GII THIU PHN MM ENVI

Phn mm ENVI - Environment for Visualizing Images l mt phn mm

x l nh vin thm mnh, vi cc c im chnh nh sau:
Hin th, phn tch nh vi nhiu kiu d liu v kch c nh khc nhau.
Mi trng giao din thn thin.
Cho php lm vic vi tng knh ph ring l hoc ton b nh. Khi mt file
nh c m, mi knh ph ca nh c th c thao tc vi tt c cc chc
nng hin c ca h thng. Vi nhiu file nh c m, ta c th d dng la chn
cc knh t cc file nh x l cng nhau.
ENVI c cc cng c chit tch ph, s dng th vin ph, v cc chc nng
chuyn cho phn tch nh phn gii ph cao (high spectral resolution images).
Phn mm ENVI c vit trn ngn ng IDL Interactive Data
Language. y l ngn ng lp trnh cu trc, cung cp kh nng tch hp gia x
l nh v kh nng hin th vi giao din ho d s dng.

LM QUEN VI PHN MM ENVI

1. Khi ng phn mm ENVI:
Kch p vo biu tng ENVI trn mn hnh, phn mm s c kch hot
v xut hin 1 thanh thc n lnh ENVI v ca s IDL Development
Environment. Chng ta s ch thao tc vi cc cng c sn c trn thanh thc n
lnh ENVI.
2. M mt file nh:
Chn File\Open Image File (hnh 1.1)
Hp thoi Enter Input Data File xut hin cho php chn file nh
cn m. (hnh 1.1)
Chn file nh cn m v kch vo Open.
1

Hnh 1.1: M nh trong ENVI

Hp thoi Available Bands List s xut hin trn mn hnh c cu
trc nh mt danh sch. Danh sch ny cho php ta chn cc knh ph
hin th v x l. (Hnh 1.2)
C hai cch hin th nh l hin th nh n sc (en - trng) v t hp mu:
M nh n sc: Chn vo ty chn Gray Scale sau chn mt
knh cn hin th bng cch kch tri chut vo tn knh trong hp thoi
Available Bands List. Tn knh ny s xut hin ngay trong Selected
Band. Nhn phm, kch chut vo Load Band hin th nh cn m.
M nh t hp mu: Chn vo ty chn RGB Color, sau chn
cc knh tng ng vi cc bc sng (R), lc (G), lam (B) trong phn
Selected Bands ri kch Load Band hin th nh. (Hnh 1.2)

Hnh 1.2: M nh trong danh sch Available Bands List.

3. Lm quen vi khung ca s hin th nh:
Khi mt nh c m trong ENVI, c ba ca s s hin th ln mn hnh
(hnh 1.3): Image Window, Scroll Window v Zoom Window. Ba ca s ny
c lin kt cht ch vi nhau, vic thay i ca s ny s ko theo nhng thay
i tng ng cc ca s cn li.
Tt c cc ca s u c th thay i kch thc bng cch chn v ko
chut tri gc ca s hin th.
Scroll Window: ca s ny hin th ton b nh vi phn gii
c gim i vi mt t l ph hp. H s t l ny c hin th trong
ngoc trn thanh tiu ca Scroll Window. Hnh vung mu trn ca s
ch ra vng c hin th vi phn gii 1:1 ( phn gii khng gian gc
ca nh) trong ca s Image Window. Ta c th dng phm chut tri ko,
th hnh vung ny ti v tr cn quan st, Image Window s c cp nht
mt cch t ng khi ta th chut.
3

Hnh 1.3: Ba ca s hin th nh.

Image Window: ca s ny hin th mt phn ca nh phn gii
ca d liu gc vi t l 1:1. vung trong ca s ny ch ra v tr c
hin th phng i trong ca s Zoom Window.

thay i v tr hin th ca ca s phng i Zoom Window,

ch chut vo vung trong Image Window, gi chut tri v di

chuyn n v tr cn quan st, hnh nh trn Zoom Window s c
cp nht ngay khi th chut.

Image Window c th s dng thanh cun iu khin ni

dung hin th. thm thanh iu khin Scroll Bar ta lm nh sau:

Chn File\Preferences trn thanh thc n ca Image Window, sau
chn vo phm mi tn bn cnh Scroll Bars chuyn thnh Yes,
kch OK cui hp thoi.

Ta cng c th bt thanh cun mc nh cho cc ln hin th sau

bng cch: tr chut ln thanh thc n ca ENVI, chn

File\Preferences\Display Default\ ri bt Image Window Scroll

Bar thnh Yes, nhn OK cui hp thoi.
Zoom Window: hin th mt phn c phng i ca nh. H s
phng i c hin th trong ngoc trn thanh tiu ca Zoom Window.
Vng c phng i c xc nh bng hnh vung trn Image
Window. pha di, bn tri ca ZoomWindow c ba hnh vung .

ngoi cng bn tri c du tr cho php ta thu nh h s

phng i ca Zoom Window bng cch nhy chut tri vo trong

vung ny.

gia c du thp cho php tng h s phng i ca Zoom

Window cng bng cch s dng chut tri.

