va tach tin hiéu QAM 7.4.2 de sudt Idi doi voi QAM trong mét kénk AWGN 7.5 Diéu ché tin s6 séng mang 7.5.1 Khoa dich tdn 75.2 Gidi siéu ché va téch cdc tin higu FSK 1.5.3 Mic suai 1di déi voi tach khong két hop tin hiéu FSK 7.6 Ding b¢ trong cac he théng thong tin 7.6.1 Déng bo séng mang 7.6.2 Déng b6 ding hd CHUONG 8, DUNG LUGNG KENH VA MA HOA KENH 8.1 Gidi thigu chung 8.2 MO hinh kenh va dung lugng kenh 8.2.1 M6 hinh kénh 8.2.2 Dung lung kénh 8.3 Ma hod kénh 8.3.1 Ma khot tuyén tinh 8.3.2 Céc md chap CHUONG 9. CACHE THONG THONG TIN TRAI PHO 9.1 Gi6i thiéu chung 9.2 C&c hé thong trai ph chudi trye tiep 92.1 Gidi diéu ché tin higu 9.2.2 Xac sudt Idi 9.2.3 Hai ting dung ciia ede tin higu trdi phd DS 9.3 Tao ede chudi PN 9.4,Trai phé nhay vin 9.4.1 Xac sudt I6i adi vé% céc sin higu FH 9.4.2 Sit dung phn tap tin higu dé khdc phuc nhiéu mot phan bing Tai ligu tham khao 239 239 249 261 261 261 266 218 283 284 289 295 299 309 316 327 327 327 330 334 338 345 354 355. 357 362 362 364 370 315 376 382 393 393 394 304 395 406 409 423 447 447 44g. 451 453 455 462. 468 470 416 484 6 MUC LUC Proakis JG. va Saleki Mt: CAC Hi, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY LOI NGUOI DICH hOng thong tin lin lac hién dang phat trién hét sttc nhanh chéng. Ngay & Viét nam, trong hor mudi nam qua ching ta da duge ching kién mot su bién 467 ngoan muc cc hé théng thong tin lién lac, véi viéc dua vao khai thdc trén dién rong mét co sé ha tang vién thong to dn, phuc vu rat nhiéu dich vu méi én co st cdc ing thong tin s6. Tuong ting véi diéu do, viéc dio tao mot thé hé céc can b6 ky thuat cé trinh do cao, cap nhat véi su phat trién cua cdc cong nghé méi da va dang dugc xtc tién mét cdéch c6 hé théng. Tuy nhién, mot trong cdc diém chung tai cdc tring dai hoc dao tao ky su va céin bo ky thuat chuyén nganh dién ti-vién thong hién nay cla nuGc ta 1a su thiéu thon cic tai liéu hoc tap chuyén nganh tot cho phép ngudi hoc cé duge cai nhin sau sac vio nhiing véin dé ky thuat phic tap clia céc hé thong thong tin, Chting toi da chon dich cuén séch nay trong s6 rat nhiéu cdc tai ligu tiéng Anh vé k¥ thuat thong tin khdéc nham bi dép phan nao su thiéu hut néi wén. Ban doc dang cé trén tay ban dich cia cuéin “Cac hé thong thong tin hién nay- ‘Trinh bay thong qua sir dung MATLAB” (Contemporary Communication Systems- Using MATLAB), nha xuat ban Brooks/Cole, MY, xuat ban lén thi nhat nam 2000. Cac téc gid clta cuén sdch nay 1a cdc hoc gia limg danh va la cdc gido su dai hoc day kinh nghiém cia My', Cudin sach nay, theo suy nghi cia ching toi - nhiing ngudi dang truc tiép nghién cfu va gidng day vé ky thuat vién thong — 1a mot cudn séch rét t vé noi dung, hién dai vé phuong phép trinh bay va phd hop voi nhiéu ' Proakis J. G. Ia téc gid cla cu6n “Thong tin s6” (Digital Communications) n6i tiéng, 43 duge tai bin & Mg t6i lan thd tw trong vong 10 nam gan day, LOI NGUOI DICH 7 Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY d6i tugng, tir sinh vien dang theo hoc nhtng nam cuéi chuyén nganh dién ti-vién thong dén c4c ky su dang truc tiép nghién ctu va cng tc trén cdc hé thong vién thong. Cudn sdch cung cap nhimg t6m tét ly thuyét co ban nhat vé cdc hé thong thong tin hién nay - cd hé thong tuong ty lin hé thong s6 - mot cdch hét stic stic tich ma vin dé hiéu, déng théi cung c&p cho ngudi hoc kha nang dao sau vao cdc van dé ky thuat rat phttc tap von c6 vé nhu hét stic té nhat thong qua sit dung ky thuat m6 phong méy tinh. Noi mot cach khéc, cudn sch nay I6i cuén va goi len duge niém hing khéi doi véi ngudi doc trong qué trinh hoe tap va tap dugt nghién cutu. Hien tai, cdc thuat ngit ky thuat trong cdc tai li¢u 4n hanh 6 nudc ta cdn chua thong nat. Trong qué trinh bién dich, chting toi da c6 ging tham khéo cAch sit dung cdc thuat ngit ky thuat trong céc tai lieu tiéng Viet khdc va trong nhitng trudng hop cdn chua hoan toan thong nhat, cdc thuat ngi kV thuat duoc chuyén nghia sang tiéng Viet theo céc ty dién phé thong va chuyén nganh dang dugc lun hanh rng rai. Dé ngudi doc thuan tién trong tra cifu, rong hing trudng hop nay cdc thuat ngit ky thuat dugc chua théng nhdt bang tiéng Anh. Mot s6 thuat ngit da Viet hod rong rai duoc ding & dang phien am, hodc gan nhu di Viet hod thi duge dé nguyén thé tiéng Anh va in nghiéng (abu symbol, analog...). Vé phan cong bién dich, Ts. Nguyén Quéc Binh thudc Hoc vién ky thuat quan su dich c4c chuong 1-5 va 7-9, chuong 6 do Ks. Nguyén Huy Quan thudc Hoc vién Cong nghé buu chinh va vién thong dam nhiém. Ts. Nguyén Quéc Binh hiéu dinh ton b6 va chiu trach nhi¢m trinh bay sdch. Trong qué trinh bién dich va trinh bay sdch, chin chan cdn c6 nhiing thiéu sét. Moi ¥ kien gop ¥ véi nhimg ngud) dich xin giti vé dia chi: Ts. Nguyén Quéc Binh, Bo mén thong tin, Hoc vien KTQS, 100 Dudng Hoang Quéc Viét, Ha noi. HA noi, thang 10 nam 2002 Nhiing ngudi dich 8 LOI NGUGI DICH LOI GIOI THIEU “Muc dich cua tinh toan la dé thau hiéu van dé chit khong phai la cée con s6.”-R. W. Hamming, Cae phuong phdp tinh sé danh cho cdc ky su va cdc nha kkoa hoc, Nh3 xudt ban McGraw-Hill, Inc. 6 chinh 1a tinh thin trong suy nghi cia chting (Gi ma theo dé ching tdi cho ra Bookware Companion Series™. Cae cong nghé méi nhat va c4e phuong php hien dai ngdy cing duge nhdi nhét nhiéu hon vao cdc cua gidng von da day dac cdc ly thuyét quan trong. Hau qua la bay giv nhiéu gidng vién da phai dt cdu hoi rang “Chting ta don gian di day cho sinh vien vé cong nghé méi nhat hay ta day cho he cach suy Inan?”. Ching toi tin tuéng rang cd hai diéu cén thiét dé Khong foai trir Kin nhau. That vay, bo sdch nay dua trén niém tin rang cdc viéc gidi bing may tinh va ly thuyét cé thé déng thoi hd tro lan nhau. Khi duge sit dung mot cach dting din, viée tinh todn cé thé minh hoa cho ly thuyét va gitip cho sinh vien suy nghi, phan tich va suy Ian theo cdc cach day § nghia. No cling gitip cho sinh vien higu duoc cde moi quan hé va cdc lign két thong tin méi véi higu biét hién c6 va gitip cho ho trau déi céc ky nang gidi quyét van dé, kha nang true gidc cing nhu tu duy phé phdn. Bookware Companion Series da duge phat trién nhim d4p ting nhiém vu nay. Dac biét, bo séch nay duge thiét ké cho nhig ngudi lam cong tac tao muén tich hgp cdc cong cu hoc tap dua trén my tinh vao cdc cua giang cita minh va cho cée sinh vién mun tu minh di xa hon nifa ngoai khuon khé cita gido trinh. Cic gidng vién sé tim thay duge trong loat sch nay cdc phutong tién cho phép sit LOI GIGI THIEU 9 Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY dung cac cong cy phin mém manh bé trg cdc hoat dong giang day cha ho ma khong can phai ty minh tao lay cdc ting dung. Cac sinh vién sé tim thay nhing van dé lién quan va cé thé nhanh chong va dé dang c6 duge cach truy nhap dién ti d6i véi cdc van dé dé. Diéu quan trong d6i véi cd hai doi tuong 18 tién dé xay dumg nén bO séch nay: cdc sinh vien hoc duge tot nhat khi ho dugc loi cuén vao mét cach tich cuc trong viéc hoc tap cla riéng minh. Bookware Companion Series sé thu htit ho, cho ho ném thir cdc van dé cia cudc sOng thuc, bay cho ho cdc ky thuat r5 rang dé giai quyét cdc van dé thyc té va théch thitc ho ty minh hiéu va 4p dung cdc ky thuat nay. Dé phue vu cdc nhu cau cia cdc ban tét hon, ching t6i [uén mong cé duoc cdc cdch thite cai tién bd sach nay, Nhim muc dich d6, céc ban hay vui long lién hé voi ching t6i trén trang Web cia ching toi: http://www. brookscole.com/enginecring/ee/bookware.html iam cho bé sach t Cae ban c6 thé cho cdc loi khuyén vé céch jon nila, chia sé cdc ¥ tudng cia céc ban vé cach str dung ciic cong nghé trong l6p hoc v6i cée déng nghiép cia céc ban, goi ¥ mot van dé dic bigt ho’ic mot thf du ndo d6 cho lan xudt bin sau hodc cho chting t0i biét suy nghi cba cdc ban. Chiing toi chi doi nhan duge phic dap cia cdc ban va cdm on céc ban vé nhiing tro gitip thuong xuyeén. Bill Stenquist Ngudi xuat ban bill. stenguist@brookscole.com Heather Woods Phy trach bién tap heather.woods@brookscole.com Nathan Wilbur Phu trach tigp thi nathan.wilbur@brookscole.com ChristinaDeVeto — Tro ly tip thi christina. deveto@brookscole.com 10 ~ LOI GIGI THIEU Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY. Trén thi truéng hién nay rat nhiéu gido trinh dé cp téi nhimg van dé can ban trong cdc hé théng théng tin s6 va twong tu, bao gém cac thuat toén ma hod va giai ma cing nhu céc ky thuat diéu ché va gidi diéu ché. Vi su cdn thiét, hau hét cdc gido trinh nay déu chuyén chit vao cdc ly thuyét nhdn manh dén viéc thiét ké va phan tich hoat dong cia mot s6 khéi hinh thanh nén cdc phan tir co ban cia hé théng thong tin nhu céc bo ma hod va gidi ma, cdc bO diéu ché va giai diéu ché. Tuy vay, kha it gido trinh, dac biét 1a cdc gido trinh duge viét cho cdc sinh vien con dang theo hoc, lai chita dung mot loat c4c tmg dung duge thiét ké nhim thiic day ho trong hoc tap. Pham vi cia cudn sach Muec tiéu cita cuén sdch nay 1a phyc vu nhu mot séch huéng dan hay mot phan b6 sung cho bat ky mot gido trinh hén hop nao vé cdc hé thong thong tin. Cusn sdch nay cung c&p mot loat céc bai tap 06 thé giai dugc tren may tinh (dac biet