တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္းနွင့္ အေတြးအေခၚမ်ား (ေရႊဥေဒါင္း)

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pmtkyf (Biography) onf urmay:wGif taumif;qkH;aom twKywdpmtkyf jzpf&kHomru
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Culture) jyKvkyfygu usrf;wwfq&mrsm; OD;acgif;ukwfMu&onfh avmukw&ma&;qdkif&m
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a&TOa'gif;
a&TOa'gif;
21.10.61
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Oy"d&kyfudk oabmusonfESifh 4if;\t&nftcsif;udk prf;oyf oifhawmfvQif &mxl;cefUxm;
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ESifh rdwfaqGvnf;r[kwf? &efolvnf;r[kwfav&um; xdkyk*dKvfajymorQ vkyforQwkdUudk rdrd
jrif&onfhtwdkif;? Mum;&onfhtwdkif; wdusrSefuefpGm a&;om;tpD&ifcH&ayvdrfhrnf/ raumif;
aom tcsif;t&mrsm;udk zkH;zdjcif;vnf;r&Sd? aumif;aom tcsif;t&mrsm;udk csHUxGifjcif;vnf;
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tpD&ifcHayvdrfhrnf/
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&ef BuH&G,fygonf/ pkHaxmufavmif;onf xdkyk*dKvf\ pdwftBuHrsm;udk odEdkifcGifh &Sdrnf
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tpD&ifcHpmxuf jynfhpkHEdkifcGifh &Sdygonf/ rnfolrqdk EIdufEIdufcRwfcRwf ppfaq;vkdufonfhtcg
taumif;csnf;vnf; rjzpfEdkif/ tqdk;csnf;vnf; rjzpfEkdif/ taumif;ESifhtqdk; (tenf;ESifh
trsm;) a&m>yrf;vsuf&Sdjcif;udkom awGU&ayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfudk,fvnf; enf;twl
taumif;ESifhtqdk; a&maESmvsuf &Sd&rnfomjzpf&m aumif;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk
azmfjyonfhtvSnfhwGif ]*kPf,lonf} odkUr[kwf ]<um;0gonf} [l olwyg;pGyfpGJrnfudkvnf;
raMumuf? raumif;aom tcsuftvufrsm;udk azmfjyonfhtvSnfhwGif ]w,fa&SmfwJUvlyJ} [l
olwyg; uJU&JUrnfudkvnf;r&Suf? aumif;vQifaumif;oavmuf? raumif;vQif raumif;
oavmuf &dk;om;pGm wifjyvdrhfrnf jzpfygonf/
-9-
a&TOa'gif;
rSwfwrf;udk a&;om;&m uREkfyf\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm aumif;aom tcsif;t&mrsm;twGuf

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azmfxkwf 0efcHvdkaomaMumifhvnf;r[kwf? aumif;aomtcsif;t&monf uREkfyftwGif;okdU
tb,ftaMumif;aMumifh a&mufvmonf? raumif;aom tcsif;t&mrsm;onfvnf; uREkfyf\
tZswoEmefodkU b,fykHb,fenf; a&mufvmonfqkdjcif;udk (vlUobm0 avhvmjcif;taejzifh)
xif&Sm;atmif azmfjyvdkaomaMumifhrQom jzpfygonf/ uREkfyf\ vufawGUt&qdkygrl vlow0g
onf b0oHo&mtqufqufrS ygcJUonfh OmOfuav;rsm;? 0goemtxkHuav;rsm;um;
wbuf? ywf0ef;usifu jyKjyifjcif;cH&csufrsm;um; wbuf a&maESmaygif;pyfvsuf&Sd&m
uREkfyftzkdU&m rnfonfum; twdwf\ zefwD;csufjzpfonf? rnfonfum; ypKyefb0\
jyKjyifrIjzpfonf qkdjcif;udk (OmPfrSDoavmuf) ydkif;jcm;a0zef wifjyvdkjcif;jzpfygonf/
vdk&if;tcsKyf uREkfyftaMumif;udkuREkfyf a&;om;azmfjyjcif; jzpfapumrl (trsKd;orD;pma&;q&m
wOD;u a0zefzl;onfhtwkdif;) igwnf;[laom pdwfxm;rygyJ tjyifvlwa,muftaejzifh
a&;om;zkdUBudK;pm;rnf jzpfygonf/ uREkfyf\pm igoabm (yvTm;vdkaomoabm) rnfrQ
avmuf uif;ruif;udkrl pmzwfolwkdU qkH;jzwfMu&ef jzpfygonf/
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a&;wwfol r[kwfcJUvQif (a&;wwfolvnf; &Sm;onf) ajcmufuyfNiD;aiGUzG,faumif;aom
taMumif;t&mrsm; yg&SdwwfonfjzpfaomaMumifh tjzpftysufoufoufrQru tawG;tac:
rsm;vnf; oufqkdif&mae&mrsm;wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjy&ygonf/ uREkfyf\ tawG;tac:rsm;
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&Sdjcif;tm;jzifh pdwf0ifpm;zG,f jzpfvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/
a&S; OD;pGm rSwfrdaomt&m

tjcm;wae&m uREkfyfonf vljzpfvmonfrSp a&S;OD;pGmrSwfrdaom tcsif;t&mrSm ar;aphuGJ
woufywfvkH; xif&Sm;aom trSwftom;wck jzpf&avmufatmif trm&Gwfxifjcif;
taMumif;udk a&;om;cJUbl;&m xdkUaemufwGif xyfrH aphaphawG;jyefaomtcg 4if;xuf
tvsifusaom tjzpftysufwckudk owd&rdygonf/ uREkfyfrSm om;OD;jzpf 'kwd,arG;zGm;onfh
uREkfyf\ESronf uREkfyfxufokH;ESpfcefUi,f&m taemufwdkif;jynfrsm; 7v? 10vrQom
rdcifEdkUudk wkdufauR;Muonf qdkaomfvnf; uREkfyfrSm ESpfESpfausmfrQ EdkUpdkUcGifh&ygvsufESifhyif
rdbrsm;onf uREkfyftm; ]EdkUrsufom;} uav;[kqdkum txl;*&kpdkuf taumif;qkH;qdkaom
- 10 -
pm;p&mrsm;udk auR;arG;Muonf/ (xdkpOfu EdkUAl;wdkufaom tavhtx &SdMuao;[ef rwlay/)

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rdbrsm;rlum; Muuf&dk;ESifh 0ufqD0ufacgufavmufom pm;Muonf/ zcif\ESrrsm;? rdcif\
nDrrsm;onf uREkfyfwkdUaetdrfodkU wa,mufwvSnfhvma&muf uREkfyftm; xdef;&eftwGuf
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&SdwwfMu\/ 4if;wkdUonf uREfkyftm; txufyg pm;p&mtaumif;rsm;udk 0g;cGHMu&\/
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0g;cGHaom t&D;rsm;ta':rsm;udk oabmrusawmhyJ rdcifcGHU&rnf[k wpmpm ylqmjcif;udk
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wkdUxuf tao;pdwfodwwf\/ taemufwdkif;jynfrsm; 0dkift&ufukrPDBuD;rsm;onf ]vQm}
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rajymwwfay/
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onf rdbrsm;udk cspfvnf;cspf aMumufvnf;aMumufwwf\/ zcifudkrl tcspfxuf
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wnf;&Sdao;aom ESruav;udkvnf; tjcm;aomarmifESrrsm; cspfMujcif;xufydk tvGef
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oli,fcsif;udk tvGefw&m cifrifwwfonf/ t&G,fESifhrvkdufatmif vnfcsifywfcsifwwf
- 11 -
a&TOa'gif;
cspfaomoli,fcsif;rsm;aemufodkU waumufaumuf vdkufaewwfonf/ xkdpOfu pdwfrwdk

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avsmhNyD; t&yf&SnfxGufvm&jcif;ayavm[k pOf;pm;rdonf/
tEdkifusifhcH&jcif;
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tjcif;t&monf uREkfyf\ pdwfaeoabmxm;udk woufvkH;twGuf ajymif;vJoGm;ap&onf[k
,lq\/ yxrOD;qkH; uREkfyftm; tEdkifusifhaom tdrfeD;csif; upm;azmfrSm ausmif;raerD
av;ig;ESpfom; t&G,fjzpf\/ xdkoli,fonf uREkfyfxuf okH;ESpfcefU toufBuD; uREkfyfu
olUtm; cspfvdkufykHrSm rdbrsm;ESifhcGJ olESifhtwl tdyfcGifh&vQif tdyfEdkif\/ (um; uREkfyf\
tjypf[k qdk&rnfxifonf/) eHeufvif;vQif xdkoli,ftdrfodkU ul;oGm; pm;&kH tdyf&kHrQ
avmufom tdrfodkUjyefawmhonf/ waeUywfvkH; olUaemufrS waumufaumuf vdkufae
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oavm? r[kwfacs/ uREkfyf pm;p&mwck&SdvQif wa,mufwnf; rpm;EdkifyJ olUqDodkU ,lajy;
MunfjzLpGm a0pm;Muonf/ tdrf&Sdao;vQifvnf; olu ],lacstkH;} [k ckdif;ojzifh ckd;auR;&
ao;onf/ olU pm;p&m&Sdaom tcgrlum; uREfkyftm; wzJUw&GJUrQray;yJ &,fumarmumESifh
aMumifawmifMunhf pm;wwfonf/ rQavmufom qdkygrlum; uREkfyf\pdwf xdcdkufjcif;
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onfom jzpfygonf/ okdU&mwGif 0rf;enf;zG,f taumif;qkH;aom tjyKtrlrSm xdkoli,fonf
uREkfyfESifh &,fumarmum aysmf&TifpGm upm;ae&jcif;xuf uREkfyfidk,dkaeonfudk jrif&vQif om
oabmus[ef&Sd\/ olu jrif;pD;csifonfqdkvQif uREkfyfrSm rEdkifhwEdkifESifh ausmydk;&\/
ESpfa,mufpvkH; aysmfMu w[D;[D;&,f\/ twefMumaomf xdkoli,fonf pdwfazmufjyef
vm ]][JUjrif;-aES;w,fuG? jrefjrefajy;}} [kqdkum uREkfyf\ ajcovkH;rsm;udk ol\
ajcaxmufjzifh cwfav&m uREkfyfvnf; ',D;',dkifESifh wwfEdkiforQ jrefjrefajy;&\/
txJrSyif olu tm;r&ao;yJ 0g;jcrf;wacsmif;udk qif;,l ausmay:odkU jyefwufNyD;vQif
uREkfyf\aygifrsm;udk w&GD;&GD;&dkufav&m uREkfyfrSm ajy;,if; [yfxdk;vJ idk&ygawmhonf/
wGifrS olu tm;&yg;& [uf[ufyufyuf &,farmavawmhonf/
- 12 -
xdkoli,fonf uREkfyftm; txufygenf;ESifhwuG rsm;pGmaom tjcm;enf;rsKd;pkHwkdUjzifh tEdkif

usifhavh&Sd\/ uREkfyfonf ol\ nOf;yef;ESdyfpufenf;ESifhwuG rdbrsm;tm; rwdkifwef;yJ
BudwfcHcJU\/ tu,f wdkifwef;cJUaomf olESifh rupm;&awmhyJ wm;jrpfvdrhfrnf[k uREkfyf
odaomaMumifhjzpf\/ wcgw&H uREkfyf\rdcifu idkoHMum; ac:vdkuf&m olu ]]a[haumif
rsuf&nfawG okwfoGm;uG}} [k ajymonfESifh rsuf&nfrsm;udk vkHcsnfjzifhokwfum rdcifa&SUodkU
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ygonf}} [k ajymvkdufonf/ uREkfyf\rdcifrSm zcifESifhrwl/ pdwfwif;olwa,muf jzpf
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aqmhvdkU cdkufrdwmrsm; 'gavmufBuD; idk&ovm;}} [k ajym\/ wGif uREkfyftm; tjypfwif
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[dkaumifu wGef;cswm}} [k vTwfueJ ajymrdavonf/ xdktcg rdcifonf a'gowBuD;ESifh
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orD;ESpfa,muf) wkdUtm; csJvifhvkyfao;&m t&yfujzefajz NyD;oGm;&onf/ uREkfyftzdkU&m
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[dkaumif\ ESdyfpufjcif;udk wESpfcefUavmuf cHcJU&onf/
oDv&Sifausmif;
xdktcsdefrSp rdbrsm;onf uREkfyftm; [dkaumifESifh raygif;rdap&ef pmoifausmif;okdU ydkUav
awmhonf/ ausmif;rSm oDv&SifBuD;wyg; wnfaxmifxm;onfh pmoifausmif; jzpfav&m
uREkfyfxuf &SpfESpfcefUBuD;aom (rdcif\nDr) ta':wa,mufESifhtwl ausmif;wuf uREfkyftm;
- 13 -
a&TOa'gif;
umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;avonf/ ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;teufwGif uREfkyfyif ti,fqkH;

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umuG,frIaMumifh xkdausmif; tawmfoufomcGifh&cJUonf/ okdUESifhyif uREkfyf\ta': ausmif;
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(Zmwfrif;om;rsm; 0wfaom) abmif;bDuav;jzifh qifjyifxm;&m ausmif;om;rsm;onf
uREkfyf\ ajymifvufaom uwDygabmif;bDudk rsufrkef;usKd;Muonfh vuPmESifh abmif;bD
tem;uGyf a&TcsnfrQifrsm;udk qGJEIwfMu\/ tcgwkdif;rlum; ta':\ umuG,frIaMumifh
a&TcsnfwrQifwavrQom tEkwfcH&\/ ta':rygaom xdkaeUrl ausmif;om;tm;vkH; 0dkif
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av;ig;ESpfom; t&G,fyif uREkfyfonf uav;tcsif;csif;tay: cspfcifpdwf ayghavsmh
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- 14 -
tcsKdUrSmvnf; i,fpOfu tvGefqdk;wwfMu BuD;umrSaumif;wwfykHwkdUudk vlBuD;rsm; ajymavh

&SdMu\/ ESruav;rSm BuD;jyif;vmaomtcg tvGefaumif;aomfvnf; i,fpOfurl tvGef
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teD;rS&yfum ]]rwdwfbl;vm;? wdwfrSzGifhay;r,f} [kajym&m uav;url ]csrf;vSygNyD? zGifhay;yg?
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udk,fwdkif apmifNcKHxJ auG;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk rSwfrd\/ uav;uvnf;idk? rdbrsm;uvnf; wHcg;
zGifhray;yJ ]]wdwfav? rwdwfbl;vm;? rcsrf;bl;vm;} [k ar;vsuf&Sd&m uREfkyfrSm tdrfjyif
ESruav;\ csrf;at;&SmvSrnfh tjzpfudk oem;vSojzifh apmifNcKHxJ wdwfwqdwf Budwfum
rsuf&nfrsm; &TJatmifidkrdonf/ rdbrsm;tm; awmif;yefay;zkdU rqdkxm;bd uREfkyfEdk;aeonfh
tjzpfudkyif rodap0HUay/ wGif om;orD;rsm;udk tvGefcspfcifwwfonf[k ,lqonfh
(,ckwkdifvnf; ,kHrSm;jcif;r&Sdyg/) trdtzrsm;tm; ESruav;tm; nSOf;qJESdyfpufMuonf
[laomtxif uyfa&mufvmojzifh uREfkyfrSm pdwfxJwGif tvGefraumif;vmyJ wwd,
ql;wacsmif; aygufvm&jyefygonf/
,ckrS zGifhajymjcif;
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aumif;? tjcm;ol wpkHwa,muftm; vnf;aumif; woufywfvkH; wBudrfwcg wcGef;wyg'rQ
zGifhajymjybl;jcif; r&Sdonfum; rSefygonf/ woufvkH;rajymyJ jrKHxm;cJUygvsuf ,ckrS xnfh
a&;&jcif;rSm uREkfyf\ pdwfajymif;vJykH tjcif;t&mrsm;udk jynfhpkHatmif azmfjyrnf[k azmfxkwf
aMunmxm;cJUonfhtwkdif; vlUobm0udk wifjyvkdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ 1930 jynfhESpf
yJcl;NrdKUivsifBuD;wGif uREkfyfwkdU\ tdrfom;tm;vkH;onf (rdcifvnf;ygonf) tdrfay:rS
qif;ajy;Mu vrf;rBuD;ay: av;bufaxmufolaxmuf? 0rf;vsm;arSmufolarSmuf &SdaeMupOf
uREkfyfonf vIdif;rsm;ozG,f tvdyfvdyfxvsuf&Sdaom ajrBuD;udkjrif& tm;ri,fpbl; i,frd
onf/ tm;i,fjcif;um; tcdkiftrmqkH;[l pdwfcs,kHMunfxm;onfh r[myx0DajrBuD; udk,f
- 15 -
a&TOa'gif;
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(uREkfyf\txift&) &ufpufpGmjyKrljcif;udk rsufpdESifh udk,fwkdifjrif&aomtcg &ifxJqdkU
cdkudk;&mrJU jzpfoGm;cJU&ygonf/ uREkfyfajym&Jygonf/ rdbESpfyg;tay: uREkfyfpdwfemjcif;vnf;
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aMumifh uREkfyf\obm0 ql;wacsmif;xyf aygufvmjcif;um; trSefjzpfygonf/
pdwfwkdpjyKjcif;
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]crJ} ay;xm;&m uREkfyfonf MuufjzLuav;udk tvGefcspf wayGUayGUwydkufydkufESifh upm;avh
&Sd\/ rusef;rrmNyD;cgpjzpf rdbrsm;onf uREkfyftm; aeUwdkif; EGm;EdkUt0ufom; aomufap
av&m ykPm;rxHrS eHeufwdkif; EGm;EdkU,l&efrSm uREkfyf\wm0efjzpf\/ uREkfyfonf ykPm;rudk
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csifhxnfhNyD;aemuf xGufoGm;\/ uREkfyfonf rsufESmopfNyD;aemuf EGm;EdkUZvkH&Sd&modkU avQmuf
vm&m MuufjzLuav;onf ZvkHxJrSEGm;EdkUudk EIwfoD;jzifhESpfum aomufaeonfudk awGU&\/
wGif uREkfyfonf Muufuav;udkzrf; ajrBuD;ay:okdU aygufvkduf&m raoaomfvnf;
qefUiifqefUiifESifh twefMumcH&&Smonf/ rdbrsm;onf uREkfyf\ &ufpufaomtjyKtrludk
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vnf;aumif;? wd&pmefudkaomfvnf;aumif; &uf&ufpufpuf jyKvkyfjcif;rSm tBudrfonf
yxrtBudrfjzpfonf[k rdcifuajym ]]Muufuav;aomufvdkU b,favmufukefoGm;rSmvJ
om;&,f}} [k qdk\/ uREkfyfjyKvkdufjcif;rSm rdcifxifonfhtwdkif; EGm;EdkUudk EsajrmaomaMumifh
ayavm? ,refnOfhu ESruav;\ jzpftifudk jrif&ojzifh pdwfwkdvsuf&SdaomaMumifhayavm/
odkUwnf;r[kwf xdktaMumif;ESpf&yf aygif;pyfjcif;aMumifhayavm rajymEdkifatmif&Sdygonf/
rJtdk;wef;&yfu Guf
- 16 -
uREkfyfwkdUonf xdktcsdef rEav;NrdKU oif;csKdif;awmfwHwm;ajrmufbuf a&Twacsmif;eHab;&Sd

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tvkyfjzifh toufarG;Mu 4if;&yfuGufrSmvnf; rJtdk;wef;[k ac:wGifjcif; jzpfavonf/
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vkyfudkifonfudk rawGUcJU&ay/)
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]acgawm0if;} [lvnf;aumif; rSnfhac:Muavonf/ rJtdk;wef;&yfuGufrSmrl tvkyftudkifudk
tpJGjyK rSnfhac:Mujcif; jzpfaomfvnf; 4if;t&yfolt&yfom;rsm;rlum; tm;vkH;vkdyif rkH&Gme,f
urf;jzL&GmrS jzpfMuavonf/ uREkfyfwkdUrSmrl zcif\ESrwa,mufu 4if;t&yfom;ESifh
tdrfaxmifusonfESifh tdrf&m0,fNyD; "m;wef;rS ajymif;a&TUvmMujcif;jzpfavonf/ &yfuGuf
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jzpfaomfvnf; 0wfykHpm;ykH? ajymykHqdkykH? aeykHxdkifykH tvkH;pkHrSm rEav;NrdKUolNrdKUom;ESifh vkH;0rwl?
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&Sdaom ]t&D;} \aetdrfodkU oGm;vnf jyefvmaomtcg rdcifu ]]ighom; bmrsm; auR;vkduf
ovJ[JU}} [k ar;&m? uREkfyfu ]]bdk;bdk;bwfowf[if; pm;cJU& w,ftar}} [k jyefajymojzifh
rdcifrSm [uf[ufyufyuf &,farmavonf/ (4if;t&yf trJ0rf;wGif;om;udk ]]bkd;odk;
bwfowf}} [kac:onf/) wGif rdcifuzciftm; ]]'Dt&yfrSm MumMumaevdkU rjzpfygbl;
udk&if? uav;awG urf;jzLpum; ajymukefMuawmhrSmyJ}} [k ajymavonf/
atmufjynfqif;Mujcif;
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xHrS pmwapmif&&Sd\/ (4if;baxG;rSm rdcif\Zmwdjzpfonfh a&Tbdke,frefusnf;wkH&GmrS
- 17 -
a&TOa'gif;
ajymif;a&TUoGm;oljzpf\/ refusnf;wkH&GmrSmvnf; vuf0JokE&aMumifh acwfwGif vlod

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om;tzav;a,muf atmufjynfodkUqif;oGm;Mu\/ usKdufy'dkif&GmokdU a&mufMuaomtcg
zcifrSm aygifwGif ]uRJtom;rmem} ayguf rxEdkifyJ&Sd&m 4if;\baxG;u vuf0wfvufpm;
rsm;udk a&mif;csay;&ef wm0ef,lrnfqdk tyfvdkuf&\/ ]uRJtom;rmem} qkdonfrSm tvGef
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jyKvkyfMu&mwGif rdcifrSm tonf;zdkvSonfESifh uefUuGufaomfvnf; olwkdUnDtpfudk
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rodaom tajctae&Sdae&m uREkfyfrSm rdcif\'kursm;udkjrif& uREkfyf\obm0wGif
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wGif Mum;od&\/ rdcifzcifrsm;rSm tvGef ]&dk;} olrsm;jzpf 4if;wkdU\woufwmwGif
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aemuf bkd;av;vifr,m;onf uREkfyfwkdUom;tz av;a,muftm; auR;xm;&jcif;twGuf
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qdkzG,f&mr&Sdacs/ rEav;odkUjyef&eftwGuf p&dwftenf;i,f&Sdaomfvnf; zcif\ rusef;rmjcif;
twGufaMumifh tcufBuD;BuKHaeMu&onf/
- 18 -
tawmtwGif; bkd;av;\om;ESpfa,mufu uREkfyfwkdUarmifESrtm; usD;pm;vkdufMuonf

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- 19 -
a&TOa'gif;
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jzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyf\ 0rf;omrIenf;yg;ykHudk &Sif;jyzdkUvkdayvdrfhrnf/
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jyefra&mufrD uREkfyfwkdUom;trdokH;a,mufonf tnHHUqHk;aom [if;rsm;udkom pm;Mu&aomf
vnf; rdcifonf uREkfyfwkdUarmifESrtay: a&S;uxufydk Muifemonf/ rkefUyJom;a&pm
ponfrsm;udkvnf; awmif;wdkif;0,fauR;onf/ xdkUxuf ta&;BuD;onfrSmum; uREkfyftm;
vnf; ([dkaumifESifh aygif;jcif;rSwyg;) vGwfvyfjcif;ay;xm; t&yfxJwGif vnfcsifwkdif;
vnfywfcGifh&onf/ oDv&Sifausmif;rSvnf; EkwfvdkufNyDjzpf uREkfyfrSwfrdorQ uav;b0wGif
taysmfqkH;aom umvtpdwftydkif;wck jzpfavonf/ zcifjyefa&mufvmaom tcgrlum;
txufygtcGifhta&;rsm; qkH;&IH;&acsawmhrnf[k uREkfyfodaomaMumifh uRwfuRwfvGwfvGwf
0rf;omjcif;r&SdaMumif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/
tvkyf&kHa&GU jcif;
rsm;rMumrD zcifonf tvkyform;rsm;udkjyefpk ydef;wef;zdeyftvkyfudk jyefaumuf\/
odkU&mwGif rJtdk;wef;t&yfrSm aps;csKdESifhtawmfvSrf; tjcm;aomzdeyfaxmifq&mrsm;vnf;
t&yfxJwGif wOD;rQr&Sdav&um; aps;csKdxJzdeyfqdkifxGufaom qdkif&Sifrsm;onf t&yfodkU
rvmvdkMuyJ jzpfaeMuojzifh ta&mif;yg;vS\/ okdUjzpf zcifonf aps;csKdtaemufbuf
&Sdaom yJykyfwef;&yfuGufwGif tdrfcef;uav;iSm; tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tvkyf&kHuav;
zGifhav\/ tdrfcef;uav;rSm cyfusOf;usOf;jzpf rJtdk;wef;aetdrf tdyf&pm;&NyD; yJykyfwef;
tdrfcef;rSm tvkyf&kHtwGufoufouf jzpfavonf/ zcifESifh tvkyform;rsm;onf xrif;udk
- 20 -
eHeufapmapm pm;oGm;Mu ae0ifvkeD;umrS rJtdk;wef;aetdrfodkU jyefvmMu\/ tvkyform;

okH;av;a,mufwkdUrSm rJtdk;wef;&yfuGufwGif aeMuolrsm;jzpfavonf/
vlausmif;odkUa&mufjcif;
waeUo rdcifESifhtwl eef;wGif;oljzpfcJUbl; tvGefcifrifcJUMuonf qkdaom rdef;rBuD;
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uREkfyf\rsufpd waeUwjcm;BuD;BuD; oGm;ykHudkvnf; azmfjyygrnf/) uREkfyfwkdUaetdrfodkU
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uREkfyftm; olUteD;odkUac:,lum ausmoyf&ifoyfjzifh csKdompGmacsmharmh,if; pum;ajymav\/
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jyifqif ausmif;okdUtyfMuavonf/ rJtdk;wef;ESifh tdrfawmf&mbk&m;rSm ig;ESpfom;
- 21 -
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- 22 -
pdwf0ifpm;aomtcsuf
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- 23 -
a&TOa'gif;
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tm;ray;yJ rEav;NrdKUodkUqif; oDaygbk&if\ vTwf&kH;wGif pma&;uav;tjzpfESifh trIxrf;
- 24 -
&ef rdwfaqGwa,mufxHwGif tyfESHvdkufavonf/ (xdkacwfrl pma&;wkdif;tm; pma&;BuD;[k