Ring vi vung ngoi cng bn phi, kch chut tri 1 ln

vo s hin th du thp trn Zoom Window xc nh v tr pixel c

chn, kch chut tri ln na s tt du thp ny i. Tng t nh vy,
kch chut gia (hoc nhn t hp phm Ctrl + chut tri) cho php
hin th hoc tt du thp xc nh v tr pixel c chn tng ng
trn Image Window, kch chut phi cho php hin th hoc tt
vung xc nh v tr ca Zoom Window trn Image Window.
4. Xem nh dng file nh:
Thng thng nh vin thm c lu di ba dng c bn l

Dng BSQ Band Sequential: cc knh c ghi ni tip nhau.

Dng BIP Band Interleaved by Pixel: ghi ln lt lin tip cc pixel

ca cc knh.

Dng BIL Band Interleaved by Line: ghi ln lt lin tip cc dng

ca cc knh.
bit nh c lu nh dng no ta chn vo nh cn xem v quan st
trong Dims trn hp thoi Available Bands List (hnh 1.2). Gi tr trn ny c
ngha nh sau: 2 s u cho bit s dng, s ct ca nh, n v trong ngoc trn

ch ra n v tnh dung lng nh, v cui cng trong ngoc vung chnh l khun
dng d liu nh c lu tr.
5. Xem thng tin ta ca nh:
Trn ca s Available Bands List ta ch thy di mi nh c m u c
phn Map Info thng tin v ta ca nh (hnh 1.2). Nhn chut tri s ni
dung ny ra ta s c cc thng tin sau:

Php chiu Proj: bao gm php chiu v mi chiu.

phn gii khng gian ca nh Pixel.

Li chiu Datum: xc nh mt elipxoid.

Ta a l UL Geo: y l ta ca im pha trn bn tri nh.

Ta bn - UL Map: y cng l ta ca im pha trn cng

bn tri nh.
6. Tng cng kh nng hin th nh:
ENVI cung cp cc cng c kh hiu qu cho vic tng cng kh nng hin
th cc thng tin trn nh nh Enhance tng cng v Filter - lc nh. thc
hin cc chc nng ny ta lm nh sau:
T ca s nh c m, chn Enhance, mt danh sch s s ra cho
ta chn cc din tch c tng cng l ca s Image, Zoom hay Scroll theo
cc phng php (hnh 1.4):

Linear - Tuyn tnh: s dng gi tr nh nht v ln nht ca nh

thc hin php gin tuyn tnh. Phng php ny p dng ph hp cho nh
c t gi tr.

Linear 0-255 - Tuyn tnh 0-255: phng php ny s hin th cc gi

tr thc pixel ca nh theo gi tr hin th ca mn hnh t 0 n 255.

Linear 2% - Tuyn tnh 2%: phng php tng cng tuyn tnh s
ct bt 2% ca 2 u d liu tng kh nng hin th nh.

Gaussian: phng php ny tng cng nh s dng gi tr xm

trung bnh l 127 v lch chun ca d liu l 3 tng cng.
6

Equalization Cn bng: phng php ny s ko gin cn bng

th ca d liu c hin th.

Square Root Cn bc hai: phng php ny s tnh cn bc hai ca

th u vo sau mi thc hin gin tuyn tnh.

Hnh 1.4: Tng cng kh nng hin th nh.

ENVI cn cho php ta tng cng nh da theo mt nh c tng
cng s dng chc nng Histogram Matching hay cho ngi dng t tng
cng da trn th v theo cc hm ton hc nh sn thng qua chc
nng Interactive Stretching.
Ta cng c th tng cng, lc nh nh bng cch chn
Enhance\Filter v chn cc phng php tng ng Sharpen, Smooth hay
Median lm sc nt hoc lm mn nh.
7. Lin kt ng v chng lp nh
Khi c nhiu nh cng mt khu vc c m, ENVI cung cp cho ngi
s dng cng c lin kt cc nh gip ta c th so snh trc tip cc nh bng cch
7

quan st nh ny chng ph ln nh kia. C 2 phng php lin kt l lin kt nh

hin th - Link Displays, v lin kt trn c s ta Geographic Link.
Link Displays ta lm nh sau: chn Tools\Link\Link Displays
hoc tr phi vo khung ca s hin th bt k ca nh nh lin kt ri chn
Link Displays. Khi , hp thoi Link Displays s hin ra cho php ngi
dng la chn cc nh cn lin kt bng cch kch chut vo nt mi tn v
chn Yes bn cnh cc s ca s hin th nh tng ng. Cui cng kch
chut vo phm OK thc hin vic lin kt. (Hnh 1.5)

Hnh 1.5: Lin kt nh trong ENVI.

Sau khi cc nh c lin kt, ta c th nhn v di chuyn

chut tri trong ca s Image hoc Zoom thy nh c lin kt s

hin th chng ln.

