NHP MN: C HOC CHT LU

CHNG 1. CAC KHAI NIM V

CHT LU.
1.NH NGHA.
Cac trang thai long va kh goi cac cht lu chung trai ngc
vi trang thai rn.
-S khac bit gia cht long va cht kh.
Cht kh chim toan b th tch ma no c cha. Con cht
long th khng (v du: Bnh ng kh va bnh ng nc).
-Ranh gii gia cht long va cht kh t sai lch v ln cua
(khi lng th tch) n* (mt ring hay mt hat). Cht long
ln hn khoang 1000 ln) [ =

; n* =
M A | M A : A vogadro.
V
M

iu nay cho thy: Khi lng th tch cang tng, th cac phn t
cang gn va cac lc tng tac phn t trong cht long rt quan trong.
-S khac bit gia cht long va cht rn.
+ D chay, ly dang cha no lam hnh dang.
+ Co th cu tao lai sau khi rai ra (rot ra).
Hin tng lun khac bit gia cht long va cht rn c giai
thch bi tnh di ng rt ln cua cac phn t trong trang thai long.
Mt s khac bit na la vn tc cac im cua cht rn c
tnh theo theo cng thc:

()

r
r r
r
V P = V(M ) + MP

Con i vi cht long vn nay rt tinh t khi cht long

chuyn ng.

2.M HNHCUA CHT LU.

-Theo kch thc v m: Cht lu la mi trnglin tuc; ngi
ta thng ly chiu dai c trng L quan sat kch thc v m
c ap t cho vn nghin cu.
-Theo kch thc vi m: Cht lu la khng lin tuc no gm cac
phn t ang xao ng nhit lin tuc.
-Theo kch thc trung m: La kch thc trung gian gia v
m va vi m. Cht lu vn la mi trng lin tuc
+ Vi quan im nay cht lu c ct ra bng cac t bao phn
t hay phn t cht lu = hat cht lu (c cha rt ln s phn t).
-Vn tc cua hat cht lu tp trung tai im M thi im t
bng gia tr trung bnh cua cac vn tc cua cac phn t c cha.
Kt lun: Kch thc
hat cua cht lu la trung m,
no cho phep kt hp vao
hato, nhng ai lng v
m m ta cht lu nh
mt mi trng lin tuc.

3.AP SUT CUA CHT LU.

1.nh ngha.
Ap sut P(M) tai 1 im M.
Trong cht lu c xac nh
c bi

r
r
dF = P(M )dsn

ds: phn t din tch bao

quanh im M
r
n : phap tuyn i vi ds
P(M): ai lng v hng.
2

r
dF : Lc b mt tai im M
2.iu kin bin.
Goi P1 va P2 la ap sut 2 bn
cua phn t ds. Mt phn t th
tch dV=hds, dm: phn t khi
lng. Theo phng trnh c ban
cua LH:

r r
r
dm.a = f V dV + (P1 P2 )n12 ds

cung

be

dm, dV = 0 P1 = P2
mt phn cach hai cht lu ap sut la lin tuc.

4.TNH NHT.
phan anh chuyn ng cua cac cht lu thc. T thc
nghim ta a ra: lc ct (trt) hay goi lc nht trong chuyn ng
mt chiu c th hin nh sau:
r r
r
r
V V = v( y, t )e x
F =
S
y S : dientich

: goi la nht; la hng s c trng cua cht lu

Co th nguyn la: [ML-1T-1]: (Kg/m.s) (N.s/m2) Pa.s
1Pa = 1N/m2 Trong (SI) Pl = Pa.s (poisenille)
Tnh nht la tnh cht cua cht lu chng lai s dch chuyn.
Tt ca cac loai cht lu thc u co tnh nht nht nh, th hin
di dang ma sat trong khi co s di chuyn tng i gia cac phn
t cht lu.
Cac cht lu rt nht th co chng sc lai s di chuyn rt
ln.V du nh du m, nht...
Tnh nht c trng cho chay cua cht lu.
3

5.PHN BIT DONG CHAY TNG VA DONG

CHAY RI. S REYNOLDS.
1.Thc nghim cua dong chay cht lu thc.
*Th nghim cua Reynolds.
Dung bnh cha nc ni
vi ng thuy tinh. Khi m khoa
voi nc co th chay vao ng
vi cac vn tc khac nhau. Nc
mu i t lo ng mu qua ng
dn vao ng th nghim. Vi vn
tc nho, dong mau trong ng
khng b hoa tan vi nc xung
quanh va co dang mt ng ch thng.
-Dong chay trong trng hp nay la dong chay tng. Khi tng
vn tc trong ng, dong nc mau luc u co dang song, sau o hu
nh bin mt, hoa tan trn b mt ct va nhum u khp cht nc
xung quanh.
-Chuyn ng cua cht lu tr nn hn loan, cac phn t nc
c nhum mau bay i moi pha va va cham vi cac phn t khac
va vi thanh ng: chuyn ng nay c goi la chuyn ng ri.
c trng c ban cua dong ri la: tn tai thanh phn vn tc
ngang so vi phng chuyn ng cua dong chay.
*Kt lun: Dong chay tng nu cac ng dong trt trn
nhau, cac phn t lun gi phng song song; dong chay tng xay ra
khi vn tc rt nho. Con ngc lai, vi vn tc ln ta co dong chay
ri ( khng n nh va cu truc ri loan).

2.S Reynolds.
S chuyn t tng sang ri i vi cac dong chay c xet thc
hin bng:
-Vn tc trung bnh V cua cht lu: la thng s ta thy ro rang
trong th nghim trn.
- nht cua cht lu. Ta hin nhin thy dong ri kho thc
hin vi du so vi nc.
-ng knh ng D: Nu ng knh ng nho cho ta dong chay
tng hn ng co ng knh ln.
-Khi lng th tch cua cht lu: Thng s nay khng anh
hng; nhng khi lng th tch lun co trong phng trnh tin
trin. S khng th nguyn c goi s Reynolds, ky hiu nh sau:
Re =

VD

Thc nghim cho thy = 103 Kgm-3, = 10-3pl

nu V = 2,5cm/s va Re=300 : dong
chay tng
nu V = 1,2m/s va Re = 14000 :
dong chay ri.
Kt lun: S Reynolds Re
2000: dong chay tng
Re > 2000: dong chay ri

6.DONG CHAY CUA CHT LU LY TNG.