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- 25 -
a&TOa'gif;
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- 26 -
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- 27 -
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- 28 -
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- 29 -
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- 30 -
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- 31 -
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tjzpfudk q&mawmfodrnfh ta&;twGufvnf; uREfkyfyifylyef&\/ tdrf&SdpOfwGifvnf;
- 32 -
a<u;wifjcif;taMumif;udk rdbrsm;\em;okdU aygufMum;rnfudkvnf; uREkfyfyif ylyef&onf/

uREkfyfuJUokdU pdwfyl&aomausmif;om;onf ]ausmif;xdkausmif;wGif omru acwf
a&S;acwfrsm;wGifvnf; &Sdygavrnfavm} [k atmufarhrdonf/ 1956 ckESpfwGif zqyv
tpdk;&u uREkfyftm; axmifodkUydkU&kHru axmifxJ ]wdkufydwf} cH&onfhtcg ]ighrSm vufiif;
tjypfr&Sdaomfvnf; i,fpOfu pmuav;arG;cJUbl;onfh tjypfaMumifh jzpfwef&monf} [k
pOf;pm;rdbl;&m xdkausmif;om;taMumif;udk ,ckowd&aomtcg ]igonf b0 cspfwD;
jzpfcJUbl;avoavm} [k awG;awmrdygawmhonf/ xdkausmif;om;onf pma&;aom tcsdef
wGif touf&Sifvsufyif&Sdao; if;tm; wcgw&H awGUjrif&aomtcgrsm;wGif tmCmw
xm;jcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; ]ig\obm0wGif ql;BuD;wacsmif;aygufvmatmif zefwD;olum;
olyifjzpfonf} [k owdr&yJ raeEdkifatmif &Sdygawmhonf/
Nrdw fq&mawmf
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teufwGif ausmif;om; tpnfum;qkH;aom ausmif;jzpf ausmif;om;rdbrsm; onfvnf;
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ausmif;om;u 64 [k qdkvkdufjcif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrdygao;onf/ rSwfrdykHrSm xdkausmif;om;onf
a&mifxkH;uav;ESifh a&SUokdUudkif;um olUtvSnhfa&mufatmif apmifhMunfhae&mrS olUtxufu
vlu 63[k qdkvdkufonfESifhwNydKifeuf olu ]]ajcmuf? ajcmuf? ajcmufq,hfav;}} [k
qdkvdkuf&m wausmif;vkH; 0dkif;&,fvkdufMu\/ uREkfyfvnf; tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl
&,fvdkufrdonf/ xdkoli,frSm ]pum;xpf} olwa,mufjzpfav&m uREkfyfrSmvnf; xdkaeUrSp
pum;xpfvmawmhonf[k rSwfrdonf/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ]rul;} yJ uREkfyf wa,muf
wnf;udkom ul;&jcif;rSmum; ([kwfr[kwftyxm;) uREkfyf\xifjrifcsufudk oufqkdif&m
ae&mwGif azmfjyygrnf/
xl;jcm;aomq&mawmf
Nrdwfausmif; (]bdwfausmif;} ac:Muonf/) \ pnfum;jcif;taMumif;&if;rSm q&mawmf
OD;eEonf Nrdwfe,fom;jzpf t*FvdyfvufatmufodkU tvsifqkH;usa&mufcJUonfh e,fjzpf
onfhtavsmuf rEav;NrdKUwGif acwftrSDqkH;aom &[ef;wyg;jzpf\/ acwfrSDykHum; bkef;BuD;
- 33 -
a&TOa'gif;
ausmif;om;wkdif;onf &[ef;jyKMurnfr[kwfyJ vlUtjzpfESifh 0rf;pm&SmrSD;Mu&rnf jzpfaom

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avmufESifh rNyD;apyJ vufaxmufq&mrsm;xm;um avmuDynm oifjyap\/ tpdk;&uvnf;
acwfrSDaombkef;awmfBuD;[k em;vnfum vufaxmufq&mrsm;twGuf vcay;\/ 'kwd,
taMumif;w&yfrSmvnf; Nrdwfq&mawmfonf xGwfacgifq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ ausmif;wGif
oDwif;okH;cJUpOfu owdyXmefenf;twkdif; tm;xkwfcJU (t&d,mjzpfonf[k rdbrsm;vnf;
,kHMunfonf/ uREkfyfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif ,kHMunfonf/) r*fw&m;zdkvfw&m; [lonfrSm
&apaumif;aomacwf &Sdao;onf[k a[majym&kHru tm;xkwfvdkolrsm;tm;vnf; enf;vrf;
nTefjyawmfrlonf/ xdkacwfwGif (v,fwDq&mawmfvnf; rausmfMum;ao;ojzifh) edAmefr*fzdkvf
[lonfrSm &Edkifaomacwf r&SdawmhNyD[k jrefrmjynf &[ef;avmuwckvkH;u ,lqvsuf&Sd&m
]vl} qdkonfrSmum; &[ef;rsm;NyD;vQif NyD;Mu&aomacwfjzpf\/ wGif 'udP0efwkduf&Sd
*dkPf;csKyfq&mawmfrsm;onf *Pef;ocsmFoifay; ausmif;om;pnfum;jcif;udkvnf; Munfhvdk
[efrwl? r*fzdkvfudk &paumif;ao;onfh qdkjcif;twGufvnf; ]em;uavm} [efwl&avum;
Nrdwfq&mawmfudk ]MuOf} Muav\/
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aumhu&dwf&GmrS bJGUawmf OD;wdavmuac: &[ef;wyg;onf rEav;NrdKUodkU <ua&mufvm&m
t*Fvdyfpmwwfjzpf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; t*Fvdyfpmoifay;vdkonf qkdaomaMumifh Nrdwf
q&mawmf\ausmif;ESifh tHusjzpfaeawmhonf/ tjcm;aom bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;rSm *Pef;
ocsmFudkrQ oifay;zkdU oabmrwlyJ&Sd&m t*Fvdyfpm (pmjzL)rlum; vufcHzdkUa0;ao;\/ wGif
OD;wdavmurSm Nrdwfq&mawmf\ ausmif;wGif oDwif;okH; pkaqmif;NyD; &&Sdxm;aom
ausmif;om;okH;av;q,fwkdUtm; t*Fvdyfpmoifjyay;av&m uREkfyfrSmvnf; wa,muf tyg
t0ifjzpf\/ vuf&Sdausmif;om;aygif; 60ausmfteuf ]pmjzL} oifawmhrnfqkdojzifh tcsKdU
vnf; EkwfxGuf tcsKdUvnf; wkd;vmav&m EkwfxGufoGm;onfh ausmif;om;rsm;teuf
uREkfyf\ ]cspfwD;} vnf; ygoGm;NyDjzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyftzdkUrSm 0efxkyfBuD;wck uscJUayNyD/
aps;csKdawmf yxrrD;
- 34 -
xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyf\rdbrsm;onf bkef;BuD;ausmif;ESifh ]wjy} cefU avmufoma0;aom

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a&TUrD &dkifwef;&yfaepOfu uREkfyftwGuf rSwfavmufom;avmuf oifcef;pmBuD;wck &apaom
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uREkfyfwkdUaetdrfESifh aps;csKdawmfBuD;rSm a&Twacsmif;rQom jcm;onfjzpf uREkfyf\ wouf
wmwGif rD;tBuD;tus,favmifjcif;udk yxrtBudrf ]*&if;pwif;} rS Munfh&jcif;jzpfonf/
wnOfhywfvkH; avmifjcif;udk wnOfhywfvkH;vdkyif w&yfvkH; xkdifMunfhMu\/ a&pufrsm;
[kwdywd r&Sdao;onfhacwfjzpf wydkif;wprQ Nidrf;owfxm;onfh ae&mrsm;wGif wcP
wmrQom Nidrf; watmifhrQMumvQif wzefx awmufavmifjyefavonf/ ypnf;rsKd;pkH avmif
jcif;jzpf anSmfeHUtrsKd;pkHeHMu&onfhjyif aygufuJGoHtrsKd;rsKd;vnf; Mum;Mu&\/ rD;awmuf
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ul;puf&mwGif rdk;xdk;onfhrD;awmufBuD;rsm; [kef;ueJx awmufvmjyef\/ odkUjzpf&mwGif
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aiG&Tifaom&ufydkif;
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avmufqDu &efukefodkU uREkfyfqif;oGm;&mwGif aeUcsif;ncsif; olaX;jzpfoGm;onfh ]bdkif
ukefonf} rsm; taMumif;udk pD;yGm;a&;orm;tcsif;csif; ajymMujcif;rsm; Mum;&onfhtcg uREkfyf
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wNydKifeuf ykyk&G&G[lorQonf rD;avmifuGif;BuD;okdU avQmufvmMu oHaumufwacsmif;pDESifh
[mudkvSef [dk[mudkzGifh ponfjzifh tESHUtjym; xdk;qGarGaESmuf &SmazGMuav&m ae0ifonfh
tqkH; wusyf ESpfusyf ig;usyfwefrsm;udk vlwdkif;vdk& 50dwef 100dwef wdkifatmif &Muol
rsm;vnf; &SdMuavonf/ tcsKdUrSm a&TqdkifaiGqdkifwef;rS a&TcJaiGcJrsm;udkyif &&SdMuonfqdk\/
jymykHxJrSm &Sm&Muaom ypnf;rsm;udk apmifh0,f,lMuonfh vmbfjrifolrsm;vnf; &efukef
Muufwef;yrm ay:vmMuonf/ uREkfyfonfvnf; rdbrsm;rodapyJ ausmif;tm;vyfcsdefwGif
tjcm;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;ESifhtwl vkduf jymykHudkarTjcif;jzifh waeUvQif okH;yJav;yJrQ &&Sd
av&m rkefUzdk;ESpfjym;om&aom oli,fwa,muftzdkU vmbfoyfyum&TifvS vGefpGm auseyf
cJUav\/
- 35 -
a&TOa'gif;
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ykHyif jzpfavonf/ aps;csKdawmfBuD; jymykHjzpfpOfu okH;yJwrwf okH;Edkifaom ausmif;om;rsm;
onf jymykHay:wGif qdkifwef;rsm; jzpfvmaomtcg ydkufqH0ifayguf r&SdMuawmhojzifh
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jzpfaomaMumifh okH;yJwrwfqdkvQif oaX;om;rsKd;ozG,f okH;EdkifMuonf/ uREkfyfwkdUausmif;
oaX;OD;bZH\ om;wa,muf&Sd&m olyif rkefUzkd;ajcmufjym;om&onf/) ausmif;om;rsm;onf
aps;csKdjymykH (pm;usuf) uG,faysmuf wJwef;qdkifrsm; ay:aygufvm&mwGif (vdkufpifydwfvdkuf
aom ukefonfBuD;rsm;uJUodkU) pD;yGm;a&; tusyftwnf;awG awGUBuKH&av\/ wGif
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a*:vDrsm;? riftkd;rsm;? vufudkifyk0grsm;? cJwHrsm; tp&Sdonfh ypnf;uav;rsm; toD;oD;
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jrifMu& aps;csKdoGm;aom ausmif;om;ta&twGuf yGm;rsm;vm&m aemufqkH;wGif ydkufqH
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bmrSrcufbl;? igvkyfovdkom Munfhvkyf}} [k qdkum vpfykHvpfenf;udk oGefoifav&m uREkfyf
vnf; vkdufygoGm;av\/ uREkfyfwkdUtzJGUrSm okH;av;a,muf&Sd uREkfyfonf olwkdU\ vpfykH
vpfenf;udk vufawGUoifcef;pm ,l&kHom,lcJUNyD; yxrwacgufjyefvmcJU\/ 'kwd,wacguf
rl uREkfyf\ tzGJUom;rsm;u ypnf;rsm;0,fcsifjyK aps;qpfvsuf&SdMupOf uREkfyfonf
zvfa*:vD'dk;BuD;wvkH;udk EIduf,l cg;ydkufxJodkUxnfhvdkuf\/ EIduf,laomtcgwGif vufwkef
aomfvnf; cg;ydkufxJodkU xnfhNyD;onfhwdkifatmif qdkif&Sifu rjrifaomaMumifh ]w,f[kwfwJU
tvkyfygwum;} [k ESpfodrfhrd\/ xdkcP tjcm;qdkifrS usLvD,mukvm;wa,muf ajy;vm
uREkfyf\cg;ydkufudk EIdufprf;onfwGif zvfa*:vDBuD;udk awGUoGm;\/ wGif qdkif&Sifqif;vm
- 36 -
uREkfyf\eo,fudk wcsufESpfcsufykwfNyD; *gwfwJodkUydkU&ef qJGac:av&m uREkfyf\tzGJUom;rsm;

0dkif;vmMu ]]a[h bmvJuG ukvm;? uav;udk rif;bmvkyfwmvJ? rifhwqdkifxJ zvfa*:vD
a&mif;ovm;? [dkbufwef;qdkifu ol0,fcJUwm? igwkdUodw,f? ay; a*:vD}} [k qdkum
uvm;vufxJrS a*:vDudk vk,uf qJqJqdkqkdESifh xGufvmcJUMuav\/ if; zvfa*:vDudk
uREkfyf&aomfvnf; xifoavmuf rvG,fulvS[k qkH;jzwfum xdkvlpkESifhvnf; rvdkuf0HU?
olwyg;\ ypnf;udkvnf; rEIduf0HUawmhyJ oifcef;pm&cJUygonf/ xdktacgufwGif atmifjrif
ygu b,frQavmufMumatmif EIdufaeOD;rnf rqdkEdkifay/
Bum;&cJaom t*FvdyfpmoH
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onf ausmif;eD;aom &dkifwef;&yfrS &ifESifwHcg;odkU a&TUajymif;Mu&jyef\/ &efESifwHcg;ESifh
'udP0efwdkufrSm 17 ]jy} a0;aomfvnf; rdbrsm;onf Nrdwfq&mawmfudk MunfndKonfu
waMumif;? uREkfyftm;vnf; t*Fvdyfpm oifapvdkonfwaMumif;aMumifh t&yfa&TUaomfvnf;
ausmif;ra&TUyJ a0;vSaomc&D;udk aeUwdkif; toGm;tjyef vrf;avQmufap\/ &efESifwHcg;
&yfuGufrSm rdcif\aqGrsKd;rsm; aexdkifMuaom &yfuGufjzpfav&m (uREkfyf\tbdk;vnf; &Sdao;
onf/) uREkfyfonf oli,fwef; ]y&dkifrm} zwfpmtkyfwGif pD-at-wD-uufwf (Cat) tm&fat-wD &ufwf (Rat) tufpf-at-wD qufwf (Sat) ponfjzifh zwfjyaomtcg tbkd;ESifh
wuG rdcif\ aqGrsKd;rsm;onf 0dkif;tkHem;axmifMu&if; ]vQmvdyfoH} yg yDoonf? em;axmif
aumif;onf ponfrsm;jzihf csD;rGrf;MuaomaMumifh uREkfyf&ifaumh *kPf,lrdjcif;udk rSwfrdyg
ao;onf/ xdkpOfu t*Fvdyfpm[lonfrSm t&yfolt&yfom;rsm;tzdkU Mum;&cJvSaomaMumifh
tdfrfeD;em;csif;rsm;yif vmem;axmifMuonf/ uREkfyf\tbdk;url tjcm;aom a&S;vlBuD;rsm;
uJUodkU ]pmjzL} [l r&Iwfcsonfhjyif ]]ighajr;wa,muf ]vlpkH} uav; jzpfawmhr,f}} [k 0rf;om
tm;& ajym&Smao;\/ uREkfyfuvnf; aemufydkif;wGif twdk;ESifh ]pkH} jyvdkufjcif;udk tbdk;
wa,muf jrifroGm;&&Sm[k ,ckowd&rdao;onf/
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t*Fvdyfpum;ajymonfh pdef hyDwm ausmif;olrsm; ajymoHudk Mum;&onfwGif tvGefajymcsif
- 37 -
a&TOa'gif;
igvnf; waeUawmh ajymvdkuf&OD;rnf[k tm;cJxm;\/ xdkpOfu uREkfyfrSm EIwfvQmoGufvuf

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todausmif;om;uav;wa,mufESifh if;wkdUausmif;teD; qkHrdMuonfwGif uREkfyfu wwd,
wef; zwfpm (Royal Reader) xJrSvnf;aumif;? eJUpfzD;vf'f (Nesfield) \ o'gpmtkyf
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\q&m OD;wdavmuonf zwfpmtkyfudkvnf;aumif;? o'gpmtkyfudkvnf;aumif;? yxrwef;rS
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pm yxr& BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgvnf; t*Fvdyfpma&;wwfonf[k emrnf&jcif;rSm
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tenf; enf; aqmhjcif;

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om;BuD; (uREkfyf\tpfudk) armifyktm; t*Fvdyfpmwwfapvdk uREkfyfwkdU\ Nrdwfausmif;okdU
tyfESHav&m yxr uREkfyftzdkU oGm;azmfjyefazmf&onfqdkum tvGefae&mus\/ ESpfa,muf
om; twloGm;twljyefMu&mwGif uREkfyfwkdUonf a&Twacsmif;ajrmif;aygifwavQmufwGif a*:vD
wvkH;pDESifh axGcif;vsuf avQmufvmMu\/ axGcif;jcif;[lonfrSm wa,muf\a*:vDudk
wa,mufu xddrSefatmif wvSnfhpDypf&if; vrf;avQmufvmMujcif;jzpfonf/ enf;rSm upm;
&if; vrf;avQmufvmMujcif; jzpfaomaMumifh ajcanmif;rSef;rod[k qdkEdkifaomfvnf; wnfhwnfh
ajzmifhajzmifh vrf;avQmufjcif;r[kwfyJ auGUauGUaumufaumufESifh a*:vDudk aumuf,l&jcif;?
rSef;csdef&jcif;? wvSnfhpDypf&jcif;wkdUaMumifh tvGeftcsdefukefvSojzifh nae4em&DwGif ausmif;rS
vTwfvkdufaomfvnf; ae0ifpkyfpkyfuef;rS tdrfodkUa&mufvmMuonf/ wcgw&HwGifvnf;
axGcif;&jcif;udk NiD;aiGUvmMuonfESifh wenf;wzkH ajymif;aqmhMuao;\/
wrsKd;wzkHaqmhjcif;
a&Twacsmif;ajrmif; abmifwavQmuf&Sd a&pyfwGif uecdkyifrsm;? qifESmarmif;yifrsm;? ukvm;
rsufpdyifrsm; aygufa&mufvsuf&Sd&m if;tyifrsm;\ xdyfzsm; teDa&mif? t0ga&mif? tndK
a&mif&Sdaom ykpOf;aumifrsm; em;vsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfwdkU nDtpfudkESpfa,mufonf jrif;NrD;wyifpD
&Sm wbuftzsm;udk 0g;jcrf;wck\ xdyfcsnfum tjcm;buftzsm;wGif ESrf;aphyrmP&Sdonfh
- 38 -
ysm;za,mif;vkH;uav;udk uyfxm;\/ xdkUaemuf uREkfyfwkdUonf enf;jyifqifxm;aom

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- 39 -
a&TOa'gif;
wGif BudwfcHEdkifMuaomfvnf; wwd,? pwkw ponfh a&qdyfrsm;odkU a&muf&mwGifrlum;

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onf/ armifykrSmvnf; uREkfyf\ar;aph trm&GwfuJUodkU xdyfwnfhwnfhwGif okH;vufrcefU&Sdaom
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- 40 -
zcifESifh ]eifvm;igvm;}
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jymvsuf&SdMu&m tdrfjyefcgeD;wGifrS ovJESifhyGwfwkdufum a&aq;cJUMuavonf/
- 41 -
a&TOa'gif;
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ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf uREkfyf\vufxJrS vk,lMuonfcsnf; BuKH&\/ okdUjzpf uREkfyfrSm
- 42 -
tvSLtwef;ESifh qGrfauR;&SdygrS [if;aumif;uav;rsm; pm;&awmh\/ npmtwGufrl eHeufpmrS

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vSygonf/)
- 43 -
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onf &kwfw&uf &yfvkdufonfjzpfap? rvdkaomvrf;bufodkU auGUcsKd;vdkufonfjzpfap
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- 44 -
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jyefajymonfwGif rdcifu ]]jzpfoifhvJ jzpf&rSmaygh udk&if}} [k cyfwif;wif; jyefajymonfESifh
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- 45 -
a&TOa'gif;
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- 46 -
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- 47 -
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- 48 -
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- 49 -
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12 em&DwdwdwGif qdkif;wef;ausmif;rS pDwef;um xGufMu&efjzpf\/ &moDrSm waygif;vjzpf
jcpfjcpfpvefatmif yljyif;vsuf&SdavNyD/ uREkfyf zddeyfaysmufjcif;udk q&mrsm;tm; rajym0HU
- 50 -
onfESifh tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl pDwef; vdkuf&\/ ylvSonfhajrBuD;rSm ',ftkd;uif;

uJUokdU &Sdojzifh ajcaxmufwbufcswdkif; uysmu,m jyefajrSmufum aemufajcwbuftm;
tvSnfay;&jcif;aMumifh ckefqGckefqGjzpfae\/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyfrSm OD;yOif;\ &dkufESufjcif;ESifh
zcif\ &dkufESufjcif;tMum;wGif vljzpfvm&jcif;aomaMumifh 'kua0'emcHpm;&jcif; tavh
tusifh &Sdonfjzpf olwyg;wdkUxuf (vlBuD;vli,fra&G;) cHEdkif&nf&Sdoljzpf\/ ajcz0g;rsm;
ylvSjcif;aMumifh ckefcsifovdkvdk? aygufcsifovdkvkd? ajy;csifovkdvdk jzpfcJU&aomfvnf;
tHBudwf cHcJUEdkifygonf/ okdU&mwGif rD;&xm;oHvrf;udk jzwfausmf aqmufvkyfxm;onfh
wHwm;ukef;BuD;ay:odkU a&mufMuaomtcgrlum; ajrBuD;udk eif;vmcJU&mrS opfom;ysOfjym;udk
eif;vdkuf&jcif;aMumifh EspfqrQ ylavmifjcif;udk cHpm;&ojzifh av;ig;vSrf;oGm;rd&mwGif rcHr&yf
EdkifawmhyJ ]awmufavQmuf ajy;oGm;awmhrnf} BuHrd\/ okdUqdkvQif q&m\ &dkufESufjcif;
cH&rnf[k odaomaMumifh rajy;0HUyJ tHBudwfcH,if; ]tvdkav; tr,fav;} [k nnf;csifvm\/
okdU&mwGif ausmif;om;rsm;&,fMurnfudk &SufonfESifh nnf;nLrnfhtoHudk rsKdcsvkduf&m
rsuf&nfrsm; ,dkusvmawmhonf/ wGif uREkfyfonf ]ausmif;om;wa,mufa,muf\
npfywfjcif;aMumifh igcH&avjcif;} [k atmufarhum ]ql;wacsmif;} aygufvm&jyefygawmh
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rdciftm;ajymjy rdcif\tumtuG,faMumifh uREkfyftzdkU oufom&m&avawmhonf/ zcif\
obm0rSm rdrdu tjrwfwEdk; txl;wvnf csKyfvkyfay;xm;onfh zdeyfopfudk vkHNcKHatmif
rxdef;odrf;Edkif&oavm[laom tjrifrsKd;om&Sdwwf tawmfaMumufzdkUaumif;avonf/
rnfo l\tjypfay;enf;
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rsm;vnf; &Sd\/ OD;wdavmu jyefa&mufvmonfhaemuf waygif;vjynfhausmf 5 &ufaeUwGif
a&Tpm&Hbk&m;yJGokdU <u&efpDpOf&m OD;yOif;u uREkfyftm; ]]4if;\wlESpfa,mufESifhtwl vkdufcsif
vdkufEdkifonf}} [k trdefU&Sd uREkfyfvnf; ra&mufbl;onfh a&Tpm&HyJGokdU vkdufcsifvSonfESifh
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om vufcHav\/ tdrfokdUa&muf rdbrsm;tm; ajymjyaomtcg rdcifu
cGifhjyKaomfvnf; zcifurl taMumuftuef uefUuGufav\/ okdUuefUuGuf&mwGif rnfonfh
taMumif;rS rjyEdkifyJ oludk,fwdkifrygaom vrf;c&D;wGif uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; ygonf/
OD;yOif;udk vkdufydkUonfhyGJuawmh wtdrfvkH;vnf;ygMuonf/ txJrSyif uREkfyf\ vkHNcKHa&;
twGuf pdwfrcsaomaMumifh bk&m;yJGodkU rxnfhvkdufEdkifqdkjcif;rSm (OD;yOif;udk,fEIdufuyif)
vGefvGef;onf[k ,lqaeavNyD/ okdUaomf OD;yOif;onf zciftm; rnfokdUrQrajym? ]]rifhzmom
Munhfvkyfav}} [k uREkfyftm; vTJxm;\/ uREkfyfum; 11 ESpfom;t&G,f&SdavNyD/ a&Tpm&H
- 51 -
a&TOa'gif;
bk&m;yJG\ aysmfp&maumif;jcif;taMumif;udk Mum;&bl;aom uREkfyfrSmvnf; rvkduf&vQif ao&

ravmuf jzpfaeavNyD/ uREkfyfvnf; xdkt&G,fodkUwkdifatmif zcifpum;udk rjrifuG,f&m
azmufzsufcJUrdbl;aomfvnf; wdkuf&dkufqefUusifbuf jyKbl;jcif;um; r&Sdao;ay/ tBudrf
wGifrlum; zcif\ wm;jrpfjcif;onf w&m;enf;vnf;rus[k ,lqonfESifh tdrfrS ajymifajymif
xGufoGm; bk&m;yGJokdU vdkufoGm;av\/ (trSefudkajym&vQif uREkfyfrSm bk&m;yJG wavQmuf
vkH;wGif zcif\ rMunf&TifaomrsufESmudkom jrifvsuf&SdaomaMumifh arQmfvifhoavmuf
raysmfcJU&ay/)
tdrfodkU jyefa&mufaomtcsdef zcifonf uREfkfyftay:wGif a&S;uuJUodkUr[kwfyJ ]cyfwef;wef;}
vkyfaeav&m uREkfyfuvnf; rdrdrSefonf[kxifum cyfwef;wef;yif wkHUjyefrdonf/ tjzpf
tysufrSm rnfol\ tjypfjzpfonf[k uREkfyf rqkH;jzwfvkdaomfvnf; xdktcsdefrSp uREkfyfwkdU
om;tzESpfa,mufrSm MuifemrI avsmhyg;vmjcif;um; trSefjzpfonf/ zcifu [efvkyf
wif;rmjcif; jzpfcsifjzpfrnf/ uREkfyfurl usyfwnf;vGef;aom zcifwa,muf[k wu,f
jrifvm ol\cspfvGef;jcif;twGuf 0rf;romEdkifatmif jzpfrdawmhonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf
om;orD;wdkUrnfonf rdbtay: tvkH;pkHauseyf rdrdwdkU\aetdrf aysmfydkufoifhonfjzpf&m
uREkfyfrSm xdkuJUodkUrjzpf&yJ pnf;vkH;aompdwfrsKd; avsmhyg;oGm;ayaomaMumifhwnf;/ odkU
a&;jcif;tm;jzifh zciftm; tjypfwifvkdjcif;r[kwf/ uREkfyf\ uHraumif;jcif;[lom qdkvdk
ygonf/
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onf ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifhywfouf rauseyfonfhvuPmESifh uREkfyfwkdUtm; udk,fwdkif
roifjyawmhyJ twef;jyq&mrsm; iSm;&rf;oifjyap&m q&maygif;av;ig;a,muf vJvS,fonfh
txJwGif q&mjzpfwef;atmifol wa,mufrQryg&SdyJ 7wef;atmifcgpvlrsm;? pma&;jyKwfrsm;?
tvkyfvufrJU Akdvfujym;wa,muf ponfjzifh ESpfvwBudrfcefU tajymif;tvJ jzpfae\/
twef;om;rsm;onf t*FvdyfbmomwGif awmfMuaomfvnf; topfpufpuf bmom&yfwck
jzpfaom ]*JMoarBwD} tcuftcJawGUMu\/ xdkpOfurl ],luvpf} [kac:Mu tvGefcuf
onfhtaejzifh ],luvpfvlrjzpf} [k ausmif;om;rsm;ajymMu\/ tawmtwGif; ausmif;u
vnf; qdkif;wef;&yfrS rvGefaq;&dk;0if;okdU a&TUajymif;&jyefav&m q&mrsm;u ],luvpf} udk
vli,frsm; oabmaygufatmif roifjywwfonfh twGufaMumifh pmar;yJGwGif ausmif;om;BuD;
av;a,mufrQom atmifjrif (uREkfyftygt0if) ausmif;om;uav; ajcmufa,muf us&IH;Mu
- 52 -
avonf/ wGif tus&IH;rsm;vGef;onfqdkum uREkfyfrSwyg; us&IH;aom ausmif;om;rsm;onf

tjcm;ausmif;rsm;odkU ajymif;a&TUoGm;Muav\/ uREkfyf\rdbrsm;url q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;
wnfaxmifcJUaom Ak'bmomausmif;[l opm&Sdonfh vuPmESifh uREkfyftm; ajymif;a&TUjcif;
rjyKay/
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zGifhEdkifaom tajctaer&SdonfESifh pdefyDwm? atbDtrfpaom c&pf,efomoemjyK ausmif;BuD;
rsm;okdU ajymif;a&TU qufvufoifMum;Mu\/ atmifjrifaom ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh twl
ratmifjrifaom ausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; txufygtaMumif;aMumifh ajymif;a&TUoGm;Mu
ojzifh twef;wl ausmif;om;a[mif;qdk uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; usef&pfavawmhonf/ tjcm;
ausmif;om;rsm; ajymif;a&TUjcif;xuf uREkfyftm; tumtuG,fay;cJUonfh ausmif;om;BuD;
wa,muf ajymif;a&TUoGm;jcif;aMumifh uREkfyf\pdwf xdcdkufykHudk azmfjyvdkygao;onf/ ol\
trnfrSm ]xGef;vS} [kac: (uREkfyf\rdbrsm;rSwyg;) uREkfyftay: wu,f arwmu&kPm
xm;onfh yxrOD;qkH;aom ausmif;om;wa,mufjzpf\/ xdkolonf bkef;BuD;ausmif;
ausmif;om;uav;rsm;tm; vufa0SUwdkufay;onfh ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;teufwGif wa,muf
tygt0ifjzpf uREkfyfESifh ]owfbuf} a&G;ay;aomtcgrsm; uREkfyftay: nSmwmrI&Sdjcif;udk
uREkfyf&dyfrdcJUonf/ tjcm;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;u uREkfyfxuf tenf;i,fBuD;aom ausmif;om;
ESifh ]buf} ay;rnfjyKaomf udkxGef;vSu ]rvkyfygeJUuG? 'Duav;u tdrfta0;BuD;vm&&Smwm}
[kajym nDwlrS uREkfyfESifhwGJay;\/ ]cspfwD;} u uREkfyftm; ]ypnf;0g;&rf;zrf;} aom tcgrsm;
wGifvnf; udkxGef;vSuyif u,fq,fcJUojzifh uREkfyfrkefUpm;&\/ udkxGef;vSonf uREkfyfxuf
ig;ESpfcefUBuD; ol\nDyif uREfkyfxuf ESpfESpfcefUBuD;ao;&m nDt&if;u uREkfyftm; tEdkif
usifhrnf jyKjcif;udkyif olodygu uREkfyfbufrSvdkuf\/ olwkdUnDtpfudkonf tcsif;csif;
pum;rajym/ udkxGef;vSonf uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;udkom ta&mw0if&Sd olUnDxufyif
uREkfyfudk cspfonf[kyif xifrd\/ [kwfr[kwfum; rajymwwf/ uREkfyfurl 4if;txifaMumifh
udkxGef;vStm; wkd;cspfrd&m? udkxGef;vSuvnf; twGufaMumifh wdk;MuifemykH&onf/
okdUjzifh uREkfyfwdkUESpfa,mufrSm wESpfxufwESpf cifrifvmMu &G,fwlr[kwfaomfvnf;
wyl;wGJwGJ &SdMuav\/
- 53 -
a&TOa'gif;
tawmfq kH;vlw a,muf