Ta c th thay i kch c ca vng chng ph bng cch nhn

v ko chut gia c c din tch vng chng ph mong mun.

b tm thi vic hin th chng ph nh khi nhp chut ta

chn Tools\Link Displays\Dynamic Overlay Off hoc kch chut phi

ln ca s hin th nh v chn Dynamic Overlay Off.

b hn vic hin th chng ph trn cc nh ta chn

Tools\Link\Unlink Display hay nhp chut phi trn ca s nh, t
thc n ng cnh s ra, chn Unlink Display.
lin kt cc nh trn c s ta ta chn Tools\Link\Geographic
Link hoc tr phi vo khung ca s hin th bt k ca nh nh lin kt ri
chn Geographic Link. Khi , hp thoi Geographic Link s hin ra, ta
chn cc ca s hin th tng ng cn lin kt thnh On. Nhn OK thc
hin lin kt. (Hnh 1.6)

Hnh 1.6: Lin kt nh trn c s ta .

Khi cc nh c lin kt trn c s ta vi nhau, th nu

ta di chuyn mt nh, cc nh cn li cng s di chuyn theo ng ta

 nh vy. iu ny c th thy r hn khi ta quan st hai ca s

Zoom.

tt chc nng lin kt ny ta li chn cng c Geographic

Link v chuyn cc ca s nh khng mun lin kt thnh Off. Nhn
OK kt thc.
8. To hot cnh xem lt qua cc knh ca nh
Ta c th hin th cc knh nh nh mt vng lp lin tip bng cch to hot
cnh:
T ca s nh c m, chn Tools\Animation. Hp thoi Input
Animation Parameters xut hin cho php chn cc knh ca mt nh
mun to hot cnh. Sau khi chn nhn Ok thc hin. (Hnh 1.7)

Hnh 1.7: Chn cc knh nh to hot cnh.

Ta c th iu khin hot cnh ny v tc thay i ca n bng
cch chn cc phm chc nng tng ng v phn Tc - Speed trn thanh
iu khin ca Animation.
10

Hnh 1.9: iu khin hot cnh

NN CHNH NH
D liu nh vin thm thu c thng cha ng nhng sai
s v hnh hc do cc nguyn nhn trong qu trnh thu nh nh
tc bay chp, cao, gc nhn ca thit b, tc gng
quay, Nhng li ny c th c khc phc bng cch s dng
mt h thng cc im khng ch mt t (Ground Control
Points) nn nh. y l nhng im trn b mt tri t
bit to v d dng nhn ra trn nh v tinh.
Bi ny s tng bc hng dn bn lm quen vi vic nn nh vi cc cng
c ca phn mm ENVI.
1. Nn nh theo bn :

11

M nh cn nn: lm theo cc hng dn bi trc m 1 nh cn nn.

La chn phng php nn nh theo bn : chn Map\Registration\Select

GSPs: Image to Map chn cc im khng ch mt t. (Hnh 2.1)

Hnh 2.1: La chn phng php nn nh theo bn .

Trn mn hnh s xut hin hp thoi Image to Map Registration cho php

ta chn cc tham s v php chiu, li chiu, mi chiu, n v v kch thc

pixel cho ph hp. (Hnh 2.2)

12

Hnh 2.2: Chn cc tham s a l v hnh hc ph hp.

Trong bi ny, ta chn cc tham s l:

Projection Php chiu hnh tr ngang UTM.

Datum - H quy chiu WGS 84.

Units n v: Meter.

Zone Mi chiu: 49 N (North - Bc bn cu).

Pixel size - Kch thc pixel: 30.0

Sau khi chn xong, nhn OK bt u thc hin vic chn im khng
ch.
Hp thoi chn im khng ch - Ground Control Points Selection xut
hin cho vic chn im. (Hnh 2.3)

Di chuyn con tr chut n v tr im bit ta v nhp ta vo

ta trng trong hp thoi Ground Control Points Selection.

13

V tr con tr c xc nh bng giao im ca du thp xut hin

trn ca s Zoom ca nh ang nn.

Ta ca im khng ch c th nhp vo di dng ta bn

vo E (Easting - ng) v N (Northing - Bc) hoc ta a l vo cc

Lat (Latitude V ) v Lon (Longitude Kinh ) bng cch chn vo
phm mi tn ln xung gc trn bn tri ca hp thoi Ground Control
Points Selection chuyn gia hai ch nhp ta . (Hnh 2.3)

C hai cch bit v nhp ta cc im khng ch: mt l c

trc tip ta trn bn hoc da vo cc im o GPS, hai l chn cc

im tng ng trn nh vi cc im trn bn dng s s c trnh by
c th trong bi ny.

Hnh 2.3: Chn im khng ch - Ground Control Points Selection.

14

M file bn vect: Chn Vector\Open Vector File v chn nh dng file

vect ph hp (hnh 2.4). ENVI h tr m file ca mt s phn mm thng dng:

ArcView, ArcGIS, ArcInfo, Mapinfo, Microstation, AutoCad,

Hnh 2.4: M file vect Open Vector File.

