Omar Chaallal and Mohamed Lachemi Reinforced Concrete Structures Design according’ 2 to CSA A23.3.04. Presses de l'Université du QuébecBibliothique et Archives nationales du Québec and Library and Archives Canada cataloguing in publication (Chaallal, Omar Reinforced concrete structures: design according to CSA A23.3-04 Translation of: Structures en béton armé, ISBN 978-2-7605-2543-6 L. Reinforced concrete construction. 2, Structural design. 3, Reinforced concrete construction - Standards. 1. Title, TAOS32.C12132010—€24.1'8341 €2010-940826-8 We are grateful for the financial assistance received from the Government of Canada under the Book Publishing Industry Development Program (BPIDP). Publication of this book was made possible through the financial support of Société de développement des entreprises culturelles (SODEC), Layout: Ineo 1000 ors Cover: Riciazo Hopson 123450788 PUQ 2010 987054521 Ali rights reserved. No reproduction, translation, or adaptation without authorization. © 2010 Presses dle F Université du Quebec Legal deposit - 4th quarter 2010 iiotheque et Archives nationales du Québec / Bibliotheque et Archives Canada Printed in CanadaContents Prefers: iifinwaviicnscuspnwieyew VIL Chapter! Materials 1 11 Notations Used it in This Chapter 1 12 Coneret 3 13 Steel Reinforcement . 10 14 Exampl ul Example 1.1 — Stress, Creep, and Shrinkage fa 15. Problems. B Problem 1.1 £3: Problem 1.2... sea weaTatE seine rs 13 Problem 1.3. 14 Chapter2 Basic Concepts for Design ................ Is 21 Notations Used in This Chapter .........0020000000eeeee 15 2.2 Basic Requirements... "7 2.3, Safety Considerations ..... ¥ 7 24 ULS Verifications According to CSA A23 19 2.4.1 Load and Resistance Factors. . . 19 2.4.2 Required Verifications ........ 19xX Contents 2.5 Tolerances 20 Chapter 3 Behaviour of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure. 2 3.1. Notations Used in This Chapter a 3.2 Assumptions for Limit States Design of Reinforced Concrete 23 3.3 Behaviour under Bending . 23 33.1 Phase 1 - Elastic Uncracked Behaviour . 24 33.2 Phase 2~ Elastic Cracked Behaviour 25 33.3 Phase 3 Inelastic Behaviour (Yielding). 26 3.3.4 Ultimate State Behaviour. 28 33.5 Balanced Condition. 28 3.4. Serviceability Limit States 30 3.4.1 Cracking ...... 30 34.2 Deflection...... 33 BS! BRAM ples ccesccsrsnaancownce 37 Example 3.1 — Rectangular Cros 37 Example 3.2 - T-Section. . 40 Example 3.3 ~ Deflection Caleulatio Simple Rectangular Beam ' 44 Example 3.4 — Deflection Calculation: Simple 46 Example 3.5 ~ Deflection Calculatio: Continuous Rectangular Beam 49 3.5. Problem 33, Problem 3.1 53 Problem 3.2 34 Problem 3.3. . 3 Problem 3.4. 55 Problem 3 56 Chapter 4 — Design and Verification of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure .. 37 4.1 Notation Used in This Chapter.. .... 37 4.2. Minimum Requirements and Construction Considerations ........... 60 4.3. Rectangular Sections with Tension Reinforcement . 64 43.1 Derivation of Equations...... o4 43.2. Design and Verification of Beams with Tension Reinforeement . . 66 43.3. Examples. bene 69 Example 4.1 ~ Verification of a Section with Tension Reinforcement . 69 Example 4.2 — Design of a Section with Tension Reinforcement... 0... ce cence eee ee eee a 72Contents XI 44 4s 46 47 Rectangular Sections with Tension and Compression Reinforcement . 4.4.1 Derivation of Equations .. 4.4.2 Design and Verification of Doubly | Reinforced Beams 44.3. Examples Example 4.3 - Verilication of a Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam Section. . Example 4.4 ~ Design of a Doubly Reinforced Section . ‘T-Beam: : 4.5.1 Effective Width . 4.5.2. Derivation of Eq . 453. Design and Verification of T-Sections 4.5.4 Examples Example 4.5 Verification of a T-Scetion with Neutral Axis in Flange Example 4.6 — Verification of a T+ Section with Neutral Axis in the Web Example 4.7 — Design of a T-Section with the Neutral Axis in the Web : Example 4.8 - Design of an L-Section with Neutral Axis in the Web. One-Way Slabs aru 4.6.1 Flexural Resistance . . 4.6.2. Shear Resistance . 46.3 Minimum Requirements... . 4.6.4 Design and Verification of One-Way Slabs . 4.6.5 Examples. Example 4.9 - Verification of One-Way Slab. Example 4.10 — Design of One-Way Slab. . Problems. Problem 4.1... Problem 4.2 .. Problem 4.3. Problem 4.4. Problem 4.5, Problem 4.6 Problem 4.7 Problem 4.8. Problem 4.9... Problem 4.10. . Problem 4.11. . Problem 4.12. . Problem 4.13. . Problem 4.14. . istions 16 16 79 82 82 85 89 90 o1 9O4 96 96 99 102 106 110 110 1 il 12 113 113 11s 18 118, 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 126 127 128 129XII Contents Chapter 5 Shear Design 5.1 5.2 3.3 34 3.5 5.6 57 58 Notations Used in This Chapter . Behaviour of Beams under Shear. 5.2.1 Shear Stresses and Formation of Cracks in Concrete Beams ... 5.2.2 Shear Resistance Mechanism: Regulatory and Practical Considerations. . . .. Methods for Shear Resistance Simplified Method. ... 55.1 Applicability and Design Equations 5.5.2. Characteristic Points and Definition of Regions of Constant Spacing. 55.3 Design and Verification - Simplified Method . 55.4 Examples - Simplified Method x Example 5.1 — Verification for Shear . Example 5.2 ~ Design for Shear General Method 56.1 Design Equations 56.2 Design and Verification - General Method. ... .. 56.3. Examples ~ General Method . . Example 5.3 — Verification for Shear by the General Method..... Example 5.4 — Design for Shear Using the General Method . Special Cases : 57.1 Hanger Reinforcement ...... 57.2 Beams and Columns under Axial Compress and Axial Tension 57.3 Examples ~ Special Ca: Example 5.5 — Design of Hanger Reinforcement ve Example 5.6 ~ Shear Design of RC Column under Axial Tension by the General Method . .. Example 5.7 ~ Shear Design of RC Column under Axial Compression Using the General Method ...... Strut-and-Tie Method . 58.1 Subdividing an RC Member into B- Regions and D-Regions 58.2 Building the Truss Mechanism ............00000006 58.3 Proportioning and Design of Struts, Tie and Nodal Zones 58.4. Step-by-Step Design Procedure 58.5 Applications to Deep Beams and Corb Example 5.8 — Design of a Deep Beam under ‘Two Concentrated Loads 155 158 158, 159 160, 160 162 165 167 167 168 169 172 173Contents XII Chapter 6 Chapter 7 59 5.10 Example 5.9 — Design of a Deep Beam under Uniform Loads........ Example 5.10 - Design of a Corbel. Interface Shear-Friction Approach... 5.9.1 Proportioning and Design ..... 5.9.2. Step-by-Step Design Procedure. Example 5.11 Sauoszawenes Problems Problem 5.1 Problem 5.2. Problem 5.3. Problem 5.4. Problem 5.5 Problem 5.6 Problem 5.7 Problem 5.8. Problem 5.9 Torsion 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 Bond Development and Splice Reinforcement 7 72 73 14 "S Notations Used in This Chapter . . Torsion Types... Torsional Shear Stresses Torsional Resistance Mechanisms Derivation of Equations Regulatory and Practical Considerations. . Desiga and Verification of Members in Torsion. Examples. Example 6.1 — Verification of Torsion in an Edge Beam . Example 6.2— Design of a Column under Torsion. Problems . Problem 6.1 Problem 6.2. Problem 6. Problem 6.4 Notations Used in This Chapter Bond Stresses . CRIES : Pullout Resistance Mechanisms and Failure Modes . Development Length of Straight Reinforcing Bars Standard Hooks in Tension . 7 181 186 187 188, 189 191 191 192 193 193 194 194 195 195 196 197 197 199 199 200 200 204 205 208 208 212 217 217 218 219 220 221 221 223 223 224 227Contents Chapter 8 Chapter 9 7.6 Bar Cutoffs and Development Length in Flexure .......... 7.7 Splice Reinforcement . 78 Examples... « Example 7.1 — Bar Cutoffs in Simply Supported Beams Example 7.2 — Bar Cutoffs in a Continuous Beam. . 7.9 Problems . Problem 7.1 Problem 7.2... Problem 7.3 BRODER TA pacasianmsseossacnanns Approximate Frame Analysis Method for Continuous RC Beams and One-Way Slabs ............ 8.1 Notations Used in This Chapter ... 8.2 Justification for Using the Approximate Frame Analysis Method...... 8.3 Description of the Approximate Frame Analysis Method 8.4 Approximate Bending Moments and Shear Forces at Characteristic Point aia we 8.5 Moment Envelope Diagram and Bar Cutoffs. 8.6 Step-by-Step Design Procedure Using the Approximate Frame Analysis Method . 86.1 Design Steps..... 86.2 Calculation Tables for Continuous Beam 86.3 Calculation Tables for Continuous Slab 8.7 Examples Example 8.1 — Design of a Continuous One-way Slab Example 8.2 - Design of a Continuous Spandrel Beam . 88 “Problems visser wivsesswersawwns Problem 8.1......... Problem 8.2. Problem 8.3 Problem 8.4 Two-Way Slabs on Stiff Beams or Walls on Four Sides ..... 91 9.2 93 94 9.5 Notation Used in This Chapter Analysis of Two-Way Slabs Initial Calculations . Procedure for Computation of Moments... .. ‘Transfer of Loads to Supporting Beams or Walls ........- 249 249 251 253 253 254 256 257 257 261 266 266 267 268 269 271 an 273 274 275 279Contents XV Chapter 10 Chapter 11 9.6 Shear Force in the Slab........ 97 Other Requirements and Practical Considerations 98 Design and Verification of Slabs............. 99 Exampl Example 9.1 — Verification of a Two-Way Slab . Example 9.2 Design of a Two-Way Slab . 910 Problems. Problem 9.1 Problem 9.2 Problem 9.3 PRO RG ca ccrrccnacnnnsaNeeaaNasee RACERS RRR NET, ‘Iwo-Way Slabs - Direct-Design Method. 10.1, Notations Used in This Chapter... 10.2 Basis for the Method. 10.3. Step-by-Step Analysis and Calculation Procedure. 10.3.1 Conditions for Use. 10.3.2 Minimum Slab Thickne: oe 10.3.3 Definition of Frames and Strips in Both Orthogonal Directions . au acgnear 10.3.4 Positive and Negative Moments at Critical Points (face of supports and mid-span) . .. 10.3.5 Transverse Distribution of Negative and Positive Moments between the Middle and Column Strips and the Beams 10.3.6 Shear Resistance . 10.3.7 Minimum Requirements and Other Cons iderations 10.4. Step-by-Step Design Procedure. 10.5. Examples. Example 10.1 — Design of a Two-Way Slab on Non-Rigid Beams. Example 10.2 — Design of a Slab without Beam: Example 10.3 — Design of a Slab with Drop Panels 10.6 Problems... Problem 10.1. . eel Problemd02. canisorinccuwmmanvosnsane Compression Members — Braced Columns... 11.1 Notation used in this Chapter... 60.62.22 0220-0200 e esses 11.2 Overview and Definitions. . . 11.3 Column Slenderne: 4 Designing a Short Column. . AL Short Column under Concentric Compres 279 280 281 285 285 291 297 297 298 299 300 301 301 303 304, 304 304 307 308 309 311 318 321 322 322 333 347 356 356 357 359 359 362 363 366 366XVI Contents Chapter 12 15 11.6 17 119 Foundations. 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 8 Examples 11.4.2 Short Column under Eccentric Compression ........ 11.4.3 Design and Verification Procedures for Short Columns Slender Braced Columns ¥ Introduction to Unbraced Columns . . Minimum Regulatory Requirements and Construction Considerations Example [1.1 ~ Design of a Short Column under Concentric Load Example 11.2 - Verification of a Short Column under Eccentric Load. Example 11.3 - Design of a Short Column with Eccentric Load Example 11.4 — Verification of a Slender Column under Eccentric Load....... Example 11.5 - Design of a Slender Column under Eccentric Load........ Problems . Problem 11.1. Problem 11.2 Problem 11. Problem 11. Problem 11.5. Problem 11, Notations Used in This Chapter . Overview, Geotechnical Considerations, and Definitions . 12.2.1 Geotechnical Considerations 12.2.2 Types of Foundations . 12.23 Bearing Capacity and Allowable Soil Pressure Concentrically Loaded Isolated Footings . . .. 12.3.1 Computing Footing Area 12.3.2 Bending and Shear Consideration 12.33 Transferring Loads to the Base of the Column — Design of Dowels... 12.34 Design and Verification Procedure for a Concentrically Loaded Isolated Footing . .. Eccentrically Loaded Isolated Footing 12.4.1 Computing the Footing Area 12.4.2 Shear Considerations — Footing Thickn 373 376 381 382 384 384 386, 388 391 394 398 398 399 399 400 401 402 403 403 406 406 407 408, 409 410 aut 415 47 420 420 a1Contents XVII 12.6 References .. 12.4.3 Bending Moment Considerations ~ Steel Reinforcement . . 12.4.4 Transferring Forces to the Base Continuous Footings... . 12.5.1 Plain Strip Footing . 125.2 Reinforced Strip Footing ...... 