thich hop véi cdc my tinh c4 nhan) bang c4ch sit dung phién bin MATLAB phé cap cho sinh vién. Cudn sdch duge chudn bi thoat tién nhim phuc vu cdc sinh vién dang hoc 6 nhing nam trén va cdc sinh vién dang lam t6t nghiép trong linh vuc ky thuat dién, ky thuat méy tinh va khoa hoc my tinh. Chting toi xem rang sinh vién (hay ngudi sit dung sdch) thi da dugc lam quen véi cdc van dé co sé cla MATLAB. Cc chii dé nay khong duge dé cap d&n & day nita do da c6 vo s6 sch trg gitip va cdc cdm nang vé MATLAB. Vé thiét tri ma n6i, viee dé cap t6i mot loat céc cha dé sé duge trinh bay van tat. Chiing t6i sé tinh bay dong co thtic dy van dé va mot din giai ngén gon vé ting chi dé mot, thie? lap cdc ghi chi céin thiét ri sau d6 minh hoa cé¢ khdi niém co ban LOINOI DAU MW iy J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TI thong qua mot thi dy. Chting toi mong doan dan giai co ban nay cing voi ngudi giang sé cung cap mot mifc hiéu biét su sac can thiét ddi voi cdc vain dé duge dé cap t6i. Thi du, chting toi dua ra bd thu loc phéi hep va bé thu tuong quan va xic nhan rang céc thiét bi nay dan dén vic gidi diéu ché t6i uu cdc tin hieu bi nhiéu bai tap am cong trang chudn (AWGN: Additive White Gaussian Noise), song chting t6i sé khong chting minh diéu xdc quyét nay. Su ching minh nhu thé néi chung déu da ip trong hau hét cdc gido trinh vé cdc hé thong truyén tin. Két cau cia cuén sich Cudn sdch nay gém chin chuong. Hai chuong dau vé cdc tin hi¢u va cdc hé thong tuyén tinh cing nhu vé cdc qué trinh ngdu nhién dua ra cdc kién thite nén, néi chung cn thiét trong nghién cttu cc hé thong truyén tin. Mot chuong nia bao phi cae ky thuat truyén tin analog va sdu chuong con lai thi chuyén vao thong tin sd, Chuong 1: Cac tin hiéu va cdc hé thong tuyén tinh Chuong nay cung cap mot téng quan vé cdc cong cu va kf thuat co ban tir vige phan tich cdc hé thong tuyén tinh bao gém cA cae dac tinh mién tén s6 va mién thdi gian. Cac ky thudt phan tich trén mién tan s6 duge nhan manh do cdc k¥ thuat nay thuong dugc sit dung nhat trong khi dé cap t6i cdc hé thong truyén tin, Chuong 2: CAc qua trinh ngau nhién Trong chuong nay, ching t6i minh hoa cdc phuong phap tao cdc bién ngdu nhién va cdc mau cia céc qua trinh ngau nhién. Cac cht dé bao gém viéc tao cdc bién ngdu nhién cé mot ham phan bé x4 ¢ sudt nhat dinh nao dé, viéc tao cc mau cia cdc qua trinh ngdu nhién Gauss vi Gauss-Markoy, va dac trung cita cdc qué trinh ngdu nhién dimg trong mién théi gian cling nhw trong mién tan sé. Chuong 3: Diéu ché analog Viéc thuc hién céc kf thuat diéu ché va gidi diéu ché analog trong cdc dié kién cé va khéng c6 nhiéu cong duge dé cap trong chuong nay. Cac hé thong duge nghién cttu bao gém diéu ché bién d6 (AM), nhu diéu bién hai bang bién, diéu ché don bién va diéu ché bién do truyén thong; cdc so dé diéu ché géc nhu 2 . . LOINGI DAU Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THON diéu ché tn sé (FM) va diéu ché pha (PM). Chuong 4: Bién déi tuong tu-sé THONG TIN HIEN NAY Trong chuong nay chting toi khdo st mot sO phuong phdp dugc sit dung dé bién déi cdc tin hiéu nguén tuong ty thanh cdc chudi sé mot cach hiéu qua. Viéc bién déi cho phép ching ta truyén hay tr cdc tin hi¢u theo phuong phdp s6. Chting toi xem xét cA so dé nén dé liéu cé that thodt thong tin nhu diéu ché ma xung (PCM) lan nén di li¢u khong that thoat thong tin nhu m4 hod Huffman. Chuong 5: Truyén dan sé bang géc Trong chuong nay ching toi dua ra cdc kf thuat diéu ché va gidi diéu ché d6i véi truyén dan thong tin sO thong qua mot kenh AWGN. Ca ky thuat diéu ché nhi phan 14n nhiéu mttc déu duge xem xét. Gidi diéu ché t6i wu cdc tin hiéu nay duge mé ta va chat lugng ca bé gidi diéu ché duge danh gid Chuong 6: Truyén dan tin higu s6 qua cdc kénh cé bang tan han ché cde kénk c6 bang tan han ‘huong nay ching téi xem xét dac tinh ct ché va van dé thiét ké céc dang séng cho cdc kénh nhu vay. Chting toi sé chi cho ngudi six dung thay ring méo cia kénh tao nén xuyén nhiéu gitta céc symbol (ISI: InterSymbol Interference) ma ching gay nén céc 13i trong giai diéu ché tin higu. Sau d6 chiing ti sé dé cAp tdi viée thiét ké céc mach san bang kénh ma chting bi. khit méo kénh. Chuong 7: Truyén dan sé thong qua diéu ché song mang ‘Ching t0i thao luan 4 kiéu tin hiéu diéu ché séng mang thich hgp cho truyén din qua céc kénh cd bang tan han ché: cdc tin hiéu diéu ché bién 6, cdc tin hiéu diéu ché bien do vudng géc (QAM), diéu ché pha s6 (PSK) va diéu ché tin s6 s6 (FSK). Chuong 8: Dung lugng kénh va ma hoa Trong chuong nay chiing t6i xem xét céc mo hinh todn hoc thich hop d6i véi cae kénh truyén tin va dua ra mOt dai lugng ca sé, goi 1a dung lugng kénh, né cho chting ta gidi han vé lugng thong tin cé thé truyén qua duge trén kénh. Dac biét, chting toi xem xét hai mo hinh kénh: kénh d6i xtmg nhi phan (BSC: Binary LOINOI DAU B Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Symmet ic Channel) va kénh AWGN. Céc mé hinh kénh nay dugc sit dung trong vic dé cap t6i cac mA chap va ma khéi nham cé duge viec truyén tin tin cay thong qua c4c kenh nhu thé. Chuong 9: Cac bé thong thong tin trai phé Cée phan tit co ban cha mot h¢ thong thong tin trai phd duge dé cap tdi trong, chuong nay. Dac biét, cc hé théng trai phd chudi truc tiép (DS: Direct-Sequence) va trai phé nhay tan (FH: Frequency-Hopped) duge xem xét lién ddi vdi cdc so 6 diéu ché pha sé (PSK) va digu ché tin sd sé (FSK) mot cach tuomg tmg. Viée tao cdc chudi gid nhiéu (PN: Pseudonoise) dé sit dung trong cc hé théng trai phd ciing duge dé cap ti. Vé phan mém Cic file chuong trinh MATLAB cho cudn sdch nay ¢6 tai Bookware Companion Resource Center tren mang theo dia chi http://www.brookscole.com/engineering/ ee/bookware.html. Cac file nay bao gém cdc trink MATLAB duge sit dung trong, tai ligu nay. Trong hau hét cdc trudng hop, chting toi déu da kém thém vao dé nhiing chti gidi cho cdc file MATLAB dé lam cho chting dé hiéu hon. Tuy vay, cfing nén hn ¥ rang trong qué trinh phat trién cac file nay muc dich chi yéu cia chting t6i 14 su r6 rang trong ma nguén MATLAB hon Ia tinh hi¢u qua cia n6. Trong nhiing trudng hop khi ma nguén hiéu qua nhdt lai c6 thé 1am cho cac file td nén kh6 theo doi thi chiing ti da chon st dung ma ngudn kém hiéu qua hon song lai dé doc hon. Trung tam nguén Ic Bookware Companion Series Géi méi d6i v6i lan in méi nay 1 Trung tam nguén luc Bookware Companion Series, mot trang chi trung tam hé tro toan bd bd sdch. O dé cdc ban sé tim thay cdc file MATLAB c6 thé tai xu6ng dugc cho cuén sdch nay, Ching t6i du tinh gitt cho céc file nay dugc phé bign, nhd dé o6 duge hau hét cdc wu thé cita vide tdn phat trén mang. Tai Trung tam ngu6n luc, cdc ban ciing sé tim thdy duoc cdc nguén luc khdc nhu cdc thong tin phu vé bé sdch cla chting t6i, cdc két ndi t6i 4 ~~ LOINGI DAU Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY cAc trang chh MATLAB cé tac dung irg gitip, va cdc ¥ tudng vé cong nghé day hoc trong l6p tir cdc tc gid cla Bookware va tit nhiing ngudi 1am cong tdc dao tao ky thuat khdc. Vé lau dai, chting 10i c6 ké hoach mé rOng trang chi nay thanh mot ngan hang dé trao déi cdc ¥ tuéng tin cay vé giang day cling nhu dé tuéng thuat truc tiép. Ban c6 mot ¥ tudng déi voi mot van dé hay thf du doc nhat nao ma ban muén chiing toi xem xét dén trong lan xudt ban téi day cha cuén sdch nay khong? Néu c6, hay ddo qua trang chi cla ching toi va bém lén biéu tugng Mé ban thao dé tham du vao mot cudc thao luan truc tiép véi céc téc gid, v6i nhing ngudi nhu cdc ban, véi céc sinh vién ciing nhu véi nha xuat ban. Trung tam nguén luc duge 6 tri tai dia chi http://www.brookscole.com/engineering/ee/bookware.html. John G. Proakis Masoud Salehi LOINOI DAU 15 Proakis J.G, va Salehi M.; CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY CHUONG 1 CAC TIN HIEU VA CAC HE TH! 1.1 GIO THIEU CHUNG Trong chuong nay chiing ta sé xem xét nhiing céng cu va cdc k¥ thuat ca ban tir viée phan tich hé thong tuyén tinh duoc sit dung trong phan tich cdc he thdng truyén tin. Cac hé thong tuyén tinh va cdc dac tinh cla chiing trong cdc mién thoi gian va fan s6, cling vi ly thuyét xdc sudt va viec phan tich cdc tin hi¢u ngdu nhién la hai chi dé can ban nhat thiét phai hi€u 56 tude khi nghién ctu cde hé thdng truyén tin. Hau het cdc kénh truyén tin va nhiév khdi con cha cdc may phat va méy thu cé thé mo hinh hod tt duge nhu 18 cdc hé thong tuyén tinh khong bién d6i theo thdi gian (LTE: Linear Time-Invariant) va do vay cAc cong cu va k¥ thuat néi ti€ng xvat phat tir viee phan tich cac hé thdng tuyén tinh cé thé dp dung duge trong viéc phan tich ching. Ching toi nhén manh cdc cong cu phan lich thoi gian-tan sé do day 1a cdc ky thuat duge sir dung thudng xuyén nhat. Ching ta khdi dau voi cdc chudi va cdc bién déi Fourier; sau d6 chung ta sé xét tat cd cac khdi niém vé nang lugng va cong suat, dinh ly lay mau, viéc biéu dién thong thap cdc tin hiéu dai thong. 1.2 CHUOI FOURIER Quan hé vao-ra cla mét hé théng tuyén tinh khong bién déi theo thdi gian dude cho béi tich chap duge xdc dinh theo yD=x(0*h(t)= fron =t)dz (1.2.1) 16 Chuong 1: CAC TIN HIEU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINA Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY trong d6 A(s) ky hiéu phan tg xung cla hé théng, x(?) 