Sau khi chn c file vect cn m v nhn OK, nu khng phi nh

dng file vect ca ENVI th trn mn hnh xut hin hp thoi yu cu chuyn file
vect va m sang nh dng file vect ca ENVI *.evf. Ta c th lu vo b nh
tm thi bng cch chn Memory hoc chn File lu thnh 1 file. lu thnh
file ta chn Choose v chn ng dn n th mc nh lu. Nhn OK thc
hin. (Hnh 2.5)

Hp thoi Danh sch cc file vect Available Vectors List xut hin,

chn file vect cn m trong danh sch, nhn Load Selected\New Vector Layer
m file vect. (Hnh 2.6)

15

Hnh 2.5: Chuyn file vect sang nh dng ca ENVI.

.
Hnh 2.6: M file vect.
16

Chn tng cp im khng ch tng ng trn nh v trn file bn

vect, nhp ta ca im khng ch quan st c gc pha di bn tri ca

ca s vect, nhn Add trn hp thoi Ground Control Points chp nhn.
thun li cho nhp ta im khng ch, sau khi chn c cp im tng ng
trn nh v file vect, ta nhn chut phi trn ca s vect v chn Export Map
Location, ta ca im s t ng c cp nht vo ta ca im
khng ch trong hp thoi Ground Control Points Selection.

Hnh 2.7: Chn im khng ch.

Ch nn chn sao cho cc im khng ch phn b u trn ton nh, sai

s - RMS cui hp thoi Ground Control Points Selection c gng t mc nh

hn 1 pixel v chn ti thiu 4 im cho phng php nn n gin nht. Sau khi
chn s im, ta chn Options\Warp File trong hp thoi Ground Control
Points Selection, chn tip file tng ng v chn mt trong ba phng php nn
Warp Method tin hnh nn nh. (Hnh 2.8)

17

Phng php RST Rotating, Scaling, Translation: ch thc hin

nhng chuyn dch n gin: xoay, xc nh t l v tnh tin nh.

Phng php Polynomial Hm a thc: phng php ny cho

kt qu tt hn phng php RST, vi yu cu s v s im khng ch
N tng ng vi bc ca hm n nh sau: N > (n+1)2

Phng php Triangulation li tam gic: ENVI s dng

nguyn l tam gic Delaunay nn nh bng cch chn cc im khng
ch lm cc nh ca cc tam gic khng u v tin hnh ni suy.
tin hnh nn nh ta cng phi la chn mt trong ba phng php ti
chia mu Resampling sao cho t c kt qu mong mun. (Hnh 2.8)

Nearest Neighbor ngi lng ging gn nht s dng gi tr ca

pixel gn nht m khng cn tin hnh ni suy.

Bilinear hm song tuyn: tin hnh ni suy tuyn tnh s dng

gi tr ca bn pixel.

Cubic Convolution xon lp phng: s dng hm lp phng

vi gi tr ca 16 pixel tin hnh ni suy.

Hnh 2.8: Chn phng php nn nh.

18

Sau khi chn cc phng php ph hp ta nhn Choose chn ng

dn lu kt qu, tip theo nhn OK thc hin nn nh. (Hnh 2.8)

File ta cc im khng ch chn c th lu li kim tra bng cch

chn File\Save GCPs trn hp thoi Ground Control Points Selection.

2. Nn nh theo nh
Phn ln cc bc thc hin phng php nn nh theo nh ging vi
phng php nn nh theo bn s khng c trnh by chi tit phn ny.

M nh cn nn v nh gc dng tham chiu.

Chn phng php nn nh theo nh: Map\Registration\Select GSPs:

Image to Image. Trn mn hnh s xut hin hp thoi Image to Image

Registration, chn Base Image - nh tham chiu v Warp Image - nh nn
tng ng vi cc ca s hin th nh. (Hnh 2.9)

Hnh 2.9: Chn nh nn v nh gc tham chiu.

Chn cc cp im khng ch nh tng t nh phn nn nh theo bn .

Khi s im khng ch nh , tin hnh nn nh Options\Warp file v

chn phng php nn mong mun.

19

MT S PHNG PHP PHN LOI NH

Phn loi nh s l vic phn loi v sp xp cc pixel trn
nh thnh nhng nhm khc nhau da trn mt s c im
chung v gi tr xm, s ng nht, mt , tone nh,
C hai kiu phn loi chnh, l phn loi c chn mu v
phn loi khng chn mu.
1. Phn loi khng chn mu- Unsupervised Classification
Vi phng php phn loi ny, cc pixel s c phn chia t
ng vo cc lp da trn mt s c im v s ng nht gi
tr ph s dng k thut gp nhm. Phng php ny c p dng
trong trng hp ta khng bit hoc khng quen vi nhng i tng xut hin trn nh, ng thi n cng loi b c nhng sai
s ch quan ca con ngi.
Phn mm ENVI cung cp cho chng ta hai phng php phn loi khng
chn mu l Isodata v K-Means. tin hnh phn loi nh, t thanh thc n
lnh ca ENVI ta chn Classification\Unsupervised\ v chn mt trong hai
phng php phn loi trn, chn nh cn phn loi, nhn OK chp nhn (hnh
3.1). Vi 2 phng php phn loi ta u phi a ra cc tham s gii hn my
thc hin.