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pwD;,m;zdkUof (Steerfoth) udk rrSwfrdyJ aeEdkifMurnf r[kwfay/ uREkfyfonf 4if;0wKudk
zwfvkduf&onfESifhwNydKifeuf udkxGef;vSudk csufcsif;owd&\/ udkxGef;vSonf tjcm;
ausmif;om;rsm;xuf udk,fum,tm;jzifhom OD;acgif;wvkH; jrifhonfr[kwf/ rSwfOmPf
aumif;jcif;? pOf;pm;wwfjcif;? yg;eyfjcif;? vla&vnfjcif;paom t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh ywfouf
vnf; tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;xuf OD;acgif;wvkH;jrifhonf[k uREkfyfqdkcsif\/ 0wKxJrS
pwD;,m;zkdUofrSm vlysKdayguft&G,fwGif qkH;&IH;&ouJUokdU udkxGef;vSrSmvnf; 4if;touf
t&G,fyif toufqkH;&IH;&jcif;vnf; wlMu\/ vdifudpESifhywfouf toufqkH;&IH;Mu&jcif;
vnf; wl\/ okdU&mwGif pwD;,m;zkdUof\ qkH;&IH;&jcif;rSm npfywfrIruif;yJ&Sd&m? udkxGef;vS\
qkH;&IH;&jcif;rlum; npfypfrIrygyJ aq;aumif;0g;aumif; ray:aygufao;onfh acwfaMumifh
jzpf\/ udkxGef;vSonf 5wef;atmifNyD;uwnf;u uREkfyfESifhuGJuGmoGm; wausmif;pDwwef;pD
jzpfoGm;Muav&m? twef;wdkif;wGif q&mwdkif;\ csD;rGrf;jcif;cH& 4if;aoqkH;aomtcg
twef;q&mu tvGefESajrmzdkUaumif;aom ausmif;om;wa,mufjzpf olUuJUodkUrjzpfMuap&ef
uREkfyfwkdUtm; owday;jcif;udkvnf; uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/ (aoqkH;aomtcgwGif udkxGef;vSrSm
9wef;okdUa&muf uREkfyfrSmvnf; 8wef;okdUa&mufavNyD/) uREkfyfonf woufwmwGif
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teufwGif udkxGef;vSvnf; wa,mufjzpfayonf/ vltouf&SnfcJUvQif {uEBuD;yGm;
&rnf[k uREkfyfajym&Jonf/ ausmif;twlaeMupOf (uREkfyftm; tumtuG,fay;aom aus;Zl;
aMumifh ayavmrod) uREkfyfonf udkxGef;vS\ opm&SdaomacG;uav; (Faithful Dog)
uJUodkUvnf;aumif;? a&mfbifqifu&l;qdk;\wynfh z&dkufa';uJUokdUvnf;aumif; olUaemufrS
waumufaumufvkdufum ol\trIBuD;i,fwkdUudk aqmif&Gufay;&jcif;twGuf MunfEl;rd\/
5wef; pmar;yJG olatmif uREkfyfusojzifh cGJcgeD;wGif udkxGef;vSonf uREkfyftm; ausmif;
aemufaz;odkU ac: uREkfyf\yckH;udkzufnSpf,if; rsuf&nfrsm;0dkif;vm&m? uREkfyfuvnf;
&IdufBuD;wiif idk,dkrdavonf/ (uREkfyfwdkU jrefrmvlrsKd;onf rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;ESifh aqGrsKd;rdb
ponfrsm;tay: cifrifjcif;udk azmfxkwfjyojcif;enf;vSaom vlrsKd;jzpf&m? uREkfyftzdkU&m
wGifvnf; rsuf&nfusonftxd azmfxkwfjyordjcif;rSm woufvkH;wGif xdktBudrf yxrqkH;
tBudrf jzpfygonf/)
ausmif; ajymif;a&TU&jcif;
- 54 -
5wef; 'kwd,ESpfae twef;om;opfrsm;txJwGif AkdvfpJG&aomfvnf; 0rf;omvSonfr&Sd?

udkxGef;vStrSL;&Sdonfh vla[mif;rsm;udkom wvGrf;wnf;vGrf;vsuf &Sdygawmhonf/ OD;yOif;
OD;wdavmurSmvnf; vlxGufoGm;NyD;jzpf t&dkufcH&zdkU r&SdonfhtxJrSmyif tjcm; ausmif;om;
rsm;ESifh twlwuG t&dkufcH&bl;jcif;rsm;udk owd& vGrf;ovdkvdk jzpfrdygao;onf/ ESpfrl
wuodkvf0ifpmar;yJG (Entrance) ESifh puif'&D q&mjzpfwef;atmifonfh q&maumif;
wa,muf a&mufvmonfESifh cufvSonfxifcJUaom ],luvpf}udk uREkfyfoabmaygufatmif
oifjyEdkifay&m? ,cifESpfuwnf;u q&mrsKd;ESifhawGU&vQif tvG,fwulyif atmifjrifEdkif
vdrfhrnf[k xifrdonf/ 1902ESpfwGif uREkfyf 5wef;atmifaomtcg Ak'bmomausmif;rSm
6wef; ausmif;zGifhEdkifaom tajctae r&Sdao;onfESifh uREkfyfrSm at? bD? trf ausmif;
(tar&duefausmif;) odkU ajymif;a&TU ausmif;a0;aom'kurS vGwfajrmufNyD;ygNyD/
ausmif; BuD;\t&Sdef
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aomfvnf; uREkfyftzdkU 6wef;ausmif;om;b0 (1903-ckESpf)rSm rarhEdkifqkH;aom tjcif;t&m
rsm;jzifh jynfhESufvsuf&Sd\/ ausmif;om;wdkif; (txl;ojzifh i,f&G,folwkdif;) onf
ausmif;wausmif;rS wausmif;okdU ajymif;a&GUoifMum;&onfhtcg &GHUwGefUwGefUjzpfwwfjcif;rSm
"rwmyif jzpfonfxif\/ uREkfyftzdkU&mum; xdkrQavmufru xdwfvefUwkefvIyfzG,fBuD;
wckyif jzpfcJU&onf/ yxrtcsuf uREkfyfonf i,fpOfuvlaMumufwwf\/ (uREkfyfzcifrSm
vnf; xdkenf;wlyifjzpfcJU&m? om;tzESpfa,mufvkH;rSm BuD;jyif;vmMuaom tcgwGifrS
olUenf;ESifhol vlaMumufwwfaoma&m*g aysmufuif;vmMuonf/) 'kwd,tcsuf uREkfyf
aecJU&aom Ak'bmomausmif;rSm xdkpOfu ausmif;om;OD;a& w&mcefUrQom&Sdonfh t&yf
ausmif;uav;rQomjzpf&m? tar&duefausmif;rSmrl ausmif;om; 300ausmf&Sd BuD;us,faom
taqmufttkHBuD;rsm;? tcReftwufawGESifh jrifhrm;vSaom bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;BuD;? us,f0ef;
aom0if;BuD;? abmvkH;uGif;BuD; ponfwkdUjzifh x,fx,f0g0g cefUcefUnm;nm;? om;om;em;em;
&SdvSonfjzpfaomaMumifh t&yfom;rsm; jzwfoef;oGm;vmjcif; rjyK0HUavmufatmif t&Sdeftapmf
BuD;vSonf/ xdkodkUaomausmif;BuD;odkU ausmif;uav;rS ausmif;om;wa,mufjzpfonfh uREkfyf
a&mufoGm;&onfhtcg ajrBuD;udkyif &J&Jreif;0HUavmufatmif ausmuf'l;wkefrdygonf/
(onfrSm bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;\obm0 jzpf[efwl\/ bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;rsm;onf
ausmif;0if;xJ zdeyfcRwfMu&onf/) wwd,tcsuf 6wef;jyq&m q&mEdkifrSm ausmif;q&m
rsm;teufwGif emrnfBuD;wa,mufjzpf {&mrausmif;om;BuD;rsm;udkyif ]rsOf;vkH;} ESifh
&dkufonf[k ajymoHMum;&\/ uREkfyfrSm Ak'bmomausmif;wGif ESpfESpfcefU t&dkufvGwfcJU
- 55 -
a&TOa'gif;
aomfvnf; t&dkufcH&aom a0'emESifhywfouf (ausmif;a&mtdrfyg) tusifh&cJUol jzpfojzifh

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&dkufjcif;wdkU rwlykHudk em;vnfaumif;rS em;vnfMuayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfuJUokdU &dkufjcif;trsKd;rsKd;
cH&bl;rSom em;vnfEdkifvdrfhrnfxifonf/) odkUjzpf&um; uREkfyfrSm ausmif;tyfNyD;
yxrOD;aeU ausmif;wuf&aomeHeufwGif 1956ckESpfu axmifxJokdU zrf;ac:oGm;aom eHeuf
xufyif wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;jcif; jzpfay:vmonf/
orma'oewf
tar&duefausmif;okdU ydkUaomtcg uREkfyf\ tm;udk;BuD;wckrSm ig\ ]orma'0ewfBuD;}
udkxGef;vSwa,muf &Sdonf[laomtcsufyifjzpf\/ uREkfyfonf ausmif;wuf&aom yxr
eHeuf a&mufvQifa&mufcsif; udkxGef;vSudk vdkuf&SmawGU&m udkxGef;vSonf uREkfyfudkjrif&
0rf;omaomfvnf; Ak'bmomausmif;rSmuJUokdU uREkfyfESifh wyl;wGJwJGvkyfcsif[ef rwlawmhyJ
olESifhtwef;wl&G,fwl ausmif;om;BuD;tcsif;csif;om aygif;oif;csifykH&onf/ ausmif;om;
&G,fwlcsif;rsm;teufwGifvnf; udkxGef;vSonf ]0dkif;xdkifq&mBuD;} jzpfaejcif;udk awGU&\/
olum; rnfonfhy&dowf? rnfodkUaomvlpm;rsKd;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqH&onf jzpfap
]acgif;olBuD;} jzpf&rnfh vlwa,muf[l uREkfyfodNyD;jzpfygonf/ udkxGef;vSonf uREkfyf
arQmfvifhouJUodkU tumtuG,fay;EdkifrnfhykH r&aomfvnf; ]]ta&;taMumif;&SdvQif ighudkajym}}
[k rSmxm;azmf&ayojzifh txkduftavsmuf tm;&SdcJUrdonf/
"ro Dcsif;oDqdk&jcif;
9 em&Dxdk; bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;BuD;rS acgif;avmif;BuD; xdk;onfESifhwNydKifeuf uREkfyf&ifxJ
'dwfueJjzpfoGm;\/ okdUxdwf&jcif;rSm ausmif;wufzdkUvefUonfhtxJwGif Ak'bmom ausmif;
rSmuJUokdU vufvIyfacgif;avmif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ BudK;BuD;jzifhqGJ&NyD; ]wm0g} pifjrifhBuD;ay:rS
w&yfvkH;Mum;&avmufatmif jrnf[def;aom acgif;avmif;oHBuD;uvnf; vludkvSefUay;
ouJUokdU &SdaomaMumifhjzpf\/ ausmif;wufaomtcg ausmif;om;rsm;onf rdrdwdkU\
twef;rsm;odkU roGm;&ao;yJ ausmif;BuD;tay:xyf&Sd cef;raqmifBuD;odkU oGm;Mu&\/
ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;u rkwfqdwfarG;BuD;wzGm;zGm;ESifh pifjrifhay:xdkifvsuf&SdpOf 300 cefUrQ
- 56 -
aom ausmif;om;rsm;onf ESpfa,mufwJGxdkif&aom ckHrsm;ay:wGif NidrfoufpGm xdkifvsuf&Sd

Muav&m? rQavmufus,f0ef;aom cef;rBuD;udkvnf;aumif;? rQavmuf ajrmufjrm;
pGmaom ausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; rjrifbl;onfh uREkfyftzdkUrSm tvdkvdkvefUvsuf&Sd\/
xdkUaemuf "roDcsif; oDqdk&eftwGuf wNydKifeufwnf; xvdkufMuojzifh ]0kef;}ueJ jrnf[def;
oGm;aom toHBuD;onfvnf; uREkfyftm; wkd; &ifzdkvIdufap\/ ausmif;tkyfBuD;u "roDcsif;
eHygwfudk ajymvkdufojzifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf ESpfa,mufvQifwtkyfuspD udkifxm;Muonfh
"roDcsif;pmtkyfudk vSefMu oDqdk&rnfhoDcsif;ydk'fudk awGUMuaomtcg ausmif;tkyfBuD;u
pwifoDqdkvkdufonfESifh wNydKifeuf ausmif;om;rsm;a&m ausmif;q&mrsm;yg wnDwnmwnf;
oDqdkMuavukef\/
MunfEl;zG,faomtoH
c&pf,ef"roDcsif;oHudk rMum;&bl;onfh uREkfyfrSm tawmfcefUnm; pdwfxdckdufapaom
aw;oHjzpfonfxif\/ uREkfyfonf Ak'taMumif;t&mudk cefUnm;pGm pDukH;a&;pyfxm;onfh
]aAm"danmifa&T? Ak'a[atmuf? qef;Mu,faygufom;? a&mifawmufyvif? ordkufjyifxuf}
tp&SdaomvuFmBuD;udk rdcif\ csKdat;cefUnm;vSaomtoHjzifh &Gwfqdkjyjcif;udk Mum;&bl;
yDwdjzpfcJUbl;onfjzpfygvsuf c&pf,ef"roDcsif;udk Mum;&aomtcgwGif wrsKd;pDcefUyg
ayonf[k atmufarhrd\/ Ak'\tjzpfawmf? *kPfawmfwkdUESifh ywfouf yDwdjzpf&atmif
&Gwfqdkjcif;udk rMum;&bl;&SmMuyJ ]]Ak'H o&PH *pmrd}} [l bkef;awmfBuD;rsm; &GwfqdkoHrQ
avmufudkom Mum;&bl;onfh &yfa0;rStyfESHxm;aom ausmif;om;uav;rsm;tzdkUrSm c&pf,ef
"roDcsif;udk Mum;&jcif;wckwnf;ESifhyif pdwfMunfEl; 4if;bmomudk t[kwfBuD;xifum
ul;ajymif;,kHMunf oGm;&Smjcif;onf tHUMoxdkufonfr[kwf[k uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdygonf/
"roDcsif; qdkNyD;Muonfhaemuf qkawmif;jcif;ESifh ausmif;udpt00wkdUudk ausmif;tkyfBuD;u
ajymjyjcif; ponfjzifh aqmif&GufNyD;MuaomtcgrS ausmif;q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;om;rsm;onf
cef;rBuD;rSqif;vmMu twef;toD;oD;odkU 0ifMu&avonf/
ajEaumif;vSaom q&mEdkif
6wef;oifjyaomtcef;rSm wausmif;vkH;wGif tus,fqkH;jzpf aMumufvSygonfqkdaom
uREkfyftm; NzJacsmufouJUodkU &Sdaejyef\/ jzpf&ykHrSm uHtm;avsmfpGm 4if;ESpf 6wef;
- 57 -
a&TOa'gif;
ausmif;om;rsm;onf wausmif;vkH;&Sd twef;wumwkdUwGif trsm;qkH;jzpfonfESifh 4if;tcef;

BuD;odkU a&TUajymif;oifjy&jcif;jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfonf twef;om;wa,mufESifh twlwGJvsuf
ESpfa,mufxdkif&aom pma&;ckHwckH xdkifrdonfESifhwNydKifeuf emrnfBuD;vSaom q&mEdkifonf
twef;xJodkU 0ifvmav\/ q&mEdkifrSm uREkfyfawGUcJU&aom ausmif;q&m 15a,mufcefUwdkU
teufwGif xl;jcm;aomOy"d&kyf &Sdolwa,mufjzpfayonf/ tom;jzLjzL vlzvHwa,muf
rQomjzpf aMumufp&mBuD;r[kwf[k xif&aomfvnf; EIwfcrf;arG;uav;oufoufESifh tvGef
ajEBuD;aom q&mwa,mufjzpf uREkfyfjrif&onfh av;ig;vtwGif;wGif wBudrfwcgrQ
NyKH;jcif;&,fjcif;&dSonfudk rawGU&bl;acs/ rsufESmxm;qdk;vSonfhum;r[kwf? ajEBuD;jcif;
oufoufaMumifh aMumuf&jcif;jzpf\/ tar&duefausmif;onf xdkacwf ausmif;om;qkd;
BuD;rsm; tvGefaygonf[k rEav;NrdKUwGif emrnfBuD;vsuf&Sd&m nOfhtcsdefrsm;wGif ausmif;jyif
okdUxGuf c&D;oGm;olrsm;\ y0gudkcRwf,laom ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;yif &Sdonf[kajymMu\/
q&mEdkifrSm 6wef;jyq&momr[kwf? ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; ]abmf'g} rsm;udk tkyfcsKyf&aom
q&mvnf;jzpfay&m ausmif;om;qkd;BuD;rsm;onf EIwfcrf;arG;pkwfzGm;ESifh aigufvm;atmfvm;
Ncdrf;ajcmufaom abmf'gq&mrsKd;udk raMumufMu? rsufESmydk;oufum ajEESifh vSrf;
Munhfwwfaom q&mEdkifudkom aMumufMuonf[kajymMu\/ q&mEdkifonf rsufvkH;ESifh
&dkufwwfonf[k emrnfBuD;vsuf&Sdaomfvnf; cPcP&dkuf&onfr[kwf/ 4if;tm;tmcHaom
ausmif;om;qdk;BuD;wa,mufudk &dkufzl;jcif;aMumifh emrnfBuD;jcif;jzpf\/ okdU&mwGif
taMumif;udk aemufrSod&aom uREkfyftzdkUrSm q&mEdkif0ifvmjcif;udk jrif&&kHESifh aMumuf'l;wkefrd
ygawmhonf/
tuJprf; Mujcif;
uREkfyfuaMumufrnfhom aMumuf&onf/ q&mEdkif\&dkufjcif;udk wBudrfrQ rcHcJU&bl;yg/
ausmif;BuD;udkaMumufonfESifh q&mudkyg a&maMumufjcif; jzpf[efwlygonf/ tar&duef
ausmif;okdU a&mufcgptcsdef uREkfyfonf twef;xJwGifti,fqkH;jzpf (&G,fwlwa,muf
ESpfa,mufawmh &Sdygonf/) ]cJrSefbl;aom pmoli,f} qdkouJUodkU uREkfyftm; tEdkifusifhMu
vdrfhrnf txifESifh ukyfukyfuav;aepOf tuJprf;aomausmif;om; ESpfa,mufokH;a,mufESifh
BuKH&ao;\/ wpfa,mufuuREkfyftm; aumfzD (ESpfjym;wef) wcGuf twdkufcdkif; tjcm;
wa,mufu vufudkify0gudk uyfawmif;\/ rkefUzdk;ESpfjym;om&aom uREkfyfrSm xkdoltm;
uREkfyfraomufyJ aumfzDwdkufvdkufEdkifaomfvnf; vufudkify0gudkrl tvGefESajrm\/ xdk
vufudkify0grSm atmufjynfu t&D;wa,mufu ydkUvdkufonfh wxnfwnf;aom ydk;vufudkif
y0gav;jzpf tem;uGyfwGif aq;a&mifpkHjzifhESdyfxm;onfh tvHuav;rsm; yg&Sdjcif;udk
- 58 -
rSwfrdao;\/ 4if;udk em;ylem;qmESifh uyfawmif;aom ausmif;om;rSm uREkfyfxuf

tenf;i,frQomBuD; aMumufavmufatmif r[kwfaomfvnf; olu ]abmf'g} jzpfonf
waMumif;? uREkfyfu vlopfjzpfonfwaMumif;aMumifh aemufqkH;wGif em;at;apawmhqdk
ESajrmvsufESifh ay;vkduf&onf/ um;&Sdygapawmh/ odkUaomf uREkfyf\pdwfudk nId;i,fatmif
wrifvkyfaom ausmif;om;BuD;wa,muf taMumif;udk azmfjycsifygao;\/ uREkfyfrSm
ausmif;BuD; vlopfuav;wa,mufyDyD tm;vyfcsdefrsm;wGif opfyif&dyf jrufcif;ay:wGif
wa,mufwnf; oGm;xdkifavh&Sd&m waeUo uREkfyfwkdUtwef;om;jzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyfxuf
tenf;qkH; 5ESpfcefUBuD; vlysKdBuD;zm;zm;jzpfaom abmf'gausmif;om;BuD; wa,mufonf
teD;okdUcsOf;uyf]]a[haumifav;? rif;b,fausmif;u a&mufvmwmvJ}}
]]bD?wD?tif ausmif;uygAsm}}
]]rifhudkigMunfh&wm arwmr&SdvdkufwmuGm}} [k tajcmufwdkufoufouf ajymoGm;avonf/
4if;ausmif;om;onf arwmw&m; a&SUxm;&rnfqdkaom c&pfawmfudk udk;uG,foljzpfaMumif;
aemifaomtcg od&ay&m ausmif;xGufNyD;aemuf rsm;rMumrDtwGif; ykvdyfa&m*gESifh aoqkH;
oGm;onf[k Mum;od&\/ uREkfyfrSm vlwbufom;udk MuifemrIacgif;yg;olwa,muf r[kwf
aomfvnf; xdkol\aojcif;owif;uJUokdU uREkfyf\ESvkH; xdcdkufrIenf;yg;jcif;udk rBuKH&
bl;ay/ xdkol\ pum;wcGef;onfvnf; ]ql;} wacsmif; aygufaponf[k uREkfyf,lqrdonf/
(uREkfyftay: arwmr&Sdjcif;um; xm;ygawmh/ jzpfEdkifygonf/ odkU&mwGif bmtaMumif;rSr&SdyJ
oufouf zGifhajymvmjcif;um; udk,fhxufi,foludk tEdkifusifh&m a&mufygonf/)
wwfoavmufrjy0HUjcif;
6 wef;&SdpOf twef;om;rsm; tvGefaMumufMuaom q&mEdkif uG,fvGefav&m twef;wGif
vnf; 5 wef;rSmuJUodkUyif ausmif;q&mav;ig;a,muf\ oifjyjcif;cHcJU&\/ 4if;twef;wGif
uREkfyfrSm t&SdefESifhvefU ausmif;om;wkdif;udkaMumufNyD; OD;acgif;razmf0HUyJ &SdonfESifh tnw&
ausmif;om;uav;wa,muf jzpfaecJU\/ wcgw&H t*Fvdyfbmom&yfESifh ywfoufaom
ar;cGef;wckudk tjcm;twef;om;rsm; rajzEdkifMuyJ&Sd&m uREkfyfajzwwfvsufESifhyif rajz0HUonf
ESifh qdwfqdwfaevdkufrdjcif;rsm;vnf;&Sd\/ ausmif;om;b0wGif 6wef;rSmuJUodkU wdrfjrKyf
aom tjzpfrsKd;udk uREkfyftzdkU&m wcgrQrBuKHzl;ay/ xdkESpf pmar;yJGusif;yaomtcg ynm0ef
- 59 -
a&TOa'gif;
(Mr. Wedderspoon) udk,fwdkifvm t*Fvdyfbmom&yfwGif EIwfwdkufar;cGef; Oral Test
rsm;jzifh ppfaq;&mwGif uREkfyfonf twef;xJrSmuJUokdU ausmif;om;BuD;awGudk aMumufpdwf