12.5.3 Combined Footings ...... Examples. Example 12.1 — Verification: Concentrically Loaded Isolated Footing. .... Example 12.2 — Design: Concentrically Loaded Isolated Footing. . Example 12.3 —Design: Eecentrically Loaded Isolated Footing . Example 12.4 — Design: Wall (Strip) Footing Example 12.5 — Design: Combined Footing Problems... Problem 12.1. . Problem 12.2. . Problem 12.3. . Problem 12.4. . 423 423 423 424 425 426 429 429 433 439 445 449 460 460 461 462 463 465Chapter Materials 1.1 Notations Used in This Chapter A Area of conerete cross-section €,__ Constant depending on the type of curing, C.___ Creep cootficient (C= esp/es) Cy___Ultimate creep coefficient (on average Cy = 2.35) D Diameier of cylinder for split test (Brazilian test) Ec Moduluy of elasticity of conerete E, _ Modulus of elasticity of non-prestiessed reinforcement L ‘Moment of inertia of section about centroidal axis L Length of cylinder for split test (Brazilian test) M Applied moment P Applied concentrated load Py Correction factor for shrinkage strainChapter 1 Q., __ Correction factor for ereep strain T Tensile force a ‘Shear span, distance from application point of concentrated load to support b Width of member nm Compressive stress in conereie fe Specitied compressive strength of concrete ik Modulus of rupture of eonerete fi Calculated tensile stress in reinforcement at specified loads Sy Splitting tensile strength of concrete fi Concrete tensile stress due to applied loads fh Specified yield strength of non-prestressed reinforcement h Overall thickness or height of member t Time AT Temperature variation cr Coefficient of thermal expansion Ye Density of conerete € Normal strain &<___ Strain at the extreme concrete compression fibre fp __ Creep strain in conerete eP* Strain in concrete corresponding to ff feu Maximum strain at the extreme concrete compression fibre at ultimate (Fay = 0.0035) 6 Instantaneous elastic strain ey _ Shrinkage strain fim __ Ultimate shrinkage strain 64 Thermal expansion strain x Factor to account for low-density concrete (?.= 1 for normal-density concrete) v Poisson's ratio Effective normal stressMaterials 3 1.2 Concrete Concrete is a material obtained by hardening a mixture of aggregates (sand, gravel), hydraulic lime (cement), water, and additives (such as entrained air) in pre-determined proportions. Coneretes are classified according to their density yas follows: “~ low-density concrete with ¥ S 1850 kg/m? + semi-low-density concrete with 1850 kg/m? < y. $ 2150 kg/m! “= normal-density concrete with 2150 kg/m} < ye < 2500 kg/m? high-density concrete with 2500 kg/m} < ye In addition to its density, concrete is characterized by: its mechanical properties: compressive strength f.’ and tensile strength f;, its elastic properties: modulus of elasticity E., ultimate strain ¢q,, and Poisson’s ratio v, its volumetric change properties: thermal expansion az, creep strain tp, and shrinkage strain ey, Five basic types of Portland cement are produced according to their applications (Table 1.1). Table 1.1 - Cement Classifications Cement Qualification Application cu General use General purpose, used in ordinary construction where special properties are not required Moderate Moderate exposure of concrete to sulphate attack MS sulphate Used when less heat of hydration than GU cement resistant is required HE High eatly Rapid achievement of a given level of strength strength LH Tow heat of Usedl when a low heat of hydration Wy desired hydration HS High sulphate | Concrete exposed to severe sulphate action resistant4 Chapter 1 The compressive strength of concrete, denoted by f:, is obtained from crushing tests on 150 x 300 mm conerete cylinder samples at 28 days of aging. (If the conerete cylinder samples are 100 x 200 mm, use 0.95 f') Typical stress-strain curves for concrete in compression are shown in Figure | A normal-density concrete of structural quality has a compressive strength fi’ ranging between 20 MPa (minimum) and 40 MPa. High-strength concrete (f.' > 40 MPa) can also be used for special projects. Compressive stress (MPa) 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 & Longitudinal strain € (mm/mm) Figure 1.1 - Concrete under Compressive Load Tensile Strength The tensile strength may be obtained using three types of tests (Figure 1.2): a) direct tension, b) flexure test, ¢) split or Brazilian test. For guidance: fap = 1.2 t0 1.6 fy fr= 1A to2 fr (ay Moreover, there is a strong relationship between Aff and f,. Clause 8.6.4 of the CSA A23.3-04 Standard provides the following relationship for fy: 0.6rV% (2)Materials 5 where 2 = 1.0 for normal-density concrete and 4 = 0.75 for low-density concrete. A rect tension T Tr. TA * , directly provides the tensile strength but is difficult to achieve Figure 1.20 in laboratory b) Flexure 6Pa = modulus of rupture = bh ©) Split or Brazilian test 2P o=f,=—— nLD Figure 1.2¢ Figure 1.2 - Tensile Strength of Concrete Modulus of Elasticity According to CSA A23.3-04 Standard (Clause 8.6.2), the modulus of elasticity, the secant modulus between G, = 0 and o. = 0.4f:, may be estimated by: 1s ¥ E, =| 3300. F 0900] = ] 31500 .12 Chapter 1 Solution a) Instantaneous Stresses and Strain > Stress in concrete, fei E,=4500/ 450020 = 20,120 MPa 200,000 n= =9.9 20,120 ‘Ac = net concrete area = Ag— Ay A, = 160,000 ~2800 = 157,200mm? ‘Ace = equivalent concrete area = Ac + mAs Ag, = 157,200 + 9.9 «2800 = 184,920mm? P 1600 x 10° fu=— f,, == 8.65 MPa A, 184,920 fy = 9.9 X8.65= 85.6 MPa 8.65 20,120 = 430 10° mm/mm Al, = 430 x10" x 3000 = 1.29mm b) Shortening of the Column at ¢ = 180 Days > Shortening due to creep C, =2.35 (average value) 0,, = 0,0,0,0,0,0, (see Table 1.3) Q., =1.00 x 0.87 x 0.98 x 0.78 x 1.15 x1.00= 0.76 (400x400) Note: Ratio (volume/surface) = __™ S°00) __ (2x 400)+(2x 400)Materials 13 06 180° C1Qer ——_- «2.35 x 0.16 = 1.24 10+180°° Fy = Cee, €,, = 1.24 430 x 10° =533x 10° mm/mm Aly =E.pl Al, = 533 x 10 x 3000 = 1.6 mm > Shortening due to shrinkage 6, =35 €,,, = 0-00078mm/mm (suggested average value in the absence of a specific value) Py, = P_P,P,P_P.P, Py, =0.93 x 0.80 x 0,86 x 0.76 x 1.09 x 1.00 = 0.53 t 187 ‘ n= Cota Pat ey x 0.00078 x 0.53= 348 x 10° mm/mm C+ 35+187 Aly = En! Aly, = 348 x LO-® x 3000= 1.04 mm. > Total Shortening Al=Al,, + Al, Al=1.60+ 1.04= 64mm 1.5 Problems Problem 1.1 By analyzing the creep and shrinkage strain equations (Equations 1,7 and 1.8) and the modification factors Qc and Py, (Table 1.2), determine the three factors that have the most influence on creep and shrinkag Problem 1.2 Consider a rectangular section of a prestressed concrete column with dimensions 700 mm x 700 mm x 4m. The section is subjecied to a prestressed force of 2500 kN acting at the centroid of the section, The force is applied after seven days of moist curing. a) Calculate the instantaneous stress and the instantaneous strain in concrete. b) Determine the shortening of the column one year after the prestressed force was applied.14 Chapter 1 Use: f.! (at seven days) = 25 MPa; Type GU cemeat (300 kg/m?); relative humidity = 70%: air content = 5%;slump of fresh concrete = 120 mm; sand = 660 kg/m*; coarse aggregate = 1050 kg/m3. Problem 1.3 Consider a 4-m-high concrete column having a 500 mm x 500 mm square section. The longitudinal steel reinforcement consists of 4 No. 25M bars, that is, one No. 25M bar in each corner. The beam is subjected to a specified dead load of 1000 kN (unfactored) and a specified live load of 900 KN (unfactored). The dead load is applied 14 days after concrete casting. a) What are the stressesin concrete and steel reinforcement, assuming an elastic behay- iourand perfect compatibility between the concrete and steel strains, for the following load cases: * specified dead load (unfactored)? * total factored load? b) What is the total strain experienced by the column due to creep and shrinkage, 365 days after concrete casting? Use: fi’ (at 14 days) = 25 MPa; seven-day moist curing; Type GU cement: 300 kg/m: sand: 700 kg/m; coarse aggregate: 1000 kg/m>; slump: 100 mm; air content: 6%: relative humidity: 60%; unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m*; C, = 2.35.Chapter Basic Concepts for Design 2.1 Notations Used in This Chapter D Dead load D Average value of dead load D, Specified dead load (unfactored) E Earthquake load L Live load T Average value of live load Ly Specified live load (unfactored) My __ Moment due to factored load M, ——_ Factored moment resistance Py Axial load due to factored load16 Chapter 2 P, __ Factored axial load resistance R Resistance or strength R Average value of resistance R, __ Nominal resistance or strength (unfactored) s Solicitation or load effect 3 Average value of solicitation Sy Nominal solicitation or load effect T Torsional moment T, __ Faetored torsional moment T, __ Factored torsional resistance Vp Shear force due to dead loads Vy __ Factored shear force Vi Shear force due to live loads V, _ Factored shear resistance Live loads due to wind Y Safety margin representing the distribution (R -S) ¥ Mean value of Y « Load factor ap Deadlload factor a, —_Live load factor B Safety index linking the mean value and the standard deviation Standard deviation % Resistance factor $e —_ Resistance factor for concrete $y __ Resistance factor for prestressing tendons oe Resistance factor for non-prestressed reinforcing barsBasic Concepts for Design 7 2.2 Basic Requirements When designing reinforced concrete (RC) structures or members, the following should be considered: = structural safety with respect to the predicted loads during the useful life of the structury > satisfactory performance with respect to service loads; economic factors both initial and long-term, including maintenance costs: durability with respect to environmental exposure (e.g corrosive agents; and freeze-thaw cycles) and aesthetics, meaning that the designed structure must be in harmony with existing rrounding structures To satisfy the first two requirements, safety and serviceability, CSA A23.3-04's prescriptions based on so-called limit states design are: the ultimate limit states (ULS), related to structural safety and therefore resistance; and the serviceability limit states (SLS), related to the serviceability of the structure and therefore to aspects such as deflection, cracking, and vibration. 2.3 Safety Considerations When designing a structure, the engineer must deal with numerous uncertainties, espe- cially those related to: loads: their amplitude and their distribution are uncertain: resistance: the strength of ca laboratory tests; and in-place concrete can be less than that obtained in ~ design: mathematical models and simplifying assumptions used in structural analysis are an approximation of actual behaviour. ‘These uncertainties can be quantified using a probabilistic approach. In such an approach, the resistance R and the load effects 5 are represented by probability distribu- tion curves, as shown in Figure 2.1, where the shaded area defines the probable failure zone18 Chapter 2 4 & probable failure = Boy Z 3 i = 2 | 2 z & /—PLR-S]<1.0 (failare) > < > RS a ¥ Y=[R-S] Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 A more explicit representation of the probability of failure can be achieved by considering the distribution of the variable Y = [R - S] (Figure 2.2), which represents the safety margin, It follows that failure occurs when Y <0 (shaded area). ‘The probability of failure is represented by the ratio (shaded area / total area). It can also be calculated using the safety index 5, which links the mean value Y and the standard deviation o, of distribution Y (Figure 2.2). The greater the index f, the smaller the probability of failure. However, the probability densities of R and § are not sufli- ciently known. Therefore, using a purely probabilistic approach is not feasible. However, this approach can be conveniently used to calibrate the resistance factor @ and the load factor o: to achieve a uniform probability of failure (approximately 10° per year), taking into consideration the variability of strengths and loads. Therefore, as per CSA A23.3-04, load factors were established for a safety index i ranging between 3.0 and 3.5 for a ductile failure or moderate consequences and between 3.5 and 4.0 for a brittle failure or very serious consequences. For example, the following equations relate factors ap, a, and > to the B index for shear (MacGregor, 1997): op -[2} am en (2.2) 23)Basic Concepts for Design 19 2.4 ULS Verifications According to CSA A23.3-04 2.4.1 Load and Resistance Factors To ensure the safety of reinforced concrete structures, the CSA A23.3-04 approach is based on partial safety factors for strengths and loads as follows: ~ Strengths: concrete resistance factor d., steel resistance factor ¢,, and prestressed steel resistance factor gp less than 1.0, as follows: be = 0.65, $. = 0.85, and $y = 0.90 (2.4) [9, (structural steel) = 0.90] [o. (prefabricated elements) = 0.70] ~ Loads: load factors @ generally greater than 1.0. These factors depend on the load combination considered, as recommended by the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC 2005) and summarized in Table 2.1. Table 2.1 - Load Factors for Different Load Combinations Load Combinations Load Cases Principal Loads Companion Loads 1 14D - 2 (1.25D or 0.9D) + 1.5L. 0.58* or 0.4W 2 (1.25D or 0.9D) + 1.5S8* OSL or 0.4W 4 (1.25D or 0.9D) + 1.4W O.SL or 0.5S* 3 10D + 10E OSL or 0.258* Nove: Here S* designates the snow load (not to be confused with S, which represents the solici- tation or load effect). 