Hnh 3.1: Chn phng php phn loi khng chn mu.

Vi phng php phn loi Isodata (hnh 3.2) ta s phi la chn cc tham

s sau tin hnh phn loi:

20

Number of classes: chn s lp ti thiu min v ti a max

phn loi.

Maximum Iterations: S ln tnh ton lp li ti a. Vic phn

loi s dng li khi t ti s ln lp ti a a ra.

Change Threshold: Ngng thay i sau mi ln tnh ton lp li.

Vic phn loi cng s dng li khi sau mi ln tnh lp li, s phn trm
bin ng ca cc lp nh hn ngng bin ng c xc nh.

Minimum pixel in class: s pixel nh nht c th c ca mt lp.

Maximum class Stdv: ngng lch chun ti a ca mt lp.

Nu lch chun ca mt lp ln hn ngng ny th lp s b chia ra

lm hai.

Minimum class Distance: Khong cch ti thiu gia cc gi tr

trung bnh ca cc lp. Nu khong cch gia cc gi tr trung bnh ca cc

lp nh hn gi tr nhp vo th cc lp s c gp vo.

Maximum Merge Pairs: s ti a cc cp lp c gp.

Maximum Stdev From Mean: Khong cch lch chun ti a

t gi tr trung bnh ca lp.

Maximum Distance Error: khong sai s ti a cho php xung

quanh gi tr trung bnh ca lp.

Maximum Merge Pairs: s cc cp lp ti a c th c gp.

21

Hnh 3.2: Phn loi IsoData.

Phng php phn loi K-Means: tng t nh phng php phn loi

IsoData, ta cng phi chn cc tham s tng ng trc khi tin hnh phn loi.
(Hnh 3.3)
Sau khi cc tham s c la chn ph hp, ta chn ng dn lu kt
qu v nhn OK tin hnh phn loi.

Hnh 3.3: Phn loi K-Means.

22

2. Phn loi c chn mu Supervised Classification

Phn loi c chn mu l php phn loi nh da trn cc pixel
mu c chn sn bi ngi phn tch. Bng cch chn mu,
ngi phn tch ch ra gip my tnh xc nh nhng pixel
c cng mt s c trng v ph phn x.
2.1. Chn mu phn loi
Vic u tin tin hnh phn loi c chn mu l cng tc chn mu.
chn mu trong ENVI, trc tin ta phi m nh cn phn loi tin hnh chn
mu, t thc n lnh chn Tools\Region Of Interest\ROI tool hoc ta c th vo
t thc n lnh chnh ca ENVI nh sau Basic Tools\ Region Of Interest\ROI
tool trn mn hnh s m ra hp thoi Roi Tool cho php ta thao tc vi vic chn
mu. (Hnh 3.4)

Hnh 3.4: Chn vng mu.

Chn du tch vo mt trong cc Image, Scroll, Zoom chn mu

phn loi trong ca s nh tng ng hoc chn Off tm thi tt chc

nng chn mu.

Dng chut tri khoanh vng mu trn nh v kch chut phi

thc hin ng vng. Ch l mt mu phn loi c th gm nhiu vng.

23

Sau khi chn xong mt mu phn loi, ta tin hnh chn cc mu tip theo
bng cch nhn vo New Region.

t tn v chn mu cho cc mu ta chn vo Edit (hnh 3.5).

xa mt mu ta chn vo mu cn xa v nhn Delete.

Hnh 3.5: t tn v chn mu cho mu phn loi.

Vi cc mu chn, ENVI cn cung cp cho chng ta mt tin ch

rt hu hiu, l tnh ton s khc bit gia cc mu Compute ROI

Separability. chn chc nng ny ta lm nh sau: t hp thoi ROI Tool
chn Options\Compute ROI Separability. Khi trn mn hnh s xut hin
hp thoi Select Input File for ROI Separability, chn nh tng ng v
nhn OK chp nhn. Trn mn hnh xut hin tip hp thoi ROI
Separability Calculation, ta chn tt c cc mu cn tnh ton s khc bit
v nhn OK thc hin. Kt qu tnh ton s xut hin trn mn hnh trong
hp thoi ROI Separability Report. (Hnh 3.6)

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Hnh 3.6: Bng so snh s khc bit gia cc mu phn loi.

Quan st cc gi tr trong hp thoi ny ta thy mi mu phn loi s c so
snh ln lt vi cc mu cn li. Cp gi tr th hin s khc bit c t trong
ngoc sau cc mu.

Nu cp gi tr ny nm trong khong t 1.9 n 2.0 chng t cc mu

c chn c s khc bit tt.

Nu cp gi tr ny nm trong khong t 1.0 n 1.9 th chng ta nn

chn li sao cho mu c s khc bit tt hn.