1a tin hiéu 16i vao con y(t) 1a tin hiéu Idi ra. Néu tin hiéu 16i vao x(z) 14 mot ham mi phic duge cho béi x(t)= Ae? (1.2.2) thi tin hiéu 16i ra duge cho theo w= [ae nga) = 4 franca me (1.2.3) N6i mét cach khdc, I6i ra 14 mot tin hiéu mo phic cé cing t4n s6 voi tin hiéu 16i vao. Bién do (phtic) cia tin hiéu Idi ra, tuy vay, 14 bién d6 (phitc) cla tin higu I6i vao nhan véi Jace Pah ie Hay chi ¥ rang dai iuong wén day ia mot ham cta phan tng xung A(t) cla hé thong tuyén tinh LTI va tan s6 fy cia tin hiéu 16i phan ting cia cic hé théng LTI v6i cdc tin hiéu mii phite 16i vao la dc biét dé ©. Do vay, viée tinh todn dang. Hé qué 1a trong phan tfch cdc hé théng tuyén tinh LTI, mot cdch hoan toan tu nhién ngudi ta tim cach Khai trién cdc tin hiéu nhu mét téng cdc tin higu ma phttc. Chudi Fourier va c4c bién d6i Fourier 1a cdc ky thuat khai trién cdc tin hieu thanh céc tin hiéu mii phitc. Mot chuéi Fourier 12 mét khai trién truc giao cdc tin hiéu tudn hoan cé chu ky Ty khi tap tin higu {e”™'}" duoc sir dung lam co sé cita khai trién. Voi co sé nay, bat ky tin higu tudn hoan! x(t) c6 chu ky Ty ndo cing déu cé thé biéu dién dugc theo x= Ener trong d6 cdc hé sé x, duge goi 1a cdc hé sé chuéi Fourier cia tin hiéu x(t) va duoc cho béi 1) Mot diéu kign dit dé t6n tai chudi Fourier 18 x(¢) hod man diéu kién Dirichlet. ‘Chuong 1: CAC TIN HIBU VA CAC HB THONG TUYEN TINH 17 Proakis J.G. va Sale E THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 1h Darr: frO.e Pat (1.2.5) Dg © day a 1a mot hang s6 bat ky duoc chon sao cho viéc tinh tich phan tro nén don gian. Tan s6 fo=1/T, duge goi 1a tan s6 co ban cia tin hiéu tudn hoan con tan =n/T'y duge goi 1a hai tht n, Trong hau hét cdc trudng hop hoac a=0 hoace= -T,/2 la céch chon thich hgp. Dang nay cita chudi Fourier duoc xem 1a chuéi Fourier dang mii va cé thé Ap dung cho ca cdc tin hiéu x() thuc Jan phitc chimg nao ching con 1a cdc tin hiéu tudn hoan. Trong trudng hop téng quat, cdc hé s6 ciia chudi Fourier {.x,} 18 cdc s6 phite ngay ca khi x(r) 14 mot tin hiéu cé gid tri thuc. Khi x(¢) la mot tin hiéu cé gid tri thuc thi ching ta cé. A Tarn } fre?" adr “4 pme Par (1.2.6) Tir day, hién nhién ching ta thay rang Nhu vay, céc hé s6 chudi Fourier ciia mot tin hiéu thuc thi cé tinh déi ximg Hermit; nghia Ia phan thyc cita chting thi chan cn phén do cita chting thi lé (hoac tuong duong 18 bién d6 cla ching chan cdn pha cia ching Ie). Dang khdc cia chudi Fourier, dugc biét voi ten goi chuéi Fourier long gidc, c6 thé 4p dung duge chi déi v6i cdc tin hiéu thyc tudn hoan va nhan dude bang cach xdc dink (1.2.8) (1.2.9) ma theo cong thttc Euler eP™"™ = cos(2nt—) — jsin(2at) (1.2.10) qT, t 18, Chwong 1; CAC TIN HIEU VA CAC HE. THONG TUYEN TINH Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC H&, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY tacd Ae ij x(t)cos(2nt)dt "ha qt, oe (1.2.11) b, -; J x(¢)sin(2nt pe va do d6 x(t) = 2 +32, cos(2nt) +b, sin(2m) (1.2.12) 20m qt, T, Dé ¥ rang d6i voi n=0, chiing ta ludn c6 by=0 nén ay=2xy. Bang cach dat c, =a; +b? b (1.2.13) 6, =—arctan— a, va sit dung quan hé acos¢ +bsing = Va? +5 cos($ — arctan 2) (1.2.14) a chiing ta c6 thé viét phuong trinh (1.2.12) & dang x)= 245 cos(2nt +0.) (1.2.15) 20m f ma day 1a dang thif ba ciia khai trién chudi Fourier d6i vdi cdc tin hiéu thuc va tudn hoan. Téng quét, c4c hé s6 chudi Fourier (x,} d6i véi cdc tin hiéu thuc lign hé véi a,, b,, c, Va 8, thong qua (a, =2Re[x,] (1.2.16) 0, =, Cac dé thi cla |x,| va Zx, theo n hay nf, dugc goi [a phé rdi rac cita x(¢). D6 thi cia |x,| thudng dugc goi la phd bién do cdn chia Zx, thi dugc goi 1a phé pha. Chuong I: CAC TIN HIBU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH 19 __Proukis J. G. va Salehi M.1 CAC HE, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Néu x(1) 18 mot tin higu thuc va chin, nghia 18 néw x -x(1), thi bang cach Jay a=-T,/2, chiing ta c6 2% n = f x()sin(2nt hae (1.2.17) Ty iva ° bang khong vi ham dudi dau tich phan 1a mot ham 1é theo 1. Nhu thé, déi voi mot tin hiéu x(7) thuc va chan, moi hé s6 x, déu 1a sé thuc. Trong trudng hgp nay, chuéi Fourier lugng gidc bao gém tat cd cdc ham cosine. Tuong tu, néu (2) thuc va lé, nghia 1a néu x(-1)=-x(1), thi Rn a, -2 M()cos(2n0 7) (1.2.18) 0-7 cting bing khong va moi hé s6 x, déu 1a s6 ao. Trong truéng hop nay, chudi Fourier lugng gidc chifa toan cic ham sine. BAT TAP MINE HOA Bai tap minh hoa 1.1 [chudi Fourier cia mot day tin hiéu hinh chit nhat] Cho tin hiéu tan hoan x(1) c6 chu ky Ty dugc xéc dinh theo (4, [lte Gi V6i |t] < 7, /2, trong 46 t)1/2 D6 thi cia x(s) duye vé trén hinh 1.1. Gid sirring A=1, Tp=4 con t=1: 1, Hay x4c dinh cdc hé s6 chudi Fourier cia x(1) & dang mf va luong gidc. .2. Hay vé phé roi rac cita x(1). 8 By 7 ehwong 1} CACTIN BIRU VA.CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH ___ Proakis J. G.va Lai giai 1. Dé tinh ra cdc hé sO chudi Fourier trong khai trién cia x(2), ching ta 6 ae 1 ferPet _ pitminy (1.2.21) fe tS ime es a 1 = 5 sine(n/2) (1.2.22) trong dé sine(x) duge dinh nghia [2 sine(x) = x(t) -To2 t 1 i To ty tw To Hich 1.1 Tin higu x(#) cla bai tap minh hoa Lt Dé thi ham sine duge cho trén hinh 1.2. Hién nhién 18 moi hé s6 x, déu thuc (do x(s) thue va chan) 1 a, = sino( sine) 6, =0 (1.2.24) Chi ¥ ring véi céc n chén, x,=0 (ngoai tri n=0, khi 46 ay=co=1 va xo=1/2). Bang cach sit dung cac hé sO nay, chting ta c6 => painet Sperm =F + Disine(%cos(aar (1.2.25) me ™ Mot d6 thi cia céc xap xi chudi Fourier d6i véi tin hiéu nay vé trén mot chu ky vdi n=0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 duge trinh bay trén hinh 1.3. Hay chi y rang khi n tang thi x4p xi tro nén gan hon v6i tin hiéu goc x(0). T2 ~ Chuong I: CAC TIN HIEU VA CAC HE THONG TUYENTINH 21 Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 1-——~ Hinh 1.3 Mot s6 x4p xi chudi Fourier di v6i tin hi¢u ché nhat cia bai tap mink hoa 1.1. 2. Hay chi ¥ rang x, lu6n lun thuc. Do vay, tuy theo du cia né pha sé hoac 1a khong hodc m. Dd I6n cita cfc x, 1 shiny. Phé rdi rac dugc trinh bay trén hinh 1.4. 22 Chitong 1: CAC TEN HIEU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN MIEN NAY MATLAM script dé vé phé ri rac cita tin higu nay duoc cho dudi day. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem I, Chapter 1. 20:1:20}: x=abs(sinc(n/2)); stem(n,x); “pout 0 > S20 Hinh 1.4 Phé réi rac cita tin higu trong bai tap minh hoa 1.1 Khi tin hiéu x(7) duge m6 ta trén mot chu ky gitta a va b, nhu duoc trinh bay trén hinh 1.5, va tin hieu trong khodng [a, b] duoc cho trong mot m-file, cdc hé s6 chudi Fourier co thé nhan dug bang cach sit dung m-file fseries.m duoc cho duéi day. Hinh 1.5 Mét tin hiéu tan hoan. Chuong I: CAC TIN HIBU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH 23 Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY m-file function xx=fseries(funfcn,a,b,n,tol,p1,p2,p3) %FSERIES Returns the Fourier series coefficients. % XX=FSERIES(FUNFCN,A,B,N,TOL,P1,P2,P3) % ‘funfen=The given function, in an m-file % Jt can depend on up to three parameters % pl p2, and p3. The function is given % over one period extending from ‘a’ to ’b’ % xx=vector of length n+ of Fourier Series % Coefficients, xx0,Xx1,...,Xxn. % pl p2,p3=parameters of funfcn. % tol=the error level. al({‘1/C,num2str(1),").*quad(funfen,a,b,tol,[},args}) : for i=1:n new_fun = 'exp_fnct' ; args=[',', num2str(i), ',', num2str(t), args0, ')’ 1; xx(i+ i)=eval(('1/(num2str(t),’).*quad(new_fun,a,b,tol,[],funfen',args}); end BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 1.2 [Phé bien do va phé pha] Hay xéc dinh va vé cdc phé bien do va phé pha cita tin higu tudn hoan x(1) véi chu ky bang 8 va duge xdc dinh theo x()=A() d6i v6i <4. Lai gidi Do tin higu duge cho bing mot m-file lambda.m, chting ta c6 thé chon khoang [a, b}-I-4, 4] va xc dinh duge cdc he s6, Hay chi ¥ ring mile fseries.m xéc dinh céc he 80 clia chudi Fourier d6i véi céc gid tri khong 4m cita n, song do 6 day x(#) 1a thue nen 24 ~~ Chuong 1: CAC TIN HIRU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH _Proakis J. G, va Salehi M. CAC HE THONG THONG JIN HIEN NAY ching fa 66 x,=x,. Trén hinh 1.6 cae phé bien 40 va phd pha fia tin higu nay duge vé doi véi n duoc chon bing 24. ons ——4 | on I | 1 | { 1 | oF TT rapaneetiog I 0 » 30 Lr a4 i a oe 0 10 Hinh 1.6 Phé bien dd va phé pha trong bai tap minh hoa 1.2. MATLAB script dé xéc dinh va vé phd bién d6 va phd pha duge cho duéi day. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 2, Chapter 1. echo on Chuong 1: CAC TIN HIBU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH 25 Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hfi THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY n=24; tol=0.1; xx=fseries(fnct,a,b,n,tol); x(t b:- 1:2); ‘conj(xx1),xx]; absxx1=abs(xx1); pause % Press any key to see a plot of the magnitude spectrum nl=(-n:n); stem(n1,absxx1) title(‘The Discrete Magnitude Spectrum’) phasexx1=angle(xx1); pause % Press any key to see a plot of the phase stem(n1,phasexx1) title(The Discrete Phase Spectrum’) BAI TAP MINH HOA duge cho theo An, x() = 1 Von trong khong [—6, 6]. D6 thi tfn hiéu nay duge cho trén hinh 1.7. 