r&SdawmhyJ udk,fajzEdkifrS udk,fatmifrnf[k odonfhtwGufaMumifh tjcm;vlrsm; rajzEdkifaom
ykpmrsm;udk &J&J0HU0HUajzqdkvdkuf&m ynm0efvnf; oabmus ausmif;tkyfBuD;vnf; tm;&ykH &
onf/ xdkESpfwGif t*Fvdyfbmomar;cGef;rsm; cufvS 6wef;om;w0ufausmfausmfrQ us&IH;Mu
aomfvnf; uREkfyf atmifcJUonf/ xdkacwfwGif 4wef;rS 8wef;wdkifatmif tpdk;&ppf pmar;yGJ
rsm;jzpf 9wef; ]tifx&if;} (Entrance) ac: wuodkvf0ifpmar;yGJrSm umvuwm;
,leDAmpDwDrS ppfaq;avonf/
tajctaewuf vmjcif;
7wef;odkU wuf&aomtcg uREkfyfrSm twef;xJomru ausmif;yif vlwvkH;olwvkH;
jzpfvmcJUavNyD/ jzpfvmykHum; twef;q&monf t*Fvdyfbmom tprf;pmar;yJGrsm;wGif
uREkfyfcsnf; yxr&jcif;udk awGU&onfESifh paumvm;&Spfpmar;yJGodkU oGif;zkdU uREkfyftm;
a&G;cs,f\/ uREkfyfESifhtwl tjcm;ausmif;om;okH;a,muftm;vnf; a&G;cs,f&m 4if;wkdUteuf
wGif puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;OD;&Dvnf; yg0if\/ (xdkokH;a,mufvkH;rSm 7wef;ausmif;om;qdkvQif
ausmif;wGif tawmfrsufESmyGifhvef; txufwef;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ todtrSwfjyKjcif; cH&
avonf/ uREkfyf\ ]orma'0ewf} udkxGef;vSrSmvnf; twGufaMumifh uREkfyftm; ausmoyf
&ifoyfjyKvkyfum csD;usL;ayonf/ olUESpfwGif olvnf;0ifcJU&\/ okdU&mwGif tar&duef
ausmif;rS paumvm;&Spfatmifol wa,mufrQ rxGufcJUay/
qEjyjcif; wrsKd;
ausmif; uREkfyf\tajctae wkd;wufvsuf&SdpOf tdrfrlum; usqif;vsuf&Sd\/ zcifonf
ausmif; tajctaeaumif;jcif;udk Mum;od& uREkfyftm; t0wfaumif; tpm;aumif;rsm;jzifh
ajrSmufpm;aomfvnf; ]Muufaumif; BudK;ruGm} qdkaom ol\aqmifyk'ft& uREkfyftm; vdrfrm
onfxuf vdrfrmatmifqkd a&S;uxufyif usyfwnf;csifao;\/ uREkfyfrSmvnf; t&G,f
tavsmuf pGef(avwHcGef)vTwfjcif;? xkyfqD;jcif;? zefwkdUjcif;? zefckefjcif; paom upm;enf;
rsm;udk upm;csif\/ xkdtcsdef uREkfyftoufrSm q,fhav;ig;ESpf &SdNyDjzpf&m xdkacwfu
]pGefvTwfjcif;} tvkyfrSm vlysKdayguft&G,frSp touf 25?30 t&G,fwdkifatmif upm;Mu
- 60 -
naewdkif; aumif;uifwGif a&mifpkHavwHcGefrsm;jzifh &IyfaxG;vsuf&Sd\/ ]pGefwaumif}

jywfoGm;onfhtcg wkwfwdkwkwf&Snf? 0g;vkH;? 0g;jcrf;? ql;cuf ponfrsm; udkifaqmifvsuf
]pGef} vkdufMuaom uav;oli,fcsif;rsm;uvnf; ajccsif;vdrfvsuf&Sd\/ uRekfyf pGefvTwfvkduf
prf;csifonfrSmum; bmESifhrQrwlacs/ ausmif;rStjyefnaecif;wGif tdrfa&SUxkdifum olwyg;
vTwfMuaom pGefrsm;udk armhfomMunfhae&\/ upm;cGifhr&acs/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyf rdcif\
cGifhjyKcsuft& 0,fxm;onfh a&mufvkH;? tyfcsnf? avwHcGefwkdUum; tjynfhtpkH&Sd\/ 4if;wkdUrSm
zcifr&SdckdufwGif upm;&efjzpf\/ wnae uREkfyfonf ausmif;rSjyefvm zcifr&Sdckduf
BuKHonfESifh avwHcGefudk xkwfvTwf&m avwHcGefonf aumif;uifodkUa&muf av[kefpD;
aejcif;udk MunfEl;pGmESifh armhfMunfhaepOf aemufrSausmudk Asif;ueJcsvkdufjcif;udk odvkduf\/
uREkfyfum; zcifjzpfonf[k csufcsif;odonfESifh vefUzsyfjcif;r&Sd? avwHcGefudkom jyef
&kyfodrf;\/ pdwfxJ ]&dkufprf;ygap} [katmufarU cyfjznf;jznf;yif &kyfodrf;ae\/ zcifonf
uREkfyf\ cHwHwH&Sdaomtrlt&mudk &dyfrd ememBuD;&dkufav&m uREkfyfrSm tvGef emusifaomf
vnf; uwdkufu&dkufrodrf;yJ rSefrSefBuD;omodrf;ae\/ tcsif;t&mudk rdcifjrif ajy;vm
NyD;vQif zciftm; pum;ajymajym ac:oGm;avonf/
xGufajy;csifpdwfay:vmjcif;
aemufokH;av;&ufwGif uREkfyfausmif;rSjyefvmaomtcg zcif&Sdaeojzifh pmtkyfrsm;udkcs
xkH;pHtwkdif; aumif;uifodkU armfhMunfhae\/ rMumrD zcifvnf; t0wfrsm;vJ xGufoGm;
ojzifh uREkfyfvnf; a&mufvkH;ESifhavwHcGefudk (0Sufxm;aomae&mrS) xkwfvm\/ avwHcGefudk
uav;wa,mufu ]xkd;} ay;ojzifh cg;udkaumhum ]wkyf} vsuf&SdpOf zcifjyefvm &dkufjyef\/
olUyg;pyfuvnf; ]eifhavmufrsm;yg;vkdU[,f? igwrifjyefMunfhwm? eifupm;r,fqkdwm
igodw,f}} [k ajym\/
wGif uREkfyf\pdwfxJ b,fuJUodkUjzpfoGm;onfrod? a&mufvkH;a&m? avwHcGefyg aygufcJG
ypfvdkufNyD; xdkaeUrSp avwHcGefrvTwfawmhacs/ okdUaomf taumif;r[kwf? zciftay:wGif
tvGefUtvGef rauseyfaompdwf jzpfay:vmonf/ awmfvSefcsifaompdwfrsKd;um; r[kwf?
xGufajy;csifaompdwf jzpfvmcJUonf/ uREkfyf\rdcifonf zcif\ apwemvGefuJjcif;udk
em;vnf uREkfyftm; &Hzef&Hcgupm;cGifhay;zdkUajym&m wcgw&HwGif rdciftm; rjiif;vdkonfESifh
cGifhjyKjcif;rsm;&Sdyg\/ okdU&mwGif trsm;tm;jzifhrlum; NidrfNidrfxdkifaeNyD; pmtHjcif;onf vlwdkif;
tzdkU (uav;oli,frsm;rusef) taumif;qkH;jzpfonf[k wxpfcs rSwf,lxm;avonf/
- 61 -
a&TOa'gif;
upm;rkef;aomzcif
uREkfyfwkdU aexdkifvsuf&Sdaom *kHwef;&yfaq;&dk;0if;xJwGif uREkfyfESifh &G,fwlcsif;jzpfonfh
a,musfm;uav;rsm;ESifh rdef;uav;rsm; ig;a,mufajcmufa,muf&Sd&m rdef;uav; ESpfa,muf
okH;a,mufwkdUrSm zcifu (avmuDrIa&;&mESifh ywfouf) q&mwqluJUodkU tav;jyKaom
yk*dKvfBuD;wOD;\ orD;rsm;jzpfMu\/ vomaomnOfhrsm;wGif uREkfyfwkdU a,musfm;uav;?
rdef;uav;rsm;onf (q,fhokH;av;ESpf t&G,frsm;jzpfMu) xkyfqD;wrf;? zefwdkUwrf;?
zefckefwrf; ponfh xkdacwfuupm;Muaom enf;rsm;twdkif;upm;Mu\/ tvGefvnf;
aysmfMu\/ uREkfyfonf ausmif;pmrsm;udk usufNyD;aomtcg 4if;wkdUESifhtwl upm;csifvS\/
okdU&mwGif zcif\ upm;rkef;aom0goemaMumifh &Hzef&HcgrQom upm;cGifh&\/ xdkuJUodkU
tcGifh&jcif;onfyifvQif rdcif\tultnDaMumifhjzpf\/ wcgw&HwGif upm;cGifhjyKxm;ojzifh
upm;aecdkuftwGif;rSmyif {nfhonfwa,mufa,muf a&mufvm (Nrdwfq&mawmf oifMum;
xm;cJUonfh) ]vlb,fhES,fa&;yghr,f}? ]bmudkvlac:ovJ} tp&Sdaom ar;cGef;rsm;jzifh tar;
tajz jyKvkyf&ef uREkfyftm; ac:,lavh&Sdavonf/ zcifonf uREkfyfynmwwfjcif;udk vkdvm;
&kHom ruao;yJ wwfjcif;udkvnf; vlodatmifjycsifwwfonfh 0goem&Sdoljzpfavonf/
]vlb,fhES,fa&;yghr,f} tp&Sdaom tar;tajzrsm;rSm i,f&G,fpOfu ]yJGus} cJUbl;aomfvnf;
7wef; ausmif;om;wa,mufjzpf 14-5ESpft&G,f&Sdaeaom uRekfyftzdkU&m &Sufwwfwwf
&Sdrdygawmhonf/ xdktxJwGif ]{nfhonfaMumifhayavm} [laom awG;awmrI 0ifvmwwfao;
onfjzpf uREkfyftzdkU&m vGefpGmyif rausreyfjzpfcJU&onf/ a,musfm;uav; wa,muf
jzpfonfh uREkfyftzdkU rQavmuf uwfuwfowfowf usyfusyfwnf;wnf; qkH;ryJUjyif
ay;onf qkdygvQif uREkfyfxufokH;ESpfrQi,fonfh ESrwa,muftwGufrlum; ajymzG,f&m
r&Sdawmhacs/ olUxufBuD;onfh rdef;uav;rsm; aysmfaysmfBuD;upm;aeMujcif;udk udk,fhtdrfay:rS
jrif&jcif;? Mum;&jcif;rSwyg; a&maESmupm;cGifh&onfhtBudrfaygif; tvGefenf;vS\/ tdrf
zcifr&SdyJ &yfa0;okdUoGm;aeonfh tcgrsKd;rSwyg; ESruav;rSm upm;cGifhr&SdaomaMumifh
rdef;uav;b0wGif 10BudrfrQyif upm;bl;&Smygav\avm[k uRekfyf wGufcsufoem;rdygonf/
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onf[k rrSwfrdoavmuf&Sday&m ESruav;rlum; wBudrfrQyif rMunfh&Sm&bl;aMumif; uREkfyf
- 62 -
aumif;aumif;od\/ zcifudk,fuvnf; 4if;\orD;onf wBudrfwcgrQ yGJvrf;obifrsm;odkU

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Mu&jcif;yif jzpfonf/ uREkfyftzdkUrSm yJGvrf;obifrsm;udk wBudrfwcgrQ MunfjzLpGmrMunfh&[k
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okH;a,mufwkdUvnf; atmufxyfwGiftdyfMu\/ wnFOfho uREkfyfwdkUaetdrfESifh ESpfjyjcm;aom
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ykESifh cGJcGm pifNydKifaxmifrnfh tBuH&Sdonfudk q&myku&dyfrd ]]ausmhazvif? raewrifoGm;?
tarvifrsm;&acstkH;awmhr,f}} [laomaw;csif;jzifh rif;om;udkbausmhtm; ]ceJU} av&m
- 63 -
a&TOa'gif;
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jzpf&onf[k ajymbl;onf/ rif;om;rif;orD; ]ESpfyg;oGm;} NyD; idkcsif;wyk'favmuf em;axmif
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- 64 -
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csif;ESifh udk,fh ]rsm} taMumif;udk,f ajym&jcif;udk Nrdef&SufvSonf/ ol\&nf;pm;ESifh uREkfyf\
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- 65 -
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aumif;? cspfBudKufygonfqdkaom arwmpdwf (vdifpdwf"mwf) onf vnf;aumif; ,kwdywdr&Sd/
bmavmufrQvnf; eufeJBuD;us,fonf r[kwfacs/ okdU&mwGif xdkpOfu uREkkfyf\ pdwftxif
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odkU vSnfhvnfMunfh&Ijcif;? ckHwef;vsm;&SnfBuD;rsm;ay: yufvufvSefum pdwful;,Ofjcif;?
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(uREkfyfrSm 7wef;odkU a&mufonftxd rkefUzdk;ESpfjym;om& 8wef;a&mufrS wyJ&avonf/)
- 66 -
tm;vyfcsdefay; ausmif;om;rsm; qif;vmMuaomtcgwGif oli,fcsif;onf bk&m;wHwdkif;

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rsm;udk xkwf jymESifhwdkUpm;&if; uREkfyftm; acgif;ndwfac:avonf/ uREkfyfonf olvkyfovdk
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0ifvmonf[kyif xifrd\/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap? uREkfyfwkdUonf refusnf;oD;wcg;ydkufpDudk
enf;jzifh cRwfvkdufMu rGwfodyfjcif;ajyaysmufMuavNyD/
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odkU&mwGif uREkfyfwkdUurl tjcm;ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; jrifMurnfpdk;onfESifh cyfvSrf;vSrf;
- 67 -
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qdkvQif rMumrwif rdbrsm;odapzdkU zefwD;wwfonfh xkH;pHtwkdif; zcifonf ausmif;odkU
0ifrMunfhonfrSm MumvSNyDjzpfygvsuf xdkaeUwGifrS (bmowif; Mum;&onfrod) 7wef;
ausmif;cef;odkU 0ifMunfh&m? uREkfyfausmif;ajy;aMumif;od& tdrfodkUjyefvmNyD;vQif uREkfyf
taMumif;udk pkHprf;av\/ wGif rdbrsm;Mum;od&onfrSmum; uREkfyfonf aemfref
ausmif;oluav;wa,mufESifh pmay;pm,lvkyfaeaMumif; (pifppfrSm aw;xyfwyk'fpDom
ay;Mubl;ygonf/) xdkrdef;uav;onf uREkfyfudk cspfBudKufonfr[kwf? uRekfyfESifhtwl
ausmif;ajy;aom oli,fcsif;ESifh orD;&nf;pm;jzpfaMumif;? 4if;wkdUESpfa,mufvkH;onf uRefkyfudk
tumtuG,f,lNyD; BudKufaeMu uREkfyftm; ]vSdrfh} xm;Mujcif;jzpfaMumif; ponfrsm;jzifh
owif;&&Sdxm;Mu\/ 4if;owif;twkdif; [kwfr[kwfudkrl uREkfyf ,aeUwdkif rajymEdkifyJ
&Sdygawmhonf/
t&Su fBuD;uJG&jcif;
- 68 -
uREkfyfonf rdbrsm;\rsufESmxm; r[efjcif;udk jrif& &ifzdkvIdufvsuf tdrfay:odkUwufNyD;vQif

pmtkyfuav;rsm;udk pm;yGJay:okdU ypfwifqJwGif rdcifa&mzcifyg vdkufvmMu uRekfyf\
t0wftpm;rsm;udk qJGcRwfMuav\/ uREkfyfu Nidrf0yfpGmrcHyJ &kef;uefonfwGif tvkyform;
2a,muf 3a,mufwkdUudkac: 4if;wkdUtultnDjzifh uREkfyftuFsDrsm;a&m vkHcsnfrsm;udkyg
wudk,fvkH; wkH;vkH;cRwfMu\/ xdkUaemuf uREkfyftm; tdrfay:xyfrS atmufokdU qGJcsvmMu
tdrfa&SUokdU qGJac:Mu\/ uREkfyfwkdU\tdrfaU&SU a&wGif;&Sdav&m wkH;vkH;jzpfaeaom uREkfyftm;
a&wGif;wdkif wkyfcsnfxm;Muav\/ enf;jzifh em&D0ufcefU (uREkfyf\txifrSm wESpf
avmufMuonf/) wkH;vkH;ypfxm;av&m? t&yfxJrS uav;vlBuD;rsm;onf cyfvSrf;vSrf;rS
Munfh NyKH;Mu&,fMuavonf/ tvGef&Sufvsuf&Sdaom uREkfyfurl cyfeD;eD;csOf;uyf Munfh
aomvlrsm;udk qJvTwfrdygonf/ csnfwkyfxm;&mrS BudK;ajzNyD; t0wfrsm;0wf&aomtcgwGif
qHyifnSyfukvm;wa,mufudkac: uREkfyf\AkdvfauudkjzwfNyD; acgif;wkH;&dwfapygonf/
EkHjcif;onf vdrfrmjcif; r[kwf

uREkfyfonf uREkfyf\rdkufrJjcif;udk usyfjynfhwif;jynfh0efcHygonf/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyf\tjypfrSm
rdbtm; rav;rpm;jyKjcif;vnf;r[kwf? apmfum;armfum; ajymrdjcif;vnf;r[kwf? r&dkrao
jyKjcif;vnf;r[kwf/ &l;rdkufrdjcif; oufoufrQomjzpfygonf/ rQavmufaomjypfcsufESifh
rQavmuf pdwfudkxdcdkufatmif 'Pfay;qkH;rjcif;rSm rsm;vGef;onf[k xifygonf/ uREkfyf\
rdbrsm; em;rvnf&SmMuaomtcsufrSm om;orD;udk t&SufcJGaomenf;jzifh qkH;rjcif;onf
aumif;onf? vdrfrmaponf? aemifMuOfonf[k xifrSwf&SmMujcif;yif jzpfonf/ ]aemiffMuOf
onf} qdkjcif;um; [kwfavrnfavmrqdkEdkif? cH&aom om;orD;\pdwfudk EkH&SmoGm;apjcif;
udkrlum; cH&bl;aomuREkfyfodygonf/ vl[lonfrSm olUt&G,fuav;ESifhol olUukd,fudk,fudk
av;pm;rI (self-respect) &SdMu&rnf? &Sdatmif BudK;pm;Mu&rnfjzpf&m? rdbrsm;\ qkH;rykHrlum;
uREkfyf\pdwfudk tnGefUcsKd;vdkufbdouJUodkU jzpfoGm;ygawmhonf/ uREkfyfonf t&yfxJ
vnf;aumif;? ausmif;vnf;aumif; (ausmif;okdUvnf; owif;aygufMum;onf/) uav;
vlBuD;rsm;\ rsufESmudk &J&JrMunfh0HUatmif jzpf&ygonf/ (uREkfyfwGif oufom&m&apaom
tcsufwckrSm 15ESpfom; qkdaomfvnf; BuD;xGm;rIaemufus BuD;aumifr0ifao;jcif;yif
jzpfonf/ okdUr[kwfygu 4if;'Pfwacsmif; ay:aygufvm&kHrQru? EkHaompdwf"mwf
(Inferiority Complex) 0ifvmjcif;udkvnf; owdjyKrday&m? BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgwGif
taemufwdkif;rS pmaumif;ayaumif;BuD;rsm;udk zwf&Ium qifjcifokH;oyfcGifh&aomtcgrS
tawmftwef avsmhyg;oGm;onf[k xifrdygonf/ em;rvnf&SmMu apwemaumif;ESifh
- 69 -
a&TOa'gif;
(vdrfrmatmif) qkH;rMuaomobm0udk awGU&onfhtcgwkdif; txufygtjzpftysufudk

owd& ]ig\uHraumif;jcif;aywnf;} [k atmif;arhrdygawmhonf/
&Sufwwf omqdk;onf
aemfrefausmif;oluav;ESifh ywfouf rdbrsm;\ xifjrifcsufonf [kwf r[kwf? rSef rrSef
udkvnf; uREkfyf pkHprf;&eftvdkr&Sdawmh? rdbrsm;u rdrdwkdUom;udk rQavmuf tonf;EkHonf
[k txifa&mufMujcif;onfyifvQif udk,fhudk,fudk&SufvS xkdrdef;uav;udk b,ftcgrS vSrf;
rMunfhawmhyg/ wvcefUtwGif; uREkfyfonf tdrfeD;csif; t&yfolt&yfom;uav;rsm;ESifh
vnf; rupm;? vlolav;yg;jrifatmifyif rxdkifawmh? ausmif;oGm;ausmif;jyefrsm;wGif ajrBuD;
odkUikHUum rsufESmudkatmufcsvsuf ajcukefokwfoGm;ygonf/ wu,fht&G,f ra&mufao;ol
jzpf &SufaMumufaompdwfonf Mum&SnfpGmrjzpfyJ wvausmfcefU&Sdaomtcg oufom&m&
aysmufrwwf&Sdaomfvnf; udk,fhudk,fudk EkHonfxifaom pdwfrlum; rQavmuf azsmufzsufzdkU
rvG,fulojzifh toufav;ig;q,f t&G,fwdkifatmif tpGef;xifvsuf&Sdygawmhonf/ xdktcsdef
rSp uREkfyfrSm tenf;i,fpum;xpfcJU&mrS udkd,fhudk,fudk ydkowdjyKrdonfhtwGuf (More
Selfconscious) ydkqdk;vmygonf/ a&S;OD;pGm pum;xpfjcif; ul;pufcJUykHtaMumif;udk
txufwGif azmfjycJUbl;&m uREkfyfrSm e*dkuwnf;u tjcm;vlrsm;xuf udk,fhudk,fudk vSnfhMunfh
rdwwfaom tavhtusifh&Sdoljzpf twlwl&,frdMujcif;jzpfygvsuf uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;
udkom ul;pufcJUjcif; jzpf[efwl\/ udk,fwkH;vkH;jyvdkuf&onfhaemufrl omqdk;vmonf[k
uREkfyf owdjyKrdygonf/ (udprsKd; uREkfyftvGef&Sufwwf a&csKd;cef;xJyif a&vJydkif;ygrS
a&csKd;wwfoljzpf&m bkd;BuD;tdkjzpfvmaomtcgrS oufom&m&awmhonf/ xdkUaMumifhvnf;
rdbrsm;\ 'Pfay;jcif;onf uREkfyf\pdwfudk omxdcdkufapcJUonf/
yxrOD; rdw faqGrsm;

4if;ESpf 7wef;pmar;yJGwGif rEav;NrdKU&Sd ausmif;wkdif;yif tust&IH;rsm;Muaomfvnf; tar&duef
ausmif;rS paumvm;&Spf0ifzkdU a&G;cs,fxm;onfh uREkfyfwkdU ausmif;om;av;a,mufvkH;yif
atmifjrifMuonf/ tcsKdUausmif;rsm;rl awmfvSygonfqdk paumvm;&SpfoGif;zdkU a&G;cs,f
xm;onfh ausmif;om;rsm;yif us&IH;Mu\/ xkdpOfu xkH;pHrSm 7wef;ausmif;om;rsm;onf &dk;&dk;
pmar;yGJudk ajzqdkatmifjrifNyD;rS paumvm;&Spfpmar;yGJwGif ajzqdk& 4if;udk atmifjrifaom
- 70 -
tcgwGif 8wef;ESifh 9wef;oif&eftwGuf wv 16usyf&\/ (16usyf[laom aiGrSmvnf;

xkdpOfu renf;vS? ykvdyftrIxrf;wa,muf\ vcrSm 11usyf? 10yJrQom jzpfavonf/)
uREkfyftzkdU&mrl paumvm;&Spfpmar;yGJudk ratmifjrifaomfvnf; 4if;pmar;yJGudk taMumif;jyK
tvGefcspfcifMuifemaom twef;wl oli,fcsif;okH;a,muf wNydKifwnf; yxrtBudrf &&Sdjcif;
aMumifh xl;jcm;aomESpfjzpfonf[k rSwfwrf;wif&onf/ at?bD?trf ausmif;odkU a&mufu
wnf;u uREkfyfrSm cifrifaomoli,fcsif;[lr&Sd? todrdwfaqGzGJUrnfholvnf;r&Sd? twef;xJ
rSma&m ausmif;xJyg ]]waumif<uuf wrsufESm}} qdkovdk ukyfukyfuav; aecJU&onfjzpf&m
paumvm;&Spfpmar;yGJ 0ifcgeD;wGifrS ausmif;om;av;a,mufaygif; pnf;vkH;rdMu tvGefw&m
cifrif&if;ESD;aomtjzpfodkU a&mufcJU&onf/ rdwfaqGwa,mufrQ r&SdcJUbl;ojzifh b,folUtm;rQ
rcspfcJU&aom uREkfyfrSm wNydKifeufwnf; okH;OD;BuD; &aomtcg aysmfvdkufykHrSm (wcgw&H
olwkdUtaMumif;awGudk pOf;pm;&jcif;aMumifh) tdyfraysmfEdkifatmif &Sdbl;ygonf/
&wemykHqdkufaomESpf
8wef;odkU wuf&aomESpf (1905ckESpf)onf uREkfyftzkdU&m ausmif;om;b0wGif ]]&wemykH
qdkuf}} aomESpf [l qdkoifh\/ tvGefcspfcifaom twef;om; okH;a,mufwNydKifeufwnf;
&&Sdonfhjyif [dlvlonfvlrsm;uvnf; ac:csifajymcsif&SdMuonf/ ausmif;okdUa&mufonfrSm 2ESpf
jynfhcJUNyDjzpf rkwfqdwfzGm;BuD;ESifh ausmif;tkyfBuD;udkvnf; rvefUawmh/ rkd;xkd;onf[k
xifcJUrdaom ]wm0g} tcRefBuD;udkvnf; aMumufp&mrxifawmh/ (ausmif;om;wa,mufESifh
wdwfwqdwf wufyif MunfhNyD;cJUavNyD/) ausmif;om;jriforQonf uREkfyfudk ]us,f} vdrfhrnf
[lvnf; rpdk;&drfawmh/ ausmif;onf igwkdUausmif;jzpfonf[k ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif oabmxm;Edkif
cJUavNyD/ uREkfyfonf i,fpOfuwnf;u twdwfudk jyefajymif;owd& vuf&SdtajctaeESifh
EIdif;,SOfMunfhwwfaom tavh&Sdolwa,mufjzpfav&m 8wef;odkU wuf&NyD;onfhaemuf 6wef;
ausmif;om;uav;tjzpfESifh a&S;OD;pGm ausmif;wuf&aom eHeufudk owd&rdwkdif; awmifay:rS
awmifajcokdU jyefMunfh&onfhES,f tajctaeuGmjcm;ykHudk NyKH;rdygonf/
Mumavaumif; avjzpfvmjcif;
at?bD?trf ausmif; uREkfyfwkdU\ 7wef;q&mESifh 8wef;q&mwdkUrSm tdrfeD;csif; jzpfMuonfh
tavsmuf 8wef;odkU uREkfyfwkdU wufoGm;Muaomtcg 8wef;q&monf twef;om;opf
- 71 -
a&TOa'gif;
rsm;teuf rnfolrnf0gwkdU awmfonfqdkjcif;udk odESifhNyD;avNyD/ xdkpOfu 7wef;q&mESifh