Nu c gi tr nh hn 1.0 ta nn gp hai mu li vi nhau, trnh

hin tng phn loi nhm ln.

Sau khi chn xong tt c cc mu, ta c th lu cc mu chn ny li
bng cch chn File\Save ROIs t hp thoi ROI Tool.
2.2. Phn loi c chn mu
tin hnh phn loi vi cc mu chn ta lm nh sau: t thanh thc
n lnh chnh ca ENVI chn Classification\Supervised v chn phng php
phn loi ph hp. (Hnh 3.7)

25

Hnh 3.7: Chn phng php phn loi c chn mu.

Mt s thut ton phn loi c chn mu hay dng l:

Phn loi hnh hp - Parallelepiped: trong phng

php ny u tin gi tr vector trung bnh cho tt c cc

band c tnh cho mi lp mu chn. Sau cc pixel c so snh v gn vo lp m gi tr ca n nm trong phm vi
sai s l 1 hoc 2 ln lch chun ca vector trung bnh.
Nu pixel khng nm trong mt trong cc khong gi tr
th n s c gn vo lp cha phn loi. Phng php ny c u
im l nhanh chng, n gin tuy nhin kt qu c
chnh xc khng cao v thng c dng phn loi s b
ban u.

Phn loi theo khong cch nh nht - Minimum

distance: phng php ny i hi vic tnh ton vector

trung bnh ca cc mu phn loi v khong cch ph o
c gia cc pixel v cc mu . Sau pixel s c gn ti
lp c khong cch nh nht. V mt l thuyt th vi vic
s dng phng php ny, mi pixel u c phn loi nhng
ngi phn tch cng c th a ra mt ngng gii hn nht
nh v khong cch cc pixel c th c phn loi
hoc khng phn loi. y l mt cch phn loi kh
nhanh, gi tr ph ca pixel gn vi gi tr ph trung bnh

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ca mu tuy nhin n cng cha tht chnh xc v khng cn

nhc n s bin thin ca cc lp phn loi.

Phn loi hm xc sut cc i - Maximum

Likelihood: phng php ny cho rng cac band ph c s

phn b chun v cc pixel s c phn loi vo lp m n
c xc sut cao nht. Vic tnh ton khng ch da vo gi
tr khong cch m cn da vo c xu th bin thin
xm trong mi lp. y l mt phng php phn loi chnh
xc nhng li mt nhiu thi gian tnh ton v ph thuc vo
s phn b chun ca d liu.
Chn mt phng php phn loi ph hp, trn mn hnh s xut hin hp
thoi Classification Input File cho php ta chn nh cn phn loi. Tip s xut
hin hp thoi tng ng vi phng php phn loi chn. S dng cc tham s
mc nh ca chng trnh hoc ta c th thay i nu cn, chn ng dn s lu
kt qu, nhn vo nt Select All Items chn tt c cc mu chn ri nhn OK
tin hnh phn loi (hnh 3.8). Sau khi qu trnh tnh ton kt thc, kt qu phn
loi nh s c trong hp thoi Available Bands List.

Hnh 3.8: Hp thoi phn loi theo phng php Maximum Likelihood.
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3. Mt s k thut phn loi khc

3.1. K thut phn ngng Segmentation Image
K thut phn ngng c s dng phn loi nh thnh nhng vng c
gi tr xm pixel lin tip nhau trong mt khong gi tr nht nh.

tin hnh phn ngng, ta chn Basic Tools\Segmentation Image

t thc n lnh ca ENVI.

Trn mn hnh s xut hin hp thoi Segmentation Image Input

File, ta chn knh nh d nh tin hnh phn ngng v nhn OK. Ch l k

thut phn ngng ch thc hin c trn nh n knh.

hp thoi Segmentation Image Parameters, ta nhp hai gi tr cn

di v cn trn trong 2 tham s tng ng l Min Thresh Value, Max Thresh

Value. (Hnh 3.9)

Trong Population Minimum l s pixel ti thiu trong mt phn

ngng, Number of Neighbors l s pixel ln cn c s dng cho vic tnh

ton. Chn ni lu kt qu v nhn OK.

Hnh 3.9: La chn cc tham s phn ngng.

3.2. To lt ct gi tr - Density Slice
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T thc n lnh ca nh m, chn Tools\Color Mapping\ Density

Slice, trn mn hnh s xut hin hp thoi Density Slice Band Choice cho php ta
chn mt knh nh n sc tng ng.

Sau khi chn c knh nh, trn mn hnh s xut hin tip hp thoi

Density Slice. Theo ch mc inh, ENVI s phn chia cho chng ta thnh 8 lp.
(Hnh 3.10)

Hnh 3.10: Hp thoi Density Slice.

Ta hon ton c th thay i cc gi tr ny bng cch chn Edit

Range ty bin khong gi tr v mu sc ca lt ct. Chn Delete Range nu

mun xa bt mt di lt ct, chn Options\Add New Ranges thm mt lt ct,
chn Clear Ranges xa ton b cc lt ct ang c.