02 os on os Hinh 1.7 Tin higu tun ho’n trong bai tap minh hoa 1.3. 26 ‘Chuong 1: CAC TIN HIEU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.; CAC H& THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Lii gidi Tin higu nay chinh tring v6i ham mat do xac suat cha mot bién ngdu nhien Gao-x¢ (normal-chuan) c6 ky vong khong va phutong sai bang 1 dugc cho trong m-file normal.m, File nay can hai tham so 1a m va s 12 ky vong (tri trung binh) va 49 Iéch quan phuong cita bién ngdu nhién dé ma trong bai tap nay ching an Iuot la 0 va 1. Do vay, chiing ta cé thé sir dung MATLAM script sau day dé ¢6 duoc cdc dé thi phé bien do va phd pha nhu duoc thé hién trén hinh 1.8. (409 pr 0108 0.06 00s sot 03, oa oon 3 ° 2 1 ° ocoscennconscanaenacenennn| ~ “1 r 2 3 a dS -30 20 -10 0 to 2 30 Hinh 1.8 Phé bien do va phé pha trong bai tap minh hoa 1.3. Chucong 1: CAC TIN HIEU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINA 27 Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 3, Chapter 1. echo on fnct='normal’; eries(fnct,a,b,n,tol,0,1); xxl=xx(n+L:-1:2); xx1=[conj(xx1),xx]; absxx1=abs(xx1); pause % Press any key to see a plot of the magnitude nl=[-n:-nJ; stem(n{,absxx1) title(‘The Discrete Magnitude Spectrum’) phasexx I=angle(xx1); pause % Press any key to see a plot of the phase stem(n1,phasexx 1) title('The Discrete Phase Spectrum’) 1.2.1. CAC TIN HIBU TUAN HOAN VA CAC Hf THONG TUYEN TINH KHONG BIEN DOI THEO THOI GIAN (LT) Khi mot tin hi¢u tudn hoan x(f) duge cho qua mot hé thong tuyén tinh khong bién déi theo thdi gian (LTI) nhu duge thé hién trén hinh 1.9 thi tin hieu 16i ra y(0) cfing 14 mot tin higu tudn hoan, thudng thudng cé cing mot chu ky nhu cia tin hiéu 16i vac? (tai sao?), va do 46 né c6 mot Khai trién chuéi Fourier. ¥ He thong LT! Hinh 1.9 Céc tin higu tun hodn qua céc hé thong LTT. Néu 2(2) va y(¢) duge khai trién theo 2) Chiing ta n6i thucdng thudng c6 cing chu ky voi tin higu 16j vao. Ban c6 thé dua ra mot thf du nio ma chu ky tin hieu 16t ra khdc v6i chu ky tin hiéu {61 vao Khong? ® Chuwong 1: CAC TEN HIBU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH Proakis J. G.va Salehi M.. CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY x= Sore" (1.2.26) y(t) = S ye 2 (1.2.27) thi quan he gitta céc hé s6 chudi Fourier ca x(1) va y(¢) c6 thé nhan duge bing cach sir dung tich chap y(t) = fxle=a)h(n)de = [Exje2mern Dh(vdt 2 “ee (1.2.28) yx, Jane ROM deygi ti y eitenit Tir quan hé trén day, ta c6 Va = Xb (1.2.29) trong 46 H() 1a ky hiéu cita ham truyén’ cla hé thong LTH, 1a bign déi Fourier cia ham phan ting (hay dap tng) xung A(d) ctta nd: H(f)= June? at (1.2.30) BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 1.4 [Viéc loc cac tin hiéu tun hoan] Mot chudi xung tam gidc x(0) 6 chu ky Ty=2 duoc xdc dinh trén mot chu ky theo ttl, -lsts0 A(@) =4-141, OStS1 (1.2.31) 0, VGi cde gid tri rkhéc 1. Hay xac dinh cac hé s6 chudi Fourier cia x(1). 2. Hay vé dé thi phé rai rac cita x(1). 3. Gid sir tin higu nay di qua mot hé thong LTI c6 dap tmg xung duc cho theo t Ost0 sgn()=40, 1=0 (1.3.15) La reo con 31) ky higu cho dao ham bac » cita tin hiéu xung. D6i voi mot tin hiéu x(¢) tudn hoan véi chu ky Ty ma cdc hé sé chuéi Fourier cia né duge cho 1a x,, nghia 1a x())= Sixermin thi bin d6i Fourier nhan duge theo Xf) = Fx = FLD cP] = Dox, Fle] =D x,8F -p (1.3.16) had fee — 0 NGi mot cach khdc, bién déi Fourier cia mot tin hiéu tudn hoan bao g6m cdc xung tai cdc tan s6 14 bi ciia tan 6 co sé (cdc hai) cia tin hiéu g6c. Ciing c6 thé biéu dién cdc hé s6 chudi Fourier thong qua bién déi Fourier cha tin hiéu dugc cat ngdn (truncated signal) theo 1 n uty 1.3.17 nae FAC z ) ¢ ) trong 46, theo dinh nghia, X,,(f) 1a bién déi Fourier ca x;,(t) 1a tin higu dugc cat ngan x4c dinh theo pec h x,a{ “7 S459 (1.3.18) 0, Véi céc gid ti 1 kh Bién d6i Fourier cia mot tin hiéu duoc goi 1a phé cia tin hi¢u. Phé cia mot tin Chuong I: CAC TIN HIBU VA CAC HB THONG TUYEN TINH 35 Proukis J. G. va Satehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY _ hiéu néi chung 1a mot ham phitc X(f), vi vay dé vé 6 thi phd, thudng thudng phai vé hai dé thi: phé bién do |X(f)| va phé pha ZX(f). Bang 1.1 Bang cév cap bign d6i Fourier xO) _ ae ~ 7 a ; 1 ;% ° | UF ~ fo) cos2af, 1 - scr cos2nft Sb - fo) +8 + fol 2: Lis 0 sin2xf,t gp OS ~ fa) BUF +fol TH) Soe sinc(?) jn A(t) sine*(f) sinc’() Mp eu (0), a>0 — | a+ jaf teu (1), a>0 i (a+ jaf)? et, aso 20 a? + (2xf)? e a e we sgn(t) a inf 440 Lape <8 2 OF nO Saxp 5) (2nf)" © XdC-nT,) n=-0 BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 1.5 [cdc bién déi Fourier] Hay vé céc phé bien do va pha cia cdc tin higu x/(f) va x,(t) dugc cho nhv trén hinh 1.14. 36 Chuong 1: CAC TEN HIEU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH Proakis J.G. v@ Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY And t l L >t al 1 1 2 Hinh 1.14 Céc tin higu x/(0) va x0). Loi gia Do céc tin higu nay tong tw nhau chi khdc 1a dich vé thdi gian, ching ta c6 thé dodn duge ching cé cing phé bien do. Phé bién do chung va hai phd pha duge vé chung trén cing m6t hé truc duge trinh bay mdt cach tuong tmg trén cdc hinh vé 1.15 va 1.16. MATLAB script cho bai tap nay cho 6 duéi day. Trong muc }.3.1, ching ti sé chi che thay lam thé nao dé 06 duge bién déi Fourier cia mot tin hiéu nho sit durrg MATLAB. m-file % MATLAB script for Ilustrative Problem 5, Chapter 1. df=0.01; x1=zeros(size(t)); )=t(41:51)41; -ones(size(x 1(52:61))); x2=zeros(size(t)); x2(51:71)=x1(41:61); (XI «11 dflJ=fftseq(x1 13,0), (X2,x21 ,df2]=fftseq(x2,ts,df); Xll=X ifs; X21=X2/fs; f=[0:df1 :df1*(length(x11)-1)]-fs/2; plot(f,fftshift(abs(X11))) figure plot(f(500;525), fftshift(angle(X1 1(500:525))),f(500;525), fftshift(angle(X21(500: 525))),--') Chuong 1: CAC TiN HIBU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH 7 Proakis J.G_va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY r 7 i | " | uh | . | \ | ene | rr re a Hinh 1.15 Phé bien dé chung cita cae tin higu x,(4) vax,(0. reqency Hinh 1.16 Cac phé pha ciia cdc tin higu x,(0) va x,(0). 1.3.1 DINH LY LAY MAU Dinh ly Idy mau la mot trong cdc két qué quan trong nhat trong phan tich cc hé thong va én higu; n6 tao ra co sé cho m6i quan hé gitta cdc tin higu c6 thoi gian lien tuc va cdc tin higu cé thdi gian rdi rac. Dinh ly ly mau noi rang mot tin hi¢u c6 bang tén han ché ~ nghia 1a mot tfn hiéu ma bién déi Fourier cia no 38 Chong I: CAC TEN HIBU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINA Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY. bang khong véi |f/]>W v6i mot gid tri W nao dé — c6 thé mo ta duge mot cach day di théng qua cdc gid tr) mAu cia né lay qua cdc khoang 75 mién 1a T5<1/2W. Néu viéc lay mau duge thuc hién qua cdc khodng 7,=1/2W, duge goi la khoang Nyquist (hay ldy mu véi tc do Nyquist), tin hiu x(s) c6 thé khoi phuc Iai dugc tir céc gid tri m&u cha minh {x{7] = x(n7;)}*_ theo x(t) = Yox(n7,)sind2W(¢-nT,)) (1.3.19) Ket qua nay dua trén su kién ring dang song sau lay mau x(t) xdc dinh bdi x= Exearyee-nt) (1.3.20) thi c6 bién d6i Fourier dugc cho theo KN EY AS -B) vei moi tin so : 3 ae =F) vwilslew (13.21) 3 nén khi cho né qua mot mach loc thong thép c6 do rong bang 1a W va 6 tang ich 1a T; trong bing théng sé cho ra lai tin hi¢u ban dau. 3 nd Hinh 1.17 1a mot biéu dién ciia (1.3.19) doi voi Ts=1 va {x{n}}*__= (1, 1-1, 2, -2, 1, 2}. N6i céch khac, x(f)=sine(t+3)+sinc(t+2)-sine(t+1)+2sine(t)—2sine(t-1)+sinc(¢-2)+2sinc(t-3) Bién 46i Fourier rdi rac (DFT: Discrete Fourier Transform) cia chudi roi rac theo thdi gian x[n] duge biéu dién theo Xf)= Dain (1.3.22) So s4nh cdc phuong trinh (1.3.22) va (1.3.21), chting ta cé két \uan rang X(P)=TEXS) voi lf|, trong d6 W<W chting ta o6 X(/)=0. Tuong ting voi mdt tin hiu dai thong x(2) ching ta c6 thé xdc dinh tin higu gidi tich 2(t) c6 bién d6i Fourier dugc cho theo 2=2. PM) (5) 52 Chuong 1: CAC TIN HIBU VA CAC Hf THONG TUYEN TINH Proakis I. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY trong dé w_,(/) 1a ham bac thang don vi. Trong mién thdi gian, quan hé nay dugc viét theo 2(t) = x(t) + JRA) (1.5.2) trong dé 2(r) 1a bién déi Hilbert cita x(0) dugc x4c dinh theo £(t) =x(0)*(I/nt); trong mién tan s6, diéu nay duge cho bai Af) = ssa NX) (1.5.3) Ta hay chii ¥ ring ham bién déi Hiltbert trong MATLAB, dugc ky higu 1a hiltbert.m, tao ra day phiic 2(#). Phan thyc cla 2(i) 1a day tin hiéu goc (ttc 1A x(2)), cdn phan do clia n6 chinh 1a bién ddi Hilbert clia day g6c. Tuong duong thong thdp ciia tin hiéu x(1), duoc ky hiéu 1a x(0), biéu dién duoc thong qua z(t) theo x,() = 2(the PX (1.5.4) Ti quan hé nay, chiing ta c6 fe = Re[x,()e*"} (1.5.5) X(t) = Im[x, (te? J Trong mién tan s6, chting ta cé XN=Z(Ftfo)=2U Af) MP0) (1.5.6) va XP=Xfo)+X (-f-fo) (1.5.7) N6i chung, tuong duong thong thap cia mot tin hiéu dai thong thyc 1a mot tin higu phiic. Phan thyc cia né, ky higu la x,(), duge goi Ia thanh phan cing pha cia x(t) cdn phan do cita né dug goi la thanh phan vuong géc clia a(f) va duge ky higu la x,(0), nghia Ia x(O= x4) x (0 (1.5.8) Biéu dign thong qua céc thanh phan cbng pha va vung géc chiing tac x(t) = x, ()cos(2nfyt) — x, ()sin(2nf,t) (1) = x,(f)cos(2afyt) + x, ()sin(2nfet) Néu chting ta biéu dién (1) trong hé toa do cuc thi chting ta cd (1.5.9) Chuong I: CAC TIN HIEU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH 53 x(D=V(De? (1.5.10) trong d6 V(t) va ©() duge goi 1A dudng bao va pha cila tin higu x(@). Biéu dién thong qua hai ham nay, chiing ta c6 x(Q= V(Neos[2mft+O(0)] (1.5.11) Dudng bao va pha c6 thé biéu dién duge theo | ie ) (1.5.12) [eee = arctan. x, hay tong duong v6i vw ve (+e (t) (1.5.13) jow- = aren —2nft Tir cdc quan hé trén day, hién phién 12 dung bao thi doe lap voi éc lua chon f, trong khi d6 pha thi phu thudc vao viée Iva chon nay. Chiing toi da viet mot vai file MATLAB don giim dé tao ra tin higu giai tich, biéu dign thong thap cla mot tin higu, cdc thanh phin cing pha va vudng géc, duong bao va pha. Cac ham MATLAB tuong img 1 analytic.m, loweq.m, quadcomp.m va env_phas.m, Cac him nay dust liet ra dudi day. m-file function z=analytic(x) % z=analytic(x) %ANALYTIC Returns the analytic signal corresponding to signal x. z=hilbert(x); m-file function xl=loweq(x,ts,f0) % xl=loweq(x,ts,f0) %LOWEQ Returns the lowpass equivalent of the signal x. % 0 is the center frequency. ts is the sampling interval. t=[0:ts:ts*(length(x)-1)]: z=hilbert(x); xl=z. “expt: H2*pi“fO*s 54 Chuong 1: CAC TIN HIBU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH m-file function {xc,xs]=quadcomp(x,ts,f0) % [xc,xs]=quadcomp(x,ts,f0) JoQUADCOMP Returns the in-phase and quadrature components of the % signal x. fO is the center frequency. ts is the sampling interval. z=loweq(x.ts,f0); xc=real(z); xs=imag(z); m-file function [v,phiJ=env_phas(x,ts,f0) % [v,phi]=env_phas(x,tsf0) % v=env_phas(x,tsf0) JoENV_PHAS Returns the envelope and the phase of the bandpass signal x. % SD is the center frequency. ts is the sampling interval. if nargout == 2 z=loweq(x,ts,t0); phi=angle(z); end v=abs(hilbert(x)); BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 1.9 [Bién déi tir dai thong thanh thong thap] Tin hieu x(t) duge cho theo x(t)=sine(100/)cos(2nx2002) (1.5.14) 1. Hay vé dé thi tin hiéu nay va dé thi phé bien do cia nd. 2. Véi fi=200 Hz, hay tim tuong duong thong thdip va vé dé thi phé bién d6 cha 1nd. Hay vé dé thi cdc thanh ph4n cling pha va vudng géc, dudng bao cia tin hiéu nay. 3. Lap lai phan 2 vai gid thiét f.=100 Hz. Bang cach chon khoang lay mAu 1a 1=0.001 s, chting ta cé mot tén sé ldy mau 1a f,=1/f=1000 Hz. Bang c4ch chon mét do phan giai tan sé mong muén 1a df=0.5 Hz, chting ta cé nhu sau. 1. Céc dé thi cia tin hiéu va phé bien do cita n6 duge cho trén hinh 1.26. Cac ‘Chucong 1: CAC TIN HIBU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH 55 _Proaki (G TIN HIEN NAY _ dé thi duoc tao ra bang MATLAB. | | 00 100 2) 3H AK 500 Frequency —— Hinh 1.26 Tin hieu x() va phé bien do cia n6 2. Bang cach chon fj=200 Hz, ching ta tim tuong dong thong thap voi x(1) bang cach sir dung ham loweg.m. Sau d6, bang céch sit dung fftseq.m, ching ta nhan duoc phé cla n6; dé thi phé bien do cla né trén hinh 1.27. Ta c6 thé thay duge ring phé bién do la mot ham chan trong trudng hop nay béi vi chting ta c6 thé viet x(}=Re[sinc(100r)e?"?"] (1.5.15) So sdnh v6i_x(f) = Re[x,(¢)e?”°"'] (1.5.16) 56 Chuong 1: CAC TIN HIEU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY oor oo 0.008 0.006 0.008 0.002 ol. 4 500 =400 300-200 1009 100 200 309 4m) seKr Frequency Hinh 1.27 Phé bien d9 cia tin higu tuong dong thong thaip yp minh hoa 7 chting ta két luan duge rang x(O=sinc( 1002) * (1.5.17) ma diéu dé cé nghia 1a trong trudng hop nay tin hiéu tuong duong thong thap 1A mot tin hiéu thuc. Diéu nay, dén luot minh lai cé nghia 1a x,(N=x,(1) con x,()=0. Chiing ta ciing két luan duge ring VO =|x.) aw -{ x,(t)20 (1.5.18) nm — -x,(t)<0 Cac dé thi cia x,(1) va V() duge cho trén hinh 1.28. Hay dé y rang viéc chon fy lam tan sé ma X(P) d6i xing qua d6 dn dén cac hinh vé nay. 3. Néu fx=100 Hz thi cdc két qua trén ndi chung sé khong cn ding nifa va 4,(t) sé 1a mot sé phttc. Phé bién dé cia tin hiéu tong duong thong th4p duoc vé trén hinh 1.29. Nhu cé thé thay 6 day, phé bién do thiéu tinh déi ximg hién hou trong bién déi Fourier cia cdc tin hiéu thuc. Céc dé thi cia thanh phan cing pha cia x(t) va dudng bao cha né duge cho trén hink 1.30. ~ Chuang I: CAC TEN HIBU VA CAC HB THONG TUYEN TINH 37 Proakis JG. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY 1s as ass peas) “os 005. tS Time Hinh 1.28 Thanh phin cing pha va duémng bao cita x(0) CAC BAI TAP 1.1 Hay xét tin hiéu tudn hoan cia bai tap minh hoa 1.1 duge thé hién tren hin LL. Gia sir A: To=10 va =1, hay x4c dinh va vé phé rdi rac cita tin higu nay. Hay so sénh cdc két qua cia ban vdi céc két qua 64 nhan duge trong bai tap minh hoa 1.1 va hay chiing minh ring cfc sai khac d6 1a ding. 1.2 Trong bai tap minh hoa 1.1, gid sit ring A=1, Ty=4 va g=2, hay xéc dinh va vé 58 Chuong 1: CAC TIN HIEU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH oa Proakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN BIEN NAY phé ri rac clia tin higu. Hay so sénh cdc két qua cia ban véi céc ket qua da nhan dugc trong bai (4p minh hoa 1.1 va hay chiing minh rang cdc sai khéc dé 1a dting. 1.3 Sir dung mr-file fseries.m, hay xdc dinh cdc hé s6 chu6i Fourier ciia tin hiu da cho trén hinh 1.1 v6i A=1, Ty=4 va t5=1/2 véi -24< n <24. Hay vé dé thi phd bien do ciia tin higu. Bay gid, bang cach sit dung phuong trinh (1.2.5), hay xéc dinh cdc he s6 chuéi Fourier va vé phé bién do. Tai sao cdc két qua khong tuyét déi giéng nhau. 0.012 pg 001 0.008 006 son om ol. 500-400-300 200 —100 0 Frequency Hinh 1.29 Phé bien dé cita tin hiéu tuong duong thong thap vdix(1) trong bai tap minh hoa 1.9 khi fi=100 Hz. “400 "$00 1.4 Lap lai bai tap 1.3 véi T)=4.6 va so sdnh cdc két qua véi cdc két qua nhan dugc bang cach sit dung phuong trinh (1.2.5). Ban c6 quan sét thay & day cé cing su khong nhat quén gitta hai két qua khong? Tai sao? 1.5 Sit dung MATLAB script dis_spet.m, hay xdc dinh va vé cdc phé bién dé va phd pha cia tin hiéu tan hoan x(/) c6 chu ky 7)=4.6 va dugc m6 ta trong khoang [-2.3, 2.3} bang quan hé x()=A(@). Hay vé cdc phd d6 véi -24< n <24. Bay gid, hay xc dinh mét cach giai tich cdc hé 56 cia chudi Fourier cia tin hiéu va hay ching minh rang moi hé s6 d6 déu 1a cdc s6 thuc khong 4m. Phé pha ma ban da vé trudc dé cd thong nhdt véi két qua nay hay khong? Néu khong thi hay giai thich tai sao. 1.6 Trong bai tap 1.5, hay dinh nghia x()=A() trong khoang [--1.3, 3.3]; chu ky bay ~~ Chuong I: CAC TIN HIRU VA CAC HE THONG TUYEN TINH 59 Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY gid van la Ty=4.6. Hay xac din va vé cdc phd bien do va pha MATLAB script dis_spet.m. Hay cht ¥ rang tin hiéu nay thi gidng nbu tin hiéu trong bai tap 1.5. Hay so sénh phd bien d6 va phé pha v6i cde phd bién do va pha nhan duoc trong bai tap 1.5. Phé bien do hay phé pha cho thay mot sai biet dang ké hon? Tai sao? oy 08} orf 06 as os 1 IS Hinh 1.30 Thanh phan chng pha va dudng bao cita tfa hieu x(0) khi f;=100 Hz. 1.7 Lap lai bai tap minh hoa 1.2 vi [a, b}=[-4, 4] va x()=cos(mt/8) d6i v6i is4. 1.8 Lap lai bai tap minh hoa 1.2 véi [a, b]=[—4, 4] va x(6 =sin(m/8) doi véi |r] < 4 di 60 Chuong 1: CAC TIN HIBU VA CAC HE. THONG TUYEN TINH J THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY so snh cdc két qua cla ban véi két qua nhan dugc trong bai tap 1.7. is J.G. vd Saiehi Mx CAC 1.9 Hay xac dinh bang s6 va vé cdc phd bién do va pha cla mot tin higu a(1) 66 chu ky 1a 10° giay va dugc xc dinh theo {-10°r+05, O<1<5x107 O=4 0, VGi cdc gid tri t khéc trong khoang |i|< 5x10. 1.10 Mot tin hiu x(1) 6 chu ky T;=6 duge xéc dinh boi x()=11(1/3) d6i v6i |r < 3. Tin higu nay di qua mot hé thong LTI cé phan tg xung dude cho béi 2 gere wots ; Os 0, VGi cde gid tri tkhde hay tinh bing s6 va vé phé rdi rac cia tin higu I6i ra. 1.11 Lap lai bai tap 1.10 voi x()=e” Adi voi |e] <3 va 4, Osr<4 A(t) = q ; 0, V6i cde gid tri ekhdc 1.12 Hay kiém ching dinh ly tich chap cia bién déi Fourier bing tinh todn s6 déi véi cdc tin higu x()=T1(1) va y()=A(, mot lan 1am bing céch xéc dinh truc tiép ich chap, mot lin bing céch sit dung céc bién déi Fourier ca hai tin hiéu d6. 