Trong c hoc cht lu giam nhe vic giai mt s bai toan,
khai nim v cht lu ly tng c s dung rng rai. Cht lu ly
tng c hiu la cht lu gia nh co tnh dch chuyn tuyt i,
tc la hoan toan khng nht, cung nh khng nen tuyt i, khng
5

dan n khi nhit thay i va tuyt i, khng co kha nng chng

lai lc ct. n gian v tnh toan ta thng cht lu ly tng lam
m hnh cho cht lu thc.

7.CAC C TRNG CUA DONG CHAY

CHT LU.
1.Quy ao.
Chuyn ng cua hat cht lu c tao thanh bi tp hp cac
r
im cua khng gian va thi gian khi no i qua la R (t ) co phng
trnh sau:
dX
dY
dZ
=
=
= dt
Vx (X (t ), Y (t ), Z(t ), t ) Vy (X (t ), Y (t ), Z(t ), t ) VZ (X (t ), Y (t ), Z(t ), t )

2.ng dong.
thi im t0 a cho, ng dong la ng cong ma tai o vec
t vn tc tip tuyn vi mi im co phng trnh:
dx
dy
dz
=
=
v x ( x, y , z , t 0 ) v y ( x, y , z , t 0 ) v z ( x, y , z , t 0 )
3.ng phat xa (anh du).
thi im a cho,toan b cac hat i qua im nay u c
"anh du" va tao thanh mt ng cong goi la ng phat xa.
4.Dong chay dng.
r r
v
Trng vn tc (r ) khng phu thuc tng minh thi gian t
(i vi dong chay nay 3 ng trn trung nhau).

CHNG II. NG HOC CHT LU.

1.M TA CHUYN NG THEO LAGRANGE.
Chung ta nghin cu mt cht lu theo v m; chuyn ng
cht lu trong 1 h qui chiu c goi la dong chay.
Nghin cu dong chay cht lu, ma m ta chuyn ng mi hat
ring bit cua cht lu, c xac nh trc.Trong khi bit qu ao
r
r
R i (t ) cua mi hat (t R i (0 ) vi t=0), ta theo doi qua trnh chuyn
ng cua no va tip tuc cho tt ca cac hat cua cht lu. M ta nay goi
la m ta theo Lagrange.
V du: 1.Ngi cu ca.

2.Giao thng trn ng t.

Kt lun: Chuyn ng cht lu c m ta hoan toan bng s
r
bit cac qu ao R i (t ) cua mi hat c anh du (nh trc) i cua
cht lu.Con vn tc cua cac hart c xac nh bi:
r
dR i (t ) r r
= V R i (t ), t
Vi (t ) =
dt

r
r
dR (t ) r r
= V R (t ), t
V (t ) =
dt

r
r
Vi R i (t ) v tr thi gian t cua hat ma ban u co v tr R (0)
i

thi im u t=0.
Cac vn tc nay ch phu thuc ro rang vao thi gian va cac toa
r
ban u cua hat, tc la R (t ) .
Ta thong dung ky hiu X(t),Y(t), Z(t) lam bin Lagrange
V du ap dung. Cho dong chay m ta theo Lagrange:
X i (t ) = X 0,i (1 + bt )

Yi (t ) = Y0,i

X 0 ,i
(b = const) Y -Toa ban u cua hat
0 ,i

i khi t=0
r r
r
V
Xac nh vn tc V(t ) cua cac hat va tm (R i (t ), t )?
Giai

r
r r
r
dR i (t )
Vi R i (t ), t = V (t ) =
dt

r
dX i (t ) r
r
Vi (t ) =
e x = X 0,i be x
dt

r
r r
r
Vi (t ) = V R i (t ), t = X 0 be x , ma X0,i=

Vy

X i (t )
1 + bt

r r
X (t ) r
V R i (t ), t = i be x
1 + bt

2.M TA CHUYN NG THEO LE.

1.Khai nim.
Chung ta ng tai 1 im cua khng gian va xem xet (nghin
cu) qua trnh tin trin (bin i) mt ai lng v m nao o cua
cht lu theo thi gian goi la m ta le.
V du: 1-Vn tc cac hat tai 1 v tr c nh.

2-Vn tc cac t tai 1 v tr c nh.

2.Tnh c lp cua cac toa khng gian va thi gian.

r r
r
r
Trng vn tc V(r , t ) = V(M, t ) = V(x, y, z, t ) phu thuc khng
gian va thi gian: rr va t hay (x,y, z va t) la cac bin c lp.
3.Ta nh ngha m ta le cua cht lu.
Chuyn ng cua cht lu c m ta hoan toan bi bit cac
vn tc cac hat cua cht lu i qua 1 im M khng gian cho trc
thi gian t.
-Cac toa khng gian va thi gian la cac bin c lp.
-M ta nay dung m ta qua trnh tin trin (bin i) cua
cac ai lng c trng khac cua cht lu theo thi gian.
V du: Ap sut P(M,t); nhit T(M,t)
-Quan im le m ta trang thai cht lu khi chuyn ng
bng cach kt hp cac trng v du trng vn tc, ap sut, nhit .
r r r r
Phn bit vi cach vit Lagrange,ta co x, y,z va r R ; v V
4. V du: (Biu din trng hp vn tc bng le).
Khi nghin cu chuyn ng cua mt cht lu:tn tai mt ai
lng cho phep m ta dong chay v du nh:
-mc nc trong ng.
-lu lng tthoat ra.
Cac ai lng nay cho phep m ta v m qua trnh chuyn
ng cua cht lu.