2.4.2 Required Verifications ‘The load combinations indicated in Table 2.1 are based on factored loads and produce so-called factored load effects oS,,. Factored bending moments M,, factored shear forces Vj, factored axial loads Py, and factored torsional moments T;are examples of factored load effects. factored load effects remain below the corresponding factored resistances Ry, denoted by M,, V;, P;, and T;, which are calculated using t tance factors , and 4,. It follows, in general, that: OR, 208, (2.5a)20 Chapter 2 and, in particular: M,2M,:V,2V,; P.2P, and 7,27, (2.5b) 2.5 Tolerances Cross-sectional dimensions of reinforced concrete beams, slabs, columns, and walls are generally selected in multiples of 10 mm, except for thin slabs where they may be in multiples of 5 mm. Allowable tolerances for cross-sectional dimensions of beams and columns and for the thickness of walls and slabs, as specified by CSA A23.3-04, are presented in Table 2.2. Those related to the placing of reinforcement are presented in Table 2.3. Table 2.2 - Tolerances - Cross-Sections of Beams and Columns, Thickness of Walls and Slabs According to CSA A23.3-04 Dimension (Dim) Tolerance Dim < 300 mm 28mm 300 mm M, Ay @ Figure 3.3 - Elastic Cracked Phase = When the tensile stress of concrete f.; reaches f,, the concrete is considered to be cracked, and its tensile stress is thereafter neglected (Figure 3.3e): f= 060 (3.5) m By replacing f,, by f, in Equations 3.1¢ and 3.2c, the cracking strain ¢,, and the cracking moment Mc... which correspond to the onset of flexural cracking, can be obtained as follows: 1B, (3.6)26 Chapter 3 Z. (i- f (3.7) «= Therefore, if M > Mz, the section is considered to be cracked, and its moment of inertia /,, is calculated using the cracked transformed section and the modular ratio n, in which the area of concrete in tension is neglected (see Examples). & In this phase, the compressive stress in concrete is assumed to be linear and clastic and its magnitude to be less than 0.5/:', as described by segment OB of the stress- strain curve (Figure 3.3e). I follows that: f=Ee, $0. Note: A stress f. = 0.5f' corresponds approximately to the stress of concrete at service load: hence the importance of this phase, especially when considering the serviceability limit state. 3.3.3 Phase 3 - Inelastic Behaviour (Yi Iding) Ay (a) ©) © @) Figure 3.4 - Inelastic Behaviour (Yielding) = This phase starts when f- exceeds 0.5,'; it is described by the non-linear (inelastic) segment BCD (Figure 3.4f). It includes the ultimate limit state, hence its importance. a The concrete stress f, and the concrete strain e, depend on the location on the curve BCD (Figure 3.4f). At ultimate state (point D): fe = Eau = 0.0035 (G8) a The tensile reinforcement during this phase, at ultimate state (€.=q,), can be elastic (fi: < fy segment OA, Figure 3.4e) or inelastic (f,2 fy, segment AB, Figure 3.4e). Nore: The geometric properties of rectangular and ‘T-sections can be computed using basic strength of materials formulas (see Examples 3.1 and 3.2) or the simplified equations in the following tables:Behaviour of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 27 a) Rectangular Beam Equations bh? / 12; see note (b) = tb(kd)’ +n A, d? (1k) where ka = 228 +1 = 1 B Without compression steel reinforcement With compression steel 1 4 % F 5 rela forcement fa = oka) +9, a (Lk) +(n-1) A'(kd—d’) Nores: a) B= b) The contribution of steel to the moment of inertia is neglected. However, itean be taken into consideration using strength of materials formulas. b) T-Beam Equations Without compression steel | [see note (b) reinforcement é (b-bd hy b, (ka) eg At ., 12 3 4, y > st (b=b, Jh, | kd~— | n Ad? (1-k) 2 Noves:a) C=—™ and f nA, b) The moment of inertia of the grosssection J, is calculated using strength of materials formulas,28 Chapter 3 3.3.4 Ultimate State Behaviour & ILis often required in engineering practice to evaluate the ultimate flexural capacity of beam cross-sections and, in particular, the resistant moment M,. This ultimate capacity is achieved when €, reaches €,, = 0.0035. = Atultimate state, the tensile steel reinforcement can be either in an elastic or a plastic (yielding) state, as follows: ~ elastic, that is, e, < ey and f, < f,, in which case the cross-section is considered to be over-reinforced (Figure 3.5b). This condition results in a concrete-controlled failure by crushing of concrete. This type of failure is brittle and therefore undesir- able. ~ yielding, that is, e, 2 ey and f; = fy. in which case the cross-section is considered to be under-reinforced (Figure 3.5c). This results in a steel-controlled failure by elongation and yielding of the tensile reinforcement. This type of behaviour is ductile and therefore favoured by designers. m In the case where e, and €,, are reached simultaneously, the cross-section is in a balanced condition. The tension steel reinforcement Asp and the depth of the N.A. (denoted by c/d), which correspond to the balanced condition, are of particular interest to the designer because these two quantities determine the balance point between an under-reinforced (steel-controlled) and an over-reinforced (concrete- controlled) cross-section, as explained below. M, e ee Bee ‘Over reinforced Undereinforeed (a) (b) ©) Figure 3,5 - Behaviour at Ultimate State 3.3.5 Balanced Condition The use of an actual (parabolic) stress-strain curve of concrete for design isimpractical. Therefore, CSA A23-3.04 (Clause 10.1.7) permits the use of an equivalent rectangular stress block defined by factors oy and fi, (Figure 3.6e) instead of the parabolic function of the actual stress-strain curve: 0, = 0.85 — 0.0015 f’ 2 0.67 G9)Behaviour of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 29 B, = 0.97 — 0.0025 f’ > 0.67 G.10) It follows that (Figure 3.6e): a=Be (Bu) M i CHa. f/Byeb | En oss és, ke fe 1 e Actual Stresses stresses for design T=¢.64s5 @) (b) © (@) © 1) Figure 3.6 - Cross-Section under Balanced Condition m= For a balanced condition, ¢¢ = €, = 0.0035, and ¢, = € are reached simultaneously (Figure 3.6¢).. m= The depth of the N.A., (c/d)msx. and the area of tension reinforcement, Ay», are of practical interest because they correspond to a balanced condition. As explained above, these two quantities are maximum values that should not be exceeded to achieve a stecl-controlled (ductile) behaviour. From Figure 3.6c, it follows that: 700 c > 3.12) ‘ax cate, 1004, en fy 300 400 500 (c/d) max 0.700 0.636 0.583 In addition, by equilibrium (Figure 3.61), it follows that 6, f, A, =01,4, f/B,cb. hence: Bid: fe Bene G13) af, op= ea, (14)30 Chapter 3 3.4 Serviceability Limit States Reinforced concrete structures arc expected not only to satisfy resistance requirements under ultimate loads, but also to maintain satisfactory performance under service loads, especially with regard to aspects such as cracking, deflection and vibration. Excessive cracking or deflection could lead to a perception of an unsafe condition and, if not properly addressed, could ultimately lead to structural failure. Under sustained loads, deflection increases with time because of time-depen- dent volume changes (¢g., creep and shrinkage). These effects can be very significant and cause a significant increase in deflection (in some cases, two to three times the immediate deflection). Therefore, it becomes important for the designer to ensure that cracking and deflections are controlled by maintaining them below the prescribed limits during the service life of the structure. 3.4.1 Cracking Causes There are two situations that can cause cracking in reinforced concrete structures: a) Cracking due to volume changes; these changes may be caused by various phenomena, suchas plastiescttlement, shrinkage,crecp,and temperature effects (thermal expansion). b) Cracking due to applied loads; these loads induce stresses and strains, which in turn induce cracks after the tensile strength of concrete has been exceeded. Crack Width The structural engineer must ensure that cracks are controlled. This means that cra must remain fine, well distributed and their width must remain within reasonable limits during the service life of the structure. Crack control will enhance the durability of the RC structure and hence its long-term performance CSA A23.3-04 requires that the crack width be less than 0.33 mm and 0.40 mm for exterior and interior exposure, respectively.Behaviour of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 31 = Crack Control as per CSA A23.3-04 -The Z Factor As mentioned above, the crack width must be limited to 0.33 mm and 0.40 mm for exterior and interior exposure, respectively. However, computing the crack width under aservice load may be a tedious process. Therefore, as an alternative, CSA A23.3-04 permits the use of a crack control factor (the so-called Z factor), as follows: b + Z<30,000 Nimm (interior exposure) Z= fd A G13) Zs 25,000 Nimm (exterior exposure) shaded area number of bars, N J, may be taken as 0.6 f, aa] Extreme tension fibre Note: In the case of a slab, d_ is calculated with respect to the centroid of the upper layer of reinforcing bars (i.c., dc = cover + dhmain + 4dhupper)» However, d; does not need to be greater than 50 mm for the calculation of Z or A. Figure 3.7 - Z Factor Note that the use of Equation 3.15 will lead to a distribution of the flexural steel rein- forcing bars within the cross-section that will indirectly maintain the crack width below the prescribed limits. It should be noted that Equation 3.15 is based on the Gergely-Lutz equation (Equation 3.16), where B = 1.2 and w = 0.33 mm or 0.40 mm as appropriate: w=11x 10° Bf fd. A (3.16) It may be useful to mention that the ACI 318 code recommends f = 1.35 for slabs, which takes into account their generally limited thickness. This results in more restrictive limits for the Z factor as follows: w<0.40mm > Z<27,000N/mm (interior exposure) (3.17) w<0.33mm > Z<22,000N/mm (exterior exposure)32 Chapter 3 Alternatively, by reorganizing Equation 3.15 to express A as a function of by and d., one can relate N to by. A practical and convenient table (Table 3.1) can then be developed to provide, for a given by and de, the minimum number of bars needed to satisfy the requirements of Equation 3.15. Table 3.1 - Minimum Number of Bars Nmin Required in One Layer to Control Cracking (10M stirrups, fy = 400 MPa) by (mm)| 10M | 15M | 20M | 25M | 30M | 35M | 45M | 55M () 200 F 250 Interior 300 exposure 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 (b) 200 * 250 Exterior 300 exposure 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 ANUUUUR SE AWWWNNNN|WHUNNNONONNNE ESSE AAAAUUUES EUW HENNE |W UU NR RENNES NY DADUUNEEEWHENDNN|WHUOUUURNNNNNNEESE WVU ADAUUUEEAWOWNN |WHUUUWEYNNNNNNNESE SOIIAAADUUUEEHEWNN |REVOYUWWUNNNONNESHE COSI AAUUUE ROUND |RE ERO LENNHEN NES COM HIVADAUVUASVUN|UEHEREWUUHWWRNNNNE COSRIDAAUUSHUWANUHEE SE EUWWHNDNNEBehaviour of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 33 = Cracking Control for Deep Beams: Skin Reinforcement For deep reinforced concrete beams with large overall depth (/t 2 750 mm), there is a possibility that wide cracks will form on the side faces between the tension reinforce- ment and the N.A. Therefore, for such beams, CSA A23.3-04 (Clause 10.6.2) prescribes skin reinforcement