1.13 Hay vé cac dé thi phé bien do va phé pha cia mot tin higu cho boi 1, -2<1S-1 ait Wel Om Ists2 0, V6i cac gid tri t khée 1.14 Hay xdc dinh va vé phé cia mot tin higu chin x() ma déi véi cdc gid tri duong ctia ¢né duge cho béi t+1, O2 nbu duge minh hoa trén hinh 2.4(b). Ching ta tao mot bin ngdu nhién phan b6 déu A va dat F(C)=A. Do dé, (2.2.6) Giai tim C, chiing ta duge C=2VA (2.2.7) Nhu thé, chting ta tao ra mot bién ngdu nhién C cé ham phan b6 xdc sudt F(C) nhu duge minh hoa trén hinh 2.4(b). Trong bai tap minh hga 2.1, anh xa nguge C=F*'(A) 1a don gian. Trong mot 56 trudng hop thi nh xa nguge nay lai khong don gian. Van dé nay nay sinh khi 6 gang tao cdc bin ngdu nhién cé ham phan b6 chudn (Gauss). Hinh 2.5 Ham mat d6 x4c suat Gauss va ham phan b6 xéc suat tuong mg. Tap am gap phai trong cdc hé thong vat ly thudng duoc dac 14 bang phan bd xdc sudt chudn (Gauss) duge minh hoa trén hinh 2.5. Ham mat do xdc suat duge cho béi £0) ao 0 8 Ta hay xdc dinh ham ty tuong quan cia nd. Tit (2.4.1) chiing ta c6 ' N. sin 2nBt R es = a 4.9 = [te af = NBA (2.4.9) 5 Hinh 2.12 minh hoa R,(2). KA Panny -o4 + 1 3 ' Hinh 2.12 D6 thi ham turtuong quan R,(7) duge cho bdi (2.4.9) v6i B=No=1. TS Chuong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN Bi Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY MATLAB cé thé sir dung duge dé tink R,(7) tir S,() va ngugc lai. Thuat ton FFT cé thé sit dung duge cho viéc tinh toan nay. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 2.5 [Ham ty tuong quan va phé cong suat) Hay tinh ham tu tuong quan R,(z) déi v6i qué trinh ngdu nhién ma phé cng sudt cha né duge cho bdi (2.4.8). Lai gidi ; é thyc hién tinh toan nay, ching ta biéu dién Sf) bang N mau trén dai tin s6 |f|< B, véi méi mét mau dugc chudn hod vé 1. Két qua ciia viéc tinh tofn FFT nguge v6i N=32 dugc minh hoa trén hinh vé 2.13. Hay cht ¥ rang ching ta chi nhan dugc mot biéu dién thé cita ham tu tuong quan R,(z) bdi vi chting ta da chi lay mau $,(f) trong dai tan s6 |f|< B. Phan céch tin s6 trong thi du nay 1A Af2B/N. Néu ching ta gitt nguyén Af va tang s6 mau bang céch lay cé céic mau véi [f|> B, ching ta sé nhan duge cdc gid tri trung gian cla R,(7). Hinh 2.14 minh hoa két qua tinh toan FFT ngugc voi N;=256 mau trong dé N=32 mu bang 1. 1S OSS Hinh 2.13 FFT ngugc cita phé cong sudt cila qué trinh ngdu nhién v6i bang han ché trong bai tap minh hoa 2.5 vi 32 miu. 82 Chuong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN _Proakis J. G. va Salehi M. HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY "| | 104} | . | | | oon "wll we 0 [so see eee 50 ese a0 SEE ERENT 110) Hinh 2.14 FFT nguge cia phé cong suat cha qué trinh ngau nhien véi bang han ché trong bai tap minh hoa 2.5 v6i 256 mau. MATLAB script thyc hién cdc bién déi Fourier nguoc ké trén duoc cho dudi day. m-file % MATLAB script for Hlustrative Problem 5, Chapter 2. echo on. % first part $x 1=[ones(1,32)]; Rx1=ifft(Sx 1,32); % second part nes(1,16),zeros(1,224),ones(1,16)]; fft(Sx2,256); % plotting commands follow 2.5 LOC TUYEN TINH CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN Gia sir ring mot qu trinh ngdu nhien X() duge cho qua mot mach loc tuyén tinh khong bién déi theo thdi gian duge dic ta tren mién thdi gian bing ham dap tg xung /(¢) cia né va trén mién tan s6 béi dép img tan s6 cha nd H(fy= [ane Pmar (2.5.1) Chuong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN $3 Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE. | THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Do d6 sn pham Idi ra ca bd loc tuyén tinh 14 qué trinh ngdu nhién rO= [rome oae (2.5.2) Gia tri wang binh cia ¥() 1a m, = ELY(O|= fELX (aCe 2)de =m, [i(e-r)de =m, fi(e)de =m, H(0) (2.5.3) trong 46 H(0) la dap tng tin s6 H(f) cita bd loc duge danh gid tai f=0. Ham tu tuong quan cla Y(1) la R(t) = ELY()¥(t4+ 9] 4 ffax@xoone — Dit +1 —o)drdo, (2.5.4) J JR -ophte- pny +1 -a)dido. Trén mién tin s6, phd cong suat cha qué trinh ngdu nhién Idi ra ¥(2) duoc lién hé voi phé cong suat ciia qué trinh ngdu nhién Idi vao X(0) va dap tng vin s6 cita bé loc tuyén tinh theo biéu thttc 5,1) = S NAS 2.5.5) Diéu nay dé dang thy dugc nhi lay bién d6i Fourier cita (2.5.4). BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 2.6 [Tap nhiéu duoc loc] Gid sit ring mot qué trinh ngdu nhién trang X(‘) c6 phé cong suat S()=1 voi moi f kich thich 4 Idi vao mot bd ioc tuyén tinh cé dap ting xung Ht) Kr nm 02.5.6) Hay xc dinh phé cong suat $,() ca sin phdm I6i fa clia bd loc. Loi giai Dép ting tin s6 cla bd loc nay dé dang thy duge 1a 84 ‘Chuwong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN _Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC H. 1 © 1+ j2nf __ THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Hf) (2.5.7) Do dé, 5,1) =|HU = a 2.5.8) Dé thi cla S,(f) duge minh hoa trén hinh 2.15. MATLAB script 4é tinh S,(/) d6i véi S.() va H(/) da xc dink duce cho duéi day mn-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 6, Chapter 2. echo on f=F_min:delta:F_max; nes(1,length(f)); J+(2*pi*f) 42); x. HA2; we Hinh 2.15 Dé thj cla S,(f) duge cho bdi (2.5.8) BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 2.7 [Ham tu tuong quan va phé céng sudt) Hay tinh ham tu tuong quan R,(z) tmg v6i S,(f) trong bai tap minh hoa 2.6 d6i voi phé cong Chuong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHTEN 85 Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE, THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY suat di dinh S,f=1. Lai giai Trong trudng hop nay, ching ta cd thé sir dung thuat toan FFT ngugc trén céc mau cia S,(/) da cho bai (2.5.8). Hinh 2.16 minh hoa tinh todn nay voi N=256 miu tan sé va khoang phan cach tin sé Af=0.1. MATLAB script cho tinh todn nay duge cho duéi day. m-file % MATLAB script for Ilustrative Problem 7, Chapter 2. echo on N=256; % number of samples deltaf=0.1; % frequency separation leltaf:(N/2)*deltaf, -(N/2-1)*deltaf:deltaf:-deltaf]; % swap the first half (1+ (2*pi*f).42); % sampled spectrum % Autocorrelation of ¥ % plotting command follows plot(ffishifi(real(Ry))); a a or | ans 0 SS 20 a0 Hinh 2.16 D6 thi cia R,(f trong bai tap minh hoa 2.7. Bay gi chiing ta hay xét van dé thdi gian ri rac tuong duong. Gia sir rang mot qué trinh ng4u nhién dimg X() dugc lay mau va cdc mau da lay duge cho qua mOt bd loc tuyén tinh rdi rac vé thdi gian vGi ham dap tg xung h(n). San phdm 86 Chagong 2:; CAG QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN _Proakis J.G_ va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY I6i ra ciia bO loc tuyén tinh nay duce cho béi cong thifc tng chap ¥(n) = SA) X(n—k) (2.5.9) es trong dé X(n)=X(s,) 1a cc gid tri thdi gian rdi rac cia qué trinh ngdu nhién loi vao cOn ¥(n) Ja sin phdm Ii ra cia bd loc rdi rac vé thei gian. Gid tri trung binh cia qua trinh 16j ra la = BLY (n= SHEEN —ky= m, Yk) =m,H(0) (2.5.16) cord = trong dé H(0) la dap img tan s6 H(A) cha b6 loc duge tinh tai /=0 va H(f)= Sane fn (2.5.11) m Ham tu tuong quan cua qué trinh I6i ra la Ry (mn) = BLY (AY (a+ m)] = OY HGOHDELX (2 KX (a m =D] i oe oon = YY AAR, m1 + k) 0 Biéu thie tuong img trén mién tin sé 1a SN=S NIP (2.5.13) 6 day cdc phé cong suat duge xdc dinh theo Sf)= ye (mer? (2.5.14) va S(A= SR (me (2.5.15) BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 2.8 [Tap 4m trang dugc loc] Gia sit rang mot qué trinh ngdu nhién trang véi cdc mau {X(m)} duge cho qua mét mach loc tuyén tinh cé dép img xung 0, n 8. Tham sé B duoc goi 1a 46 rong bang cla qua trinh ngau nhién do. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 2.9 (Céc qua trinh thong thap] Hay xét van dé tao cdc mau ciia mot qué tinh ngdu nhién thong thap bing cdch cho mot day tap 4m tring (X,] qua mot bd loc thong thdp. Day 16i vao Ia mot day céc bién ngdu nhién iid. phan b6 déu trong khodng (-1/2, 1/2). BO loc thong thap c6 dép ting xung inp = {C090 n20 “lo, n<0 va duge dac ta bang m6t phuong trinh (sai phan) lap vao-ra Yn= 0.9 Yn + Kas n21, y1=0 Hay tinh day Idi ra (y,} va hay x4c dinh céc ham ty tuong quan R,(7) va (a) nh da duge chi ra trong (2.4.6). Hay xac dinh cdc ph6 dng suat S,(f) va S,(/) ~ Chuong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN "89 Proakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY bang cach tinh DFT cia R,(m) va R,(m). Lai giai Céc MATLAB script cho cdc tinh todn nay dugc cho duéi day. Cac hinh 2.18 va 2.19 minh hoa céc ham ty tuong quan va cdc phé cong suat. Chiing toi luw ¥ rang cdc dé thi cia ham ty tuong quan va cdc phé cong sudt 1a cdc trung binh qua mudi lan thuc hién qué trinh ng4u nhién. m-file % MATLAB script for Mlustrative Problem 9, Chapter 2 % The maximum value of n ros(1,M+1); Ryav=zeros(1.M+1); 7 % take the ensemble average ove 10 realizations nd(i,N)-(1/2); % Generate a uniform number sequence on (-1/2,1/2) 2N, Y(n)=:0.9*Y (n-1)+-X(n); end; % note that ¥(n) means ¥(n-1) x_est(X,M); % Autocorrelation of {Xn} _est(Y,M); % Autocorrelation of {Yn} Sx=ffishift(abs(ff(Rx))); e % Power spectrum of {Xn} Sy=fftshift(abs(fft(Ry))); % Power spectrum of {Yn} Rxav=Rxav+Rx; Ryav=Ryav+Ry; & echo off ; end echo on ; Rxav=Rxav/10; Ryav=Ryav/10; Sx xav/10; Syav=Syav/10; % Plotting commands follow m-file function [Rx]=Rx_est(X,M) % [Rx] =Rx_est(XM) 90 Chuong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY % RX_EST Estimates the autocorrelation of the sequence of random % variables given in X. Only Rx(0), Rx(1), ... , Rx(M) are computed. % Note that Rx(m) actually means Rx(m-1). N=length(X); ros(1,M+1); for m=1:M+1, for n- -m+1, Rx(m)=Rx(m)+X(n)*X(n+m-1); end; Rx(m)=Rx(m)/(N-m+1); end; 0.09 |p a ey 0.08 oor 02s Rim “Is 2 25=*« SSS SO Hinh 2.18 Céc ham tu tuong quan R,(m) va R,(m) trong bai tap minh hoa 2.9. ‘Chueong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN 91 Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC H&. THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY aw OS 04 -03 02 01 0 Hinh 2.19 Cac phé cong suat $,(/) va S,(f) trong bai tap minh hoa 2.9. Dinh nghia: Mot qué trinh ngdu nhién dugc goi 14 thong dai néu phé cong suat cla né 16n trong mot bang tan sé tap trung quanh mOt tan sé trung tam +f, va khd bé ben ngoai bang tn s6 nay. Mot qué trinh ngdu nhien dugc goi 1a bing hep néu dO rong bing clia no Bef. Cc qué trinh thong dai thich hop cho viéc biéu dién cdc tin hi¢u da duoc diéu 2 Chuong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY ché. Trong mot hé théng truyén tin, tin higu mang thong tin thudng 1a mét qué trinh ngdu nhién thong thdp ma tin hi¢u nay diéu ché mot song mang 4é truyén din di trén mot kénb truyén tin thong dai (bang hep). Do dé, tin higu da qua diéu ché la mot qué trinh ngdu nhién thong dai. Ciing nhu trong trudng hop cdc tin hiéu tat dinh, mot qué trinh ng4u nhién thong dai X(1) c6 thé biéu dién dugc theo XD=X,(Neos2nfyt— X(Osin2nfye (2.6.1) trong dé X.