r
v
Theo le chung ta tm (M, t ) tai moi im M cua cht lu

va cn phai xac nh toa cua M ma khng mu thun (tranh chp)

vi ai lng trc o.
Kt lun Khi m ta chuyn ng cua cht lu bng le. No
tn tai:
-1 bin xac nh trang thai cua cht lu.
-1 bin cho phep nh mc le cua im M.
4

Chov tr cua M bi cao z trn truc zz,

h(t):toa phuc thuc thi gian t va cao cht lu
trong ng
z:toa le cua im M
r
Th vn tc V (M , t ) theo le c cho bi biu thc

r
r
v (M , t ) = h& (t )e z

Chu y:
S cn thit dung hai khai nim h va z v h(t) biu din cao
cua cht lu, con z la cao im M.
r
S phu thuc cua v (M, t ) la ham cua:

-toa khng gian ez

-thi gian qua h& (t )
5.Tnh duy nht vn tc cua mt hat cht lu.
-Theo le: Ta bit vn tc cua hat v tr M va thi gian t:
r
r r
v (M, t ) = v (r , t )

-Theo Lagrang: Cn phai bit hat c anh du, ma qu ao

r
r r
R
cua no i qua v tr M thi gian t (r = R (t )) khi t=0, (0 )
Trong khi cho hat nay i qua tai rr thi gian t
r r
r = R (t ) . Vn tc cua no thi gian t la:
r
r r
r
r r
dR (t ) r r
V(t ) =
= V (R (t ), t ) va ta co: V R (t ), t = v ( r , t )
dt
r r
r
r r
Vy v (M, t ) = v (r , t ) va V R (t ), t cn phai ng nht
Nhng x ly toan hoc rt khac nhau:
-Theo Lagrang u tin cac hat cht lu c theo doi trong qua
trnh dch chuyn ma chung ta a vn tc vao.

-Theo le, u tin cac v tr khng gian ma chung ta a

trng vn tc cua chung vao, phu thuc khng gian va thi gian
(cac bin c lp).
r r
r r
V
thi im t, tai v tr M: (R (t ), t )Log = v (r , t )z
r
Theo Lagrange tai v tr r = OM thi gian t cn phai tm hat
r
ma quy ao R (t ) i qua v tr M thi gian t.

r r
r = R (t )

V du:
X i (t ) = X i 0 (1 + bt )

Yi (t ) = Yi 0

r
r r
X (t ) r
(
)
=
V
t
V
R (t ), t = i be x
Theo trc ta co: i
1 + bt

Chuyn t Lagrange sang le, c thc hin trong khi noi

rng hat th i i qua im co hoanh x theo t nu x= Xi(t) nn
r
r r
x
v (r , t ) =
be x
1 + bt
Con theo le, ta co th tnh nh sau:
.
.
.
r r
r
&
x(t ) = X (t ) = X Xi,o b v
v (r , t ) = x(t )e x , ma
X (t )
Xi,o=
1 + bt
X (t )
x(t )
b=
b
nn x& (t ) =
1 + bt
1 + bt
r
r r
x
(
)
v
r
,
t
b
e
=
x
vy
1 + bt

III.ao ham toan phn.

1.Y ngha vt ly cua mt bin i toan phn.
Xet chuyn ng ri cua ngi du co vn tc thng ng

r
r
v = ve z (v<0) trong kh quyn nhit khng i, nhng phu

thuc vao cao theo qui lut:

T ( z ) = To + z (<0)
r
dT r
e z = e z
tn tai: gradT =
dz
Gia s, ngi nhay du mun xet s bin i cua nhit Tdu

dTd
theo thi gian t trong qua trnh ri cua no, ta i tnh dt
Cach 1: Gia s, ngi du ri ti t thi im t0, th cao
cua du c cho:
Zngdu = v(t-t0) (vi v<0)
Nhit k o nhit tc thi c biu th:
Tngdu=T0 + Zngdu = T0 + v(t-t0)
dTdu
= v > 0
Ta co:
dt
Cach 2: Trong thi gian dt, ngi du c dch chuyn dz=vdt
r
hoc co th vit dM = vrdt .
dT
dT
=
dZ
S bin i nhit tng ng c cho bi:
du
dz
r
dT
=
grad
T
.
d
M
hoc c th vit: du
r r
t dZ=vdt hoc dM = vdt

T y: dTdu =
Ngoai

ra,

dT
r
vdt , hay dTdu = v gradTdt
dz
ta co:

dTdu
= v , ma co th vit
dt
dTdu r
= v.gradT
dt
S bin i nay, trnh
bay s bin i cc b cua
nhit nhn theo ngi
du xet ging nh 1 hat. No
c goi la s bin i toan
phn hay ao ham toan phn
cua nhit c vit

tng t

DT T T
= 0 , trong

(
t
Dt
t

T
trng hp chung ta quan tm) hay z ao ham ring i vi
cao z (ai lng bng trong trng hp trnh bay).
Nh vy, ngi nhay du cm trong tay nhit k va quan sat
DT
.
nhit bin i theo thi gian, o bng ao ham toan phn
Dt
Trong v du c xet, ngi nhay du quan sat mt s bin i c
goi i lu( convective).

DT r
= v gradT
Dt

Nu dng s ri va quan sat trong ch khng dng (khng

n nh) mt s bin thin cuc b theo nhit xut hin :

DT T
=
t
Dt

Trong trng hp chung ta co:

DT T r
r

=
+ v gradT = + v grad T
Dt
t
t

2.Y ngha vt ly cua bin i toan phn i vi cht lu.