8wef;q&mwkdUonf t*Fvdyfpmudk txl;tav;ay;Muolrsm;jzpf uREkfyfwkdU paumvm;&Spf
ajzcJUolav;a,mufudk 8wef;q&mu tav;ay;NyD; zdoifjyav&m 4if;wkdUteufwGif
uREkfyfrSm t*FvdyfbmomawmfvsufESifh ausmif;ajy;wwfaom aumifuav;[k odxm;onfESifh
txl;wvnfzd oifjyayonf/ xkdUaMumifh uREkfyfpmrusufvQifvnf; q&muod pmusuf
vQifvnf; wwef;vkH;odatmif aMumfjimay;ouJUokdU xif&Sm;aponf/ wGif uREkfyfrSm
pmrBudK;pm;yJae rjzpfaom tajcodkU a&mufaeavawmhonf/ uREkfyftzdkU&m aumif;jcif;
w&yfyif/
ausmif;om;BuD; rsm;\ ]vufcsm}

uREkfyfrSm ausmif;oufwwavQmufvkH;wGif (udkxGef;vSwa,mufrSwyg;) cifrif&if;EDS;ol r&SdcJU
bl;ojzifh 8wef;odkUa&mufcgrS okH;a,mufyl;wNydKifeuf &&Sdjcif;twGuf yDwdjzpf&ykHudk razmfjyyJ
raeEdkifatmif &Sdygawmhonf/ uREkfyfwkdU av;a,mufteuf udkazqdkolrSm uREkfyfwkdUxuf
av;ESpfcefUBuD; usefESpfa,mufrSm uREkfyfESifh &G,fwlrsm;jzpfMu\/ pifppftm;jzifh udkazonf
acgifolBuD;jzpfxdkufaomfvnf; okH;a,mufvkH;onf uREkfyftm; tcspfqkH;jzpf uREkfyf\ tqkH;
tjzwfudk em,lMuonf/ uREkfyfum; udkxGef;vSuJUodkU obm0acgif;aqmifwa,muf (Born
Leader) r[kwfygyJvsuf arwmtavsmuf wifajrSmufMujcif;jzpf&m uREkfyfurl txdkuf
tavsmuf yg;&nfeyf&nf&SdonfESifh udkaz\tvdkudkMunfh tqkH;tjzwfay;wwfavonf/
&G,fwlESpfa,mufteuf wa,mufrSm puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;OD;&D;jzpfvm tjcm;wa,mufrSm
w&kwfujym;uav; pufacGqdkoljzpf\/ uREkfyfwkdUav;a,mufonf ausmif;rwufrD em&D0uf
cefU apmapma&muf ]tpnf;ta0;} xdkifjcif;? aeUvnftm;vyfcsdef wem&Dteuf em&D0ufcefU
opfyif&dyfatmufwGif twlxdkifMujcif;jzifh rSefrSefBuD; tcsdefjzKef;Mu\/ 4if;tpnf;ta0;rsm;
udkazonf &nf;pm;xm;jcif;tvkyfESifh ywfouf vufawGUrsm;vSol wa,mufjzpfonfh
tavsmuf tNrJwrf; ]vufcsm} ay;avh&Sd&m wcgw&HwGif tjcm;ausmif;om;uav;rsm;vnf;
Mum;emMu tcsKdUausmif;om;BuD;rsm;uvnf; rdrdwdkU\ tawGUtBuKHrsm;udk pGufzuf ajymjy
avh&SdMu\/ vufcsmq&mrsm;teuf udkzkd;0kdufqdkol\ vufcsmwyk'fudk uREkfyfrSwfrdygao;
onf/
vlacsm udkzdk;0dkuf
- 72 -
udkzdk;0dkufum; ausmif;om;b0rSp uREkfyfawGUbl;orQ jrifbl;orQaom a,musfm;rsm;

(Zmwfrif;om; tygt0if) teufwGif tacsmqkH;? tvSqkH; vlwa,mufjzpf\/ olESifh
,SOfEdkifolrSm emrnfBuD;vSonfh rEav;NrdKUom; ]]abmif,maqmif'if armifBuD;}} wa,mufom
&Sdonfxif\/ udkarmifBuD;\ acsmjcif;rSm rsufESmxm;csKdjcif;ESifh 0wfykHpm;ykH udk,faeudk,f[ef
*dkufqdkufaumif;jcif;wkdUu taxmuftuljyKvsuf&Sd&m rsufESmoufoufudk Munfhrnf qdkyg
rlum; udkzkd;0dkufudk rSDaoma,musfm;[l uREkfyfwoufvkH; rawGU&bl;acs/ tvGefMunfvif
tpOfNyHK;vsuf&Sdaom rsufvkH;rsm;? xif&Sm; jywfom;aomrsufckef;? &Snfvsm; aumhvefvsuf
&Sdaom rsufawmifarG;rsm;? us,fjyefUnDnmaom r[mezl;? ajzmifhpif;aomESmwH? jzLpif
nDnmaom oGm;rsm;? tpGef;ESpfbuf txufodkU ysHwufonfxif&aomyg;pyf? cyfoG,foG,f
&Sdaom rsufESm\tqkH; rcRef;vGef;rjym;vGef;yJ taeawmf&kH&Sdonfh ar;aphwdkUjzifh wcsuf
jrifvkduf&vQif aemufxyfrMunfhyJ raeEdkifonfh ]tvefUwMum;} acsmvSaom rsufESmrsKd;
&Sdoljzpf\/ txl;ojzifh rSwfrdavmufaom tjcif;t&monfum; ol\tom;yifjzpf\/
jrefrmvlrsKd;onf tom;jzLESifh tom;0gwkdUteuf tom;0gudk ydkESpfoufwwfMuonfjzpf&m
udkzkd;0dkuf\ tom;0gykHrsKd;rSm azsmhawmhaom0gjcif;rsKd;r[kwf? &J&Jwif;wif; xdefxdefvif;vsuf
a&Ta&mif0if;onf[k xif&avmufaom 0gjcif;rsKd;jzpf&onfhtxJwGif nufanmacsmarGUvdkufyHk
uvnf; rnfolESifhrQrwl[k uREkfyfxifrdonf/ ]]tuRrf;0if tqifajy}} [laom jrefrmpum;
&Sday&m uREkfyfonf udkzdk;0dkufudk cifrifaomaMumifh ol\&kyftqif;udk txifBuD;jcif;r[kwf?
olESifhuREkfyfrSm wwef;wnf;jzpf&bl;jcif;rSwyg; t&G,fcsif;vnf;uGm ae&yfcsif;vnf; reD;
aomaMumifh ESpfBudrfokH;BudrfrQom ac:bl;ajymbl;ygonf/ rQavmuf vSyacsmarmol
wa,mufu uREkfyftm; wcgw&H ac:bl;jcif;twGufyif ]vlopfuav; wa,mufjzpfaom
uREkfyftzdkU 0rf;omrdjcif;udk rSwfrdygao;onf/
rSwfom;avmufaom pkHprf;enf;
bk&m;&Sdckd;ausmif;\ awmifbuf&Sdaom BudKUyifatmuf ]jrmvufcsm} ay;Muaom ausmif;
om;BuD;rsm;teufwGif udkzdk;0dkufESifh udkazwkdUonf tajymifajrmufqkH;aom q&mBuD;rsm;
jzpfMuonf[k uREkfyfrSwfrd\/ udkazrSm txufcsif;wGif;e,f rif;uif;NrdKUom;wa,mufjzpf
aEG&moD ausmif;(45)&ufydwfwkdif; rdrd\XmaeokdU jyef&oljzpfav&m wESpfwacgufjyefwkdif;
&nf;pm;wa,muf xm;EdkifoljzpfonfESifh ol\vufcsmrsm;onf qifajymif;qifuJGjzpf
pdwf0ifpm;zG,f aumif;vSayonf/ udkzdk;0dkufrlum; rEav;om;jzpf XmeDjyefumrS wESpf
wa,mufr[kwf? &kyfuvnf; tvGefacsm? tajymuvnf; tvGefaumif;? oyfoyf&yf&yfESifh
0wfaumif;pm;vS 0wfwwfolvnf; jzpfaomaMumifh (uREkfyf\cefUrSef;ajct&) wvwa,muf
- 73 -
a&TOa'gif;
avmuf awGUEdkifoljzpf[efwlayonf/ udkzkd;0dkuf\ rSwfom;zG,faom ]vufcsm} rsm;teuf

txl;ojzifh rSwfom;rdaom vufcsmwckrSm csufcsif;awGU&aom rdef;uav;wa,mufonf
rdrdtay: pdwf0ifpm;rI &Sdr&Sdudk tuJcwfaom enf;taMumif;jzpf\/ (taMumif;udkrl
uREkfyfrSwfrdoavmuf ol\pum;twdkif; azmfjyygrnf/) ]]rif;wkdU yJGMunfhw,fqdkygawmhuGm?
udk,fhae&mrSm xdkifvdkufvQif xdkifvdkufcsif; udk,fhywf0ef;usifudk vSrf;Munfhvdkuf&w,f? b,f
]jrm} [m edyfovJqdkwm &SmMunhfvkduf? awmfawmfuav;MumMum xdkifrdwJUtcgrSm udk,f
oabmuswJU ]jrm} [m udk,feJU rsufvkH;csif;qdkifrdrqdkifrdudk tuJcwfEdkifvdrfhr,f? aumif;NyD?
cPcP wa,mufudkwa,muf vSrf;MunfhMuvdkU rsufvkH;csif; wdkufqdkifrdw,f qdkygawmh?
wxpfwufNyD; prf;MunfhvdkuftkH;? prf;ykHuawmh 'DvdkuG? rif;wdkUxdkifwJUae&meJU ]jrm} xdkifwJU
ae&meJU wnfhwnfhBuD;jzpfaevdkU wa,mufeJUwa,muf jrifEdkif&muaeNyD; rif;wdkUu eJeJav;
a&TUxdkifvdkuf&r,f? 'DtcgrSm rsufpdcsif; rwdkifqdkifEkdifyJ eJeJuG,foGm;w,f qdkygawmh? ]jrm} u
rif;udk pdwf0ifpm;&dk;rSefvQif oludk,fwdkifu ae&ma&TUNyD; jyifxdkifvdrfhr,f? 'Dvdk wcgESpfcg
jyifxdkifw,fqdkvQifawmh aocsmaygufyJ? olUaemufuvdkuf? olUt&yfwkdU aetdrfwkdUpkHprf;NyD;
tqufom&Smayawmh? olUudk,fEIdufu tqufvkyfay;wmrsKd;awmif BuKH&wwfw,f}} [k
ajymjyavonf/ udkzdk;0dkufrSm ]tvefUwMum;} acsmoljzpf vlykHxJwGif xif;xif;BuD;ay:aernfh
vlwa,mufjzpfaomaMumifh (tjcm;vlrsm;tzdkU woufwcg BuKH&rnfjzpfaomfvnf;) olUtzdkU
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tcsif;csif; cspfBudKufNyD; tdrfaxmifusolwdkUvnf; renf;vSay/ tvkyfvkyf&kHomru csufjyKwf
pm;aomufNyD; tdrftdyfMuaom a,mufsm;rdef;rrsm;yif av;ig;a,muf &Sdwwfao;\/
vlysKdtvkyform; ESpfa,mufcefUavmufrSmrl uREkfyfwkdUtdrf abmf'gaeMu vcav;usyfrQESifh
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vufzuf&nfMurf;zkd;yif r&SdaomaMumifh tHUzG,f&mwck jzpfaeayvdrfhrnf/ tvkyform;
wa,mufvQif 10-12 usyfrQom aeUwGufudkufMu 15 usyf &aom tvkyform;onf
vl&nfcRefwa,muf jzpfvm&aom acwfjzpf\/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap av;usyf[laom xrif;zkd;
- 74 -
onf (uREkfyfwkdUpm;ovdk auR;&jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh) enf;vGef;vSaomfvnf; 4if;wkdU\

vkyftm;ay:rS&aom tjrwfaMumifh auR;Edkifjcif;jzpf[efwlayonf/
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vsuf&SdavNyD/ 4if;wkdUonf wa,mufudkwa,muf ]ESyf} vdkaom pdwfxm;rsKd; tNrJ&SdMu
xltaomvlrsm; cHMu&onfcsnf;jzpf\/ wOD;wa,muf\ 'kua&mufjcif;udk jrif&onfhtcg
tm;vkH;u aysmf&TifpGm&,farmwwfMu xkduJUodkU 'kua&mufapjcif;iSm trsKd;rsKd;aomenf;jzifh
usDpm;wwf\/ (Practical Joke) Oyrm wa,muf\ae&mjzpfap? rSDaomwdkifjzpfap
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wa,mufonf tdrfa&SUrS avQmufoGm;pOf rl;aphudkjrif ukef;aumufvkdufrdojzifh &kwfw&uf
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pD;&dk;xkH;pHr&SdyJ ajcaxmuftwkdif; tajy;tvTm; oGm;&pNrJyifjzpfav&m? tvkyform;wa,muf
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vufcs oGm;Mu\/ wa,mufaomtxrf;orm;onf (aqmif;&moDwGif) rkefvmO? rkefvmxkyf
paom [if;&Guf[if;oD;rsm;udk awmif;ESpfbufwGif tjynfhtarmufxnfhvsuf tajy;tvTm;
xrf;vm&m &dkufxm;aomwkdifikwfudk ajcrESifhwdkufrd ',drf;',dkifjzpfoGm;onfwGif zdeyf
tvkyform;rsm;onf OD;acgif;udkikHUum Budwf&,fMuavonf/ xdkvlonf txrf;udkcs
tvGefrauseyfaomrsufESmESifh tdrfbufodkUvSrf;Munfh,if; uGJoGm;aomajcrudk ESdyfES,fay;
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- 75 -
a&TOa'gif;
npfpdwful;pufjcif;
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- 76 -
tjypfomjzpfonf[k em;vnfygonf/ odkU&mwGif i,f&G,fEke,faomtcsdef ]rD;aoG;} ESifh

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- 77 -
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tcgrsm;wGif awG;awmpOf;pm;aom rsufESmxm;rsKd; jzpfay:vmjcif;udk awGU&wwfojzifh ]ay:}
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okdUr[kwf rwfaph EIduf,lrdjcif;twGuf jzpfwwfonfh ESvkH;ylyefrI (ukuKp)rSm tylavmifqkH;
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12&uf vrif;ESifh yPm&vsuf&SdaomaMumifh uREkfyftm; olu xif&Sm;pGm jrifaumif;rSjrifrnf/
- 78 -
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azmfjycJU&m wacgufrl rdk;rjrifavrjrif qdk&ravmuf aysmf&TifcJU&onfhtwdkif; a&S;acwf
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- 79 -
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aMumifhaywnf;/
tdrfodkUa&mufonfESifhwNydKifeuf bk&m;yJGodkUoGm;&eftwGuf csufjyKwfaMumfavSmfjcif;? vSnf;rsm;
iSm;&rf;jcif;? ypnf;rsm;jyifqifMujcif; ponfwkdUudkjrif&onfrSm uREkfyftzdkU&m NidrfNidrfxdkif
raeEdkifyJ aqGUaqGUckefrQ aysmfvSygawmhonf/ wpfpkHwpfa,mufaomolonf uREkfyftm;
ewfjynfokdU tvnftywf vdkufrnfavm[k ar;jim;tHU/ uREkfyfu a&Tpm&HujyefrS vdkufrnf[k
ajymvdrfhrnfxifonf/ waygif;vjynfhausmf 5&uf n 9em&D tcsdefcefU (vxGufcsdef)wGif
uREkfyfwkdUtdrfrS vSnf;ESpfpD;ESifh t&yfxJrS vSnf;av;ig;pD;wkdUonf wtdrfudkwtdrf toHjyKum
wNydKifwnf; twlwuG xGufvmMu\/ uREkfyfrSm &ifxJ jrL;xl;vGef;vS ratmifhEdkifonfESifh
aw;csif;wyk'f [pfqdkvdkufrdonf/ uREkfyfwkdUtdrfrS vSnf;ESpfpD;teuf wpfpD;wGif uREkfyfwkdU
tdrfom;rsm;ESifh rdef;rtvkyform;rsm; ygMu tjcm;wpD;wGif a,musfm;tvkyform;rsm;ESifh
uREkfyfwdkU pD;eif;vdkufygMu&m zcifrlum; taysmftyg;rBudKufqdkum rvdkufygacs/ rSefaom
pum;udk qdk&vQif uREkfyfonf vGwfvGwfuRwfuRwf aysmfcsifaomaMumifh zcifrvdkufygjcif;
twGuf 0rf;omonf/ uREkfyf\zcifrSm t*Fvdyftac:tm;jzifh Kill-Joy aysmfjcif;udk rMunfh
Edkifol[k ac:&rnfxifonf/
atmifyifv,furf;&dk;wpfavQmuf
uREkfyfwkdU\t&yfrS vSnf;rsm;onf atmifyifv,furf;&dk;odkU a&mufMuaomtcg vSnf;wef;
&SnfBuD;ESifh qkHrdMu 4if;txJ ae&m,lum tygt0ifjyKvsuf armif;ESifMuav\/ xdktcsdef
rl vrif;onf tawmfjrifhvmNyDjzpf vSnf;wef;BuD;\ &Snfvsm;jcif;udk jrifEdkifavNyD/
okdU&mwGif rnfrQavmuf &Snfvsm;onfudkrl rjrifEdkifacs/ rEav;wNrdKUvkH;rS bk&m;yJGoGm;
rsm;onf tcsdefwGif ae&mokdUa&mufatmif (vem&D)jzifh vSnf;armif;vmjcif; jzpfaom
aMumifh aygif;qkHrdMu&mwGif ESpfjyokH;jy &Snfvsm;ygvdrfhrnf/ xdkpOfurl AD&dkvSnf; wpD;wavrS
wyg; jrif;&xm;? jrif;vSnf;? rdkwmum;? a'gufuwf? buf*Dpaom ,mOfrsKd;ryg/ aygif;rdk;ESifh
- 80 -
EGm;vSnf;awGcsnfh jzpfMu taES;tjrefr&Sd/ wpD;udkwpD;u ausmfwufjcif;vnf;r&Sd/ (vrf;

usOf;aomaMumifh ausmfwuf&efvnf;rjzpfEdkif)/ wpD;aemufrSwpD; wjznf;jznf;wtdtd Zdrf&Sd&Sd
ESifh armif;ESifMuavonf/ atmifyifv,fuefrSm uef[lac:Muaomfvnf; pifppftm;jzifh
ta&SUawmif&dk;rS pD;usvmaom rdk;a&rsm;udk wm&dk;jzifhqD;umxm;jcif; jzpfaomaMumifh ]wbuf
qnf} BuD;rQom jzpfav&m xdkpOfu aEG&moDjzpf a&r&Sdaomfvnf; ,ckuJUokdU v,fuGufrsm;
r[kwfyJ uefpGef;yiftp&Sdonfh [if;&Gufyifrsm; aygufa&mufvsuf&Sd\/ bk&m;oGm;rsm;onf
olckd;'jrvnf; raMumuf&? tcsdefvk tvkyfvkyfMuaom acwfr[kwfojzifh uwdkufu&dkuf
vnf; oabmrxm;yJ vomomwGif vSnf;oHwtdtdESifh armif;ESifvmMu&m vSnf;rsm;ay:rS
vnf;aumif;? vSnf;rsm;eHab;rS ajcvsifavQmufolrsm;u vnf;aumif; aw;csif;oHw[dk[dkESifh
uefaygif&dk;wckvkH; qlnHvsuf&Sd\/ awmifNyKH;yJG? &wemh*lyJGponfh ewfyGJrsm;uJUodkU wa,muf
ESifhwa,muf aemufajymifjcif;r&SdyJ ajE&&ESifh oGm;Mu&m 0goemygaom a,musfm;uav;
tzJGU? rdef;uav;tzJGUrsm;u wcsDwcsDwGif vSnf;ay:rSqif;um uckefoDqdkMuNyD;aemuf tm;&
aomtcgrS vSnf;ay:odkU jyefwufMuav\/ uREkfyfrSm tvkyform;rsm;xHrS usufrSwfxm;
onfh q&myk\ aw;csif;? udkbausmh\ ]NrdKifx}? py,foufBuD;\ ywjrm;rSef*l (q'ef
qifrif; awmvm;) ponfrsm;udk okH;xyfav;xyfru qdkNyD;ojzifh armcJUavNyD/ (rdcif
oifay;onfh ]ysKdU} ]BudK;} ponfwkdUrSm ae&mrsKd;ESifh ravsmfaomaMumifh csefxm;vdkuf&onf/)
at;at;aq;aq;acwf
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wwfao;&m xdktcgwGif vSnf;wef;BuD;wwef;vkH; &yfem;um vSnf;orm;tm;vkH; 0dkif;0ef;
ulnD vkyfudkifay;Mu&\/ tcsdeftpdk;&ouJUokdU &Sdaomacwfjzpf ]rNyD;ao;bl;vm;} ]jrefjref
vkyfMuprf;yg} ]aemufusaevdrfhr,f} ponfjzifh nnf;nLjcif;? a&&Gwfjcif;r&Sd/ vSnf;orm;awG
tvkyfvkyfcdkufwGif bk&m;oGm;rsm;onf [dkrSmw0dkif; onfrSmw0dkif; ponfjzifh pk&kH;um oDqdk
uckefaeMu\/ vSnf;orm;rsm;rSmvnf; ]0if&dk;} twGuf opfyifckwfolckwf? jzwfoljzwf?
xpfolxpf? ajzmifholajzmifh? a&Gola&G? ]wa,mufwcsuf ausmif;om;vuf} qdkbdodkU 0dkif;0ef;
vkyfudkifvkdufMu&m bmrQMumao;onfrxif&rD 0if&dk;wacsmif; ckwfNyD;acsmNyD;oGif;NyD; jzpf
qufvuf xGufEdkifMuavNyD/
aysmf&rSauseyfaomvlrsKd;
- 81 -
a&TOa'gif;
wHwdkif;&Snf&GmodkU a&mufMuaomtcg umvom;rsm;onf vSnf;rsm;ay:rS tvQKdvQKdESifh qif;

oGm;Mu tkd;uav;rsm;qJGum jyefvmNyD; vSnf;ay:okdU jyefwufMu\/ um;tjcm;r[kwf?
]yifusa&} ac: xef;&nfcg; 0,fMujcif;jzpf\/ vSnf;wef;BuD;um; r&yf? ol0ifigxGufjzifh
wa,mufwvSnfhpD 0,fMujcif;jzpfMu\/ bk&m;yJGodkU oGm;Mujcif;jzpfaomfvnf; aysmf&GifrIudk
vufrvTwfcsif/ tokbcs&myif pdefyef;olawmf\ 'dk;ywf0dkif;uwD; bkef;awmfBuD;\
acgif;udk ajrSmufupm;csifaom vlrsKd;jzpfaomaMumifh xef;&nfaomufjcif; rQavmuftwGuf
tHUMop&mr[kwfay/ odkU&mwGif bk&m;yJG\ csD;usK;zG,fwckrSm umvom;rsm;\ vSnf;rsm;
udk,fh ]jrL} tdk;ESifhudk,f armfhMuaomfvnf; awmifNyKH;ponfh ewfyJGrsKd;rSmuJUokdU rl;oH? ,pfoH?
rawmfwa&mf ajymifavSmifoH[l wcGef;rQyif rMum;&acs/ uREkfyfwkdU\vSnf;rS tvkyform;
rsm;vnf; bk&m;wumrsm; r[kwfMuojzifh jrLtdk;rsm; 0,faomufMu uREkfyftm;vnf;
ay;Muao;\/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyfrSm xdkpOfu pmtxd rwuf&ao;ojzifh jiif;vdkufEdkifyg
onf/ trSefrSm rdcifwa,mufvkH;ygonfh yJGrsKd;wGif rQavmuf ]pmBuD;ayBuD;} wuf
oif&ef rjzpfEdkifaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ waMumif;rSmvnf; uREkfyfonf zcifudkaMumufo
avmuf rdciftm; &dkaoav;pm;ygonf/ jcm;em;ykHum; aMumufjcif;[lonfrSm rjrifuG,f&mwGif
vkyfwwf &dkaoav;pm;jcif;rlum; rsufarSmufrsufuG,fra&G; MoZmanmif;wwfjcif;yif jzpf
avonf/
aMumufaomfv nf; aysmf\

vSnf;wef;BuD;onf t&kPfrwufrDtcsdefwGif a&Tpm&HrkefawmokdU 0ifvmMu&m tcsKdUae&mrS
taiGUwacsmif;acsmif;&Sdaom qifacs;ykHBuD;rsm; awGUolrsm;awGUMu\/ acs;ykHBuD;rsm;rSm qif,Of
rsm; pGefUcJUjcif;r[kwf? qif&dkif;rsm;\ypnf; jzpfonfqkdojzifh vSnf;rsm;ay: toufr&I0HUyJ
ukyfvdkufaom rdef;rrsm;vnf;&SdMu\/ uREkfyfrlum; tqef;topfqdkvQif Munfhcsifwwfaom
0goemESifh pGefUpm;csifwwfaom txkHtavhaMumifh tjcm;vlrsm; awGUonfqdkaom ae&mokdU
vSnf;ay:rSqif; oGm;Munfhrdatmif MunfhcJUygao;onf/ acs;ykHBuD;udk jrif&aomtcg
raMumufwwfonfr[kwf? aMumufcJU&yg\/ okdU&mwGif aMumuf&jcif;onfyifvQif t&om
wckjzpfonf[k uREkfyf ,lqygonf/ qif&dkif;ajc&mrsm;um; tESHUtjym;yif awGUcJUMu&ojzifh
bk&m;yJGokdU vm&jcif;rSm pGefUpm;cef;BuD;wck (Great Adventure) taejzifh trSwf
xifvsuf &Sdygawmhonf/
- 82 -
tvkyfudk,fpDESifh
&Srf;rdzk&m; &SifrGefv\ em;awmif;uscJUonfqdkaomacsmif;udk jzwfausmf pcef;csrnfhae&modkU
a&mufMuaomtcg o&ufyifBuD;rsm;onf t&Gufcsif;xdrwwf qufpyfum aygufa&mufvsuf
&Sd w&yfwnf;rS twlvmMuaom vSnf;rsm;onf w0dkif;wnf;jzpfatmif eD;uyfpGm a&G;cs,f
Mu zsm? &dkif? oifjzL;rsm; cif;olucif;? uefUvefUumrsm; umoluum? rD;zdktwGuf usif;
wl;oluwl;? zdkuaemuf&Smolu&Sm? o&ufzl;aumufoluaumuf? a&cyfolucyf? wHjruf
vSJoluvSJ? xif;acGoluacG tvkyfudk,fpDESifh aysmf&GifpGm aqmif&Gufvsuf&SdMu\/ txJwGif
wnvkH; wa&;rQrSdwfcJU&olr&SdyJ vSnf;ay: aMumifawmifvkdufcJU&olcsnf; jzpfaomfvnf;
vwfqwfvdkufMuykHrSm ESif;cHxm;onfh yef;yGifhrsm;ozG,f tzl;tnGefUwvlvlESifh ckefqGckefqG
jzpfvsuf&SdMuavonf/ rnfodkUqdkap uREkfyfwa,mufrlum; txl;wvnf&TifjrL;vsuf&Sd\/
taMumif;rlum; zcifrMunfromESifh vdkufcJU&onfh vGefcJUaomav;ESpfu wacgufESifh
nDtpfudkarmifESr rdcifESifhwuG tdrfeD;csif;rsm;yg vm&onfh wacguf\ jcm;em;ykHudk rMum
cP owd&vsuf &SdayaomaMumifhwnf;/
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ausmf 8&ufeHeufwGifrS jyefMu&aomyJGjzpf &uftawmf&Snfoavmuf MunfEl;zG,f aumif;vS
onf/ ESpfpOfvmonfqdkaom ig;BuD;rsm;udkMunfh&jcif;? jrpfi,fqdyf a&csKd;&jcif;? (OoQpfoD;
rsm; aygvSonf? wjym;zdk; 8vkH;&onf/) aps;wef;BuD;wavQmuf avQmuf&jcif;? a&Tpm&H
ykwD;rsm; 0,f vnfyif;pGyf&jcif;? xl;qef;aom apwDawmfudk zll;&jcif;wkdUrSm vltrsm;
aysmfwwfMuaom tjcif;t&mrsm; jzpfayonf/ uREkfyftzdkU&mum; a&csKd;NyD;wufvm
o&ufuif;rsm; wzkwfzkwfa<uusvsuf&Sdonfh o&ufyifBuD;rsm;\ t&dyfatmuf yltdkufp
jyKvmonfh waygif;v&moDwGif yufvufvSefum rkefUyJom;a&pmrsm; 0g;ae&jcif;onf
aysmfp&mtaumif;qkH;[k qkH;jzwfcJUygonf/ tjcm;aom aysmfp&mBuD;wckrSm o&ufyifBuD;rsm;
atmuf eHeufpmnpm pm;aomufMu&mwGif w&yfwnf;twlvmMuaom vSnf;rsm;rS
w0dkif;ESifhw0dkif; wzGJUESifhwzGJU tqef;tjym; [if;cGufaumif;rsm; tay;t,lvkyfMujcif;aMumifh
[if;aygif; q,fhav;ig;cGufpm;& armarmESifh aysmfaysmfBuD;&Sdaeaom uREkfyftzdkUrSm wouf
wGif wqufwnf; tNrdef&SufqkH;aom xrif;ig;eyf[l rSwfwrf;wif&ygonf/
apwDawmf\ xl;jcm;csufrSm tjcm;aom apwDawmfrsm;uJUodkU ta&SU? taemuf? awmif? ajrmuf
wnf; [laom t&yfav;rsufESmodkU wnfhwnfhwl&l rsufESmrrlyJ cyf&GJU&GJU cyfapmif;apmif;
&Sdaejcif;yif jzpfavonf/ &Srf;rdzk&m; &SifrGefvtm; bk&ifu jynfawmfjyefap&mwGif apwDawmf
udk jrwbufjzifhywfum opmjyK vSnfhvkdufjcif;aMumifh apmif;&GJUoGm;onf[k ajymMuav
onf/ uREkfyfrSm cyfi,fi,fuwnf;uyif pdwful;,Oform;wa,mufjzpf tu,fwEK
- 83 -
a&TOa'gif;
twdkif; jyKvkyfcJUjcif;rSefygvQif &SifrGefvonf apwDawmf\ wbufwGif ae&mavmuf