to control cracking at these side faces, as illustrated in Figure 3.8. Als! =p, A kn Me where Ac, = total shaded area Ag = afax {A ara 0.008 for interior exposure Ps = 10,010 for exterior exposure Extreme tension fibre Figure 3.8 - Skin Reinforcement 3.4.2 Deflection For beams and one-way slabs, simply supported or continuous, deflections can be caleu- lated using the theory of elasticity. Also, the Concrete Design Handbook (Cement Asso- ciation of Canada, 2006), hereaiter called the CDH, provides formulas for deflections ina number of simple practical cases. These formulas are based on the geometric and clastic characteristics of the cross-section and particularly the moment of inertia (/). However, an accurate estimation of in RC membersis not warranted given the evolving behaviour of RC with loading (sce the behaviour phases described in Section 3.3). This raises the issue of the moment of inertia to be considered for deflection calculations. Moment of Inertia for Deflection Calculations ‘As scen previously, an RC beam (slab) can be either uncracked (M, < M.,).in which case = Ip or cracked (My 2 Me,),in which case / = /.,. However, in general, under a service load, an RC beam (slab) features two distinet zones along its span: a) a cracked zone34 Chapter 3 where M, 2 M., and b) an uncracked zone where M, < M.,. Therefore, for the moment of inertia of the beam (slab) as a whole, the so-called effective moment of inertia, /., will fall between /., and /,, that is, iefslisidy (3.21) ‘To account for the variations of the moment of inertia along the beam length, CSA A23.3-04 (Clause 9.8.2.3) prescribes the following equations for Ic. Table 3.2 - Relations for I, as per CSA A23.3-04 Support Conditions Effective Moment of Inertia, Ie Ma i a) Simply supported Beato +(lp— ted S| Shy (3.22) b) One end continuous Tagg = O85 Ty + 0151.6 (3.23) Latha c) Both ends continuous Te ayg = O-T0L oy +o30( 442) (3.24) Instantaneous or Immediate Deflection The immediate deflection, 4;, ean be calculated on the ba For beams and one. for Aj is: is of the theory of y slabs under uniformly distributed loads, the general exp: 5 \MP . A, =K| — (3.25) 48) E.1, asticity jon where M = bending moment at the support of the cantilever beams: midspan bending moment for simple and continuous beams; | = span length; K = coefficient depending on the support conditions (Table 3.3).Behaviour of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 35 Table 3.3 - Values of K for Equation 3.25 (Adapted from CDH) Support Conditions | K Cantilevers 2.400 Simply supported (simple span) 1.000 Fixed-hinged (A, at midspan) 0.800 Fixed-fixed 0.600 Continuous spans 1.20-0.20 (M/Mn,) Notes: a) The contribution of the deflection due to rotation must also be included. if applicable. b) M, =wP/8: M,, = net midspan bending moment Long-Term Deflection ‘The long-term deflection A, includes time-dependent volume changes, such as shrinkag: creep and temperature strains. Two approaches can be used for the calculation of A: a) an approach that accounts for the combined effects of shrinkage and creep. This approach is considered sufficient for most commoncases. According to CSA A23.3-04 (Clause 9.8.2.5), A; can be expressed as a function of the immediate deflection as follows: 4,=6,4, (3.26) where 2 (3.27) 1450p" and where S is the time-dependent factor for creep under sustained load, as follows: Table 3.4 - Values of 5 Factors (Adapted from CSA A23.3-04) Duration of sustained load (months) Ss Less than 1 0.0 1 05 3 1.0 6 1.2 9 1.3 12 14 60 or more 2.036 Chapter 3 b) an approach in which shrinkage and creep deflections are considered separately. In this case: A= Mont ep (3.28) where Ay, and Ac, are the long-term shrinkage and creep deflections, respectively. A detailed treatment of this approach is beyond the scope of this book. The reader is encouraged to consult the CDH for more details. Deflection Control Two approaches to deflection control can be considered: a) an indirect approach, based on setting an upper limit for the beam span/height ratio; and b) an approach based on detailed calculation of the immediate and long-term deflections. a) Indirect Approach Because it is convenient, the indirect approach is most commonly used in practice. It is based on selecting a minimum thickness for the beam (slab) so that the deflection remains below the prescribed limits. Table 3.5 presents such limits according to CSA A23.3-04 for different support conditions. This table can be conveniently used for a preliminary design, as shown later in Chapter 4, However, it must be noted that Table 3.5 is only applicable to slabs and beams not supporting or attached to partitions likely to be damaged by large deflections. Table 3.5 - Minimum Thickness for Deflection Control (Adapted from Table 9.2 of CSA A23.3-04) Minimum Thickness h, for Normal-Density Concrete with /, = 400 MPa Simply One End Both Ends | Cantilever Supported | Continuous | Continuous Solidionerwey 1,120 Ly/24 L,I28 L,/10 slab Beams or ribbed Ly/6 Lyl18. L,/21 Lys ‘one-way slabs Notes: a) For fy#400 MPa, ht must be multiplied by (0.4 + /,/670). b) For conerete other than normal, : must be multiplied by (1.65 ~ 0.0003y.) > 1.0. ©) For slabs, thickness less than the minimum required in this table may be considered based on justified calculations (see Clause 13.2.7 of CSA A233-04).Behaviour of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 37 b) Approach Based on Detailed Deflection Calculations In the approach based on detailed deftection calculation: lated using either the simplified formulas based on J, (sce Table 3.2) or an elaborate iterative procedure that accounts for the variation of the moment of inertia along the beam length. The obtained deflection is then compared to the upper deflection limits the deflection prescribed by the standard and presented in Table 3.6. Table 3.6 - Maximum Permissible Deflections (Adapted from Table 9.3 of CSA A23.3-04) first calcu- Deflections not likely to be damaged by large deflections. immediate deflection due to any additional live load). Desenp tie to be Considered Lani Flat roofs not supporting or attached to non-structural elements likely to be | Immediate deflection due | I / 180 damaged by large deflections. to the specified live load, Floors not supporting or attached to L, or snow load, S non-structural elements likely to be (if applicable). In (360 damaged by large deflections. Roof or floor construction supporting | That part of the total or attached to non-structural elements | deflection which occurs er likely to be damaged by large after attachment of the ” deflections. non-structural elements Roof or floor construction supporting _ | (Sum of the long-term or attached to non-structural elements deflection due to all sustained loads and the 1, (240 Nore: I, is the clear span length, measured face-to-face between supports. 3.5 Examples Example 3.1 - Rectangular Cross-Section Problem Statement Consider a beam of rectangular cro: section as s own in Figure X3.1(a). a) Calculate the cracking moment Mg, and the corresponding cracking strain ey. b) Evaluate the stresses duc to Mz, at the extreme compression fibre of the beam and in the steel reinforcement.38 Chapter 3 c) Calculate the stresses due toa moment M = 50 kNm in the extreme compression fibre and in the steel reinforcement. Use: f = 30 MPa; fy = 400 MPa; E, = 200 GPa; Ay = 2000 mm’. 3 3 (n-DAs As 250 (a) Actual cross-section (b) Uncracked transformed (c) Cracked transformed (nm) section eden Figure X3.1 - Example 3.1 * Solution a) Moment M_, and Strain ec, > Moment Ma 6h f, =0.6,/30 =3.29 MPa i. = 4500) f° E 500 (30 = 24,648 MPa 200,000 _ 24,648 BL The distance yg from the centroid of the uncracked transformed section (Figure X3.1b) to the extreme-compression fibre is calculated hased on the static moment with respect to the extreme-compression fibre as follows, where yiop is the distance from the centroid of the section under consideration to the extreme-compression fibre. Designation ‘Area, A (mm?) Yeap (mm) A & Ytop (mm3) Concrete 250 x 400 = 105 200 20.0 x 10° Steel (x= 1) 2000 = 14.200 340. 4.828 x 10° YA = 114,200 S(Ayiop) = 24.828 x 106 EA Yon _ 24,828 x 10° ¥ =217.4mm TA * "114,200Behaviour of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 39 ny 2 ( -4) +(n-1)A,(d-y,) +250 x 400x(217.4-200)'+14,200x(340-217.4)° = 1.58%10" mm! Yression ihre = 400 — 217.4 = 182.6 mm 1 mye 8 3.29 x1,58x10" Yrension Sore “ 182.6 x10 SkNm > Strain ec, 3.29 - 8 = 133x107 mm/mum 24,684 b) Stresses Due to Mc, > feat the extreme-compression fibre 28.5% 10" f= (3, ~~ (217.4)=3.92MPa I, () si" ) > frin steel reinforcement M, 5x 10° n—* (d-y,) p28. x28 SX" (199.6)=17.91 MPa ' 1.58 x 10° ©) Stresses Due to M = 50 kNm Because M is greater than M_,, the section is cracked. The equivalent transformed section (Figure X3.1c) is therefore used to calculate the moment of inertia /,, as follows. > Depth of neutral axis, ¢ Designation Area, A (mm*) Yeop (mm) AX Yeop (mm) Concrete 2500 ed 125<2 Steel nA, = 16.200 340 5,508,000 JA = 250 + 16.200 VAvion = 125e? + 5,508,00040 Chapter 3 EAo EBA it follows that: By writing: y, = 125¢? + 16,200c ~ 5,508,000 = 0; ie: ¢ = 154.9 mm (accepted) or ¢ = -284.5 mm (rejected) > Moment of inertia /., about the neutral axis Designation | Area, A (mm?) 3 (mm) 7,(10%mm*) | Ay? (10° mm4) Conerete | 250 154.9 = 38.725] — 154.9/2 = 77.45 714 232.3 Steel 16,200 Neglected 555.0 B= 774 (77.4+787.3)x 10° = 864.7 x10° mm* 51, +3(A¥") > feat the extreme-compression fibre 50x 10° = Saag F Aone MPa 164.7 x 10° 50x 10° fy =8.1x 221 «(340 - 154.9)=86.70 MPa 864.7 x 10° Example 3.2 — T-Section Problem Statement Consider the T-section shown in Figure X3.2. Assuming that the effective depth d is 630 mm: a) Compute the cracking moment M.,. b) Compute the stress f; at the extreme-compression fibre of concrete and the stress f, in the steel reinforcement, due to a bending moment M = 60 kNm. S fs ©) Compute the stress f, at the extreme-compression fibre of concrete and the str in the steel reinforcement, due to a bending moment M = 120 kNm. Use: fi) = 25 MPa; fy = 400 MPa; E, = 200 GPa; Ay = 3000 mm?.41 Behaviour of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 700 mm 5 a canna nA, as Ll 250mm (a) Actual section (b) Uneracked transformed (©) Cracked transformed section section, Figure X3.2- Example 3.2 Solution a) Moment M., J. =06 Ji ‘f= 0.625 = 3.0MPa E, = 4500) Ff. E,= 4500 Y25 = 22,500 MPa E, 200,000 mat =89 E. 22,500 The distance y, from the centroid of the uncracked transformed section (Figure X3.2b) to the extreme-compression fibre is calculated based on the static moment with respect to the extreme-compression fibre as follows: Designation Area, A (mm?) (mm) AX Yup (10° mm4) Conerete * flange 700 x 80 = 56,000 40 2.24 * web 620 x 250 = 155,000 390 60, Steel (n= 1) 3000 = 23,700 030 14.93 YA = 234,700 mm? DAY top = 77.62 x 10% mm? x108 ype nites TEDW 99059 seats 'e 234,70042 Chapter 3 Area, A = = shit (10° mm 2 (105 mm?) Designation | 1, (10° mm‘) ‘aa ¥imm) Ay?(10° mm‘) Conerete NR - + flange 3 ‘= 29.87 56,000 330.7 - 40 = 290.7 4732.36 250 x 620° *web D = 4965.17 155,000. 