V du trn cho chung ta nm c khai nim ao ham toan
phn.
Chung ta tng tng mt ngi ngi trn 1 hat cht lu.
Cac bin cac ai lng c o la cac bin i toan phn.

i vi hatr nay, ao ham 1 ai lng v hng (vec t

DT DG
;
c vit
Dt Dt
r
r r
Dg g M + dM; t + dt g(M, t )
=
d
M
= v (M , t )dt
vi
Dt r r
dt
r
r
r r
DG G (M + dM; t + dt ) G (M, t )
=
vi dM = v (M , t )dt

Dt

r
G ),

dt

Bai tp:
1.Cho dong chay theo Lagrange di dang:
X(t ) = X 0 (1 + bt ) (vi b=const)

Y(t ) = Y0

Tm gia tc cua 1 hat trc tip va s dung theo le

2.Cho trng vn tc vi truc OZ thng ng, hng ln.
v x = u0
r
v
=
Xac nh bi
v z = gt + v 0
3.Ta xet 1 dong chay cht lu gia mt y=0 va mt v han do dao
ng X=asint. Ta co trng vn tc:

r
r
r
Ky
(
)
(
)
(
)
v x , y, z, t = ae cos t ky e x = v y, t e x .

Tm gia tc cua hat.

DP
D
0
,
=
=0
Lu y:
Dt
Dt
Ngha la: hat cht lu co khi lng khng i, th tch cua no
nhng thay i theo thi gian; tng t i vi ap sut.
3.ao ham toan phn mt ai lng v hng g.
Khi m ta ng hoc cac dong chay, chung ta a xet t quan
im Lagrange n quan im le trong khi quan tm n trng
vn tc cua cht lu. Chung ta tm cach biu din ao ham toan phn
cua mt ai lng v hng. Chung ta bit rng
r
r r
r r
v (r , t )ole = V R (t ), t Lag , y R (t ) biu th qu ao cua hat i qua

im M thi gian t. Nh vy ta co:

r
r
r (t ) = R (t ) = 0M
r
(
g
Xet 1 ai lng v hng r , t ) : g = : khi lng th tch.
g =P : ap sut.
10

Dg
= ?
Cn tm
Dt
trong dt, hat dch chuyn t im M(X,Y,Z) ti
M' (X + dX, Y + dY, Z + dZ) vi dX = v x dt; dY = v y dt; dZ = v z dt
hay

r r
dM = vdt

ai lng g bin thin Dg.

g
g
g g
+
dt
dY +
dX +
Dg =
x
y
z t
g
g
g
g
Dg = v x +
vy +
v z + dt ao ham toan
y
z
t
x

T y

phn
g g r
g
g
Dg g
r

+ v gradg = + v grad g
=
+ vz
+ vy
+ vx
=
z t
y
x
Dt t
t

Trong o:

r
v
- grad (s hang) ao ham i lu (convective): no ch ra tnh

khng ng nht cua g.

- :ao ham cuc b, no ch ra tnh khng thng xuyn cua g.

t
Vy ta co th vit: ao ham toan phn cua khilng th tich
r
D r
=
+ v grad
Dt
t

r
4.ao ham toan phn cua ai lng vec t G
r
r
r
r
G = G x ex + G y ey + G z ez

r
DG x G x r
DG y r
DG z r
DG DG x r
+ v gradG x
=
ex +
ey +
e z , vi
=
t
Dt
Dt
Dt
Dt
Dt

r
r
r
DG r
r
(
v
grad
G
e
+
G
e
+
G
e
+
=
x x
y y
z z)
vy Dt t

+ vy
+ vz
Toan t v grad = v x
trong toa cac.
z
x
y
11

r
DG r
r
= + v grad G
Tng t trc y:
Dt t

r
DG
1
=
+
+
+
v
v
v

G
Trong toa tru:
x

z
t
z
Dt t
r
r

DG
1
1 r

G
=
+
+
+
v
v
v
Trong toa cu:

r
r
Dt t
r
r sin

5.Ap dung: Gia tc cua hat.

r
r
r Da v r
r
a=
=
+ v.grad v
Dt t
v2
r
r
r r
v.grad v = grad + rot(v ) v
2
V du: Cho dong chay hai chiu, trng vn tc c xac nh trong
r
v
vung x>0; y>0 la (M, t )( kx, ky) tc la:

r
r
r r
v (r , t ) = kxe x + kye y

Hay tnh gia tc cua hat theo le va Lagrange:

*Theo le:
Dv x

ax =
+ ky ( kx ) = k 2 x
= kx
Dt
y
x
t
Dv y

ay =
= kx
+ ky (ky ) = k 2 y
Dt
x
y
t
Vy ar = k 2 0M
*Theo Lagrange: Quy ao c tm bi:
dX

= kX(t ) X = X e kt
0
dt

kt
dY
= kY(t ) Y = Y0 e
dt

Vx (t ) =

dX
= kX 0 e kt = kX (t )
dt
12

Vy (t ) =

dY
= kY0 e kt = kY (t )
dt
dVx (t )
ax =
= k 2 X 0 e kt = k 2 X (t )
dt
dVy (t )
ay =
= k 2 Y0 e kt = k 2 Y (t )
dt

r
r
r
r
r
r
2
a = k R(t ); R (t ) = r (t ) = X (t )e x + Y (t )e y

13

CHNG 3.S BAO TOAN KHI

LNG.
1.LU LNG KHI .
1.nh ngha.
Ly mt mt nh

r
hng S trong mt h qui

chiu.
Goi m la khi lng
phn t i qua mt

r
S trong thi gian t .

Ta goi Dm la lu lng
khi cua cht lu i qua

r
S sao

mt
m = Dmt .

cho

r
r r r
Dm c xac nh nh sau: dS = dSN , dl = v (P, t )t
r
r
r
r
Th tch phn t: d = v (P, t )dSt = v (P, t )NdS .t
r
r
(
)
(
)
(
)
S
P
,
t
d

=
S
P
,
t
v
P
,
t
N
dSt = m
Khi lng :
Lu lng khi phn t:
r
r
r
r
dDm = (P, t )v (P, t )dS = (P, t )v (P, t )NdS
Lu lng khi i qua 1 mt xac nh trc.

r
r
r
r
&
D m = (P, t )v (P, t )dS = (P, t )v (P, t )NdS
S

(khng
ong)

(khng
ong)

r
r
D m = (P, t )v (P, t )NdS
S(ongkn)
t:
r r
v = j (P, t ) goi la
mt th tch cua
dong khi lng
r
r
Dm = j (P, t )NdS
S

r
r
Dm = j (P, t )NdS
S

khong
ong
ong

2.Mt kim soat va mt c bit.