Sau khi chn c cc gi tr ph hp, ta nhn Apply thc hin.

Kt qu s hin th tc thi ngay trn nh.

3.3. Tnh ch s thc vt NDVI
Ta s dng phng php ny chuyn d liu a ph thnh mt nh n
knh th hin s phn b ca thc vt. nh ch s thc vt c gii gi tr nm t -1
n +1, vi gi tr pixel cng cao th hin thc vt cng dy.
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 tnh ch s thc vt, t thc n lnh chnh ca ENVI, ta chn

Transforms\NDVI (Vegetation Index). Chn nh cn tnh v nhn OK, ngay sau
hp thoi NDVI Calculation Parameters s xut hin. (Hnh 3.11)

Hnh 3.11: Hp thoi tnh ch s thc vt NDVI.

ENVI mc nh chn cc knh tnh ch s NDVI cho mt s loi v tinh
nh Landsat, SPOT, AVHRR, AVIRIS. Hoc ta cng c th chn knh - Red v
knh hng ngoi gn - Near IR vo cc tng ng. Chn ni lu kt qu v nh
OK thc hin.
Sau khi tnh ton, kt qu NDVI s hin th trong danh sch Available Bands
List./.

MT S K THUT SAU PHN LOI

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Cc kt qu sau khi phn loi i hi phi c x l nh nh gi chnh

xc, khi qut ha cc lp thng tin v vect ha. Phn mm ENVI cung cp cho
chng ta mt s cng c tha mn cc yu cu trn.
1. Thng k kt qu Class Statistics
Chc nng ny cho php ta tnh ton thng k nh da trn cc lp kt qu
phn loi. Cc gi tr thng k c tnh cho mi lp l cc gi tr thng k c bn
nh: gi tr nh nht - min, gi tr ln nht - max, gi tr trung bnh - mean, lch
chun Stdev (Standard Deviation) ca d liu nh v th - Histogram. tin
hnh tnh ton thng k ta lm nh sau:

T thc n lnh chnh ca ENVI ta chn Classification\Post

Classification\Class Statistics.

Trn mn hnh s xut hin hp thoi Classification Input File

yu cu ta chn file kt qu phn loi.

Tip n trn mn hnh xut hin hp thoi Statistics Input

File yu cu ta chn file nh tng ng tin hnh tnh ton thng k.

Hp thoi tip theo l Class Selection cho ta chn cc lp kt

qu d nh s dng tin hnh phn loi.

Sau khi chn xong cc lp s xut hin hp thoi Compute

Statistics Parameters cho php ta chn cc tham s tnh thng k (hnh
4.1). Chn ng dn n th mc lu kt qu, v nhn OK thc hin.

Sau khi tnh ton, trn mn hnh s xut hin mt lot cc hp

thoi:

Class Stats Summary: bng thng k tng s pixel c

trong cc lp v t l phn trm ca chng trn tng s cc pixel c

trn nh.

Statistics Report: thng k gi tr nh nht, ln nht,

gi tr trung bnh, lch chun theo cc knh ph ca tng lp kt

qu phn loi.

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Nu ta chn c chc nng v th khi chn cc tham

s trong hp thoi Compute Statistics Parameters th trn mn hnh

cng c cc hp thoi th ca cc gi tr thng k tng ng trn.

Hnh 4.1: Chn cc gi tr cn thng k.

2. Ma trn sai s - Confusion Matrix
Chc nng lp ma trn sai s ca ENVI cho php ta so snh nh c
phn loi vi kt qu thc a hoc cc vng mu vi mc ch nh gi chnh
xc kt qu phn loi.

thc hin chc nng ny, t thc n lnh chnh ca ENVI ta vo

Classification\Post Classification\Confusion Matrix v chn phng php: mt l
s dng nh, kt qu phn loi t thc a Using Ground Truth Image, hai l s
dng file chn vng mu t thc a Using Ground Truth ROIs.

Hp thoi Classification Input File xut hin cho ta chn nh cn

nh gi chnh xc tng ng.

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Tip n hp thoi Match Classes Parameters xut hin, ta chn cc

lp tng ng gia kt qu phn loi v thc a (hnh 4.2). Nhn OK chp nhn.

Hnh 4.2: Hp thoi Match Classes Parameters.

Hp thoi Confusion Matrix Parameter xut hin cho ta chn cc gi

tr cn thit v chn ng dn lu kt qu.

Kt qu so snh s xut hin trn mn hnh di dng mt ma trn

tng quan cho, trn bng ma trn kt qu ny bao gm c chnh xc ca kt
qu phn loi (hnh 4.3).

Hnh 4.3: Ma trn sai s tng quan cho.