390 — 330.7 = 59.3 Steel - 23,700 030 - 330.7 = 299.3 Do = 4995.04 (995,04 10° + 7400.48 x 10° = 12,395.52 10° mm! 369.3mm Yensin shne = 700~ 330. Sle Yeeoson bre 3.0 x 12,395.52 x 10° 369.3 10° = 100.7 kNm b) Stresses Due to M = 60 kKNm Because M is smaller than M,,, the section is uncracked. The uncracked transformed section (Figure X3.2b) is therefore used to calculate /,. > feat the extreme 60x 10° 12,395.52 10° 330.7 = 1.60 MPa > frin steel reinforcement Me 60x 10° f,=n—(d-y,) f, =8.9x 2" __.299,3= 12.89 MPa I, 12,395.52 x 10° > feat extreme-tension fib M 60 7 1 = (369.3) = 1.79 MP. i ) fa" Ty 595.59 009) . ©) Stresses Due to M = 120kNm Because M is greater than M,,, the section is cracked. The equivalent cracked trans- formed section (Figure X3.2c) is therefore used to calculate /,, as follows.Behaviour of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 43 > Depth of neutral axis c assuming the neutral axi is within the web Designation ‘Area, A (mm?) Ytop (MM) AX Yop (mm’) Conerete + flange 700 x 80 = 56,000 40 2.24 x 108 (e-80) sweb 250 (e- 80) 3 125c? - 0.8 x 108 Steel n Ay = 8.9 x 3000 = 26,700 630 16.82 10° — FAY By wring. y, => Yielding: ¢ > Moment of inertia Ic, 206.3 mm (accepted) or ¢ = -707.9 mm (rejected). = ¢ ,it follows that: 125¢? + 62,700¢ ~ 18.26 x 10°= 0 [Designation] Area, A (mm?) > (mm) 7, (10° mm) ‘Ay? (10% mm‘) Conerete «flange 700 x80 56,000 | 206.340 = 166.3 299 15487 206.3 — 80 3 swe 250(2063-80)= 31.975] “= 68.1 Bote 1257 Steel 89 3000 26.700 | 206.3 - 630 = -4937 7 4793.2 B= 719) SAy? = 64676 = 31, +3(4y) 1,, =(71.9+6467.6)>105 =6539.5x 10° mm* > feat extreme-compression fibre 120 x 10° AIS | x206.3=3.79 MPa 6539,5x10 120 x 10° 89x21" _ (630 ~206.3)= 69.2 MPa 0539.5 x 10° > feat extreme-tension fibre fur = 0 (cracked section)44 Chapter 3 Example 3.3 - Deflection Calculation: Simple Rectangular Beam Problem Statement Consider a beam with the rectangular cross-section described in Example 3.1 (Figure X3.1). The beam is simply supported with a span of / = 5 m. It supports a uniformly distributed dead load, including itsself-weight, wp =30 kN/m, anda uniformly distributed live load wz, = 15 kN/m, 20% of which may be considered sustained. Assume that nonstructural elements are installed after one month, a) Determine the immediate deflection A, at midspan and compare it to the upper limits prescribed by the standard. b) Determine the long-term deflection and the incremental deflection at time ¢= 1 year and Compare these incremental deflections to the upper limits pi by the standard. 30 MPa; f, = 400 MPa; £, = 200 GPa; A, = 2000 mm?. Solution a) Immediate Deflection A; > Effective moment of inertia I, Ely+ (Ay Iq = 1.58 x 10” mm (see example 3.1) 1, = Ely + 2( AF ) Ter = 864.7 x 10° mm‘ (see example 3.1) Ble Mey = 28.5 kNm (see example 3.1) Freasion ore 30x5? we ga 9 8KNM> M, 8 (15+30)x5' M, .y === 140.6kNm 8 3 28.5 A 1,.y =10° [os +(1.58 -0865(2"] | 0.88 x 10” mm* 93.8 a 5 T..psp = 10"} 0.865 + (1.58 ~ 09 B ) |= 0.87 x 10° mm* 140.6Behaviour of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 45 > Immediate deflection A; K = 1.0 (Table 3.3); E, = 24,648 MPa (see example 3.1) of 2 )_93:8% 10° x5* =) a. 1.3mm 8 }24,048 x 0.88 x 10 4, Ele 5.) _140.6 x 10° x 5* A, es = 1.0 — | "> 17.1 mm 48 ) 24.648 x0.87 x 10” in = Sion Ain A,, =17.1-11.3=5.8 mm > Comparison with permissible deflections (see Table 3.6) Case (i): No damage to partitions caused by the deflection => Aj, = 5.8 mm < Ly/180 = 000/180 = 27.8 mm OK Case (ii): Possibility of damage to partitions caused by the deflection = A, = 58 mm < L,/360 = $000/360 = 13.9 mm OK b) Long-term and total deflections Assume nonstructural elements installed after one month. > Long-term deflection (1 monty = 0-5: Sa year) = 145 55 years) = 2.0 (see Table 3.4 (no compression reinforcement) 5 anon = 140.5=1.5 Es ayear 141.4224 Es syeuss = 1+ 2.0=3.0 amomh.p = 1.5% A, p = 16.95 mm 2.4xA,) = 27.1 mm year | 3.0% A, = 33.9 mm 75 mm 4, 5x0.24), = ton. 02 Minot Ay tyearo2t =2-4X 0.24, , =2.8 mm A, sseano21 =3.0X0.24, , = 3.5 mm fr tmonin = 16.95 + 1.75= 18.7 mm Ay rotat = (Ato + Ayo2t) Arcattyear =27-1 +2.8= 29.9 mm Aan syean = 33-9 + 3.5= 374mm46 Chapter 3 > Incremental deflection including live load (ID) TD, year = (29.9 ~ 18.7) + (0.8 * 5.8) = 15.68 mm. IDs years = (37-4 ~ 18.7) + (0.8 x 5.8) = 23.18 mm > Comparison with permissible deflections (sce Table 3.6) Case (i): No damage WD cg: 15: 7 2 oo ones OK to partitions _ 240-240 due to deflection => TD sears =23-2 mu Case (it): Possibility TD gq¢ = 15.7 mm> 2 = 22° _ 10,4 mm Not OK of damage to partitions year 480 480 due to deflection => 4 5000 TD, can =23-2mm > ==" = 10.4mm Not OK 480 480 Example 3.4 - Deflection Calculation: Simple T-Beam Problem Statement Consider the T-section beam in Example 3.2 (Figure X3.2). The beamis simply supported with a span of L = 9 m. It supports a total uniform distributed dead load, including its self-weight, wp = 28 KN/m and a uniform distributed live load, wy = 14 KN/m, 40% of which may be considered sustained. Assume that nonstructural elements are installed after one month. a) Determine the immediate deflection A; at midspan. Compare this deflection to the limits prescribed by CSA A23.3-04. b) Determine the long-term deflection and the incremental deflections after 9 months, 2 years, and 10 years of loading. Compare these incremental deflections to the limits prescribed by CSA A23.3-04. Use: f= 25 MPa: f, = 400 MPa: F, = 200 GPa; A, = 3000 mm?. Solution a) Immediate Deflection A; > Effective moment of inertia I. 1, = Ely+3(A¥*) Ig = 1.24 x 10" mm (see Example 3.2)Behaviour of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 47 1, =3ly+3(A5') Io, = 0.653 x 10"° man (ace Example 3.2) 1, aM, =e Mer = 100 kNNm (see Example 3.2) lr pl Yrension fibre 28 x9? a My =283.5kNm>M,, Mun 8 8 14428) x9? IM. 425.25 kNm y 1) Immediate defles ion A; K = 1.0 (Table 3.3); E. = 22,500 MPa (see Example 3.2) 5) 283.sx10 x9? A, = 1.0 — | =~ _*_. 15.6 mm n> MP 48 J22,500 0.08 x 10"” 48 J EL, 5.) 425.25 10° x9* oe A, pee = 1.0 — |" —_*_ = 24.2 mm 48 ) 22,500 x0.66 x 10"° in = Sip 4ip 4, =24.2-15.6=8.6 mm ible deflectior > Comparison with permi (see Table 3.6) Case (i): No damage to partitions caused by the deflection => A,,, = 8.6 mm < L,/180 = 9000/180 = 50.0 mm OK Case (ii): Possibility of damage to partitions caused by the deflection => A. = 86 mm < L,/360 = 90001360 = 25.0 mm OK b) Long-Term and Total Defle > Long-term deflection S(a month) = 5(0 months) = 1.3; Si2 years) = 1.55: S(ra years) = 2.0 (Table 3.4): p= 0 (no com- pression reinforcement)48 Chapter 3 Ssamonn = 1+ 5 Ej omotns = 1+1.3= 2.3 E,2yean = 141.55 = 2.55 Essoyeam =1+2-0=3.0 Me amoatn.p = 1-5%4i,p = 234mm A, omonts.0 = 2.3% 4,9 = 35.9 mm Arayean.p = 255% 4, Ar soyeus,p = 3.0XA)p = 46.8mm | | 1.9 = 39.8 mm =1.5x044,, =5.2mm 1 pmonihs.041, = 23% 0.44, =2.55x0.4A,, =8.8mm mon, 040 A, =7.8mm 4, oan = 54) DAL A 4, i lyean OAL rsyean oat =3%0-44,, = 10.3 mm Ay totatimonth = 23-4+5.2 = 28.6 mm A; total omonths = 35-9 +7.8= 43.7 mm Aro + Mrost) Ay sota2years =39-8-+8.8= 48,6 mm > Incremental deflection including live load (ID) TDo months = (43.7 ~ 28.6) + 0.6(8.6) = 20.3 mm ID2 years = (48.6 ~ 28.6) + 0.6(8.6) = 25.2 mm, IDs sears = (57-1 - 28.6) + 0.6(8.6) = 33.7 mm > Comparison with permissible deflections e Table 3.6) Case (i): No damage to partitions due to the deflection = 4 = 25.2 mm <—"~ =37.5mm OK 1D. a yeats or 1, TDsyeary = 33-7 mm < = 37.5mm OK 240 In Case (ii): Possibility TDs jronins = 203mm > Tan 18.7 mm Not OK of damage to partitions 1 due to the deflection => Dayeyg = 252mm > == 18.7 mm Not OK !, Tye = 33.7 mm > "= 18.7 mm Not OK 480 fied for case (ii). It follows that the standard requirements are not satitBehaviour of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 49 Example 3.5 - Deflection Calculation: Continuous Rectangular Beam Problem Statement Consider a continuous beam of rectangular cross-section, the details of which are presented in Figure X3.5. The bending moments, due to dead loads Mp and live loads M_ are also presented in Figure X3.5. Assume that 30% of the live loads are sustained and that nonstructural elements are installed after one month, a) Determine the immediate deflection A, at the midspan of the beam. Compare this deflection to the upper limits prescribed by CSA A23.3-04. b) Determine the long-term deflection and the incremental deflection after 1 year and 10 years of loading. Compare this incremental deilection to the upper limits prescribed by CSA A23.3-04. Use: f = 25 MPa; f, = 400 MPa; E, = 200 GPa. My = 180 kKNm My =180kNm Mf, = 40kNm mM, Symmetry / BS eA £ r4 No. 30 . g E i Be fe 4 A A) lanes, 7000 sn ghey @eToam! 400 mm 400mm a) fe BR ALA Figure X3.5- Example 3.550 Chapter 3 = Solution a) Immediate Deflection A; > Effective moment of inertia I, Caleulation of gross section moment of inertia (I, bh” (neglected bars) f= S00enoy” 12 12 7.210" mm* Calculation of m: J, = 0.6)" f, = 0.625 = 3.0 MPa E, =4500/f E, = 4500 V25 = 22,500 MPa £, 200,000 n= = =8. E, 22,500 Calculation of the geometric parameters forb,,= 400 mm; A, = 2100 mm?; and A =400mm2: be p-— ___.09 nA 8.89(2100) (n=) ay (8.89 -1)400 nA, 8.89(2100) 0.17 = 520 mm; B = 0.02; and r = 0.17, aana(is (+n kd=179.4 mm Calculation of fe: kd 179.4 d 520 k 0.34 ba 1,, = 3x 10° mm* 1 ska +n Ad? (1-k) +(n-1) Ar (kd-a’)Behaviour of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 51 Calculation of Me: 1 x10? M, tg yn lt 10°) Yrenson fibre 300 =72kNm Calculation of the effective moment of inertia I, Fea thea +0.30) 422 =0.701, leave lem 2 2 Lig p = 3X 10° +(7. 2-3) x10 130 3 ) =3.71x10" mm* 3.410” mm* n 0 72 Tegy pot, = 3X10" + (7.23) x 10°| — 160 3.310? mm* 3x10? + (7. 2-a-00(2) 180 ny Tey =3x 10" +(7.2=3) x 10°] ——] =3.1% 10° mm* 220 ‘| (23) 6.484 Tyarg.p = 10° | 0.7%3.71-40.30 = 3.6% 10" mm } 2 Ze argpen = 10° [oma 4+0. 22) aac mm* 2 > Immediate deflection A; K (see Table 3.3); Ee = 22,500 MPa (see Example 3.2) ‘leas i= 9i.p0~Sio Me 5 130x7? “ dun 0.72( 2] eT = 5.9 mm 48) Eleven 8} 22.500 x 3.6 x10"52 Chapter 3 <) MP 48 JE, cleave) Dat. A, =8.0-5.9= 2.1 mm > Comparison with permissible deflections (sce Table 3.6) Case (i): No damage to partitions caused by the deflection = A, = 2.1 mm < L,/I80 = 7000/180 = 38.9 mm OK Case (ii): Possibility of damage to partitions caused by the deflection = A\,,, = 2.1 mm < L,/360 = 7000/360 = 19.4 mm OK b) Long-Term and Total Deflections > Long-term deflection Sux montn) = 0.5: Si year) = 1-4 and So years) = 2.0 (see Table 3.4) : A 400 p’=———_-= 0.0019 bd 400(520) 0s yj _Se__, 1+50(0.0019) 1.4 45 Sc tmonn year = 1+ = 2.28 ser "14 50(0.0019) 2.0 1+50(0.0019) feos io | | 2.83 Scanyes + 6mm A= S Ain A, =2.28xA,, = 13.4mm A, =2.83K A, = 16.7 mm Sr Lyear.D 1 LOyears.D Ay smonk.osn =1-45%0.34, , = 0.91 mm Ay yearos1 =2-28%0.34,, = 1.44 mm 4, 83x0.34,, = 1.78 mm 1 L0yenrs.031 4, 640.91) = 9.51 mm 13,441.44 =(16.7 + 1.78) =18.50 mm ota. month = Ariat mons 4, otal 0 yearsBehaviour of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 53 > Incremental deflection including live load (ID) IDs year = (14.80 ~ 9.51) + 0.7(2.1) = 6.77 mm TDio youre = (18.50 - 9.51) + 0.7(2.1) = 10.46 mm > Comparison with permissi (sce Table 3.6) Case (i): No damage 7000 to partitions caused WDyyeor Sap 282mm OK due to the deflection = es TDeyean = 10-46 mm <= = 59.2: OK 240 240 ‘ase (ii): Possibilit 4, 7000 Gist (i: Bopsibllty TD yege = 6.77 mm < 4.6mm OK of damage to partitions year mack aso due to the deflection = TD joyeay = 10.46 mm < 2 = 20 _14.6mm OK 480480 It follows that the standard requirements are satisfied for both cases. 3.5 Problems Problem 3.1 Consider the rectangular-section beam shown in Figure P3.1. a) Determine the uniformly distributed load w (including self-weight) which causes the first crack. b) If the uniformly distributed load (including self-weighi) is 16 kN/m, compute the stresses f. (at the extreme-compression fibre) and f; (in stee! reinforcement). ©) Compute Ay, (steel reinforcement area that corresponds to the balanced condition) and discuss the results Use: fi = 25 MPa; normal-density concrete (i = 1); Ay = 4 No. 30M (2800 mm?); fy = 400 MPa.54 Chapter 3 f 600 mm. Figure P3.1 Problem 3. Consider the T-section beam illustrated in Figure P3.2 a) Determine the cracking moment M,, that corresponds to the onset of cracking. b) If the uniformly distributed load w (including self-weight) is 20 kN/m, compute the Stresses f; (at the extreme-compression fibre) and f, (in steel reinforcement). 