*Mt kim soat la 1 mt c nh trong 1 h qui chiu, mt nay
nh mt th tch kim soat
*Mt c bit la 1 mt
trn o c xp t mt
cach lin tuc cac hat cua
cht lu.
-Cac im trn mt
c dch chuyn vi vn
tc nh vn tc cua cht lu.
Mt nay nh mt th tch
c bit.
Mt nay b keo i bi
cht lu.
H qua: Mt nay b keo i vi vn tc cua cht lu. Khng co
mt s chuyn qua mt nay.
2

Khi lng M nm trong th tch c bit bt bin theo thi

gian.

DM
=0
Nh vy:
Dt
-ao ham toan phn cua 1 tch phn theo th tch. Ta tnh:
DG
, vi G = g(M , t )dt
Dt
V

Nu g(M, t ) = (M, t ) : khi lng th tch th G: la khi lng

cua cht lu c cha trong th tch c bit.
DG
Theo nh ngha ao ham toan phn cua G la
c biu
Dt
th:

DG
=
Dt

g (M , t + t )d g (M , t )d

v:( t + t )

v (t )

(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
+

g
M
,
t
t
d
g
M
,
t
d
+
g
M
,
t
+

t
d

g
M
,
t
d

V
V3
V2

V1
= 3
t

g(M, t )
d t

t
V

= 3
+
t
Ta nhn c

DG
=
Dt

g(M, t + t )d g(M, t )d

V1
V2
t

r
g(M, t )
r
d + g ( P, t )v ( P, t ) NdS

t
S
V

Kt lun:

g(M, t )
d
S hang
bin cuc b
t
V
r
r
g
(
P
,
t
)
v
(
P
,
t
)
N
dS
bin i lu
S hang
S

V du:
Nu g = 1
G = V. Theo strgradski

r
r
r
DV
= v (P, t )NdS = div(v )d
Dt
S
V
Nu

r
div(v ) = 0 :

th tch toan phn khng i

D
Khi lng th tch cung khng i; Dt = 0
o la tnh c trng cua dong chay khng nen c

2.CN BNG KHI LNG.

1.Phng trnh tng quat trong mi trng khng co ngun.
Xet 1 th tch V c nh (Th tch kim soat) cua khng gian
c chim bi cht lu nh bi 1 mt ong S (mt kim soat) trong
r
1 h qui chiu, N - phap tuyn ngoai.
Khi lng cua cht lu m(t) cha trong th tch V, c vit

m(t ) = (M , t )d
V

Phn cht lu i vao va ra lin tuc c nh (gii han) bi mt

c nh nn khi lng m(t) ch phu thuc vao thi gian t.
*i vi 1 phn t th tch d cha khi lng

dm = (M, t )d . S bin i (dm ) trong thi gian t

(M , t )
(dm ) =
dt
t

Khi lng toan b cua cht lu trong th tch V c bin

i trong thi gian t la:
(M, t )
m =
dt V ( c nh)
t
V
*Khi lng m
i qua mt phng S c
nh c nh bi th
tch V trong thi gian
t.
S tng khi
lng nay phu hp vi
khi lng cua cht lu
a i qua mt S t
ngoai vao trong vi
khoang thi gian t
5

ngha la:

m = Dm ,ra t

Biu th di dang

r
r
m = (P, t )v (P, t )NdS.t
S

ong

c nh gii hanV
Vy ta co phng trnh bao toan khi lng dang tch phn
r
r
(M , t )
d + (P, t )v (P, t )NdS = 0

t
V
S
ong (kn)

Cng thc ghi nh.

S cn bng cua qua
trnh bin i khi lng
cha trong th tch V c
nh khng co ngun c
th hin bng phng trnh
bao toan khi lng dang
tch phn.
(M, t )
d = D m , ra

t
V

hay

r
r
(M, t )
(
)
(
)
d

P
,
t
v
P
,
t
N
dS = 0

t
V
S

c nh

(ong)

2.Trng hp mi trng co ngun.

Goi Dm,ngun: lu lng khi ngun
(M, t )
Ta co: t d = D m,ra + Dm,ngun
V
r
r
(M, t )
(
)
(
)
d

P
,
t
v
P
,
t
N
dS =D
Hay: t

m,ngun
V

ong gii han V

3.Bao toan lu lng khi

= 0 Dm,ra = Dm,ngun
t

= 0 Dm,ra = Dm,ngun
*Cht lu khng chu nen :
t

*Ch n nh (dng):

Nu khng co ngun cung cp: Dm,ngun = 0

4.Bao toan lu lng th tch cua cht lu khng chu nen.
Nu = Const th goi Dv la lu lng th tch ta co:
r
r
r
r
Dm = DV DV = v ( P, t )dS hay D v = v (P, t )NdS

S
khng ong (m)

ong

Kt lun:
Trong trng hp cht lu khng chu nen, s bao toan lu
lng khi dn n s bao toan lu lng th tch.

3.DANG CUC B (A PHNG) CN BNG

KHI LNG.
1.Phng trnh tng quat.
Trng hp khng ngun, ta co phng trnh tng quat sau:

r
r
(M, t )
d + (P, t )v (P, t )NdS = 0

t
V
S
ong

Theo cng thc Ostrogradski ta co:

r
(M, t )
[
(
)
(M, t )]d = 0
div
M
,
t
v
+

Hay

r
(M , t )
+ div[(M , t )v (M , t )] = 0
t
r
(M , t )
+ divf (M, t ) = 0 goi la phng trnh bao toan
t

khi lng dang cuc b (a phng).