3. Phn tch theo a s v thiu s - Majority/Minority Analysis

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Ta s dng phng php Majoriry Analysis gp nhng pixel l t hoc

phn loi ln trong cc lp vo chnh lp cha n. Ta nhp kch thc ca s lc
Kernel Size, sau gi tr ca pixel trung tm s c thay th bng gi tr ca
pixel chim a s trong ca s lc . Nu chn Minority Analyis, gi tr ca pixel
trung tm s c thay th bng gi tr pixel chim thiu s trong ca s lc.
thc hin chc nng ny, t thc n lnh ca ENVI ta chn Classification\Post
Classification\Majority/Minority Analysis. (Hnh 4.4)

Hnh 4.4: Hp thoi Majority/Minority Parameters.

Sau khi chn, hp thoi Majority/Minority Parameters xut hin cho php
ta chn cc lp nh lc, phng php d nh tin hnh, kch thc ca s lc v
ng dn lu kt qu (hnh 4.4). Kt qu tnh ton s cho ra mt nh mi trong
danh sch Available Bands List.
4. Gp lp Combine Classes
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Chc nng gp lp cung cp thm cho chng ta mt cng c khi qut

ha kt qu phn loi. Cc lp c c tnh tng t nhau c th c gp vo
to thnh lp khc.

thc hin chc nng ny t thc n lnh ca ENVI ta chn

Classification\Post Classification\Combine Classes.

Trn mn hnh xut hin hp thoi Combine Classes Input File, ta

chn file kt qu phn loi ang cn gp lp v nhn OK.

Chn cc cp lp nh gp tng ng vi Input Class - lp u vo,

Output Class - lp u ra, nhn OK v chn ng dn lu kt qu. (Hnh 4.5)

Hnh 4.5: La chn cc cp lp tng ng gp lp.

5. Thay i tn v mu cho cc lp phn loi Class Color Mapping
Khi c nh kt qu phn loi, ta vn c th thay i mu sc cc lp cho
ph hp vi tn gi ca chng.

thc hin chc nng trn, t ca s nh phn loi, ta chn

Tools\Color Mapping\Class Color Mapping.

35

Trn mn hnh s xut hin hp thoi Class Color Mapping cho ta

chn cc lp gn tn v mu tng ng, sau khi hon tt ta chn

Options\Save Changes thc hin vic thay i. (Hnh 4.6)

Hnh 4.6: Thay i tn v mu hin th cho cc lp.

6. Chuyn kt qu phn loi sang dng vect Classification to Vector Layer
Sau khi hon tt cng tc phn loi, ta thng c nhu cu xut cc file kt
qu phn loi sang dng vect d dng trao i, bin tp hay x l vi cc chc
nng GIS.

chuyn sang dng vect cc file kt qu phn loi, t thc n lnh

ca ENVI ta chn Classification\Post Classification\Classification to Vector hay

chn Vector\Classification to Vector.

Trn mn hnh xut hin hp thoi Raster to Vector Input Band, ta

chn file kt qu phn loi cn chuyn nh dng ri nhn OK.

36

Tip trn mn hnh xut hin hp thoi Raster To Vector

Parameters cho php ta chn cc lp cn chuyn sang dng vect. Chn ng

dn lu kt qu v nhn OK thc hin. Kt qu s c lu theo nh dng file
vector *.evf ca ENVI. (Hnh 4.7)

Hnh 4.7: Xut file kt qu phn loi sang dng vect.

7. Chng lp vect ln nh Overlay Vector File
quan st trc quan hoc d dng nhn bit cc i tng trn nh, i khi
chng ta c nhu cu chng mt lp thng tin no ln nh, chng hn nh mt
file vect cc ng bnh , ch gii phn loi hay cc lp phn loi,

T ca s hin th nh, ta chn Overlay\Vectors, trn mn hnh

s xut hin hp thoi Vector Parameters.

T hp thoi Vector Parameters ny ta chn File\Open Vector

File v chn nh dng cng file vect tng ng nh m. File vect c chn s
hin th chng ph ln file nh. (Hnh 4.8)
8. Bin tp v in nh Quick Map
37

Quick Map l mt cng c n gin bin tp v to ra mt bn in

mt cch nhanh chng trong ENVI.

Hnh 4.8: Chng lp vect ln nh.

T ca s nh ta chn File\Quick Map\New Quick Map. Trn mn

hnh s xut hin hp thoi Quick Map Default Layout cho php ta chn kch thc
giy in Output Paper Size, chiu giy in Orientation v t l bn - Map
Scale. (Hnh 4.9)

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Hnh 4.9: Xc nh cc tham s ban u ca bn .

Tip n s xut hin hp thoi Quick Map Image Selection cho php

ta xc nh gii hn khng gian ca khu vc d nh s th hin ln bn .

Sau khi chn c khu vc s th hin ln bn , trn mn hnh s

xut hin hp thoi Quick Map Parameters cho php ta a ra tiu - Main Title,
cc ghi ch b sung, v la chn thc t l - Scale Bars, kiu li Grid Lines v
mi tn nh hng North Arrow Type ca bn . Hon tt cc tham s, ta s
c mt bn c dng nh hnh 4.10 di y.

39

Hnh 4.10: Bn nh bin tp bng ENVI.

40