3 No. 30M 400 MPa: A, Use: f= 25 MPa: normal-density concrete (4 = (2100 m2). E E 3 PUTT tie - Tt «&| «= El g 6000 mm s| & MHJ_a—aar > a] s ¢ Figure P3.2Behaviour of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 55 Problem 3.3 Consider an unreinforced concrete beam specimen which is to be tested in three-point bending, The specimen has a cross-section of 100 mm x 100 mm and a span length of 400 mm, The applied load at failure of the specimen is 8 KN. a) Compute the modulus of rupture f; using Equation 37. b) Compare this modulus with that calculated according to CSA A23.3-04 (Equation 3.5) for f'-= 25 MPa, f-= 30 MPa, and f= 40 MPa. c) Discuss the results obtained in (b). Problem 3.4 Consider the T-section of the beam shown in Figure P3.4. The beam is simply supported with a span length of L = 12 m. It supports a total uniform dead load, including self- weight, wp = 26 kN/m and a uniform live load w,, = 28 kN/m. Assume that the effective depth d is 640 mm. a) Compute the moment of inertia of the gross section /,, the cracking moment M¢,, the moment of inertia of the cracked section /,,, and the effective moments of inertia that correspond to wp and wy b) Determine the immediate deflection A, at midspan. Compare this deflection to the upper limits prescribed by CSA A23.3-04. Use: f= 25 MPa; fy = 400 MPa; E, = 200 GPa; normal-density concret 1300 mm_ —2No, 20 mal pie pre. Og g] | 3No.25- = 80 mim 3No35 70 450 mm_ |, 400 mm,|_ 450 mm (a) Elevation (b) Section A-A Figure P3.456 Chapter 3 Problem 3.5 Consider the simply supported T-section beam in Problem 3.4 (see Figure P3.4). The loading sequence for dead and live loads is as follows: Applied dead load - Applied live load Time, ¢ (months) (kNim) Time, t (months) (kin) 0 12 9 12 6 24 12 28 a) Compute the effective moment of inertia corresponding to cach of the loading sequences. b) Determine the immediate total deflections and the increments of immediate deflec- tion at the midspan of the beam. Compare these deflections to the upper limits prescribed by CSA A23.3-04. ©) Evaluate the long-term and incremental deflections, taking into account the compres- sion reinforcement, for ¢= 0; ¢ = 6 months; ¢ = 9 months; ¢ = 12 months; and 1 =», Compare these deflections to the upper limits prescribed by CSA A23.3-04. Use: f= 25 MPa; fy = 400 MPa; E, = 200 GPa; normal-density conereChapter Design and Verification of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 4.1 Notation Used in This Chapter Acs Area of concrete in strips along exposed side faces of beams Ag ___ Gross area of concrete cross-section A, __Area of non-prestressed tension reinforcement Ay Area of compression reinforcement Ass Area of tension reinforcement corresponding to balanced section conditions Ay a balaneing the compression force in the overhanging Agoox __ Maximum area of tension reinforcement Agwin __ Minimum area of tension reinforcement Asjovided Provided area of tension reinforcement Ayet___Area of tension reinforcement corresponding to a= hy58 Chapter 4 Axccqusea _ Required area of tension reinforcement Algeh Total area of skin reinforcement Aw Area of tension reinforcement balancing the compression force in the web ofa Lbeam Cc Compressive force in cross-section CG Compressive force in cross-section due to concrete in compression C;___ Compressive force in the overhanging flanges ofa beam G Compressive force in cross-section due to compression reinforcement Ce Compressive force in the web of a T-beam due to conerete in compression E,___ Modulus of clasticity of non-prestressed steel reinforcement L Span length of beam or one-way slab, measured centre-to-centre of supports Ey Span of slab panel in short direction Le Span of slab panel in long direction Ly Clear span M Bending moment M., Cracking moment M; __ Moment due to factored loads M, Factored moment resistance Meet Factored moment resistance corresponding to a = hyfor T-sections M,y___ Factored moment resistance in the overhanging flanges of a'T-beam Mrw Factored moment resistance in the web of a T-beam N___ Number of bars T ‘Tensile force in steel reinforcement Ty ‘Tensile foree in reinforcement balancing the compression force in the overhanging flanges of a T-beam Ty ‘Tensile force in reinforcement balancing the compression force in the web ofa Pbeam Vy Factored shear force Vv, Factored shear resistance @ Depth of equivalent rectangular stress block ‘max Maximum aggregate size b idth of member bax __Elfective flange width by h of tension zone of section bw Web width ¢ Neutral axis depth; distance from extreme-compression fibre to neutral axis d Effective depth of cross-sec ; distance from extreme-compression fibre to centroid of tension reinforcementDesign and Verification of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 59 @ Distance from extreme compression fibre to centroid of compression reinforcement dy Diameier of reinforeing bar Apauoryy Stirrup diameter de Distance from extreme tension fibre to centre of the longitudinal bar located closest to it 4 Effective shear depth e Centre-to-centre distance between beams & Clear distance between beams i: Specified compressive strength of concrete fe Calculated tensile stress in reinforeement at specified loads L Specified yield strength of non-prestressed reinforcement h Overall thickness or height of member hy _ Flange thickness in T-beams hy Overall thickness of slab Clear spacing between longitudinal reinforeing bars Maximum permitted (spacing of longitudinal reinforeing bars) bar spacing Conerete density Normal str: fe Strain at the extreme concrete compression fibre fy Maximum strain at the extreme concrete compression fibre at ultimate state (ca = 0.0035) ft. _Strain in tension reinforcement &'__ Strain in compression reinforcement & Yield sirain in tension reinforcement R Factor to account for low-density conerete (2.= 1 for normal-density conerete) p Ratio of non-prestressed tension reinforcement [= Ag(bd)] p Ratio of compression r (ba) p» Ratio of tension reinforcement corresponding to balanced section conditions [EAwl(bd)] Pain __ Minimum ratio of tension reinforcement Pprovided Provided ratio of tension reinforcement fax Ratio of area of skin reinforcement to Ay fx» Ratio of tension reinforeement inthe web of Fsections corresponding to balanced section conditions Pumay Maximum ratio of tension reinforcement in the web of T-scctions % Resistance factor for concrete Qs __ Resistance factor for non-prestressed reinforcing bars60 Chapter 4 4.2. Minimum Requirements and Construction Considerations Longitudinal Reinforcing Bars > Non-brittle condi and shrinkage n or minimum reinforcement for temperature A minimum amount of reinforcement is required to ensure that: M, 212M, @) This condition can be expressed as: O.2NF = Beams: A, > Avmin Z bh [Clause 10.5.1.2] (4.2) = Slabs: Ay min = 0.002 Ag [Clause 7.8] (4.3) > Maximum tension reinforcement Outside regions of overlapping bars are required to have ASS Asmax = Aso (44) or Pb (4.5) > Concrete cover and longitudin I bar spacing A minimum concrete cover (b, and b’) is provided to ensure adequate protection against corrosion and fire (Figure 4.1). In addition, an adequate longitudinal bar spacing (s) enables proper conerete placement. Table 4.1 provides, for a given bar diameter, the minimum longitudinal bar spacing required as a function of the aggregate size used. Tables 4.2 and 4.3 provide, for a given width by and a given bar diameter, the maximum aumber of reinforcing bars that can be placed in one layer, taking into account both conerete cover and bar spacing requirements.Design and Verification of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 61 a) Bar Spacing 14d, S241 Ady 30mm b) Concrete Cover Beams = v interior exposure: |40 mm for d, <35 mm: }max (1.0460 mm) for d, > 35 mm *\ Exterior exposure 50 mm for d, <35 mm max (1.5d,:60mm) for d, > 35 mm 30 mm (interior exposure) © |40 mm (exterior exposure} Slabs [Interior exposure: 20 mm for d, $20 mm: 45 Jmax (1.0t,; 60mm) for d, > 20 mm Exterior exposure 30 mm for d, <20 mm; max (1.5d,:60mm) for d, > 20 mm Corrosive environ- |b; 2 ments 2mm 22d, jo0 mm be dys b- 2b" - 24, stomp nd, n-1 n= number of bars. Figure 4.1 - Concrete Cover and Bar Spacing of Longitudinal Reinforcement (According to CSA A23.1) Table 4.1 - Minimum Bar Spacing Smin = max (1-4 dy: 14 dyax: 30: mm) Bar Size Aayay (tM) Snvin (um) 10M <21 30 15M $21 30 20M $21 30 25M <25 35 30M <30 42 35M <36 50 45M 344 61 55M. $56 7962 Chapter 4 Table 4.2- Maximum Number Nmuay of Longitudinal Reinforcing Bars ‘That Can Be Placed in One Layer (No. 10M Stirrups) - Interior Exposure by (mm)| 10M | 15M | 20M | 25M | 30M | 35M | 45M | 55M 200 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 250 4 4 4 a 2 2 2 1 300 6 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 350 7 6 6 5 4 3 3 2 400 8 7 7 5 5 4 3 2 450 9 8 8 6 5 4 4 3 500 10 9 9 7 6 s 4 3 550 12 10 10 8 7 6 5 4 600. 13 i iL $, 7 6 5 4 650 14 13 12 10 8 7 6 4 700 15 4 13 10 9 7 6 5 750 16 15 4 rT 9 8 6 5 800 18 16 1s 12 10 8 7 5 850 19 7 16 13 i 9 7 6 900 20 18 7 14 ul 10 8 6 950 2 19 18 15 12 10 8 6 1000 22 20 19 15 13 ut 9 Z, Table 4.3 - Maximum Number Nyay of Longitudinal Reinforcing Bars That Can Be Placed in One Layer (No. 10M Stirrups) - Exterior Exposure 'b.(mm)| 10M | 15M | 20M | 25M | 30M | 35M | 45M | 55M 200 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 250 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 300 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 350 6 6 5 4 4 3 2 2 400 7 7 6 5 4 4 3 2 450 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 3 500 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 550 i 10 g 8 6 Ss 4 3 600 12 u 10 8 7 6 5 4 650 14 12 ul 9 8 6 5 4 700 15 13. 12 10 8 7 6 5 750 16 4 13 1 9 8 6 5 800 7 15 4 12 10 8 7 5 850 18 16 15 13 10 9 7 6 900 20 18, 16 13 iL 9 8 6 950 a 19 7 14 12 10 8 6 1000 22 20 18 15 13. i 9 7Design and Verification of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 63 Special Requirements for Slabs > Minimum thickness 100mm h> L, 6) eae ee (Table 3.5) 8) @ > Spacing of reinforcing bars — Main reinforcement 3h, F 500mm G2) = Shrinkage reinforcement Sh, 49 min 500mm 8) > Shear resistance The shear resistance must be entirely resisted by concrete, as will be explained in Section 46. Geometric Considerations Often the dimensions of the beam section are not known. In such a case, the engineer can use the following rules: > Control of deflections Minimum height [Clause 9.8.2.1]: Lg hz—* (Table 3.5) (4.9) a. > Width of rectangular section In the absence of initial dimensions, the width of the rectangular section, b, may be chosen in the following range: 1 1Sb ey, that is, f, = f, (Figure 4.2b), and then to check the validity of this assumption (for example, by comparing A, to Ay, or cld to (cld)mas)- Hf the initial assumption is not valid, then the section is over-reinforced (Figure 4.2a) and adjustments should be made as described in Table 4.5. 4.3.1 Derivation of Equations The equilibrium of forces between Cand T (Figure 4.2b) is used to determine @ as: (4.11) ‘The moment resistance, M,, developed by the internal force couple, Cand 7,is therefore: M, An(e) (4.12a) 2 or, as a function of p= bd M, var) eh fe (4.12b) 2ond.f M,=k,bd® (4.12c)Design and Verification of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 65 where k, =p0,f, [2] (4.13) 20. f, Table 44 is a design aid to determine fy as a funetion of fy, fe, and p. This table can be used either to compute M,, if p is known, or to compute the required p corresponding to M; (and therefore k, = My/bd?). Itshould be noted that the calculation of M, (Equation 4.12a) requires prior determina tion of a. However, for preliminary calculations, engineers often use a simplified formula (but one accurate enough for such calculations) in which (d — a/2) is replaced by (.9d. Thus, Equation 4.12a becomes: M, =0,4,f,(0.9d) (4.14) Furthermore, A, can also be computed using Equation 4.12a or 4.14 as f M, (4.15) (4.16) Rectangular Section (f, = 400 MPa) (5) = 0.636; wee k= 1th po, f,: M,=k,bd? x 106 kNm eax bd 20, 6, fe (MPa) 25 30 35 40 45 50 ony 0.813 0.805 0.798 0.790 0.783 0.775 Bi 0.908, 0.895 0.883 0.870, 0.858 0.845 Pe 2.24% 2.63% | 3.00% 3.34% 3.67% 3.98% k, (MPa) P (%) 0. 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.6 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 08 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 10 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 030 12 037 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.36 0.36 14 044 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.42 16 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49 18 0.57 0.56 0.56 0.55 5 0.55 20 0.64 0.63, 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.6166 Chapter 4 Table 4.4 - Reinforcement Ratio p (%) and Factor k, (MPa) - Rectangular Section (f, = 400 MPa) (cont'd) Ff. (MPa) 25 30 35 40 45 50 2.2 071 070 0.69 0.69 0.68 0.68 24 0.79 0.77 0.76 0.75 075 0.74 26 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.82 OBL OBL 2.8 0.94 O91 0.90 0.89 0.88, 3.0 1.02 099 0.97 0.96 0.94 3.2 1.10 1.06 1.04 1.03 1.01 34 118, 114 1.12 1.10 1.08 3.6 1.26 1.22 1.19 117 115 3.8 1.35 1.30 1.27 1.25 1.22 4.0 1.45 1.38 1.35 1.32 1.29 42 54 147 1B 1.40 1.36 44 164 1.56 LSI 1.47 1.3 4.6 175 1.65 1.59 1.55 1.51 48 185 174 1.67 1.58 5.0 1.97 184 1.76 1.66 5.2 2.09 193 1.85 1.73 54 2.23 204 1.04. 