Mt khac ta co: div( v ) = divv + grad .v

D
r
+
v
.
grad

=
Th vao phng trnh trn ta chu y:
t
Dt
Ta co th nhn c phng trnh bao toan khi lng dang
cuc b con goi phng trnh lin tuc co dang sau:

r
D
+ divv = 0
Dt

Trong ch n nh ta co:

r
div (v ) = 0

r
D
0
=
ta co divv
i vi cht lu khng chu nen v
Dt
V du ap dung (xem v du 3 trang 45) va 4,5 Bai tp 3,4.

=0

Cho trng vn tc cua cht lu khng chu nen, chay ra lu

lng khi lng Dm bi mt ngun theo n v chiu cao h trung
vi truc 0Z, bit rng cac hat thoat ra vung goc vi dong tc la:

r
r r
v (r , t ) = v (r , t )e r

xem hnh ve
hay tnh gia tc cua hat cht lu.

CHNG 4.M TA NH HNH MT VAI

LOAI DONG CHAY.
1.CAC C TRNG VN TC CUA CHT LU.
1.M ta cuc b.
i vi dong chay bt ky, s vn ng cua mt phn t th tch
cht lu t hp ba dang cuc b c nhn thy ring re:
+s gian n (dilatation).
+s quay (rotation).
+s bin dang (deformation).
i vi dong chay phng la s vn ng cua mt phn t din
tch
2.Trng vn tc va s gian n: vai tro cua toan t

r
divv

Mt dong hcay ba chiu c gia thuyt la mi thanh phn vn tc

ch phu thuc vao toa tng ng M(x,y,z):
r
r
r
r
v ( x, y, z, t ) = vx ( x, t ).ex + v y ( y, t ).ey + vz ( z, t ).ez
Trong thi gian t, cac vach cua mt phn t th tch dxdydz dch
chuyn trc giao vi chnh chung.
Canh co chiu dai dx cua hnh lp phng tr thanh :
v

dx ' = x + dx + vx ( x + dx, t ) t [ x + vx ( x, t ) t ] = dx 1 + x t
x

Tng t ta co :
v y
v
t va dz ' = dz 1 + z t
dy ' = dy 1 +
y
z

Nh vy th tch nguyn t a bin thanh () sao cho :

vx v y vz
r
+
+
t
=
divv
t

x
y
z

( ) = dx ' dy ' dz ' dxdydz

Ngha la :
r 1 ( )
divv =
t

v x v y v z
= x + y + z

V cuc b: th h s bin i tng i cua th tch trong n

v thi gian bng div cua trng vn tc.
Trng vn tc cua cht lu cho ta thng tin v s gian n cua
r
D
=0
no nh trung gian div cua vn tc (Nu divv = 0 ta co
Dt
dong chay khng chu nen c).

r
3.Trng vn tc va s quay: vai tro cua toan t rotv .
cuc b, trng cac vn tc cua cht lu co th ng dang
(ging nh) trng vn tc cac im thuc vt rn quay (co vec t
r
quay ). S quay c bit nay (s xoay) cua cht lu tai mt im
r
r
M se tn tai nu rot(v ) = 2 0 .
Cho ta bit s tn tai cac vung xoay.

Toan t

G z G y
y z
r G x G z
rotG =

z
x

y G x
x
y

xem v du chng minh : rotv = 2

2.Cac c trng cua dong chay.

1.Dong chay dng.
Mt dong chay i vi trng vn tc le cua cht lu khng
phu thuc thi gian t tng minh:
r
r r
v
v = v (M )voi
=0
t
Trong dong chay dng, lu lng khi i qua moi tit din cua
ng dong nh nhau v

= 0 (M ) : nn Dm,ra = Dm,ngun.
t

2.Dong chay khng chu nen c.

Dong chay ma th tch cua cac hat cht lu c bao toan
trong qua trnh chuyn ng goi dong chay khng chu nen.
r
Ta co: divv (M, t ) = 0 tai moi ni.
Trong dong chay khng chu nen lu lng khi i qua moi
tit din cua ng dong nh nhau: Dm,ra = Dm,ngun.
3.Dong chay xoay va khng xoay.
r
Mt dong chay c goi khng xoay nu vec t xoay = 0
r
r
rotv = 0 tai moi ni, ngc lai nu 0 goi la dong chay xoay.

4.Dong chay phng khng chu nen c.

v x (x, y, t )
r

r r
r
v (x, y, z, t ) = v y (x, y, t ) divv
= 0 rotA = v
;
v =0
z
0
r

A(x , y, z, t ) = 0
(x , y, t )

r
r
r
Khi o v = rot[(x, y, t )e z ] = grad[] e z

r
v (x , y, z, t ) = y

x

(x, y, t ) goi la ham dong

= cte tng ng vi mt ng dong

Khi co dong chay phng khng chu nen c, th co th xac

nh 1 ham goi ham dong sao cho.

r
r
r
v = rot[(x, y, t )ez ] = grad(x, y, t ) ez
Cac ng dong (x, y, t 0 ) = cte ng nht vi cac ng

dong t0.
5.Dong chay th.
Mt dong chay khng xoay c goi la dong th tai moi im
r

v
cua dong chay (tn tai sao cho = grad , goi la th vn tc)

r
v
Th cua cac vn tc phai thoa man = grad

-Nu dong chay th khng chu nen c, th ham se tun

r
theo phng trnh Laplace: = 0 (v divv = 0, div grad = = 0 ).

CHNG 5.PHNG TRNH NG LC HOC

A PHNG I VI DONG CHAY LY TNG.

1.ng sut trong cht lu.

1.Lc mt (ng sut mt).
Chung ta nh ranh bn trong cht lu bi 1 mt ong c nh . Cac
hat cht lu bn ngoai mt tac dung ln cac hat bn trong, tac
dung nay xay ra ngn va ln cn mt . Gia s co 1 phn t mt dS

r
cua . Hp lc dF cac lc tac dung bi cac hat bn ngoai ln bn

r
r
d
F
d
F
hay
trong c phn tch thanh 2 thanh phn
N va
T

r
r
r
dF = dFN + dFT

r
d
F
Thanh phn N c goi ap lc (ap sut) va c xac nh:
r
r
dFN = P(M, t )NdS
r
r
r r
r
Thanh phn dFT = gradv.n dST ; nu v = vT goi lc nht.
r
d
F
i vi cht lu ly tng, ta bo qua lc nht T = 0

2.Lc th tch (Lc khi).