xdkifjcif;jzpfvdrfhrnf[k a&mf&rf;rSef;qum tawmfvGrf;cJU&bl;ygonf/
aemufq kH;aysmfenf;wck
vjynfhausmf 8&ufaeU eHeufapmapmuyif aumfaZm? uefUvefUum? zsm? &dkif? oifjzL; rsm;
&kyfodrf; tjyefc&D;twGuf jyifqifMuavNyD/ bk&m;yJGwGif aemufqkH;aom aysmfjcif;taejzifh
umvom;rsm; aysmfMuonfhtjcif;t&mwckudk rSwfrdao;\/ vSnf;rsm;onf em;awmif;us
acsmif;udk jzwfausmfMu&mwGif tjyefc&D;tzdkU tqif;bufurf;yg;onf cyfajyajy &Sdaomf
vnf; twufbufurf;yg;rSm tawmfrwfapmufaomaMumifh vSnf;ay:rSvlrsm; tm;vkH;qif;
vSnf;cGufcsnf; wufMu&\/ okdUESifhyif urf;yg;\ rwfapmufjcif;aMumifh EGm;rsm;onf
wudk,fvkH; taMumNydKif;NydKif;xonfudk jrif&avmufatmif tm;cJ &kef;wufMu&\/ wGif
twufbufurf;yg; umvom;rsm;onf pk&kH;um apmifhaeMu vSnf;rsm;udk wpD;NyD;wpD;
urf;yg;twufBuD;wGif wGef;wifay;Mu\/ w,fawmfwJUvlawGygwum;[k rcsD;rGrf;vkdufyg
ESifhOD;? 4if;wkdUonf vSnf;wpD;udk urf;yg;apmuftwufBuD;twdkif; wGef;wifMu xdyfodkU
a&mufcgeD;wGif &kwfw&uf vTwfypfvdkufMuav&m EGm;ESpfaumifrSm vG,ful&mrS trSwfwrJU
tcufawGU&onfESifh t&Sdefysufum EGm;a&mvSnf;yg vefusoGm;av\/ tjcif;t&mudk
apmifh MunfhMuaom y&dowfuvnf; &,farmMuav\/
okdUjzifh vSnf;wpD;vQif wacgufrQ 'vdefUacgufauG; jyefusvmNyD;rS aemufwBudrf twuf
wGif xdyfodkUa&mufatmif wGef;wifvkdufavonf/ Avaumif;aom EGm;BuD;rsm;vnf; rouf
omacs/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf oefpGrf;vSaom EGm;BuD;rsm;udk urf;yg;xdyfodkU a&mufvkqJqJ
wGif vTwfay;vkduf&kHESifhrNyD;yJ vufvTwfcgeD; rodromESifh jyef qGJcsvkdufMuaomaMumifh
jzpfavonf/ tvGeftrif;oefpGef;aom EGm;rsm;ESifh yg;eyfaom vSnf;orm;rsm;rSwyg;
',D;',dkifESifh aemufjyefvdrfhusMujcif;tm;jzifh y&dowftm; wBudrfjzpfap azsmfajzoGm;Mu&
onf csnf;jzpfavonf/
yJGo Gm;aMumhaMumh yGJjyefarmfharmfh
- 84 -
em;awmif;usacsmif; twufvrf;\ xpfaighrIaMumifh tjyefc&D;wGif vSnf;rsm;onf tvmc&D;

rSmuJUodkU woDwwef;BuD; rarmif;MuawmhyJ udk,fh&yfuGufESifh udk,fhtkyfpkrQavmufom tazmf
vkyfEdkifMuawmh\/ bk&m;yJGwGif rdrdudk,fudk taysmfqkH;wa,muftaejzifh oabmxm;rdaom
uREkfyfyifvQif aw;csif;oDqdkcsifpdwf r&SdawmhyJ tvkyform;wa,mufa,muf\ aygifay:wGif
OD;acgif;wif rSdef;csifcJUavNyD/ jzpfvnf; jzpfoifhonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf uREkfyfrSm
okH;nvkH;pkaygif;ygrS 10em&DrQyif rtdyfcJUojzifh rsufawmifrsm; pif;aeNyD jzpfaomaMumifh
aywnf;/ vdifoabmryg&SdyJ vli,fhobm0oufoufjzifh tl&TifjrL;wl;cJU&jcif;rsm;wGif
ppfudkif;awmif&dk;okdU yxrtBudrf a&muf&bl;aomwacgufESifh wyJGonf pdwfxJwGif
]pm;NrKHUjyef} rNyD;qkH;Edkifonfh tjcif;t&mESpfckaywnf;/ ae&Sdeftawmfjyif;vmaomtcg
uREkfyfwkdU&yfuGufrS vSnf;av;ig;pD;wdkUonf t&kPfwufrS xcsufcJUMuonfh xrif;[if;
rsm;udk opfyif&dyfaumif;aumif;wGif &yfem;&if; pm;aomufMuavonf/ a&SUtzdkUwGif
aeuvnf; yljyif;vmojzifh tl&Tifcef;NyD;qkH; 0rf;AdkufawmifhawmifhESifh acGMuolwkdUom rsm;
awmh\/ tjyefc&D; uREkfyftrSwf&aom tjcif;t&mwckrSm uREkfyfwkdU\vnfyif;
]a&Tpm&HykwD;} [kac:onfh xef;&GufykwD;0grsm;pGyfvsuf jyefvmMupOf atmifyifv,fuef&dk;&Sd
atmifyifv,f&Gm usif;yonfh ]ay:awmfrl} bk&m;yJGtNyD;ESifh qkHpnf; 4if;bk&m;yJGjyefrsm;
onfvnf; rEav;okdU uREkfyfwkdUESifhtwl a&maESmum jyefvmMu\/ 4if;yJGjyefrsm;\ vnfyif;
wGifvnf; uREkfyfwkdUenf;wl xef;&GufykwD;rsm; pGyfxm;Muav&m xdkolwkdUonf a&Tpm&Hbk&m;odkU
a&mufatmifoGm;&ef rwwfEdkifojzifh ]aeUcsif;jyef} jzpfEdkifaom bk&m;yJGokdU vma&mufum
]a&Tpm&Hjyefrsm;} taejzifh rEav;NrdKUokdU 0ifMujcif;jzpfonf[k od&avonf/ (uREkfyfwdkU
vlrsKd;um; BuHBuHzefzef [efaqmifcsifaom vlrsKd;aywnf;[k atmufarhcJUrdonf/)
acwfpm;aomaw;wyk'f
8 wef;&SdpOf uREkfyftm; txufwef;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;ESifh ESD;ESD;&if;&if; jzpfaponfh tjcif;
t&mwck ay:aygufcJUjcif;udk rSwfrdygao;\/ xdkacwfu ausmif;om;rsm;\ xkH;pHwckrSm
atmufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;onf txufwef;BuD;rsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;udk MunfndKpGmESifh
armfhMunfhMu txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;url atmufwef; ausmif;om;uav;rsm;tm;
]]zkwfavwJUig;yd &Sdonf[krrSwf}} qdkaom pum;uJUokdU vlzwfrxifwwfMuay/ waeUo
uREkfyfonf aeUausmif;wufcgeD; 15 rdepfcefU vdkao;aomtcsdefwGif 8 wef;oifaom
ausmif;cef;xJ py,foufBuD;qdkonfh ]ywjrm;rSef*l} oDcsif;udk wD;wdk;oDqdkjyovsuf&SdpOf
tcef;tjyifbufrS avQmufoGm;Muonfh udkxGef;vStygt0if 9 wef;ausmif;om;wpk Mum;
onfESifh 0ifvmMu udkxGef;vSu ]]a[hazodef;? 'DoDcsif;udk rif;tptqkH;&ovm;}} [k
- 85 -
a&TOa'gif;
ar;ojzifh uREkfyfu &aMumif;jyefajym\/ wGif 9 wef; ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf uREkfyftm;

ausmoyf&ifoyfvkyfMu pm&GufESifhcJwHrsm; xkwfMuav\/
cufcJpGmul;&jcif;
ae&m 4if;aw;csif;\ vlBudKufrsm;ykHESifh cJ,Of;pGm uREkfyf&ykHudk azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ rEav;
NrdKUwGif xdkacwfu &kyfao;rif;om; rif;orD;rsm; oDqdkonfh aw;csif;rsm;onf tvGef
acwfpm;\/ Zmwfrif;om; OD;zdk;pdefBuD;rSm xdktcsdefwGif ay:aygufNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; aemuf
(uREkfyftxift&) 2 ESpf avmufMumrS ol\oDcsif;rsm;udk umvom;rsm; vrf;avQmufqdkaom
tjzpfodkU a&mufvmonf/ xdkpOfu txl;emrnfBuD; ,aeUwdkif tpm;xdk;&ef (okdUr[kwf
EIdif;,SOfajym&ef) ray:aygufao;onfh &kyfao;rif;orD;ESifh rif;om;rsm;um; q&myk?
udkbausmh? py,foufBuD;? udkpdefcdk? udkzl;ndKwdkU jzpf\/ 4if;wkdU\yg;pyfrS aw;csif;
tqef;rsm;onf umvom;rsm;\ yg;pyfodkU a&mufonfhtcg 4if;wkdUonf bm*sm? Aswfapmif;
paom wl&d,mrsm;ESifh wGJum ntcsdefrsm;wGif vrf;rsm;ay:avQmuf oDqdkwwfMuavonf/
tcsKdUaomvrf;rsm;rSm xdkuJUokdUaom wD;0dkif;rsKd; w0dkif;NyD;w0dkif; avQmufvmwwfojzifh
vrf;eHab;rS tdrfrsm;rSm acwfa&'D,dkrsm;ozG,f tqufrjywfvkbeef; em;axmif&
avonf/ uREkfyf&xm;aom py,foufBuD;\ ]ywjrm;rSef*l} aw;csif;rSm ay:cgpvnf;jzpf
umvom;rsm;vnf; r&ao;? useatmif oDqdkwwfolvnf; r&Sdao;yJ tvGefvnf; vlBudKuf
rsm;onfESifh wefzdk;&SdvSaom aw;csif;wyk'fjzpfay\/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; udkxGef;vStrSL;&Sdaom
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf uRekfyfxHylqmjcif; jzpfavonf/
uREkfyfrsufESmyGifhv dku fykH

aw;csif;udk uREkfyf&ykHum; okdUwnf;/ &kyfao;rif;om; py,foufBuD;\ rif;orD;
udkatmifom r,m;i,fwa,muf&Sd&m rif;om;rif;orD;wkdU rnfonfrSm 4if;wkdU\ aw;csif;
opfrsm;udk t&yfom;rsm;okdU ay;avhr&Sdaomfvnf; rif;orD; udkatmifomrlum; r,m;i,f\
ylqmjcif;aMumifh ay;&\/ uREkfyfwkdUtdrfrS tvkyform;acgif;aqmif udkawmufxGef;onf
xdkrdef;rESifh cifrif&if;ESD;rI&Sd 4if;aw;csif;udk qdkykHqdkenf;ESifhwuG awmif;,lvmcJU&m uREkfyfrSm
4if;wkdUxHrS &Sdckd;OD;wif oif,l&jcif;jzpfavonf/ okdUjzpf&um; udkxGef;vSwdkU vlpktay:
uREkfyf rsufESmyGifhvdkufykHrSm ajymzG,f&mr&Sd? ]]rif;uav;w,fedyfouGm}} [k cPcP ausmoyf
- 86 -
&ifoyf csD;usL;Mubl;avonf/ uREkfyfuvnf; aw;csif;udk cJcJ,Of;,Of; ,lcJU&onfhtjzpfESifh

wuG ajymjy useatmifqdkjypOf olwkdUvlpkvnf; vdkuf ul;Muavonf/ uREkfyf\
aw;csif;rSm cspfcef;BudKufcef;ESifh ywfoufonfh ]opm} xm; aw;csif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ tavmif;
awmf q'efqifrif;tm; aomEkwdK&frkqdk;u cJ,Of;pGmoGm;NyD; tpG,fudk jzwf,ljcif; taMumif;
jzpf rsm;pGmaom umvay:aw;csif;rsm;uJUokdU ruG,faysmufyJ ESpfaygif;twefMum oDqdkvsuf
usef&pfcJUavonf/ uREkfyfrSm aw;csif;twGufaMumifh txufwef;ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;ESifh
oduRrf;&kHru? cifrifMuifemjcif;udk cH,l&&Sdav&m odkUaomtjcif;t&monf uREkfyftzdkU
olaX;om;rsm;ESifh cifrif&jcif;xufyif 0rf;yef;womESifh *kPf,lcJUrdygonf/ aemuf rsm;rMum
rDyif udkxGef;vS uG,fvGef&Smonf/
*kPfj'yfBuD;cJUaom 9 wef;
1905 ckESpfukefwGif 8 wef;atmif 1906 ckESpfwGif 9 wef;odkU wuf&av&m twef;rSm
wuokdvf0if (Entrance) twef;jzpf ausmifwGif tjrifhqkH;jzpf\/ xdkpOfu jrefrmjynfwGif
,leDAmpDwD r&Sdao;ojzifh wuodkvf0ifpmar;yJGudk umvuwm;,leDAmpDwDrS ppfaq;&ay&m
tjcif;t&monfyif 9 wef; ausmif;om;rsm; ajczsm;axmufp&m jzpfcJUavonf/
taMumif;rlum; 9 wef;pmar;yGJrSm tuf(zf)at? bDat pmar;yGJrsm;enf;wl b*Fvm;pmar;yGJ[k
ac:aomaMumifhaywnf;/ uREkfyfwdkU ausmif;om;rsm;onf jrefrmjynf oD;oefU,leDAmpDwD
r&Sdjcif;aMumifh *kPfi,fonf[l em;rvnfMu? b*Fvm;udk txifBuD;Muwkef;jzpf b*Fvm;
pmar;yGJ 0if&jcif;onfyif *kPfj'yfBuD;wck[l rSwfxifcJUMuavonf/ ausmif;om;wdkU
rnfonf pmar;yGJatmif twef;wuf&onfqdkvQif 0rf;omMuNrJ jzpfaomfvnf; wuodkvf
0ifac: 9 wef;okdU wuf&jcif;uJUokdU 0rf;omjcif;? *kPf,lrdjcif;um; rBuKHcJU&bl;yg/ uREkfyf
tzdkUrSmrl aetdrfywf0ef;usift&yfrsm; 9 wef;orm;[l xdkpOfuvnf;r&Sd? ,cifuvnf;
r&SdcJUbl;onfhtwGufaMumifh tawmfb0ifjrifhcJUrdyg\/ twGufaMumifh uREkfyftay:
remvdkolrsm; &SdMuaomfvnf; uREkfyftm; ynm&Sduav;wa,mufozG,f av;pm;Muonfh
twef;uav;orm;rsm;vnf; ajrmufjrm;pGm&SdMuayonf/ tcsKdUrdbrsm;onf 4if;wkdU\
av;ig;wef; ausmif;om;uav;rsm;udk uREkfyfESifhtwl pmusufygapqdkum uREkfyfwkdU\
aetdrfokdU ydkUxm;jcif;rsm;&Sd\/ xdkvlwkdU\pdwf ]y@dwmeOao0em} qdkonfh r*Fvm
w&m;awmftwdkif; ynm&Sduav;wOD;xH qnf;uyfygap[laom oabmESifh ydkUMuavoavm
rqdkEdkifay/ uREkfyf\zcifum; tawmf*kPf,lykH&onf/
- 87 -
a&TOa'gif;
]&ifbwf} rdw faqG&jcif;

8 wef;okdU wuf&uwnf;u tvGefcifrifaom oli,fcsif;okH;a,muf&Sdjcif;udk azmfjycJUNyD;
jzpf&m 4if;wkdUteufwGif udkazrSm tdrfcsif;uvnf; eD;onfESifh txl;ojzifh cifrif&if;ESD;aom
rdwfaqGwa,mufjzpfvm uREkfyf\woufwmwGif yxrOD;qkH;aom rdwfaqG&if; (Bosom
Friend) wa,muf jzpfacsonf/ t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;rSm ]&ifbwfrdwfaqG} [k t"dyg,f
&Sdav&m tvGefwdusay:vGifaom tokH;tEIH;jzpf\/ taMumif;rlum; &ifbwfxJ&Sdaom
tjcif;t&mtm;vkH;udk (taumif;a&mtqdk;yg) zGifh[wdkifyif tBuHOmPfawmif;Edkifaom
rdwfaqGrsKd; jzpfaomaMumifhwnf;/ rdwfaqGrsKd;onf wa,mufESifhwa,muf [efvkyfjcif;?
<um;0gjcif;? *kPfNydKifjcif; r&Sd/ wa,muf'kua&mufonfqdkvQif wa,mufu yg;pyfzsm;
uav;jzifh ]]0rf;enf;w,fAsm}} [k avmu0wfpum;ajymjcif;r[kwf? pdwf wu,fxdcdkuf
atmif vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ 0rf;enf; aumif;pm;vQifvnf; t[kwfwu,f 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om
(rk'dwmpdwf) jzpfEdkifonfh rdwfaqGrsKd;udk qdkvdkayonf/ vlwdkif;vlwdkif; xdkokdUaom
rdwfaqGrsKd; b,fESpfa,mufpD &SdMuonfrqdkEdkif? uRekfyftzdkU&mum; (udkaztygt0if)
woufwmvkH; okH;av;ig;a,mufrQom BuKH&bl;ygonf/ (okdUaom rdwfaqGrsKd;rSm
b0a&pufvnf; ygOD;rS awGUEdkif[ef wlayonf/)
wefzdk; &SdvSaom Mo0g'

9 wef;okdUwuf aEG&moD ausmif;ydwfrnfhaeUwGif jrefrmpmoifjyonfh q&ma&TrSefonf
uREkfyftzdkU&m woufywfvkH; tokH;0ifonfh Mo0g'wck ay;bl;\/ (q&ma&TrSefrSm uREkfyf
wdkU\ 8 wef;q&mjzpfcJU&m 9 wef;okdU uREkfyfwdkUwufMuaomtcg 9 wef;jyq&monf
ukvm;vlrsKd; q&mwpfa,mufjzpf jrefrmpmrwwfonfESifh q&ma&TrSefu uREkfyfwdkUtm;
jrefrmpmoifay; ukvm;q&mopfu 8 wef;udk t*Fvdyfbmom oifay;jcif;jzifh tvJtvS,f
vkyfMuonf/) ausmif;ydwfrnfhnae q&ma&TrSefonf uREkfyfwdkUtm; t*Fvdyf0wKrsm; zwfjcif;
tm;jzifh t*Fvdyfbmom aumif;aumif;wwfatmif BudK;pm;MuzdkU a[majymNyD;aemuf ausmif;
qif;aomtcgwGif t*Fvdyf0wKpmtkyf iSm;vdkolrsm;tm; ol\tdrfodkU vdkufcJU&ef ac:oGm;
av&m uREkfyfESifh tjcm;ausmif;om; av;ig;a,muf vkdufoGm;Mu\/ usefvlrsm;um; ,D;wD;
,m;wm;vkyfum rvdkufyJ csefae&pfcJUMuavonf/ vkdufoGm;olrsm;teufwGif udkaz?
armif&DESifh pufacGwdkU yg0ifMuonf/ pifppfrSm uREkfyfESifh oli,fcsif;okH;a,mufonf
t*FvdyfbmomwGif tm;usrcH tNydKiftqdkif BudK;pm;Muolrsm; jzpfavonf/ taMumif;udk
jyefvnfokH;oyfonfhtcg uREkfyfwdkUav;a,muftm; cifrif&if;ESD;atmif csnfaESmifay;aom
- 88 -
tjcif;t&monfum; t*Fvdyfbmom&yf pdwf0ifpm;onfh txkHtavhcsif; wlnDrIyif jzpfwef

&macsonf/
(jrif;orm;tcsif;csif;? *Dworm;tcsif;csif; &if;ESD;wwfMuouJUokdUyif/)
aumif;vdku fo nfhpmtkyf
uREkfyf,lcJUrdaom pmtkyfrSm csm;vfpf'pfuif;a&;onfh bmebD&wfcs (Burnaby Rudge)
pmtkyfjzpfav&m uREkfyfonf 4if;0wKudk BudK;pm; zwfygaomfvnf; t&om cHEdkif
avmufatmif jynfhpkHpGm em;rvnfonf waMumif;? 0wKtqifhtwef;uvnf; (uREkfyf\
t&G,fESifh rvkdufatmif) jrifhvGef;onfwaMumif;aMumifh 4if;0wKpmtkyfudk csxm; udkazxHrS
yoDykHjyif0wKudk iSm;&rf;zwf&Iavonf/ yoDykHjyif0wK aumif;vkdufykHum; ajymrukefEdkif atmif
&Sdygawmh\/ vGefyJG qkHcJUbl;aom rdef;uav;ESifh orD;&nf;pm; r[kwfjim;aomfvnf; pdwfxJ
cspfBudKuf aeU&SdorQ rsufvkH;csif;qkdifvsuf &SdMuNyDjzpf&m yoDykHjyifxJygonfh 0wKaygif;
rsm;pGmwkdUrS (Zmwfvdkuf) rif;orD;rsm;onf xdkrdef;uav;\ &kyfqif;oPmeftwdkif;csnf;jzpf
rif;om;uav;rSmvnf; uREkfyfudk,fwdkifcsnf; jzpfaeavawmhonf/ vlysKdayguf t&G,fvnf;
jzpfjyef? pdwfxJ BudKufxm;olvnf;&Sdjyef? pdwful;,Ofwwfaom tavhtxkHuvnf;&Sdjyef?
ausmif;ydwfxm;onfh tm;vyfcsdefvnf; jzpfjyefav&um; uREkfyfrSm pmtkyfudkzwfvdkuf?
csxm;NyD; pdwful;vkduf? wzef aumufzwfvdkuf? ESpfNcdKufaom pmydk'frsm;udk ul;,lvkduf
ponfjzifh (tdyfcsdefpm;csdefrSwyg;) tcsdef&SdorQ zwfavawmhonf/ twGufaMumifh tjrwf
wck ay:xGufonfrSm zcifonf uREkfyftm; tvGefpmBudK;pm;onfqdk bm*smwvkH; 0,fay;
ayonf/ (zcifonf wD;rIwfoHudk tvGef&GHUrkef;olwa,muf jzpf&um; 4if;tjyKtrlrSm
uREkfyftm; tpGrf;ukeftvdkvdkuf&Smjcif; jzpfavonf/)
wefzkd; &Sdaom t*Fv dyfpmacwf

yoDykHjyif0wKudk bmomjyefxm;onfh t*Fvdyfpum; tokH;tEIef;rSm tvGefaumif;onf[k
q&mhq&mrsm; ajymoHMum;bl;ay&m uREkfyfrSm ausmif; 45 &uf ydwfonfhtwGif; 0wK
Zmwfvrf;\ t&omudk cHpm;&kHomru t*Fvdyfpm a&;ykHa&;enf;udkvnf; usufrSwfxm;onf
ESifh ausmif;zGifh pmpDpmukH;wyk'f a&;om;Mu&onfwGif twef;q&mu uREkfyf\ ta&;
- 89 -
a&TOa'gif;
tom;rSm wjznf;jznf;r[kwfyJ ckefvTm;wufoGm;aMumif; (By leaps and bounds)

csD;usL;ajymqdkbl;avonf/ [kwfykHvnf;&onf/ pmwESpfoif wwef;wufaomtcg
wkd;wufjcif; xuf xdk 45 &uf tqkH; wkd;wufjcif;onf ydkonf[k udk,fh[mudk,fvnf;
xifrdygonf/ xdkacwf t*Fvdyfbmom tom;,laomacwfjzpf awmfonfqdkvQif
wausmif;rSwausmif;okdUvnf;aumif;? w&kH;rSw&kH;okdUvnf;aumif;? tpdk;&XmewckrS wckodkU
vnf;aumif; owif;ysHUESHUwwfaom acwfjzpfavonf/ uREkfyfonf taMumif;udk
Mum;bl;jcif;aMumifh BudK;pm;csifaompdwf jzpfay:jcif;vnf; [kwfEdkifygonf/
toHx GufrSefu efatmifB udK;pm;oifhjcif;

t*Fvdyfbmom&yfESifh ywfouf uREkfyftzdkU uHaumif;aom tjcif;t&mwckvnf; azmfjy
vdkygonf/ 9wef;q&m ukvm;vlrsKd; rpwmtif;*vpfpf (Mr.Inglis) qdkolrSm uREkfyf
awGUbl;onfh (t*Fvdyfr[kwfaom) vlrsKd;uGJrsm;teufwGif t*Fvdyfpum;ajym taumif;
qkH;xJu wa,mufjzpfonf[k uREkfyf,lqyg\/ uREkfyfonf emrnfBuD;vSaom OD;aratmif?
a'gufwmbarmfpaom jrefrm0wfvkHrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? ukvm;0wfvkHrsm;udk vnf;aumif;
em;axmif&bl;yg\/ xdkvlrsm;onf uREkfyf\q&mESifh wlvQifomwl&rnf? omonf[k
uREkfyfrxifyg/ q&mtif;*vpfpfonf t*FvefokdUvnf; a&mufbl; t*Fvdyfpum; toHxGuf
wGif wdusrSefuefvdkufykHrSm tcsKdUt*Fvdyfrsm;xufyif omao;onfxif\/ uREkfyfrSm
aemufydkif;wGif t*Fvdyfa&m jrefrmpum;yg ajymcsifaompdwf r&Sdavmufatmif jzpfcJU&aomf
vnf; t*FvdyftoHxGuf rSefuefaprItwGufrl woufvkH; *&kpdkufvmcJUol jzpf\/ q&m
tif;*vpfpf\ toHxGuftrSefrsm;onf atmufwef;rsm;rS uREkfyf\ toHxGuftrSm;rsm;udk
jyKjyifajymif;vJap\/ toHrSefxGufzdkUvdkvm;aom uREkfyfonf atmufwef;rsm;rS oifcJU&onfh
toHxGufESifh q&mtif;*vpfpf\ toHxGufwkdU uJGvJGjcif;udk awGU&onfhtcgwdkif; uREkfyfESifh
udkazwdkUonf tdwfaqmiftbd"mwfudk vSef&SmwwfMuay&m q&mtif;*vpfpfu rSefuefonf
csnf; awGUMu&\/ rQomruao; BuD;jyif;vmaomtcgvnf; vlwwfrsm;ESifh q&m\
toHxGuf uGJvGJjcif;udk awGU&vQifvnf; tbd"mwfudk vSefMunfhao;&m q&muyif rSefuef
jcif;udk awGU&\/ (acwf wuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;onf t*FvdyftoHxGuf tvGef
csmonfudk awGU&\/ udk,fh bmompum;r[kwfaomaMumifh toHxGufrSm;vQifvnf; rwwf
Edkif[k oabmxm;MuaomaMumifhayavm? ausmif;q&mrsm;udk,fEIdufuvnf; twdkif;yif
,lqMuavoavm rajymwwfay/ okdUqdkvQif tvGefrSm;aom t,ltqjzpfonf[k qdkcsif
onf/ udprsKd;ESifhywfouf t*Fvdyfpum;ykHwckrSm enf;,lxdkuf\/ ]vkyfoifh onfqdk
vkyfaom tvkyfwckudk (awmftdavsmftd oabmrxm;yJ) aumif;aumif;jzpfatmif vkyf&rnf}
- 90 -
[k qdkavonf/ vlrsKd;uJG\ pmqdk roifcsifvnf;aeMuap? oifrdvQifvnf; aumif;aumif;