(2) va X,(0) duge goi 1a cdc thanh phan cing pha va vu6ng géc cia XO. Céc qué trinh ngdu nhién X(#) va X() 1 cée qué trinh thong th4p. Dinh ly sau day, digc tuyén bé ma khéng chimg minh, cho chiing ta mét m6i quan hé quan trong gitta X(0), X.(0) va X,(). 2M) 12 mot fa Me) 12 mot qué trinh ngdu ahitn dimg, kv pong, thi cdc qué trinh XO va X(0) cling IA cdc qué trinh cé ky vong bing khong va dimg cing nhau. That vay, cé thé dé dang ching minh duge (xem [1]) rang céc ham ty tuong quan cla X(1) va X,(0) 1a nhu nhau va 6 thé biéu dién duge theo RA) = R(t) = R, (2) cos 2afgt + R(x) sin 2afyt (2.6.2) trong d6 R,(d 1a ham ty tuong quan cia qué trinh thong dai X(1) cdn R(x) la bién d6i Hilbert cha R,(z) ma né duge xdc dinh theo Aw@=t Ou (2.63) matt Cling vay, ham tuong quan chéo cia X(t) va X(t) duge biéu dién theo R,,(t) = R, (2) sin 2afgr — R, (1) cos 2afyr (2.6.4) Cuéi cing, ham ty tuong quan cita qué trinh thong dai X(0) biéu dién duge thong qua ham ty twong quan R,(z) va ham tuong quan chéo R.,(7) theo R,(e) = R,(7) C08 Zafer — R., (tr) sin 2afyr (2.6.5) BAI TAP MINH HOA. Bai tap minh hoa 2.10 [Tao cac mdu cia mot qua trinh ngdu nhién thong ‘Chntomg 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAUNHIEN 93 Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HXEN NAY dai] Hay tao cdc mau cia mot qué trinh ngdu nhien thong dai bang cach trude hét tao cc mau cita hai qué trinh ngdu nhién déc lap thong ké X(#) va X,(1) r6i sau d6 sir dung céc qué trinh dé diéu ché cdc song mang vudng pha nhau cos2zfot va nhu duoc thé hién tren hinh 2.20. cos 2mfit BO loc XO WGN — thong thdp — + ——_—— X(O.sin 2nfyt BO loc XO), - - X().cos 2mfit WGN —®] thong thap ~~ sin 2nft Hinh 2.20 Viée tao ra mot qué trinh ngiu nhién thong dai. ‘Trén mot may tinh sO, cdc mau cita cdc qua trinh ngdu nhién thong thap X,(r) va X(1) duoc tao ra nhé loc hai qué trinh tap nhiéu tring doc lap bang b6 loc thong thap nhu nhau. Nhu thé, chting ta nh4n duge céc mu Xn) va X,(n) tuong ting v6i cdc gid tri lay mau cia va X(z). Sau dé X(n) diéu ché séng mang duoc lay mau cos2nf,nT con X,(n) thi diéu ché séng mang vudng géc sin2nf,nT, trong d6 T 1a khoang lay mau thich hgp. MATLAB script cho cc tinh toén nay duge cho duéi day. Nham muc dich minh hoa, chting t6i di chon b6 loc thong thap cé mot ham truyén nhu sau H(z) 1-092" Ciing nhim muc dich d6, chting ti da chon T=1 va f=1000/n. Phé cong suat tinh duge cia qué trinh thong dai duge thé hién trén hinh 2.21. m-file % MATLAB script for Illustrative Problem 10, Chapter 2. N=1000; % number of samples 94 Chuong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY [X1() X1(+1)]=gngauss; [X2(i) X2(i+1)]=gngauss; echo off ; end; % standard Gaussian input noise processes echo on ; A=[1 -0.9]; % lowpass filter parameters Bel; Xc=filter(B,A,X1); Xs=filter(B,A,X2); fc=1000/pi; % carrier frequency for i=1:N, band_pass_process(i)=Xc(i)*cos(2*pi*fc*i)-Xs(i)*sin(2*pi*fe*i); echo off ; end; % T=! is assumed echo on; % Determine the autocorrelation and the spectrum of the band-pass process M=S50; bpp_autocorr=Rx_esi(band_pass_process,M); bpp_spectrum=fftshift(abs(fft(bpp_autocorr))); % plotting commands follow BS f Hinh 2.21 Phé cong suat cia qué trinh thong dai trong bai tap minh hoa 2.10. AC BAI TAP 2.1 Hay tao mét tap gém 1000 sé ngdu nhién phan bé déu trong khoang [0, 1] bang ‘Chuong 2: CAC QUA TRINH NGAU NHIEN 95 Proakis J. G. va Salehi M. CAC HE THONG THONG TIN NAY cach sit dung ham MATLAB rand(1, N). Hay vé biéu dé (cot) tan sust (histogram) va ham phan b6 xéc suat cho day nay. Bigu dé tan suat c6 thé xéc dink duoc bang céch chia khoang néi trén thanh mudi khodng con c6 do rong nhu nhau, Idp day dai (0, 1} va ém cc $6 roi vio méi khodng. 2.2 Hay 1g0 mot tap gém 1000 s6 ngdu nhién phan b6 déu trong khoang [- +, +] bang cach sit dung ham MATLAB rand(1, N). Hay vé biéu dé tin suat va ham phan b6 xac suat cho day nay. 2.3 Hay tao mot tap gém 1000 s6 ngdu nhién phan b6 déu trong khoang [-2, 2] bang céch sé dung ham MATLAB rand(1, N). Hay vé biéu dé tan suat va ham phan bé xac suat cho day nay. 2.4 Hay tao mot tap gdm 1000 s6 ngau nhién cé ham mat do xdc suat tuyén tinh eee Ost) P@)=42 0, x [0,2] Hay vé dé thi biéu dé tan suat va ham phan b6 xac suat. 2.5 Hay tao mot tap gdm 1000 sé ngdu nhién Gauss 6 ky vong bang khong phuong sai bang 1 theo phuong phap da duge mé ta trong muc 2.2. Hay vé biéu 46 tn suat va ham phan b6 xéc sudt cho day nay. Trong viéc x4c dinh biéu dé tin suat, dai cla cdc sO ngdu nhién cé thé duoc chia thanh cdc khong con cé dé rong @/5, bat dau v6i khoang thir nhat phi cd dai -c°/10 P, =01P, = OP, = 0.00247 108 Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TU ONE py ap ao vot v.00 Bon 8.004 002 heeedih ee 500-400-300 -200 -100 9 100 200-0 400 500 Frequency (I) - | =500 ~400 300-200-100 G10 200. 340” 400 500 Frequency Hinh 3.3 Céc phé cia céc tin higu ban tin va sau diéu ché trong bai tap minh hoa 3.2. MATLAB script d6i v6i bai tap nay nhu sau m-file % dsb2.m % Matlab demonstration script for DSB-AM modulation. The message signal % is m(t)=sinc( 1001). echo ¢ on ; % signal duration ts=0.001; % sampling interval fc=250; % carrier frequency Chuwong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TU 109 Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC snr_lin=10(snr/10); inc( 100*t); c=cos(2*pi*fe.*t); u=m.*c; (M.m.df1]=fftseq(m,ts,df); M=M/fs; [U.u,dt1J=ffiseq(u,ts,df); df 1 :df1 *(length(m)-1)]-fs/2; signal_power=spower(u(1:length())); noise_power=signal_power/snr_lin; noise_std=sqrt(noise_power); noise ise_std*randn(1,length(u)); r=u+tnoise; [R.r,df! |=fftseq(r,ts,df); HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY % SNR in dB (logarithmic) % sampling frequency % required freq. resolution % time vector % linear SNR % the message signal % the carrier signal % the DSB-AM modulated signal % Fourier transform % scaling % Fourier transform % scaling % frequency vector % compute modulated signal power * % compute noise power % compute noise standard deviation % generate noise sequence % add noise to the modulated signal % Fourier transform % scaling pause % Press a key to show the modulated signai power signal_power pause % Press any key to see a plot of the message df subplot(2,2,1) plot(t,m(1:length(t))) xlabel(Time') title("The message signal') pause % Press any key to see a plot of the carrier subplot(2,2,2) plot(t,c(1:length(t))) xlabel(‘Time') title(‘The carrier’) pause % Press any key to see a plot of the modulated signal subpiot(Z,2,3) plot(t,u(1:length(t))) xlabel(‘Time’) title(‘The modulated signal’) pause % Press any key to see a plot of the magnitude of the message and the % modulated signal in the frequency domain. subplot(2,1,1) plot(f,abs(fftshift(M))) 110 Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TU Proakis J.G. va Salehi M: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY xlabel('Frequency') title(‘Spectrum of the message signal’) subplot(2,1,2) plot(f,abs(fftshift(U))) title(Spectrum of the modulated signal’) xlabel(‘Frequency') pause % Press a key to see a noise sample subplot(2,1,1) plot(t,noise(1:length(t))) title(‘noise sample’) xlabel(‘Time’) pause % Press a key to see the modulated signal and noise subplot(2,1,2) plot(t,r(1:length(t))) tile(‘Signal and noise’) xlabel(‘Time') ause % Press a key to see the modulated signal and noise in freq. domain otk2,1,)) plot(f,abs(fftshift(U))) title(Signal spectrum’) xlabel(Frequency’) subplot(2,1,2) plot(f,abs(fftshift(R))) title(‘Signal and noise spectrum’) xlabel(‘Frequency’) Cai gi sé néu... Diéu gi sé xay ra néu nhw thdi gian t6n tai cia tin higu ban tin % thay déi; ndi riéng, viéc c6 fy 16n hay nhé thi co anh hudng gi? Anh hudng t6i cong suat cia tin hieu ban tin va tin hiéu sau diéu ché 1a gi? Mfile dsb_mod.m duc cho dudi day 1a mot b6 diéu ché DSB téng quat véi tin hiéu ban tin duge cho trong véc-to m trén mot tan sé f.. m-file function u=dsb_mod(m,ts,fc) % u=dsb_mod(m,ts,fe) %DSB_MOD _ takes signal m sampled at ts and carrier freq. fe as input and % returns the DSB modulated signal. ts << 1/2fc. The modulated % signal is normalized to have half the message power. % The message signal starts at 0. Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TU Tel G THONG TIN HIE t=[O:length(m)-1]*ts; u=m.*cos(2*pi*t); 3.2.2 AM TRUYEN THONG Vé nhiéu khia canh, AM truyén théng hoan toan tuong ty voi DSB-AM; sut khac biét duy nhat 1A 6 chd trong AM truyén théng thi m(1) duce thay thé bang U+am,()], trong dé m,(s) 1a tin hiéu ban tin chuan hod (tic 1 |m,(9| <1) con a 1a chi s6 digu ché ma né 1a mot hang s6 duong nim gia 0 va 1. Do vay, chting ta c6 nft= 4,{1+ am, Qlcos(2af,1) (3.2.14) va Uf) = [6 - f+ 4M, (f - f+ 6S +f) +aM, (f+ {1 (3.2.15) 2 Tac dung thuc su ciia viée thay déi thang ty i in hicu ban tin va cOng them vao né mot hang s6 nim 6 ché s6 hang [1+am,(1)] thi luon ludn duong. Diéu nay lam cho viée giai diéu ché cdc tin higu nay tr nén dé dang hon nhiéu nha viée ap dung céc b6 tach song dutmg bao. Hay chi ¥ dén su tén tai cia thanh phan hinh sin tai tan s6 f, trong U(). Diéu dé c6 nghia 1A mét phan (thudng la ding ké) cia cong suat duoc phat di thi nam trong séng mang tin hiéu ma né thi khong thuc su phuc vu viéc truyén théng tin. Viéc nay cho thay rang so v6i DSB-AM thi AM truyén thong 1a mot so dé diéu ché kém kinh té hon vé phuong dien tan dung cong suit. D6 rong bang, tat nhién, bang véi d6 réng bang ciia DSB-AM va duge cho béi By=2W (3.2.16) Cc d6 thi mién tan s6 tieu bidu cia tin higu ban tin va cia tin hitu AM truyén thong tuong tmg duoc thé hién trén hinh 3.4. Cong sudt cba tin hiéu sau diéu ché, khi gid thiét ring tin hiéu ban tin la mot tin hiéu cé ky vong bang khong, duge cho béi 2 p= Aneae,] (3.2.17) ma no gém hai phan: 4? /2 didu thi cong suit song mang vA A? /2.a’Pm, La 112 Chuong 3. DIEU CHE TUGNG TU Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY. cOng sudt trong phén mang ban tin cita tin hiéu sau diéu ché. Day 1a cong suat ma né thuc su duge ding dé truyén ban tin di. TY lé gitta cong sudt dugc sit dung cho truyén ban tin va cong sudt téng cng trong tin hiéu sau diéu ch€ dugc goi 1a hiéu suat diéu ché va duoc xdc dinh béi aP,, 7 (3.2.18) “Tea'P,, n Do |m,(#)| <1 va aS, chting ta lu6n 06 750.5. Trong thuc t6, gid tri cha 7 tuy vay thudng nim quanh 0.1. Ty s6 tin trén tap duge cho béi Se (#), 7 (3.2.19) trong d6 7 Ia higu suat diéu ché, Chéing ta thay ring so véi DSB-AM, SNR bi gidm di theo mét hé s6 bing 7, Su stit gidm vé chat lugng hoat dong nay 1a mot hé qua truc tiép cia viéc mot phan dang ké trong cong sudt téng cong lai nim & song mang (céc ham delta trong biéu thitc phd), ma né khéng mang thong tin gi va bi loc bo di tai may thu. te fe Hink 3.4 Cac phé cita tin hi¢u ban tin va tin higu AM truyén thong. BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 3.3 [AM truyén théng] Tin hieu ban tin Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TU 113 |ONG THONG TIN HEN NA. _Proakis J. is Ost, 100, 4 |= ol fs] 10 116 Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TY Proakis J.G. va Salehi M.: CAC Hf THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY Fr 210 hay TW Thay 7=0.2314 va P,=P,=0.5088 vao ta dugc p= 7% - oo 10 Binh luan Trong khi tim cOng suat tin hiéu sau diéu ché trong bai tap nay, chiing ta da khong thé sit dung quan hé P az =Fu+eR,] bdi vi trong bai tap nay m(1) khong phai JA mot tin hiéu co gid trj trung binh bing khong. MATLAB script cho bai tap nay dugc cho dudi day. m-file % am.m % Matlab demonstration script for DSB-AM modulation. The message signal % is +1 for 0 < t < 10/3, -2 for t0/3 << 2100/3 and zero otherwise. echo on 10=.15; % signal duration ts=0.001; % sampling interval % carrier frequency % SNR in AB (logarithmic) % Modulation index % sampling frequency % time vector df=0.2; % required frequency resolution snr_lin=10%(snr/10); % SNR % message signal =[ones(1 ,t0/(3*ts)),-2*ones(1,t0/(3*ts)),zeros(1,t0/(3*ts)+1)]; c=cos(2*pi*fc.*t); % carrier signal m_n=m/max(abs(m)); % normalized message signal [M,m,df1]=fftseq(m,ts,df); % Fourier transform M=M/fs; % scaling f=[0:dfl:df1*(length(m)-1)]-fs/2; % frequency vector u=(1+a*m_n).*c; % modulated signal ‘Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TU 117 __Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY. [U,u.dfl J=fftseq(u.ts,df); % Fourier transform UsUlfs, % scaling signal_power=spower(u(I:lengthit))); __-% power in modulated signal % power in normalized message pran=spower(m(I:length(t)))/(max(abs(m)))2; eta=(a"2*pmn)/(1+a*2*pmn); % modulation efficiency noist_power=eta*signal_power/snr_lin, — % noise power rt(noise_ power); % noise standard deviation (d*randn(1 length(u)); % generate noise % add noise to the modulated signal (R.ndflJ=fftseq(r,ts,df); % Fourier transform R=R/fs; % scaling pause % Press a key to show the modulated signal power signal_power pause % Press a key to show the modulation efficiency eta pause % Press any key to see a plot of the mess subplo(2.2,L) plot(t.m(1:slength(t))) axis({0 0.15 -2.1 2.1) xlabel(‘Time’) title(The message signal’) pause pause % Press any key to see a plot of the carrier subplot(2,2,2) plot(t,c(1:length(t))) axis((0 0.15 -2.1 2.1]) xlabel(‘Time’) title(‘The carrier’) pause % Press any Key to see a plot of the modulated signal subplot(2,2,3) plot(t,u(1:length(t))) axis({0 0.15 -2.1 2.1)) xlabel(‘Time’) title(The modulated signal’) pause % Press any key to see a plots of the magnitude of the message and the % modulated signal in the frequency domain. subptot(2,1,1) plot(f,abs(fftshift(M))) xlabel(‘Frequency') title(‘Spectram of the message signal’) subplot(2,1,2) ge 8 Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TU Proakis J. G. va Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY plot(f,abs(fftshift(U))) title(Spectrum of the modulated signal’) xlabel(‘Frequency’) pause % Press a key to see a noise sample subplot(2,1,1) plot(t,noise(1:length(t))) title(‘noise sample’) xlabel(‘Time') pause % Press a key to see the modulated signal and noise subplot(2, 1,2) plot(t,r(1:length(t))) title(‘Signal and noise’) xlabel(‘Time’) pause % Press a key to see the modulated signal and noise in freq. domain subplot(2,1,1) plot(f,abs(fftshift(U))) title(‘Si, ay ne slabel('Proqi subplot(2,1,2) plot(f,abs(fftshift(R))) tifle(Signal and noise spectrum’) xlabel(‘Frequency’) MATLAB 7-file am_mode.m duge cho duéi day la mét bo diéu ché AM truyén thong téng quat. m-file function u=am_mod(a,m,ts,fc) % u=am_mod(a,m,ts fc) %AM_MOD takes signal m sampled atts and carrier freq. fe as input and returns % the AM modulated signal. "a" is the modulation index and ts << 1/2fe. t=[0:length(m)-1]*ts; c=cos(2*pi*fe.*t); m_n=m/max(abs(m)); u=(1+a*m_n).*c; 3.2.3 SSB-AM SSB-AM bat nguén tit DSB-AM bang céch loai bd mot trang cdc bang bién. Do 46, né chiém mot nita do rong bang nhu cia DSB-AM. Tuy theo bang bien nao Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TU 119 Proakis J. G. va Salehi M: CAC HE. THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY hai kiéu SSB-AM: USSB- AM va LSSB-AM. Biéu dién trén mién théi gian ciia cdc tin hiéu nay duge cho béi con lai, hode bang bién tren hodc bang bién dugi, m u(t) = ime cost2ay.t) F Anna sina. (3.2.21) trong dé déu trir img vi USSB-AM con dau cong ting véi LSSB-AM. Tin higu duge ky ing (2) 1a bin ddi Hilbert cia m(Z), duce xe dinh boi (0) =m(_)* Lat hay trong mién tan s6 A1() = —/sgn(/) M(/) . N6i mot cach khac di, bign d6i Hilbert cla mot tin hiéu biéu thi mot su dich pha 7/2 d6i véi moi thanh phéin cia tin hiéu do. Trén mién tan s6, ching ta cé [MU ~fI+MU +f. Sf. Sif] Gus D =} 4 (3.2.22) voi moi gid tri khéc ciia f [MUf-SI+MS+f. WSS. (0, véi moi gid tri khéc cia f va Ui ssalS) (3.2.23) Cae dé thi phé tieu biéu cua mot tin higu ban tin va tin hi¢u USSB-AM tuong ting duoc thé hién trén hinh 3.7. Hinh 3.7 Céc phé cia tin higu ban tin va tin hieu USSB-AM. D6 rong bang cia tin hi¢u SSB 1A mot nita dé rong bang cia DSB va AM truyén théng va do vay bang véi d6 rong bang cia tin hiéu ban tin; nghia 1a B.=W (3.2.24) Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TU Proakis J. G_ va Sulehi M.: CAC ti THONG 1 Cong suat cia tin hi¢u SSB duge cho béi a £. P. 2. ee Pe (3.2.25) Hay chu ¥ ring cong suat nay bing mot nita cia cong suat cita tin hiéu DSB- AM tuong ting do mot trong hai bang bién da bi loai bd. Mat khac, do tin hiéu sau diéu ché co do rong bang bang mot nita so véi tin higu DSB-AM tuong ting nén cong suat tap nhiéu tai dau cudi may thu céing 14 mot nita so véi truéng hop DSB- AM, va vi thé SNR trong ca hai hé thong nhu nhau; nghia 1a (8) Pe i) "WF AP MINH HOA (3.2.26) BAI Bai tap minh hoa 3.4 [Thi du don bién] Tin hicu ban tin i O—> 3 m(t) Hinh 3.9 Giai diéu ché cdc tin higu DSB-AM. 126 ‘Chuong 3: DIEU CHE TUONG TU _ Proakis J. G.vé Salehi M.: CAC HE THONG THONG TIN HIEN NAY BAI TAP MINH HOA Bai tap minh hoa 3.5 [Giai diéu ché DSB-AM] Tin hiéu ban tin m() dugc xéc dinh theo fi, Ost

    You might also like