Xet 1 phn t th tch d cua cht lu chu tac dung cua cac lc
th tch (v du trong lc). Nhng tac dung nay lin quan ti tt ca cac
hat, nh vy no t l vi s lng hat hay phn t th tch d .
r
r r
Vy: df = f v d df goi la lc th tch.

r
g
Trong trng trong lc vi gia tc trong trng
r
r
f
=

g
Mt th tch cua lc la: v
Mt khac ta co: dm = d
r r
r
d
f
=
f
dm
=
f
Lc th tch co th vit:
m
m d
r
r
r
r
f v = f m ; vi lc trong trng th f m = g

Kt lun: Vi phn t th tch d va khi lng dm cua cht lu chu

tac dung cac lc khi hay th tch c biu din nh sau:
r r
r
r
r
df = f m dm = f v d vi f v = f m
r
r
r
r
f
=

g
f
i vi trong lc : v
vi m = g
3.S tng ng cua lc th tch, khi lng.
Ta ch xet trng hp lc ap sut.(ap lc)
Theo trc y khi xet cac lc nguyn t tac dung ln 6 mt
cua hnh hp phn t th tch cht lu ta co:
r
r
r
r
P
P
P
dF = dxdydze x
dxdydze y
dxdydze z
z
x
y

= grad Pd = grad P

grad P
d
=
dm

r
Lc nay ng nht 1 lc th tch. f v = gradP

Kt lun: S tng ng cua lc th tch (khi lng) cua cac lc

ap sut trn mt c biu din di dang:

r
f v = gradP

r
gradP
fm =

Cac tng ng nay dung tnh hp lc hay mmen cua cac

lc ap t ln 1 phn t bao quanh bi cht lu.
Cac tng ng nay khng dung tnh cng cua cac lc ap
sut.

2.Phng trnh le va ap dung.

Ch xet cho dong chay ly tng khng co lc nht.
1.Phng trnh.
Phng trnh c ban cua ng lc hoc i vi mt hat cht lu
r
co khi lng dm. Di tac dung cua hp lc dF ta co th vit:
r
r
r r
Dv
dm
= dF = f v d = f m dm
Dt
r
Dv r

= f m ,toan b
Dt
r
r
r
v2
r v
r r
Dv v r
v Dt = t + v.grad v = t + grad 2 + rotv v

r
r r r
v2
v

+ grad + 2 v = f m ,toan b
=
t
2

r 1 r
= rotv
2

r
r
r r
A2

=
A
.
grad
A
grad
+
A
rot
A
(s dung cng thc:
2

Ax
r
r

v A.grad A = Ax x + Ay y + Az z Ay

Az

Ax
Ax
Ax
+ Ay
+ Az
x
y
z
Ay
Ay
Ay
+ Ax
+ Ay
+ Az
z
x
y
Az
Az
Az
+ Ax
+ Ay
+ Az
z
x
y
= Ax

2
2
2
(
)
(
)
(
A
x
+
A
y
+
A
z )
2 x
y
z

Az Ay

y
z
r Ax Az
rotA =

z
x
Ay Ax

x
y
Ta phn bit cac lc trn n v khi lng va tng ng cua
r
f
lc khi lng ch do cac ap sut, khi o ta co th vit : m ,toan b
r
gradP
= fm

Vy ta nhn c phng trnh le:

r
r r
v r
gradP
+ v.grad v = f m
t

hay:

r
r r r
v2
v
gradP
+ grad + 2 v = f m

t
2
i vi toa cac:
v x
v x
v x
v x
1 P
=

+
+
+
f
v
v
v

x
y
z
x ,m
t
z
x
y
x

v y
v y
v y
1 P
v y
+ vx
+ vy
+ vz
= f y ,m

x
y
z
y
t
v z
v z
v z
1 P
v z
+
v
+
v
+
v
=
f

x
y
z
Z ,m
t
x
y
z
z

2/ Tch phn phng trnh le: (chiu dai cua 1 ng

dong)
Ta s dung Phng trnh le theo dang sau:
r
r r r
v2
v
1
+ grad + 2 v = f m gradP
t

r
dl :

r r
phn t cua ng dong d l // v

nhn v hng
r
r r r r
v2 r
v r
gradP r
.d l + grad d l + 2 v .d l = f m
.d l
t
2

r
r r r
r r r
ta 2 v .d l = v v // d l
r r r
nn 2 v .d l = 0
r
f
Thng thng lc khi: m = grade Pm ( epm goi la th nng)

r
r
i vi trng trong lc: f m = g
r
f m = grad(gz ) va e pm = gz

r
r
v2
r 1
v r

+
+
e
.
d
l
+
grad
P
.
d
l =0
.
d
l
grad
Ta co: t
pm
2

B
B r
B
v 2 (M , t )
gradP(M , t ) r
v (M , t ) r
(
)
.
d
l
e
M
,
t
+
.d l = 0
+
+
pm

A t

(
)
2

M
,
t

A A

y la tch phn phng trnh le theo chiu dai ng dong.

V du ap dung 3.