wwfatmif oifxdkufayonf/ vlwdkif;vlwdkif;onf oifwdkif;vnf; tcReftrGef rjzpfEdkifjcif;
um; rSefygonf/ okdU&mwGif toHxGufrQavmufudk rSefuefatmif ajymwwfac:wwfzdkUrSm
vlrsKd;\*kPfudk axmufxm;aomtm;jzifh BudK;pm;xdkufMuonf/ b,folu bmajymonf
rnfodkUyifjzpfap? t*Fvdyfpum;onf rajymwwfvQif ryD? ryDovQif txifao;cH&rnfh
bmom&yfwckjzpf&m EdkifiHjcm;om;ESifh tquftoG,frsm;vSaom acwfwGif e,fcsJUcJUbl;
onfh 0oDaMumifh vlrsKd;udk tmCmwxm;NyD; olwkdU\ bmompum;udk rxDav;pm;jyKrdygu
urmhtv,fwGif rsufESmi,fzG,f&m? txifao;cH&zG,f&m &Sdayonf/ ]jrefrmhtoH} rS tjcm;
wdkif;jynfrsm;rS NrdKUtrnf? vltrnfrsm;udk rSefuefatmif ac:wwfzkdU rBudK;pm;Mujcif;rSmvnf;
tHUMozdkUaumif;\/ &SufzdkUvnf; aumif;\/ oH&kH;awG&Sdaeaom &efukefNrdKUwGif udponf
vG,fuloifh\/ oHrSef rxGufwwfjcif;ESifh ywfouf jrefrmowif;pmrsm;onf tvm;wlyif
csmvSonf/ urmhwdkif;jynfBuD;rsm;rS 0efBuD;csKyfrsm;\ trnfrsm;udkyif wa,mufuwrsKd;
a&;csifovkda&;vsuf&SdMuonf/ tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;wGif uJUokdU awmftdavsmftd aygh&Twf&Twf
oabmxm;Muonf rxifay/)
om"uwck
9 wef;q&m rpwmtif;*vpfpfrSm t*Fvdyfpum;ajymjcif; tvGefoGuf tvGefrSef tvGef
awmfykHudk taxmuftxm; wifjyygOD;rnf/ waeUo Aef;armfNrdKUrS t*Fvdyfpmwwf jrefrm
e,fydkif0efaxmuf wa,mufonf uREkfyfwdkUESifhtwl 9wef; oifvsuf&Sdaom 4if;\om;xHodkU
tvnfvm&mwGif ausmif;tkyfBuD;udk,fwdkif 0efaxmufBuD;tm; uREkfyfwdkUtwef;okdU vdkufydkU\/
xdktcdkufwGif q&mtif;*vpfpfonf uREkfyfwdkUtwef;om;rsm;tm; ]0gwmvl;ppfyJG rwkdifrDwn}
[laom t*FvdyfvuFmwyk'fudk oifjyvsuf&Sd&m? ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESifh 0efaxmufBuD;wdkU 0ifvm
Mu ausmif;tkyfBuD;u q&mtm; ]]oifomoifyg}} [k ajymjyNyD; ckHvGwfwckwGif 0ifxdkifMu\/
q&mtif;*vpfpfvnf; qufvuf oifjyav&m vuFmxJrS cufcJaom pmydk'frsm;udk twef;
om;rsm; em;vnfatmif &Sif;vif;ajymjyjcif;tvkyf olrwlatmif oGufvufjcif;? jywfom;
jcif;? pdwfygvufyg&Sdjcif;? pum;tokH;tEIef; wdusrSefuefjcif;wnf;[laom t*Fgrsm;aMumifh
ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESifh 0efaxmufBuD;wdkUonf wa,mufrsufESmudkwa,muf cPcP vSrf;Munfh
Mujcif;udk uREkfyfwkdU jrif&\/ aemufqkH; 0efaxmufBuD;ESifh ausmif;tkyfBuD;wkdUonf auseyf
tm;&aom trlt&mESifh xoGm;Muaomtcg q&mtif;*vpfpfonf pmtkyfudkydwf wbufodkU
vSnfhcdkufwGif uREkfyfwkdU ausmif;om;tcsif;csif;vnf; rQavmufaumif;aom oifjyjcif;udk
- 91 -
a&TOa'gif;
wcgrQrBuKHbl;onfESifh pdwfxJrS oabmwlcsD;usL;Mu,if; ]a0g} ueJjrnfaom toH xGufoGm;

rdMuav\/ wu,foifawmh wu,fawmfonfh q&mwa,mufaywnf;/
'kwd,om"u
we*FaEGwaeU q&mtif;*vpfpfonf ol\ ]tcspfawmf} uav;rsm; jzpfMuonfh armif&DESifh
uREkfyftm; apmapmBuD;vrf;avQmuf&ef csdef;qdkac:iifoGm; tdk;zdkbuf&Sd Aspfpuf&kHudk jy\/
oludk,fwdkifu tvGefrnf;olwa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; rEav;NrdKUay:&Sd rsufESmjzLt&m&SdqdkvQif
q&mESifh rodolr&Sdoavmuf todtuRrf;aygonfhtavsmuf Aspfpuf&kHrefae*smtm; uREkfyfwkdU
ESpfa,mufudk puf&kHwckvkH;odkU vkdufjyap\/ NyD;aomtcg tmV*D(pD) vrf;&Sd AD,mem
a[mfw,fodkU uREkyfwdkUESpfa,mufudk ac: eHeufpmauR;&m &kHawmfBuD;rS t&Sef;wdkU txef;wkdU
\ w&kwfacgufqGJrsm;ESifh aps;csKdteD;rS jrefrmrkefUwDqdkifrsm;avmufom pm;cJUbl;onfh uREkfyf
tzdkUrSm t*Fvdyfa[mfw,fodkU yxrtBudrf a&mufbl;jcif;jzpf tcif;tusif;ESifh pm;aomuf
zG,f&mrsm;\ om;em;ykHrsm;udk tHUMorqkH;atmif ai;Munfhrdygawmhonf/ (trSefrSm AD,mem
a[mfw,f\ om;em;vSjcif;aMumifh r[kwfvSyg/ xdkacwfu &kHawmfBuD;rS acgufqGJqdkifrsm;
onf acwf vQef;pdefa[mfw,fuJUokdU oyfoyf&yf&yfr&SdyJ ayusHaom opfom;pm;yJGwGif
npfywfaom ckH&Snfay: aqmifhaMumifhxdkifum pm;Mu&aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ 0rf;yJOykH
pm;yGJBuD;wGif azG;azG;jzLjzL yef;yGifhykHrsm; xnfh&ufxm;onfh pm;yGJcif;t0wfBuD; cif;vsuf
yef;pdkufc&m;ESifhwuG qGwfqGwfjzLaom vufokwfy0grsm;udk yg;vSaom zvfcGufxJ
xnfhum jyifqifxm;jcif;rsKd;udk rnfonfhqdkif rnfonfhtdrfrQ rjrif&bl;ao;yg/ xdkacwf
uREkfyfwkdU\ tdrfomr[kwf? rdbrsm;xuf pD;yGm;a&;tqifhtwef;jrifhaom tdrfrsm;yif
]vkdufxrif;} udk a<uZvkHjzifhrxnfhyJ qefaq;jcif;awmif; okH;Muwkef; jzpfygonf/)
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a[mfw,fxJokdU uREkfyfwdkU 0ifoGm;MuonfESifh wNydKifeuf *g0ef&Snf? tusvuf&Snfrsm;jzihf
oyf&yfpGm 0wfqifxm;onfh Adkvfujym;ruav; okH;a,mufwkdUonf q&mtif;*vpfpftm;
uAsmu,m qD;BudKEIwfqufum tl,m;zm;,m; pum;ajymMuav&m? uREkfyfrSm tvGef
tHUMovsuf &SdonfhtxJrSyif AsKdif;okH;aumifESifh usD;waumif awGUMuonf[k owd& NyKH;rd
ygonf/ Akdvfujym;rav;okH;a,mufrSm rQavmuf jzLvSaomaMumifhr[kwf? uREkfyfwkdU\
- 92 -
q&mu rnf;vSaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ q&mtif;*vpfpfum; uREkfyfjrifbl;onfh vlrsm;

teufwGif teufqkH;wa,muf jzpfayonf/ tom;rnf;oavmuf awmufajymifonfh tqif;
ta&mif t0wfrsKd;udk tvJvJ0wfqifwwfoljzpf rEav;NrdKUwGif vlrsKd;uJGrsm;txJ (tjrif
tm;jzifh) txif&Sm;qkH; yk*dKvfwOD;jzpfacs\/ q&mtif;*vpfpfonf ujym;rokH;a,mufteufrS
tacsmqkH;wa,mufudk a&G; wGJac:um pm;yJGcef;okdU0ifMuNyD;vQif xdyfrSxdkifav&m uREkfyfESifh
armif&DwdkUvnf; (a,musfm;okH;a,muf rdef;rokH;a,muf&SdonfESifh wa,muf jcm;pD xdkifMu&
ojzifh) vuf0JESifhvusfmwGif ujym;rwa,mufpD &SdaeMuav\/ armif&DrSm udprsKd;wGif
uREkfyfxuf ]t0g;0} ykH& [efrysufvSaomfvnf; uREkfyfrlum; zifESifhukvm;xdkif xdonf
rxif/ &ifwqwfqwf ckefvsuf&Sd\/ xdkUaemuf eHeufpmpm;pOftwGif; vnf;aumif;?
pm;NyD;aomtcg vnf;aumif; uRekfyfwkdU\q&mtif;*vpfpf t*Fvdyfpum; ajymvkdufykHrSm
w&TD;&TD;w&Twf&TwfESifh a&yufr0ifatmif &Sdawmh&m ujym;ruav;okH;a,mufrSmvnf; w[D;[D;
w[m;[m; w0g;0g; waomaom &,farmvsuf &SdMuavawmh\/ q&majymonfhtxJwGif
t*Fvdyf ]bef;pum;} rsm; a&mnSyfyg&SdaomaMumifh uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufrSm jynfhpkHatmif
em;rvnfMuapumrl udk,f[efvuf[efESifh q&m\ rsufESmxm;wkdUaMumifh tawmftwef
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ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESifh 0efaxmufBuD;tm; tpGrf;jybl;ouJUodkU ol\ ]tcspfawmf} uav;rsm;
jzpfonfh armif&DESifh uREkfyfwkdUtay:wGif tpGrf;jycsif wrifpDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfonf[k uRekfyfwkdU
&dyfrdMuaomfvnf; uREkfyftzdkU&mwGifrl woufwGif t&,f&qkH;aom eHeufpmpm;yJGwcktaejzifh
rSwfwrf;wifxm;rdygonf/ t*Fvdyfpum;ajymjcif;tvkyfwGif t[kwfwu,fawmfonfh yk*dKvf
wOD;ygay/
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tpGrf;tp&Sdonf[k ,lqonfhvuPmESifh ausmif;uyJG (Concert) vnf;aumif;
pum;&nfvkyGJrsm; vnf;aumif; q&mtif;*vpfpfonf armif&DESifhuREkfyftm; tNrJwrf;
a&G;cs,fxnfhoGif; t*FvdyfvdkajymykHqdkenf;rsm; oifjyay;\/ uREkfyfvnf; BudK;pm;ygonf/
]uyJG} rsm; armif&DESifhuREkfyf usufajym&onfh &,f&TifzG,f tjyeftvSefpum;rsKd;
(Dialogus) ajym&mwGif a0zefzdkUrvdkojzifh a0zefjcif;rcH&aomfvnf; waeUo t*Fvdyfvdk
pum;&nfvkyJGwck tqkH;wGif ausmif;tkyfBuD;u pum;ajymolrsm;taMumif;udk a0zefygonf/
pifppfrSm uREkfyfonf rdrd\ cRwf,Gif;csufudkod jiif;aomfvnf; q&mtif;*vpfpf\
tm;ay;rIaMumifh yg0ifjcif;jzpfygonf/
- 93 -
a&TOa'gif;
ausmif;tkyfBuD;onf uREkfyf\taMumif;udk a0zef&m ]]azodef;u toHxGufawmh aumif;yg&JU?

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url ausmif;tkyfBuD;tay: pdwfqdk;ykH&onf/ uREkfyfonf uHraumif;ojzifh t*FgrpkHyJ
arG;cJUvQif &SufzG,f&m[k ,lqvdrfhrnfr[kwfouJUodkU pum;xpfjcif;twGuf &Sufp&m[l
r,lqyg/ okdU&mwGif rdrd\cRwf,Gif;csufudk odvsufESifh ae&mwumwdkif; pum;ajymcsifonf
[k txifcH&rnfudkum; &SufwwfzdkUem;vnfygonf/ BuD;jyif;vmaomtcg urmhNidrf;csrf;a&;
udprsm; q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;ESifh tjcm;yk*dKvfrsm;\ wdkufwGef;rIaMumifh &Hzef&Hcg
y&dowfa&SUwGif pum;ajymrdbl;yg\/ uREkfyf\ tcuftcJwckrSm pum;rxpfap&atmif
owdxm; ajymEdkifaomfvnf; xdkuJUokdU owdxm;ae&jcif;onfyif tvkyfBuD;wckjzpfaeojzifh
pum;vkH; ajymifajrmufatmifjzpfap? t"dyg,f&Sif;vif;atmifjzpfap? yGJusavmufatmifjzpfap
rajymEdkifyJ&SdonfESifh aemufqkH;wGif wcgwnf; vufajrSmufzdkU qkH;jzwfvdkufNyD;jzpfygonf/
pum;ajymjcif;tvkyfwGif wpuefU\ tydkif;*Pef;uav;avmufrQ aemufusonfjzpfap?
wqdwfrQ qdkif;iHUxm;&rnfhae&mwGif rqkdif;iHUyJ wGef;ajymvkdufonfjzpfap yJGusoifh
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uREkfyfrwwfEdkifojzifh txufyg cRwf,Gif;csufrsKd; ESpfckvkH; &SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh tvkyfudk
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pum;wcsKdUudk uREkfyfrSwfrdao;\/ tcsKdUu rEav;NrdKUodkU a0vmrif;om; a&mufvmpOf
tvGefpnfum;onfudk jrif rif;om;u t&m&Sdrsm;tm; ]]pnfum;vGef;tm; BuD;w,f}} [k
ajymaomaMumifh vlOD;a&aygrsm;jcif;jyemudk ajz&Sif;&eftwGuf NAdwdoQtpdk;&u yvdyfa&m*g
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uvnf; tpdk;&onf t&yfxJ yvdyfydk;rsm;udk vliSm;vTwfaMumif;? waeUaomf yvdyfydk;
vTwfaomvludk (ydk;ygaom <uufrsm;ESifhwuG) t&yfom;rsm;u 0dkif;zrf;NyD; &dkufESufar;jref;
ppfaq;Mu&mwGif xkdvlu aiG&vkyf&ygonf[k ajzmifhcsufay;aMumif;? xdktjcif;t&mudk
uREkfyf\tpfudk armifyku udk,fwdkifjrifcJU&onf[k uREkfyftm; ajymjy uREkfyfyif ,kHcJUbl;
ygonf/ wNrdKUvkH;rlum; pum;udk ,kHMunfcJUonfrSm tawmfuav;MumcJUavNyD/ waeUo
- 94 -
uREkfyfwkdU 9wef;wGif c&pf,efusrf;pmoifjyonfh omoemjyK q&mrBuD;u ]]yvdyfa&m*gydk;rsm;

tpdk;&vTwfonfqdkjcif;udk ,kHMunfMuoavm}} [k twef;om;rsm;tm; ar; ,kHolrsm;
xMu&ef ajymav&m twef;om;wa,mufESpfa,mufrSwyg; wwef;vkH; (uREkfyfvnf;
tygt0if) xvkdufMuavonf/ wGif omoemjyKq&mrBuD;\rsufESm tdkoGm;jcif;udk uREkfyf
,aeUwdkif rsufpdxJwGif jrifa,mifrdygao;onf/ q&mrBuD;u ]]igwdkUausmif;rSm tjrifhqkH;
twef;rS ausmif;om;rsm;u 'Dpum;rsKd; ,kHMunfMuw,fqdkwm tm;BuD; 0rf;enf;p&myJ}} [k
ajym&Smavonf/ rMumrwifrSmyif uREkfyf\oli,fcsif; w&kwfujym;uav; pufacGwkdU
om;trdESpfa,muf ]yvdyfxJ ygoGm;&SmMuonf} [k od&ojzifh uREkfyfrSm rEav;wGif rae0HU
atmif xdwfvefUvmonfESifh wdrf;a&SmifxGufajy;zdkU rdbrsm;tm; ylqmavawmhonf/
aMumufrufzG, fa&m*gqdk;
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wdrf;a&Smif aeMuolawG tawmfrsm;aeojzifh NrdKUrSm ajcmufuyfwdwfqdwfvsuf&Sd&m vrf;
avQmufoGm;onfhtcg vrf;wbufwcsufwGif okH;tdrfrSmwtdrf? av;tdrfrSmwtdrf ponf
jzifhom ae0HUol&Sdawmhonfudk awGU&\/ aeolr&Sdonfh tdrfvGwfrsm;wGifvnf; tdrfa&SU
jrifavmufaom ae&mrsm;wGif P-1 P-2 paom pmvkH;rsm;udk aq;eufjzifh xif&Sm;pGm
a&;xm;jcif;udk awGU&\/ t"dyg,frSm yvdyfa&m*gjzifhaool wa,muf? okdUr[kwf ESpfa,muf?
okdUr[kwf okH;a,muf&SdNyD[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpf\/ wtdrfwavrSmrl P-4 av;a,muftxd trSwf
tom;rsKd;udkyif awGU&avonf/ tcsKdUtdrfrsm;a&SUrl jymykHuav;wGif rD;cdk;uav;wvlvlyif
awGU&wwfao;\/ t"dyg,frSm 4if;tdrf em&Dydkif;twGif;uyif vlwa,mufa,muf
yvdyfa&m*gESifh aoqkH; tdrf&Sdt0wftpm;rsm;udk rD;ykH&IdUxm;jcif;yif jzpfavonf/ wdwfqdwf
vsuf&Sdaom NrdKUBuD;wGif txufyg tjcif;t&mrsKd;wkdUudk awGUjrif&onfhtcg tb,folonf
rwkefvIyfracsmufcsm;yJ &SdEdkifygrnfenf;/
wdrf; a&SmifcGifh&jcif;
uREkfyfrSm tawmfacsmufcsm;vsuf&SdNyDjzpf rdbrsm;tm; wdrf;a&SmifMuzdkUylqm\/ okdU&mwGif
zcif\ (avmuDrIa&;&mwGif) q&mwql todtrSwfjyKxm;onfh yk*dKvfBuD;u tpdk;&onf
yvdyfa&m*gudk wrifvkyfonfqdkjcif;udk r,kHMunfonfESifh yvdyfa&m*g\ ul;pufwwfjcif;
- 95 -
a&TOa'gif;
udkyg r,kHMunfyJ olwkdUvnf;rajy;? zciftm;vnf; ]]tvum;ygAsm}} [kajymum tm;ay;avh

&Sdavonf/ xdkyk*dKvfBuD;onf uREkfyf\ aMumufwwfjcif;udk odonfESifh ]]azodef;wdkUrsm;
aMumufvdkufwm aMumufacs;rsm; ygaeygtkH;r,fuG,fh}} [k jyuf&,fpum; ajymbl;jcif;udkvnf;
uREkfyf rSwfrdao;onf/ aemufqkH; 4if;yk*KdvfBuD;\tdrfrSyif wa,mufESpfa,muf ysufpD;
av&m uREkfyftm;vnf; 0ufvufodkUydkUxm;&ef pDpOfMuavawmhonf/ rdbrsm;rlum; tvkyf
ysuf rcHEdkifojzifh rwdrf;a&SmifMuyJ uREkfyf\ ESrwa,mufESifh nDwa,muf (aygif;okH;a,muf)
udkom zcif\a'oodkU ydkUxm;avonf/
awmtvkduf aysmfwwfjcif;
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cefUrQom aecJUbl;&m wacguf Mum&SnfpGmae&onfwGifrS uREkfyf\aoG;xJ yg&Sd[ef
wlonfh awmifolobm0rSm OD;acgif;jyLjyonfhES,f ay:xGufvmavNyD/ uREkfyfonf
awmifolrsm;vkyfMuonfh (xdktcg aqmif;&moDjzpfonfhtwdkif;) pyg;odrf;jcif;? pyg;e,fjcif;?
pyg;avSUjcif;? vSnf;armif;jcif;? jrif;pD;jcif; ponfh "avh[lorQwGif tvGefpdwf0ifpm;
aysmf&TifpGm ulnDaqmif&Gufay;wwfavNyD/ ntcsdef vomomwGif aumufvIdif;ykHBuD;ay:
EGm;xD;rsm;a&m EGm;rrsm;yg a&>yrf;yl;wGJxm;onf/ BudK;pudkudkifum EGm;rsm;\tv,frS ywfcsm
vSnfhvsuf ][dkEGm; u&dk? 'DEGm; u&dk} ponfrsm;jzifh atmfaigufum pyg;e,f&jcif;tvkyfonf
tvGef aysmfp&maumif;vS csrf;rSef;rod? at;rSef;rod aumufvIdif;ykH rnufrcsif; oef;acgif
ausmfatmif tvkyfvkyfay;avonf/ EGm;vnf; armif;wwfonf/ jrif;vnf; ususee pD;wwf
onf/ ]EGm;ajy; EGm;vkduf} vnf; armif;wwfonf/ rkd;&moDr[kwfojzifh xGef,ufjcif;tvkyfudk
roifcJU&aomfvnf; BuD;vmaomtcg wwfatmifoifcJUao;onf/ uREkfyfonf awmifol
v,form;rsm; vkyfaeus tvkyfrsKd;[lorQwGif 0goemygvS aysmf&GifpGm aqmif&GufEdkifonf
jzpfaomaMumifh ]igonf NrdKUay: vljzpf&jcif;um; rSm;avonf} [k xifrdvmygawmhonf/
uREkfyfonf 4if;a'o ESpfvokH;vcefUMum okH;av;&GmrQ vSnfhvnfaexdkifvsuf&Sd\/
zcifonf wacgufwav tvnfa&mufvm&mwGif ]]armifBuD;&JUom;u awmifolbm0 aysmfykH
&w,f? tpfudkBuD;&JUom;u EGm;aumif;aumif; armif;wwfaeNyD}} ponfjzifh aqGrsKd;rsm;u
tm;yg;w& ajymMuonfhtcg tazonf oabmus[efrwlacs/ (EGm;armif;wwfonf qdkjcif;
rSm ]EGm;ajy;? EGm;vkduf} armif;wwfjcif;udk qdkvdk awmifolwkdif;rwwfonfh ynm&yfwck
jzpfonf/)
- 96 -
zcifurl rdrdudk,fEIdufu tEkyfpkwf*kwfpkwf tvkyfrsKd;udk rBudKufaomaMumihf NrdKUwufNyD;

aeEdkifatmif BudK;pm;ygvsuf om;wa,mufu aus;&Gm"avhjzpfonfh awmifol,mckwf
tvkyfudk ESpfouf&ygrnfavm[k rausreyfyif jzpfykH&onf/ uREkfyfvnf; zcif\oabmudk
&dyfrdonfESifh uREkfyf\ ]ynm} rsm;udk rjy0HUawmhyJ zkH;zdxm;vkduf&ygawmhonf/ aemufaemif
wGifvnf; zcifonf tvkyfrsKd; uREkfyf0goemygjcif;udk rsufESmomray;acs/ rEav;NrdKU
yvdyfa&m*gNyD;oGm; uREkfyfjyef&aomtcg rl;BuD;&GmESifh refusnf;wkH&GmtMum; a&uav;
wpyfpyf &Sdaeonfh oJacsmif;uav;taMumif;udk refusnf;wkH&Gmom; a&S;pmqdkawmf
wa,mufu ]&Gmwef;&,foG,f? tv,frSm a&,OfESifh tdk jrifolarm} [k pyfqdkxm;cJUonfh xdk
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pmar;yGJus&IH;jcif;
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&\/ uREkfyfrSm ]yvdyfajy;} ae&jcif;aMumifh waMumif;? twef;pmrsm;xuf 0wKrsm;zwfjcif;wGif
pdwf0ifpm;cJUaomaMumifh waMumif; pmar;yGJwGif us&IH;cJUavonf/ pmar;yGJajzqdk tNyD;
wvausmfrQ tm;vyfaomtcsdefrsm;wGif zcifonf pwD;b&m;om;ukrPDrS pma&;BuD; Gead
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wGif tpGrf;tp&Sdonfqdkum pmay;pm,lbuf tvkyfoGif;ay;zdkU BuH&G,fcsuf&Sd\/ tu,f
xdkESpf pmar;yGJatmifjrifcJUygu uREkfyfrSm pwD;b&m;om;ukrPDwGif pma&;jzpfvmzdkU
vrf;rsm;\/ (Mum&Snf vkyfcsifvdrfhrnfawmh rxifyg/) 9wef;pmar;yJGwGif uREkfyfonf
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bmom&yfuJUodkU ajcmufaoGUNiD;aiGU pdwf0ifpm;rIenf;yg;aom bmom&yfonf r&Sdacs/
jynfrS bm0wKypnf;xGufonf? xkdjynfrS bmukefxGufonf qdkjcif;rsm;udk rSwfom;&jcif;
uJUodkU t"dyg,fr&Sdaom ynm&yfonf avmu r&Sdawmh[k xifcJUrdygonf/ pdwf0ifpm;rI&SdrS
avhvmrSwfpm;csifwwfaom uREkfyf\0goemt&qdkvQif aemufwESpf atmifcJUjcif;onfyif
tHUzG,fwck jzpfawmhonf/
r[mt&Sufu JG&ykH
- 97 -
a&TOa'gif;
aemufwESpf atmifcJU&ykHrSm odkUwnf;/ xdkESpfrl 9wef;ausmif; om;rsm;onf yx0D0if