1.81 5.6 2.15 2.04 1.89 5.8 2.20 2.13 197 6.0 238 2.23 2.05 6.2 2.50 2.33 2.13 64 2.63 2.44 2.21 6.6 2.55 2.30 68 2.67 2.38 7.0 2.79 2.47 72 291 2.56 14 2.65 16 2.74 78 2.84 8.0 2.93 8.2 3.03 84 3.13 8.6 3.24 88 3.34 9.0 3.45 92 3.56 94 3.68 9.6 3.80 O8 3.02 4.3.2 Design and Verification of Beams with Tension Reinforcement In practice, depending on the data available for a given project, the engineer may be faced with either verification (of design adequacy) or design.Design and Verification of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 67 Step-by-Step Verification Procedure Table 4.5 — Verification Steps for Beams with Tension Reinforcement in Flexure Steps Comments Given: My b, hy Ay fu fis te Step 1. Compute the effective depth d. | d= h — cover dh,stinup= di/2 (for one layer). Step 2. Verify that A, > Ag mine Acwnin: Equation 4.2 of 4.3 Step 3. Verify that A, < Awe. Determine cm and fi, using Equations 3.9 and 3.10 or Table 4.4. Compute Agi [Equation 3.13]. Step 4%. If As< Aw ~ Compute the depth of the equiva- lent rectangular stress block a; or = Obtain k; from Table 4.4, Step 5. Compute M,, z fla): M, =, f,A, (« | 10° kNm or flk,): M,=k,bd’ 10° kKNm. Step 6. Verify that M, > M; Step 7. Verify compliance with Conerete cover and spacing of longitudinal minimum requirements and detailing | reinforcement (Figure 4.1 or Table 4.2 or 4.3) provisions. Skin reinforcementif h>750 mm (Figure 3.8) Crackcontrolfactor Z (Figure 3.7 or Table 3.1) Deflection (Table 3.5) © If Ay > Asp, then e, < ey and f, < fy. In this case: a) solve the following quadratic equation for a: tnt +a-B,d=0 b) Compute C. ©) Compute M, capefiba C.(d- a2)68 Chapter 4 Step-by-Step Design Procedure Table 4.6 — Design Steps for Beams with Tension Reinforcement in Flexure Steps Comments Given: loads, fy, fe" Step 1, Determine the height h (referred to as fy) and width b (referred to as hi) of the section, based on deflection requirements. i= Ly/a [Table 35] debe zh [Equation 4.10] 2 3 Dimensions should be rounded as multiples of 50 mm for beams and 5 mm for slabs. Step 2. Calculate member self- weight, then determine Myand assume that M,= Mp Step 3. Determine the height h (referred to as ha) of the section, based on the moment resistance requirement. Select ft = max. (In; h2) then d and the corresponding width 5, Adjust M,if necessary. Determine d) using: M, = k,bd??- 10-6 KNm, then deduct hy = da + cover + dpsirrup + de/2 Note: Assume p = 0.6 py Step 4. Compute Ag requires using the simplified formula or table (k,, then p) and verify that Assequived 2 Asie Ay reguiset = M, -10° si arooq™ | [Equation 4.16] Aymin’ See Equations 4.2 and 4.3. Step 5. Select the number and size of bars and confirm that the width b is adequate for bar placement. Then Compute Asprovided ANd Pprovided Use Table 4.2 or 4.3. Step 6. Compute Ay, and check that the section is under-reinforced (Ago > Axproviaea). If not, change section dimensions and proceed to Step 3. Determine «x and fi [Equations 3.9 and 3.10] or Table 4.4. Compute As) [Equation 3.13] or determine py, using Table 4.4 and then Asi Step 7. Compute M, and check if M,> Mp a 2 flay: M, = 0,f,A, posts } 10° kNm Sky): My = kyba?10-° KN For calculation of a, see Equation 4.11. Step 8. Verify compliance with minimum requirements and detailing provisions Concrete cover and spacing of longitudinal reinforcement (Figure 4.1 or Table 4.2 or 4.3). Skin reinforcement ifh >750 mm (Figure 3.8). Crack control Z factor (Figure 3.7 or Table3.1).Design and Verification of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 69 4.3.3 Examples Example 4.1 - Verification of a Section with Tension Reinforcement Problem Statement Consider the 8-m-span beam shown in Figure X4.1 under interior exposure conditions. Determine whether the section can resist a factored bending moment of My= 300 kNm. Use: fe! = 30 MPa; fy = 400 MPa; dmax = 20 mm; be! = 30 mm; b = 300 mm; h = 600 mm; 3 No. 30M longitudinal reinforcement; No. 10M stirrups. Ps —____+ » (a) Beam elevation - E | —no.10m 2 stirrup _—No.30M Minox = 300 kNm * » 300 mm (0b) Rending-moment diageam (©) Mid-span section Figure X4,1- Example 4.170 Chapter 4 Solution Step 1. Compute the effective depth d 4, d=h-b{=d, 2 simp ~ d=600-30-11.3- Step 2. Verify that Ay > Agmin _ 0.230 «300600 aa ao min = A = 493mm? A, =3%700=2100 mi =493mm? OK Asin Step 3. Verify that A, < Ay, or p < pp ) ss 9t mn A, = 2100 mm? < A,, = 4291 mm? 2100 2.63 orp=—+ =——_-= 0.0129 Computing a OSA 0.85 400 x2100 as 2152 mm H9./5 ~ 0.805 x 0.65 x 30 x 300 > Obtaining &, from Table 4.4 k, p% A 2100 71.29% 9] 3.6 1.22], =3.78MPa bd 300 544 3.8 1.30. Step 5. Compute M, 152°) a M, = 0.85 x 400 x 2100 x{ 544——= 0° = 334kNmDesign and Verification of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 71 > Method 2: using Table 4.4 M, = 3.78 x 300 x (544)? x 10-6 = 336 kNm M, = 336 kNm Step 6. Verify that M, > My M, 36 kNm > My = 300 kNm OK Step7. Verify compliance with minimum requirements and detailing provisions > Spacing of longitudinal reinforcement 14d, 1.4x30=42 mm Inox Spin = MAX 41.4 x 20= 28 mm f= 42 mm 30mm 30mm Spy = MAX LA a, 300-2x30-2x1 (B- 2B; ~24, eruy ~ "p) 3x30) 64 mm 3 n-1 8 = 64mm > Spin = 42mm OK Nore: Table 4.2 could also be used to show that 3 No. 30M bars can be placed in a beam width of 300 mm (interior exposure). which indirectly satisties the spacing requirements. > Conerete cover b.! = 30 mm (interior exposure) OK (Figure 4.1) > Skin reinforcement h = 600 mm <750 mm Skin reinforcement not required > Crack control factor (Z factor) (Figu 3.7 or Table 3.1) f= 08 fy Ja= 0.6 x 400 = 240 MPa de=X=h-d d.= X= 600-544 = 56mm 2Xb 256x300 5 Aa OSE = 11,200 mm? 0 3 z=, A) 240 x 56% 17.200 }= 20,544 Nimm < 30,000 Nimm Crack control requirement satisfactory. OK Nove: Table 3.1a) could also be used to show that, for a beam width b = 300 mm, a single 30M bar is sufficient to satisly the Z-factor criterion.72 Chapter 4 > Deflection L=L,=8000 mm + (Table 3.5) ggg = eet = 500 mm < = 600 mam 16 16 Deffection requirement satisfactory. OK ‘The section can resist a factored bending moment of My = 300 kNm. Example 4.2 - Design of a Section with Tension Reinforcement Problem Statement Consider the 7.5-m-span rectangular beam shown in Figure X4.2 under interior expo- sure conditions. The beam is subjected to a uniform dead load of 12 kN/m (neglect self-weight) and a uniform live load of 15 kN/m. Design this beam in flexure Use: f= 30 MPa: f, = 400 MPa; dnax = 20 mm; No. 30M bars for A; No. 10M stirrups. § newm = "LITTTTTTIT TIT T TTT h 7500 mm As 4 Figure X4.2~ Example 4.2Design and Verification of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 73 Solution Step 0. Initial calculation — compute My Ww, =12Sw, +15, w, =1.25 12415015 wD 7.5 x(7 me M, = 204 KNm Step 1. Determine A, and 5, based on the deflection criterion Assume that L, = L = 7500 mm. n,=£ (Table 3.5) 1, = 5% = 469mm 16 16 263% p=0.6x2.63 58% Table 44) sk,=444MPa— (THble 44) we 264 x10" ° 444x300 Nore: The number of bar layers can be estimated using the simplified formula to calculate 445mm Ascsimatd a a A 264 x10° 5084 mm? esimted = inated =————_—— = 2044 mm’ 94 f,0.9(0.9%) ‘enimated “9.85 x 400 x 0.81 409 or A = phd =pb(0.9h 158 2 sesinated =PP4=PB(0.9) AL ngeg = ——— x 300 0.9 x 469 = 2000 mm 100 3 No. 30M bars (2100 mm?) can fit in one layer (Table 4.2),74 Chapter 4 4, 6 By = dy #BL dy, oop tS fy = 445 +30 +11.34+ ——=501 mm as 2 2 2 max (m1; ha) > max (409; 501) = 501 mm Let h = 510mm. B= b= By aay 4=510-30-11.3- 2 - 454.mm . 2 255 one layer (Table 4.2) A, provides =2100 mm? > A, seqyireu = 1900mm* OK 4 2100 2 _ Aprende Prose == * 100= 1.54% provided = 300 x 454 Step 6. Compute Ag, and ver 700 (=) 100+ f, 0.65x 30 700 > Ay, = 0.805x ——°"— 59.895 x] ——__] «300 454 = 3581 mm? > A, 'y that As > Asprovided OF P< Pb Gefe OL, A Le 2100mm? 0,85 «400 700+400 “cee oF p = 1.54% < pp = 2.63% Beam under-reinforced and therefore ductile, OKDesign and Verification of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 75 Step 7. Compute M, and verify that M, 2M, > Method 1: using equations 0.85 x 400 x 2100 £152 mm 0.805 « 0.65% 30 x 300 5: se -nipa(e-$) 1 ores!) nota -4 2 > Method 2: using Table 4.4 Pprviges "154% —> k, = 4.36MPa (Table 4.4) M, =k, ba M, = 4.36 x 300 x 454? x10" =270kKNm > M, = 264 kNm 70 kNm > My=264kNm OK Step 8. Verify compliance with minimum requirements and detailing provisions > Spacing of longitudinal reinforcement 14d, 1.4x29,9= 42 mm Sain = MAX 44 yay Spig = MAX 41.4x20 = 28mm }= 42 mm 30mm 30mm b= 2b 2d, gerup ~My 300-2 x30-2 x 11.3-3x29.9 SN = 64 MM 2 Spy nt 3-1 Nort: Table 4.2 could also be used to show that 3 No. 30M bars can be placed in one layer in 2 300-mm beam width, which indirectly satisfies the spacing requirement, > Skin reinforcement = 510 mm < 750mm Skin reinforcement not required. > Crack control parameter (Z factor) fe=06f, Ja= 0.6 x 400 = 240 MPa de=X=h-d d, = X = 510-454 =56 mm 2Kb 2 56 300 > Aa AE = 11,200 mm?76 Chapter 4 2-5 (\ea) 2 =240x( {5xTLO0) =20,544 N/m «30,000 Ninn Crack control requirement satisfactory. OK Note: Table 3.1a) could also be used to show that for a beam width of 300 mm, a single No, 30M bar is sufficient to satisfy the Z-factor criterion. 4.4 Rectangular Sections with Tension and Compression Reinforcement Several reasons may lead engincers to consider sections with both tension and compres- sion reinforcement (so-called doubly reinforced sections). Examples include a) cyclic loading (such as earthquakes), b) constructive compression bars (support for stirrups), ©) p> pir d) control of long-term deformation, e) ductility improvement, and f) archi- tectural constraints. At the ultimate limit state, the maximum compressive strain in concrete is €¢ = eau However, there is no way of knowing beforehand whether the steel reinforcement (both A, and A.) has reached the yield point. For calculation purposes, it can be assumed that e, > e, that is, f; = fy. This assumption needs to be validated before reviewing the calculation, which is iterative in nature. NOTE: It is, however, recommended to provide compression reinforcement when the tension reinforcement ratio p reaches 0.80 to 0.85pp. o) © @ © Figure 4.3 4.4.1 Derivation of Equations ‘The strain distribution (Figure 4.3c) leads to the following expression: (4.17)Design and Verification of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 71 whence: (4.18) and (4.19) The equilibrium of forces (Figure 4.3e) leads to the following expression: T=C=C, +C,=C, +040, ba whence: ee (4.20a) Oo. f'b M, =C,(d-d’)+C (d-a/2 »(d-d')+C,(d~a12) (4.21a) =C,(d-d’)+(T-C,)(d-a/2) Compression Reinforcement at the Plastic Stage (f,' = f,) By assuming ej > e), Equations 4.20a and 4.21a can be expressed as: A,-A! a= BAAD (4.20b) 0,70 f(A Ar (espawea] (4.21b) 2 Figure 4.478 Chapter 4 M, =9,f,(4,- Aj(a-4) =k,bd’- 10° (4.23) M, =6,f,4/(d-d’) (4.24) M,,can then be calculated based on k,, which is obtained from Table 4.4 for a reinfor ment ratio corresponding to A, — As. Finally, it should be noted that for f’ = fi As = Ayp + As: Compre: ‘ion Reinforcement at the Elastic Stage (f; < fy) From Figure 4.3c, it follows that: (4.25) d =6e;=70(1-“)<, (4.26) c The equilibrium of forces (Figure 4.3e) gives: 4A, = 7009,4,(1- That is 08,9, f/be? ~9,(A,f, 700 A,’Je~7009,A/d" (4.27) e solution ¢ < d can be derived from Equation 4.27. The stress f,’ is deter- mined using Equation 4.19 and the moment M, using Equation 4.21a. Finally, itis worth noting that for fi’ < fi: Kmx = Ay + A; sy < (4.28)Design and Verification of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 79 4.4.2 Design and Verification of Doubly Reinforced Beams Step-by-Step Verification Procedure Table 4.7 - Verification Steps for Beams with Tension and Compression Reinforcement in Flexure Steps Comments Given: My b, dd’, fel fy Ay Ay p=Ay/bd;p' = Ay [bd Step 1. Verify that Ay 2 Asmins See Equation 4.2 or 43. Step 2. Verify that the concrete cover and spacing of longitudinal reinforcement are adequate. See Figure 4.1 and Table 4.2 or 4.3. Step 3. Verify that p< py +p" ee if senmnsmes | au fs < Bp & Use Table 4.4 or Equations 3.12 to 3.14. Step 4. Compute a, assuming that f= fy and fy’ = fy, then deduce c. 4,(4-Ay)f . A [Equation 4.200] yg fb a ~~ [Equation 3.11] 8 Step 5. Verify that Ay’ is plastic stage as per the ini assumption: e,’2 ey = fy / E. nthe 1 + fal€=4') (Equation 418] é Step 6. Verify that A, isin the plastic stage as per the initial assumption: &,2 8 = fy/ Es. Saa(d=e) [Figure 4.3c] Nore: If p < pp + p! then e,2¢, Step 7, If r,’ > e and e, > e, then compute M, and verify that M, > My. Then proceed to Step 10. M, aifla-afe-t}-t-0)] [Equation 4.21b] Step 8. Ife)’ < e and e, 2, then a) Compute ¢ (Equation 4.27) b) Compute a c) Compute ¢," using the new c d) Compute fy’ = Eyes’ < fy c) Compute M, (Equation 4.2la) f) Verify that M, > My Second-degree equation yields a positive solu- tion ¢ smaller than d. &,,(c-a’) [Equation 4.18] c M, =C,(d-d’)+(T-C, (d-ai2) =O,8 A! (4-4) +054, -9,f/ Ad 012)Chapter 4 Table 4.7 - Verification Steps for Beams with Tension and Compression Reinforcement in Flexure (cont’d) Steps Comments Step 9. Ife, <2, > f, < fy. In this to calculate M,. The following steps should be followed. Howe se, it is appropriate to use an iterative approach er, it must be noted that such a condition leads to an over-reinforced section, which is not desirable. © 700 ¢ a) Select c as per | —|2] — =~ [Equation 3.12] H Seleskeaee (5) (<). (7007) Ea | b) Compute a = Bye c) Compute C. = aipef'ba d) Compute e,” c) Compute e, =e, c f) If T=C.