3.Cac phng trnh Bernoulli (Benuli)

1.Tn tai th nng lin kt vi lc th rtch.
T phng trnh le nhn v hng d l (phn t chiu dai nao
o)

r
r r r r
v2 r
gradP r
v r
.d l + grad .d l + 2 v .d l = f m
.d l
2
t

r
Nu f m = grad (e pm )
r r gradP r
vr
v2

+ e pm + 2 v +
+ grad
.d l = 0

2
t

2.Cht lu ng cht khng chu nen hay dong chay

bartrp.
a. Cht lu khng chu nen.
P

Ta co = const nn gradP = grad

b.Dong chay Bartrp cua chtlu: nu = (P )
P

Th tn taiham s (P ) = (u )
P
du

r
r
d
gradP
d ( P )
1
.gradP va
grad(P ) =
= grad (P )
=
nn
dP
( P)

dP
0

Vy: f m =

grad P

= grad [ (P )]

Vy i vi cht lu khng chu nen.

r
r r r
v (M , t )
v2
P

e
+
2

v .d l = 0
grad
+
+
+

pm

2
t

(1)

i vi cht lu Bartrp.
r
r r r
v

v2
+ e pm + (P ) + 2 v .d l = 0
+ grad
t
2

c. Cac trng hp ring

r
v
= 0 va
*Dong chay dng:
t

(2)

r r
d l // v (v qu ao

ng

dong)
B

v2
P
(1) + e pm + = 0
A
2

(1)

v2

(
)

+
e
+

P
pm
(2)
2
=0

(2)

r 1
r
(
)= 0

=
rot
v
*Dong chay khng xoay:
2
r
r
r
v (M , t )
(M , t )
= grad
v rot (v ) = 0; v = grad
t
t
T phng trnh le (2) i vi dong chay bartrp
(M, t ) v 2

(
)
+
+
+

e
P
pm
t
= const
2

(3/) thi gian t cho toan

b cht lu
i vi dong chay khng xoay va dng cua cht lu khng
chu nen.

v2
/
(
)
e
P
+
+

pm
= const (4) bt ky thi im t trong
2
(3 )

toan b cht lu
v du 3 trang 105 va v du 4 trang 109.
Cho cht lu khng chu nen cha trong 2 nhanh cua ng hnh
ch U vi tit din . Chiu dai tng cng cua cht lu trong ng la
L. trang thai cn bng mc nc 2 nhanh ng bng nhau. Hay
xac nh chu ky dao ng cua cht lu trong ng.
Giai.
Tch phn phng trnh le:
B
r
B
v (M , t ) r
v 2 (M , t )
gradP(M , t ) r
A t .d l + e(M, t ) + 2 + A (M, tt ) .d l = 0
A
B

(x)

r
r
v v (M , t ) = z& (t )T

r
r
r r
r
v r
&
&
.
d
l
=
z
T
.
d
l
d
l
=
dS
T
1)
(v
)
t

= &z&dS

r
B
v (M, t ) r
A t .d l = &z&A dS = &z&L
B

2) e(M , t ) A = (gz )A = 2gz

B

v 2 (M, t )

=0
2

A
B
B
r 1
gradL r 1
.
d
l
=
grad
P
.
d
l = (PB PA ) = 0
3)

A
A
B

2g
2
&&
(x) ZL + 2gz = 0 k =
L
2

Vy chu ky: T = K = 2 2g
Bai tp:
1.Cho dong chay theo Lag:
(b=const
X (t ) = X 0 (1 + bt )

Y(t ) = Y0
Tm gia tc cua hat trc tip va theo le.
Giai.

r
r r
r
r
r
dR (t ) r
V R (t ), t = V(t ) =
; R (t ) = X (t )e x + Y (t )e y
dt

r
r
dX (t ) r
dY (t ) r
dY (t )
V
ex +
e y = X 0 be x ( v
=0)
Vy (t ) =
dt
dt
dt
r r
r
X (t ) r
be x
V
Hay R (t ), t = X 0 be x =
1 + bt
dVx
r
ax =
=0
r dV
dt
a
=0
dVy
hay =
dt
ay =
=0
dt

r r
x (t ) r
be x
Theo le: v (r (t ), t ) =
1 + bt

r
r
r
v r
(
)
a
t
=
v
.
grad
v
+
Theo cng thc
t
v vr theo

r
e x nn:

xk
xb

v
v
xb
1 + t
1 + bt

+v
a (t ) =
+
=
.
(1 + bt ) x
t
t
x

b
xb 2
xb
=
+
=0
.
(1 + bt )2 (1 + bt ) (1 + bt )

r
r
r
(
)
v
=
u
e
+

gt
+
v
e
2.Cho trng vn tc:
0 x
0
z
v x = u0
v Z = gt + v 0
dX
dZ
=
= dt
Phng trnh qu ao: u

gt
+
v
0
0

X (t ) = u 0 t + X 0

1 2
(
)
Z
t
gt + v 0 t + Z 0
=

2
X (t ) X 0
:
Kh t t =
u0

X X0
1 X (t ) X 0
+ v 0
Z(t ) = g
+ Z0
2
u0
u
0

Phng trnh parabol.

dx
dZ
=
Phng trnh ng dong : u
gt + v 0
0
dz gt + v 0 dx
dz

=
;

=0
dx
u0
u 0 gt + v 0

x
z

= const
u 0 gt + v 0

Z=

gt + v 0
x + const la ng thng
u0

dz gt + v 0
vi goc nghing: tg = dx =
u0

Con ng phat xa khng bin ng, no gi nguyn tai moi

thi gian t. No c cu tao ng parabol xut phat t im (0,0).
3.Ta co dong chay qua mt y=0 va mt do dao ng cua mt y=0:
X = a sin t vi trng vn tc:
r
r
r
v (x , y, t ) = a cos(t ky )e ky e x = v (y, t )e x
Tm gia tc cua hat cht lu:
r
r
dX r
ex
i vi y = 0. v (x , y, t ) = a cos te x =
dt
Nh vy vn tc cua hat khi y = 0 bng vn tc cua mt dao
ng.
r
r
r Dv v r
r
r
a=
=
+ v.grad v = a2 sin (t ky )e ky e x
Dt
t

r
r
v (y, t )e x
v (y, t )e x
+ 0.
=0
+ v (y, t )
x
y
r
r
2 ky
(
)
a
a
e
sin
t
ky
e
=

Vy
x
dx dy
=
vx vy

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