+ C,, then M, [Equation 3.11] ze, and then C, = @Agfe d-c ( } f, = E,€, and then T= oA, Ce d=al2) + C, (d=d'). If not, select another value for c and restart at Step (b), knowing that if T> C. + C,, then cis underestimated and should be increased in the following iteration. Step 10. Verify compliance with minimum requirements and detailing provisions. Crack control Z factor (Figure 3.7 or Table 3.1) Skin reinforcement if h 2 750 mm (Figure 3.8) Deflection (Table 3.5) Step-by-Step Design Procedure Table 4.8 — Design Steps for Beams with Tension and Compression Reinforcement Steps Comments Given: My fe, fy by h @ Assume that e,' 2 ey Step 1. Estimate d and d’ and verify whether A’,is required as follows: ky = Mj/bd? = p (Table 44) if p > 0.8 pp > Ag’ required Nore: The engineer should have an idea of the value of A, to determine if one or two layers are required, Equation 4.16 with d= 0.9h can be used. + Concrete cover (Figure 4.1 or Table 4.2 or 4.3) = h—conerete cover ~ do,sunrup~ do/2 (if one layer) d'= concrete cover + dp,sirrup + do!2 Step 2. Select p; and determine Aa. p1 = 0.8pp (Table 4.4) Au = pibd.Design and Verification of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 81 Table 4.8 - Design Steps for Beams with Tension and Compression Reinforcement (cont'd) Steps Comments Step 3. Compute a 1A jo 4,940 Step 4. Compute M,, and Ma q,fAu(i=all Mrs required- a ty Ag required Step 5. Compute A’ requires and As,requiced: ss required = @h (da) A, ccguires = Ay, + AY Step 6. Choose the numberof | 4. > A, a bars and compute Ay provided and _ sab ’ A provides = Ay reauind Ay provided Step 7. Verify that As provided = As,min and p S pmax = Pb + P- As,min [Equations 4.2 and 4.3] p» [Table 4.4] Step 8. Verify that Ay’ is in the plastic stage, as per the initial assumption (e,' 2 gy). If not: a) Compute ¢ (Equation 4.27) then a = Pie b) Compute e,’ then fy! = Eyes (A-4)s, 9, f/0 > = a/f [Equation 3.11] ( £20, 3 a= [Equation 4,20b] Step 9. Compute M, and verify that M,> My. (@) If (e 26), then M,=4,f, ( A- alan ‘. aina)| (b) If not, M,=0,f74/ (d=) +(0,£,4,-9,f/4)) («-3) Step 10. Verify compliance with minimum requirements and detailing provisions. Reinforcement spacing and cover (Figure 4.1 or Table 4.2 or 4.3) Skin reinforcement (Figure 3.8) Crack control parameter (Z factor) (Table 3.1 or Figure 37) Deflection (Table 3.5)82 Chapter 4 4.4.3 Examples Example 4.3 Verification of a Doubly Reinforced Rectangular Beam Section Problem Statement Consider the 7-m-span reinforced-concrete beam, under exterior exposure, the details of which are shown in Figure X4.3. 750kNm. Verify whether or not the section can resist a factored bending moment of M = 50 mm (client requirement); =2.No. 20M; No. 10M stirrups. Use: fi’ = 30 MPa; f, = 400 MPa; dna = 20 mm; b, 6 = 400 mm; h = 650 mm; A,= 8 No. 30M; s = 45 mm; A, }— 2No.20M ooo, bars i L=7m No. 10M (a) Elevation E ao straps € g 8 —8 No. 30M bars 400 mm (b) Bending-moment diagram (6) Mid-span section Figure X4.3 - Example 4.3Design and Verification of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 83 = Solution Step0. Initial calculation = 8, ~ dy irap 4 -> 2 2B, dy sieap Step1. Verify that Ay > Agmin din = 0.2( Ji Jon 0.2 x{V30) x 400x650 Agi =—————= 712 mm? < A, OK 400 Step2. Verify cover and spacing b= 50 mm >40 mm (exposed beam) OK 14d, mp, emext4es Sin 28mm 30 mm 30mm b=2b{= 2d gimp ~Mdp = = a4 xd B= 2b:= 2d, run = My M00=2 50-2 113-4299 _ 55 um > yy OK n-1 4-1 Nor: Table 4.3 could also be used to show that 4 No. 30M bars can be placed in one layer in 2 400-mm beam width, which indirectly satisfies the spacing requirement. Step 3. Verify that p< inex = ps +P" f= 30 MPa my ps = 0.0263 (Table 4.4) f,=400 MPa 6 6 _ 0.0028 400536 5600 LOK = 0.0261 £ Pag =P +9” = 0.0291 400536 Beam under-reinforced and therefore ductile. OK84 Chapter 4 Step 4. Compute a .4(A,- A) 0.85 x 400 x (5600-600) pacha eee = 21mm 09.0 0.805 x 0.65 x 30% 400 271303 mm 0.895 Verify that A, is in the plastic stage (e5 2 ty) d-c 0.0035 x (53¢ 03} (d= 6) aie (5307309) _ 9.90269 >e, = 0.002 c 303 Tension reinforcement is in the plastic stage. OK Verify that A’, is in the plas stage (e, 2 &) fey") 1 0.0035%(303-71) e 0.00268 >e, 303 ‘Compression reinforcement is in the plastic stage. OK Step 7. Compute M, and verify that M,2 My M, =9,f, [ A, an(a-$}s aia] 21 2) caon(s-79) 0 2 M, =0. asx 00-50) sa 77kNm>M, OK Proceed to Step 10. Step 10. Verify compliance with minimum requirements and detailing provisions > Skin reinforcement h= 650 mm < 750 mm Skin reinforcement not required. > Z factor Si= 06 fy f= 0.6 x 400 = 240 MPa d, 9, 4, = B+ sarap d, = 5041134 e276 mm 2 2 X=h-d X= 650-536 = 114 mm 2Xb 2114x400 : 2X? eee = 11,400 mm? n 8 2=1,(qaA) 7.=240x(§fF6x11,400 Note: Table 3.1b) could also be used to show that a minimum of 3 No. 30M bars can be placed in one layer in a 400-mm beam width, which is sufficient to satisfy the Z-factor eriter 2,880 N/mm <25,000N/mm OK85 Design and Verification of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure > Deflection Suppose that L = Ly = 7000 mm. Ig = Figg ne a ESO “16 16 Deflection controlled. OK ‘The section can therefore resist the factored bending moment My= 750 kNm. Example 4.4 - Design of a Doubly Reinforced Section Problem Statement Consider a 6-m-span rectangular beam, under exterior exposure. the details of which are shown in Figure X44. The beam is subjected to a factored bending moment of My= 230 kNm. Design the beam according to CSA A23.3-04. Use: f:’ = 30 MPa; fy = 400 MPa; h = 400 mm; 6 = 350 mm; amex = 20 mm; b/ = 40 mm. f ms mm»; 6000 mm (a) Elevation E — No. 10M s stirrups = M, =230kNm S50nin (b) Moment diagram (c) Mid-span section Figure X4.4— Example 4.486 Chapter 4 Solution Step 0. Initial calculation Suppose that the longitudinal reinforcement consists of No. 30M ten: compression rebars, and No. 10M stirrups. n rears, No. 15M Nove: Using the simplified formula with M,= Myand d the number of layers required 0.9 h, estimate A,caimatea and deduce M, 6 Axesinatel =——7 A, = 230210" ___5088 mm? $,f,(0-9x0.9h) secteeas 0.85 x 400 x 0.81 x 400 Agcaimatea =2088 mm? > 3 No. 30M bars = 2100 mm? in 1 layer (Table 4.3) b= 350mm Step 1. Compute d and d' and verify whether A,’ is required d, 29.9 d= hb. oy Se a=s00-[404 3722) 334mm + dy, f.=30MPa wees f, =400 MPa lt }P~ Losiemp 0.0263 a p =0.0232 > 0.8 pr, = 0.0210 ‘Compression reinforcement recommended. Step 2. Choose py and determine Ay: Assume that p; = 80% pp. pi = 0.80 x 0.0263 0.0210 Ay = pibd A 5, = 0.0210 x 350 x 334 = 2455 mm? Step 3. Compute a 9 fvAe 0.85 x 400 x2455 4. f-b 0.805 x0.65 x 30 x 350 = 152mmDesign and Verification of Beams and One-Way Slabs in Flexure 87 Step 4. Compute M,, and My, required 152 M, =0,5,4, («-$) M, 400% 26( 3-5 a0" =215kNm M, =M,-M, My, cegisea = 230-215 = 15 kNm M, seasites Step 5. Compute A,requirea ANd A s required My, required 15 10° Av requted =F an A == 160 mm? mee Of, (d=d’) ‘reared “995 x 400 x (334-59) Ajsequves = Aut + Af required Ag required = 2455+160 = 2615 mm? Step 6. Select the number of bars and compute A. proviaea and A's, provided Select A\yprovided = 2 No. 15M bars = 400 mm? > Aj required Asprovided = 4No. 30M bars = 2800 mm? > Ayrequired Step7. Verify that As provitea> Asymin aNd PS Pax = Pb + P! A _22(e om 0.2x{ V30)x350x 400 , = 8 Amin = J = 383 mim? < A, poaded OK Asprovide 800, p-e — 2800 _ _ o.0240 td, 350x334 nie 400 —— = 0.0034 ba 350x334 Prix =Pp +P” Pray = 0-0203+ 0.0034 =0.0297 > p= 0.0240 The section is therefore under-reinforced. OK Step8. Verify that A’, is in the plastic stage (¢,' 2 «,) Oy Sy As, provided 0,85 x400x (2800-400) _ 149 4 fb (.805 x 0.65 x 30 x 350 a 14888 Chapter 4 , 0.0035 (165-59) 5 165 0.0022 > e, = 0.002 Ay is in the plastic stage. Step 9. | Compute M, and verify that M,2 My 4! > fy; M, is therefore computed using Equation 4.21b 44, [i-aife-d)ea wa] 148 M, =0.85 x 400x fesso—o (1-48), 400 xpoa-s} 250 KNm 2 M, = 250kNm > M,=230kNm OK Step 10. Verify compliance with minimum requirements and detailing provisions > Skin reinforcement f= 400 mm ¢ 750 mm Skin reinforcement not required > Z factor fix 06 fy 6 x 400 = 240 MPa de=X=h-d X =400- 334 = 60mm 2Xb n Z-1,(yA) Z=240x(y60xI1, 21,924N/mm <25,000 Nimm Cracking controlled. OK Note: Table 3.1b) could also be used to show that, for a beam width of 350 mm, a minimum of 3 No. 30M bars in one layer are sufficient to satisfy the Z-factor criterion. > Deflection Assume that L, = L = 6000 mm. 6000 —= 375 mm Rectangular section (beter h) Calculation: see Sections 4.2 and 4.3 b) N.A. in the web = T-section L-section T-section Figure 4.5 - Behaviour of a T-Section Depending on Neutral-Axis Location In a continuous T-beam, the negative moments at supports induce compression in the web and tension in the flange. In this case, the beam is considered to have a rectangular section of width by (Figure 4.6)90, Chapter 4 Figure 4.6 - Continuous T-Beam 4.5.1 Effective Width The effective width, bert, is defined as; best best bets rey Pops : “5 0.4L.+b, (simply supported beam) or 0.2L+b, (continuous beam) Symmetrical T-bea 24h, +b, 2 Bey = min (1/12)L+b, L-beam: Pq = min} 6h, +b, b, +e, /2 Nore: L = span Figure 4,7 ~ Effective Widthaa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either 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reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.aa You have either reached a page that is unavailable for viewing or reached your viewing limit for this book.Om CcteccRaM Rear Neen: Screamo] concrete structures in coniormity with CSA A23.3-04 Cana- dian standard. Such members are often encountered in engineer- ing practice, particularly in buildings. Using an original approach, GROMMET NUS cro NE Peco mis OCs com RecA o RMR RULES Came! thorough theoretical development. This is followed by a step-by-step eee MCR att UMe ST LMEU MVEA uMe em LUMEU mg developped numerical applications. This book is intended for practicing engineers as well as for engineering students. Engineers will find it a valuable and concise teference which complements the standards and other engineering tools for their daily tasks. Students will use it as a textbook on rein- forced concrete structures presented in an original and easy-to-use format. (elegy gS OOM Oem Reyes Great Britain) is currently Professor at the Engineering Faculty [ of ETS (Université du Québec) in Montreal. He is also an invited lecturer at various universities worldwide and provides ce ena ane Pee euler ree ee ) interaction for bridges, and strengthening and seismic retrofit of existing structures. He has been a professional practicing Ee lea emu UR ee OR er CT ML ee ee eee YT abroad. He has published more than 150 peer-reviewed tech- are eel fore olga oo i international technical committees. MOHAMED LACHEMI, P.Eng., Ph.D. (Université de Ne eu Maremma aee tc te oe ed edge et ae ae aude eon Oe ec ed BORO e DAL One gM a Se eighteen years of professional engineering experience as an i academic, as a researcher, and as a practicing engineer in ed Role Rede Me Me ae ale aoa ca TH eee nL eae Mcgee uaa Ee Nr gee ee aay ee technical publications. His work has received several awards and recognitions, including a Canada Research Chair in Sus- tainable Construction. BN A7e-2-PL0S-25yab > www.puq.ca