bmom&yfwGif tust&IH; rsm;vSonfqdkum (udkazESifh tjcm;vlrsm;vnf; yx0D0if bmom&yf
yif us&IH;Muonf/) ausmif;tkyfBuD; rpwm x&pfbvD (Mr. Tribolet) udk,fwdkif
9wef;wGif yx0D0ifbmom&yfudk oifjy\/ (awmfawmfvnf; rSwfrdwwfaom vlBuD;
wa,mufygay)/ waeUo twef;xJwGif q&mBuD;onf uREkfyftm; jyifopfjynfajrykHudk
qGJNyD; yg&pfNrdKU? bdk'dkNrdKU? wlvGefNrdKU ponfrsm;ESifhwuG qD;efjrpfudkyg xnfhay;&ef
oifykef;BuD;qDokdU vTwfvkduf\/ tawmtwGif; q&mBuD;onf tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;tm;
yx0D0ifESifhywfouf taMumif;rsm;udk ar;jref;jcif;? ajymqdkjcif;ponfjzifh ppfaq;vsuf
&Sd\/ uREkfyfrlum; ausmufoifykef;BuD;wGif acR;wvkH;vkH;ESifh&yfum ajrykHqGJzdkU BudK;pm;vsuf
&Sd\/ uREkfyfrSm jyifopfjynf\ ykHoPmefudkvnf;aumif;? qD;effjrpf\ pD;qif;ykHudkvnf;aumif;?
yg&pfpaom NrdKUrsm;\ wnf&SdykH taetxm;udkvnf;aumif; vkH;0yif pdwfxJ azmfr&
aomaMumifh acR;usvsuf&Sdjcif; jzpf\/ aemufqkH; ]wwfEdkifygbl;} [k atmufarhum
jyifopfjynf\ ykHoPmefudk av;axmifhpyfpyfqJG jrpfESifhNrdKUrsm;udk xnfhcsif&m xnfhxm;vdkuf
\/ q&mBuD;onf uREkfyftm; ausmcdkif;vsuf&Sd&m ausmif;om;rsm;rlum; uRekfyfbufodkU
vSnfhum xdkifvsuf&SdMuonfESifh uREkfyf\ jyifopfjynfykHudk jrifMu& wcpfcpf&,faeMu
avNyD/ wGif q&mBuD;onf uREkfyf\ajrykHudk vSnfhMunhfvdkufonfESifh wNydKifeuf
wwef;vkH; a0gueJ &,fMuav\/ uRekfyf\ ausmif;oufwavQmufvkH;wGif tBudrfuJUodkU
]t&l;jzpf} &jcif;udk rBuKHcJU&bl;acs/ olwyg;tm;om &,fEdkifcJU udk,fwkdifcH&jcif;rlum;
wBudrf tqdk;qkH;jzpfygonf/ &SufvkdufykHrSmvnf; ajymzG,f&mr&Sd? q&mBuD; vSnfhrMunfhrD
uREkfyfwudk,fvkH; Murf;jyifxJazmufNyD; ajrrsKdoGm;vQif aumif;vdrfhrnfxifcJUrd\/ trSefrSm
uREkfyfonf ykHwla&;qJGjcif; tvGefnHUzsif; okH;wef;ausmif;om;uav;wa,mufavmufrQ
ajrykHudk rqGJwwfcJUyg/
Budrf;armif;jcif; cH&ykH
ausmif;om;rsm;onf q&mBuD;yg &,fvdrfhrnftxifESifh vGwfvyfpGm &,fvdkufrdMuav&m
tvGefpdwfqdk;aom q&mBuD;rsufESmudk jrifvkdufMu&onfwGifrS ,wdjywf toHwdwfoGm;
Muavawmh\/ xdkUaemuf q&mBuD;u uREkfyftm; ]]rif; t*Fvdyfpm b,favmufawmfaeayr,fh
yx0D0if ratmifvQif b,fawmhrS rif;ratmifEdkifbl;? aiGwq,fudk a&xJvTifhypfwmeJU
twlwlyJ}} [k ajym\/ (xdkacwf b*Fvm;pmar;yGJ 0ifaMu;rSm aiGwq,fjzpfonf/) trsm;
tm;jzifh vlawmfuav;vkyfvmcJUaom uREkfyfrSm tvGef&SufonfESifh rsuf&nfrsm; 0dkif;vsuf
&SdavNyD/ wGifrS q&mBuD;u ]]wckawmh&Sdyg&JU? rif;u &mZ0ifawmh enfenf;awmfw,f?
- 98 -
yx0D0iftwGuf trSwfudk &mZ0ifeJU&atmif vkyf,layawmh? 'gyJ&SdwmyJ}} [k ajymav\/

yx0D0ifESifh &mZ0ifrSm xdkacwfwGif wwGJwnf; jyKvkyfxm;aomaMumifh q&mBuD;ajymonfh
twdkif; &mZ0ifudkom zdBudK;pm;jcif;tm;jzifh 9wef; atmifcJU&ygawmhonf/
ynmpkHoifjyaom udkaz
uREkfyfESifh cifrifonf[k azmfjycJUaom ausmif;om;okH;a,mufteuf armif&Dwa,mufwnf;
atmifoGm; pufacGrSm ao&SmNyDjzpf&m uREkfyfESifh udkazwdkUom usefavawmhonf/ uREkfyfrSm
5wef;wGifwBudrf? 9wef;wGif wBudrf us&IH;cJUNyD;aomfvnf; twef;xJwGif ti,fqkH;wa,muf
jzpfaeao; q&mtif;*vpfpfu (Little Fellow) aumifi,fuav;wa,muf[k
ac:onfhtwdkif; vlwdkif;uac:Mu\/ 9wef;atmifonfhESpfwGifrS NAKef;ueJxGm;vm 5ayESifh
10vufr&Sd t&yfjrifholwa,muf jzpfvmcJU&m twef;xJrl ]tnufqkH;} vluav;wa,muf
jzpfcJUojzifh abmvkH;upm;jcif; tvkyfrsKd;udk ta0;rS armfhMunfh&kHom wwfEdkifcJUygonf/
udkazESifh uREkfyfrSm ]uHwltusKd;ay;} us&IH;cJU&jcif;jzpf wa,mufESifhwa,muf ydkrdkwG,fwmrI
&SdvmNyD;vQif wa,muf\tdrfodkU wa,mufvm twlwuG pmusufMuavonf/ udkazonf
uREkfyfxufvnf;BuD; tawmf ]pkH} aom ausmif;om;BuD;wa,muf jzpfonfhtavsmuf bm*sm
qJGjcif; paom *DwtvkyfrsKd;wGifomru ydk;yef;jcif;qdkif&m ]jrm#Dum} ESifh ywfoufvnf;
wwGwfwGwf oifjyay;avonf/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyfrSm ]q&maumif;wynfh} ryDojcif;udk
a&SUwavQmufwGif awGU&ygvdrfhrnf/
tNydKiftqdkif pma&;jcif;
uREkfyfwkdU oli,fcsif;av;a,mufwGJwGif pufacGuG,fvGef armif&Dwa,mufwnf; 9wef;
atmifNyD; &efukefNrdKU ]bufywpf} aumvdyfodkU tdkifatoif&ef a&mufoGm;av&m uREkfyfESifh
armif&DwdkUonf tawmfrSefrSef t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh pmay;pm,ljyKvkyfMu\/ xdkacwfu
t*Fvdyfvdk 8wef;? 9wef;a&muf rawmufwacguf a&;wwfonfqdkvQifyif t*Fvdyfvdk
pmay;pm,lvkyfMuaom tavhtx&SdMu\/ jrefrmvdk avhusifhol[l wa,mufrQ rawGUcJU&
ay/ uREkfyfrSmvnf; t*Fvdyfpmudkom cspfwwf t*Fvdyf0wKrsm;udkomzwfNyD; t*Fvdyfvdkom
(acwftm;avsmfpGm) avhusifhvmcJUonfhtwdkif; pma&;jcif;tm;jzifh toufarG;&vQif jrefrm
pma&;q&mwa,muf\ b0udk tdyfrufrQyif rrufcJUay/ xdktcsdefwGif BuD;yGm;xGef;um;
- 99 -
a&TOa'gif;
aeaom jrefrmpma&;q&m[lvnf; rawGU&bl;ao;onfESifh pdwful;rxnfhcJUrdacs/ rdbrsm;rSm

pD;yGm;a&; rcdkifvkHvSaomaMumifh p&dwftukeftusrsm;onfh aumvdyfausmif;om;tjzpfudk
rarQmfrSef;Edkifojzifh t*Fvdyfvdk pma&;q&mjzpfzdkU BuH&G,fcsuf rxm;0HUyg/ wwfEdkifvQif
jzpfvdkjcif;udkom azmfjyjcif;jzpfygonf/ armif&Donf &efukefNrdKU bufywpfaumvdyf taMumif;
rsm;udk uREkfyfxHokdU pma&;avh&Sd&m uREkfyfuvnf; a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;udk a&;ydkUavh&Sd\/
uRekfyfwdkU\pmrsm;rSm t*Fvdyfvdk a&;Mu&kHomru wwfEdkiforQ taumif;qkH;jzpfatmif
tjyeftvSef a&;Mujcif;jzpfonfudk uREkfyfa&molyg od&SdMu 4if;pmrsm;udk odrf;qnf;xm;&ef
ESpfOD;vkH; uwdjyKMubl;avonf/ odkUjzifh armif&D bDatatmifonfhwdkifatmif uREkfyfESifh
pmay;pm,lvkyfcJU&m uREkfyfuvnf; xdktawmtwGif; t*Fvdyf0wKaumif;BuD; tajrmuf
tjrm; zwfxm;onfjzpfaomaMumifh armif&Dudk,fwdkifu azmfxkwfcsD;usL;bl;avonf/ ]]igwkdU
bDatatmifw,fqdkayr,fh rxl;ygbl;uGm? rif;vJ igwdkUvdk a&;Edkif'gygyJ? rifhpmawGudk igu
ausmif;om;awGudk jy&ao;w,f? igwkdUtnmom;awGudk txifrao;atmifvkdU}} [k armif&Du
ajymbl;\/ (uRekfyfonf armif&D\pmrsm;udk uwdtwdkif; odrf;qnf;xm;&m ppftwGif;wGif
ajy;&vTm;&rIaMumifh aysmufqkH;ukefcJUygavNyD/)
jzLpifaomarwm
1905ckESpf vGefyGJwGif rsufESmcsif;qdkifcJUbl;onfh rdef;uav;onf 1908ckESpf uREkfyf 9wef;
atmifaomtcgwGif ola&muREkfyfyg tysKdvlysKduav;awG jzpfukefMuavNyD/ okH;ESpfrQaom
tcsdefumvtwGif; uREkfyfonf olUrsufESmudk tenf;qkH; waeUwBudrfjrif&atmif BudK;pm;
rjrif&vQif ausauseyfeyfrtdyfEdkifyJ jzpfcJU\/ uREkfyf\arwmum; ajym r,kHEdkifavmuf
atmif jzLpifygonf/ uREkfyfrSm udkazESifh udkzkd;0dkufwkdU\ ]vufcsm} rsm;udk Mum;em&jcif;aMumifh
a,musfm;ESifhrdef;r cspfBudKufMu&mwGif vdifjyem\ &nf&G,f&if;oabmudk em;vnfNyD;
jzpfygonf/ odkUESifhvnf; uREkfyfonf xdkrdef;uav;taMumif;ESifh ywfouf pdwful;,Of
rdaom tcgrsm;wGif npfnrf;aompdwful;rsKd; vkH;0ryg&Sd/ rsufESmcsif;qdkifxdkifNyD; Munfhae
csifaom qErsKd;xuf rausmfvGefbl;aMumif; ajym&Jygonf/ cspfBudKufcef;rsm;vSaom yoDykHjyif
0wKrsm;udk zwf&IqJ zwf&Icdkufrsm;yif 4if;rdef;uav;tm;owd& Zmwfvkdufae&mxm;um
pdwful;,Ofavh&Sdaomfvnf; &kefU&if;Murf;wrf;onfh &m*ESifhywfoufaom pdwful;w&HwqpfrQ
rjzpfay:bl;jcif;udkvnf; (,kHcsifrS ,kHMuap) &J&Jyif a&;vkduf&ygonf/ udprsKd;ESifh
ywfouf uREkfyf\ pdwfxm;jzLpifjcif;udk om"uwck wifjy&aomf xdkacwf umvom;
rsm;onf rnfonfhrdef;uav;um; ]umwpf} aumif;onf? cg;ao;&ifcsDNyD; zGrf (Form)
awmifhwif;onf ponfrsm;jzifh csD;usL;pum;ajymoH Mum;&onfhtcg uREkfyf\pdwfxJ
- 100 -
]'DvlawG[m bmawGrsm; &Sm&SmazGazG csD;rGrf;aeMuygvdrfhr,f} [k tHUMordygonf/ (uREkfyf

oabmusaom rdef;uav;onf txufyg t*Fg&yfrsm;ESifh jynfhpkHjcif;udk aemiftcgrS
jyefawG; ay:vmaomfvnf; a&S;OD;pGm BudKufrdpOfurl taMumif;udk vkH;0*&krpdkuf owd
r&cJUjcif; rSefygonf/) t&yfxJwGif *dkufqdkuftusqkH;? udk,fvkH;udk,fayguf tvSqkH;? Munfh
taumif;qkH;jzpfonf[k uREkfyf\rdcifudk,fwdkifu csD;rGrf;jcif;udk uREkfyfMum;&bl; 0rf;omrd
aomfvnf; uREkfyf\pdwful;xJwGif &m*pdwfray:/ odkUaom rdef;uav;udk Munfhcsifwdkif;
MunfhEdkifrnfh olUcifyGef;jzpfzdkUavmufudkom arQmfvifhcsufxm;cJUygonf/
Munfhaumif;vkdufyk Hu
rMumao;rDu oddef;azjrifha&;onfh ]taz} taMumif;udk zwfMunfh&mwGif uREkfyfESifh pdwful;
csif; wkdufqdkifykHudk owd& NyKH;rdygao;onf/ odef;azjrifhrSm olUtaz ajrwdkif;pma&;BuD;\
q&mocifjzpfonfh rsufESmjzLv,f0efudk txifBuD;cJUbl;onfESifh v,f0ef\ ]acs;} onf
b,fvdkrsm; &Sdacsrnfenf;[k wrifwum Munfhbl;onfqdk\/ uREkfyfrSmvnf; uJUodkU
wrifwum rMunfhbl;apumrl rdef;uav;\acs;onf tjcm;vlrsm;\acs;uJUodkU eHaumif;rS
eHvdrfhrnf/ olUacs;rlum; b,fenf;ESifhrQ eHvdrfhrnfr[kwf/ zkwDa'0D\ udk,feHUuJUodkU
cyfoif;oif;&Sd&rnf? cHwGif;eHUrSmvnf; arT;BudKifaevdrfhrnf/ eHeuf tdyf&mrSxcgpwGif tjcm;
rdef;rrsm;uJUokdU rIefrIefokefokef r[kwf? rzD;rvdrf;yJESifh MunfMunf&Tif&Tif oyfoyf&yf&yf&Sd&rnf
ponfrsm;jzifh pdwful;rdbl;ygonf/ rdef;uav;\ ]Munfhaumif;} jcif;um; vlwdkif;u
csD;rGrf;oHMum;&yg\/ uREkfyftzdkU&mrl olUxufvSaom rdef;rrsm;udk xdkpOfuvnf;aumif;?
xdkUaemufvnf;aumif; awGU&bl;yg\/ okdU&mwGif oluJUokdU tqifajy ]Munfhaumif;} aom
rdef;r[lum; wa,mufrQyif rawGU&bl;yg/ tjcm;aom a,musmf;rsm;vnf; udk,fh&nf;pm;udk
twdkif;yif rSwfxifMuavoavm rajymwwfay/
_______
- 101 -
a&TOa'gif;
'kwd,ydkif;
azodef; rS armifazodef;odkU
uREkfyf\ woufwmwGif u@ig;ckcGJ a&;om;vdk\/ (1)azodef;? (2)armifazodef;?

(3)udkazodef;? (4)OD;azodef;? (5)q&mBuD;[l ig;ydkif;cJGjcm;vdk\/ ausmif;om;t&G,f
wavQmufvkH;wGif (xdkacwfu xkH;pHtwdkif;) uREkfyftm; ausmif;om;tcsif;csif;u ]azodef;}
[lcsnf;ac:Mu\/ rdbq&morm;ESifh ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; ]armif} wyfac:ol &Sm;yg;vS
onf/ 9wef;atmif ausmif;rSxGufonfwGif rdbrsm;udk,fwdkifu ]armifazodef;} [k jyifqif
ac:iifjcif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrday&m xdktcsdefrSp vlwdkif;uyif ]azodef;} rac:awmhyJ
armifazodef; jzpfvmavNyD/ xdkUaemuf touf 30 eD;vm (ol&d,wdkufodkUa&muf)
tcsif;csif;u ]udkazodef;} ac:Muonfh t&G,fokdU a&mufvm&jyefonf/ 50ausmft&G,frS prl
]OD;azodef;} jzpfvm 60 ausmfonfhaemufwGifrlum; ]q&mBuD;} [k ac:a0:ol rsm;vmcJU
avNyD/ okdUjzpf uREkfyf\ woufwmrSwfwrf;udk wifjy&mwGif txufygtwdkif; u@ig;ck
cJG azmfjyrnfjzpfygonf/ pmt&rSm uREkfyfonf 'kwd,t&G,fokdUa&muf azodef;rS
armifazodef; jzpfvmcJUygavNyD/
taMumif;BuD;av;&yf
]armifazodef;} jzpfvmaom u@wGif uRekfyfonf vGefcJUNyD;aom azodef;b0ESifh
ywfoufonfh tawG;tac:rsm; jzpfay:vmjcif;udk wifjy&ygOD;rnf/ azmfjyvwHUaom
tjcif;t&mrsm;rSm pmayusrf;*efrsm;rS awGU&Sdjcif;vnf;r[kwf? taemufwdkif;ynm&Sdrsm;xHrS
vufcH&&Sdjcif;vnf;r[kwf? uREkfyf\ tawGUtBuKHrsm;t& tajccH jzpfay:vmonfh uREkfyf\
tawG;tac: oufoufrQom jzpfygaomaMumifh BudKufrSvnf; vufcHEdkifonf/ rBudKufvQif
y,fEdkifMuygonf/ uREkfyf\wifjycsufrSm vlow0gonf av;ckaomtaMumif;wkdUaMumifh
vlawmf? vla&Smf? vlaumif;? vlqdk;? vl&Iyf? vlvnf? vl&dk;? vlrdkuf ponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd;
jzpfvmMuonf[k qdkvdkygonf/ xdkav;ckwdkUum; (1)rdcifxHrS&aom t&nftcsif;rsm;?
(2)zcifxHrSqufcH&&Sdonfh aumif;qdk;t&nftcsif;rsm;? (3)ow0gudk,fEIdufu b0tpOf
tquf vdkufygvmonfh 0goemaumif;qdk;rsm;? (4)ywf0ef;usif\ jyKjyifrIaMumifh jzpf&onfh
aumif;qdk; tcsuftvufrsm; [l&dS&m tqdkygav;ck\ a&maESmaygif;pyfrIonf ]azodef;}
- 102 -
wnf;[laomt&G,f (ausmif;xGufcsdeftxd) vluav;wa,muf jzpfvm&onf[k qdkvdk\/

taMumif;w&m; av;ckwdkUonf ]azodef;} wnf;[laom t&G,ftwGif; uREkfyf\ a&G;cs,frI
ryg/ a&G;cs,fcGifh aumif;pGmr&&SdyJ twdwfuHu ypfcsvdkufonfhtwdkif; jzpfvm&awmhonf[k
qdkvdkygonf/ odkU&mwGif taMumif;udk a&SUtzdkUwGifrS qufvuf&Sif;jyrnfjzpf ae&m
rQESifhom jzwfxm;&ygOD;rnf/
zcifxHrS&aomtarG
(1)zcifxHrS qufcH&&Sdonf[k uREkfyf,lqonfh aumif;qdk;tjcif;t&mrSm (u)aMumufwwf
jcif;? (c)ESajrmwwfjcif;? (*)&dk;jcif; (Simpleness) wdkUjzpf\/ (u)aMumufwwfjcif;rSm
zcifxHrS qufcH&&Sdonf qdkaomfvnf; uREkfyfonf rdrd\ aMumufwwfjcif;twGuf auseyfrI
r&Sd? zcifurl ]aMumufwwf0efuif;} qdkaom pum;twdkif; auseyfpGmvufcH\/ okdUjzpf
uREkfyftzdkUrSm 0rf;xJ aMumufwwfaomfvnf; xdktjcif;t&mudk rBudKufaomaMumifh
BudK;pm;NyD; &J&\/ Oyrm wapaMumufaomfvnf; ajcmufwwfonfqdkaom ae&modkU
pGefUpm;NyD;oGm;\/ aoewfrudkifwwfyJ rkqdk;rsm;ESifh awmvdkufvnf\/ onfwkdUrSm
pGefUpm;cef;0wKrsm; zwfjcif;? a&;jcif;wkdUaMumifh jzpfay:vmonfhpdwf"mwf jzpfayonf/
(c)ESajrmwwfjcif;wckrSm Mumavqdk;avjzpfvmonfudk awGU&\/ bdk;BuD;tdkjzpfvmaom
tcsdefwGif pD;yGm;pkzdkUr[kwfaomfvnf; tdkcgrS vufrUJjzpfNyD; qif;&Jrnfudk aMumufonfESifh
i,fpOfuxuf vufwGefUvsuf&Sd\/ (*)&dk;jcif;[lonfrSm ]&dk;om;jcif;} ESifh wjcm;pDjzpf\/
zciftzdkUrSm &dk;jcif;a&m &dk;om;jcif;yg &Sdaomfvnf; uREkfyfrlum; &dk;jcif;udkomqufcH
&dk;om;jcif;rlum; tvkyform;rsm;ESifh zufvSJwuif;aecJU&jcif;aMumifh zcif\tqifhtwef;udk
rrSDawmhyg/ okdU&mwGif olvdkigvdk vlwa,mufavmufawmh &dk;om;ygao;onf/ onfrSm
vnf; tvkyform;rsm;xHrS ul;pufvmjcif;rsm;udk 0wKaumif;rsm;jzifh wkdufzsufEdkifaomaMumifh
jzpfygonf/ zcifuJUokdU ]&dk;jcif;} rSmvnf; uREkfyf\ tvkyfoabmjzifh wdkufzsufcJUygNyD/
pma&;q&m? owif;pmq&mwa,muftaejzifh ]vl&dk;} vkyfaerjzpf? ]&dk;om;jcif;} um;
jzpfEdkifygonf/ em;vnfMuapvdkonfrSm ]&dk;om;jcif;} onf csD;rGrf;xdkufoavmuf ]&dk;jcif;}
onf EkH&m t&ma&mufawmhonf/
rdcifx HrS &aomtarG
- 103 -
a&TOa'gif;
(2) rdcifxHrS qufcH&&SdcJUonfh qdk;aumif;tarGrsm;rSmum; (u)pdwfquf jzpfrdvQif

ZGwfrSdwfvkyfcsifwwfjcif;? (c)rme&Sd pdwfBuD;0ifwwfjcif;? (*)r[kwfrcHcsifwwfjcif;wdkU
jzpfavonf/ ]azodef;} t&G,fwGif 4if;tcsif;t&mrsm;onf uREkfyf tjynfht0&Sd BuD;jyif;
vmaomtcgrl? aemufxyfawGU&onfh tjzpftysufwdkUaMumifh twdk;tavsmh&Sdvmygonf/
(C)a'goESifhywfoufrl avQmhvQifaumif;onf[k em;vnfvmojzifh (wu,favQmhjcif;
ravQmhjcif;udk tyxm;) BudK;pm;yg\/ (i)rmeESifhywfoufrl rBudK;pm;rdonfhtwGuf
aMumifh wkd;yif wufvmonfxifyg\/ (p)r[kwfrcHcsifwwfjcif;rlum; aemufydkif;wGif
tusKd;&Sdr&SdcsifhcsdefzdkU owdxm;&ef BudK;pm;&aumif;rSef; odvmygonf/ tjcif;t&monf
aumif;onf[l vnf;aumif;? raumif;[l vnf;aumif; wxpfcs qkH;jzwfoifhaom
t&mwck r[kwf[l ,lqvmygonf/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyf\ pdwfxJ&Sdaom oabmxm;udk
zGifha&;&rnf qdkygrlum; uREkfyfonf (udk,fwdkif rwwfEdkifawmhrS&Sdap) r[kwfrcHcsifwwfjcif;
wnf;[laom pdwfxm;rsKd; &Sdolwa,muftm; vIdufvIdufvSJvSJ MunfndKwwfonfh oabmxm;
&Sdygonf/
oHo&mtpOfu ygvmjcif;
(3) uREkfyf b0tpOftqufrS vdkufygvmonf[k ,lqonfh 0goemaumif;qdk;rsm;rSm
(u)tazmfaumif;vQif bmrqdkjyKcsifwwfonfh rBuHUcdkifaom pdwf"mwf (txl;ojzifh raumif;
aombuf om ]tnSmvG,f} wwfonf/) (c)bmrqdkodcsif pl;prf;csifwwfaom pdwfrsKd;?
(*)tqef;topfqdkvQif (tusKd;&Sdr&Sd tyxm;) jrnf;prf;csifwwfaom 0goem?
(C)olwyg;\xifjrifcsufudk *&krpdkuf? rdrd\,kHMunfcsuftwdkif; usifhBuHcsifwwfjcif;wdkU
jzpfavonf/ (u)rBuHUcdkifaompdwf[lonfrSm raumif;jcif;oufouf[l qdk&ayrnf/
pdwfonf uREkfyf\avmuBuD;yGm;a&;udk trsm;qkH;zsufqD;\/ BuD;jyif;vmaomtcg
jyKjyifzdkU BudK;pm;aomfvnf; atmifjrifrIenf;vSonf/ (c)bmrqdkodcsif pl;prf;csifwwfaom
pdwfrsKd;onf qdk;onf[k rqdkoifh? aumif;usKd;yif ay;wwfyg\/ (*)tqef; topf
jrnf;prf;csifwwfaom 0goemaMumifh taumif;a&mtqdk;yg BuKHcJU&bl;yg\/ (C)udk,fh
,kHMunfcsuftwdkif; usifhBuHwwfjcif;rSm tcsKdUu ]acgif;rmonf} [k qdkMurnfjzpfaomfvnf;
udk,fh[mudk,fawmh auseyfvsuf&Sdygonf/ udk,fh,kHMunfcsuftwdkif; usifhBuHrdjcif;aMumifh
'kuawGU&onfjzpfap? vluJU&JUcH&onfjzpfap cH&eftoifh&Sdygonf/ ,aeUwdkifvnf; aemifw
r&yg/
- 104 -
ywf0ef;usif\ jyKjyifrIESpfrsKd;
(4) ywf0ef;usif\ jyKjyifrIqdkonfudkrl ESpfydkif;cJG azmfjyvdk\/ (u)rdrdu a&G;cs,fcGifhr&SdyJ
taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm cH&jcif;? (c)rdrdudk,fu BudKufESpfouf vufcHjcif;[l ydkif;jcm;
vdk\/ (u)rdrdu a&G;cs,fcGifhr&SdyJ taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm cH&jcif;[lonfrSm rdbrsm;\
qkH;ryJUjyifrIESifh xdef;odrf;tkyfcsKyfrIwdkUtjyif i,f&G,fpOfu tawGUtBuKHrsm;vnf; yg0if\/
uREkfyf\obm0 wacsmif;NyD;wacsmif; aygufa&mufvmcJUonfh ]ql;} rsm;rSm uREkfyfu
jyKjyifEdkifjcif;r&Sd? ]ta&rxl} onfh i,f&G,fEke,faom t&G,fwGif rnfolrqdk xdkuJUodkU
awGUBuKHcHpm;&ygu uREkfyfuJUodkUyif jzpfvmzkdUrsm;ayvdrfhrnf/ oli,fbm0 upm;jrL;wl;jcif;
onf tvsif;tusKd;r&Sd[laom zcif\ qkH;renf;onfvnf; uREkfyfbmrQrwwfEdkifyJ cH&
uREkfyftm; ]pdwfcsOf} aygufap\/ tvkyform;rsm;\ npfcsif? ESyfcsif? avmif;upm;csifaom
tavhtusifhrsm; ul;pufjcif;onfvnf; uREkfyfbmrQrwwfEdkifyJ cHvdkuf&jcif;jzpf\/ rnfonfh
oli,frqdk uREkfyfuJUodkU tvkyform;rsm;ESifh vufyGef;wwD; ae&onfqdkvQif uREkfyfuJUokdUyif
jzpfvmzdkU rsm;ayvdrfhrnf/ okdUjzpf ]azodef;t&G,f} wavQmufvkH;wGif uREkfyfonf
ywf0ef;usif\ jyKjyifrIudk bmrQrwwfEdkifyJ cHcJU&jcif;jzpfonf[k qdkvdkyg\/ yrmqdkaomf
jrpfaMumif;wGif a&pD;tvdkufarsmyg&onfh azmifESifhwlygonf/
awmfvSefEdkifavmufonfh ywf0ef;usif
(c) ausmif;xGuf armifazodef;t&G,fodkU a&mufvmaomtcgrl jrpfaMumif;wGif a&pD;tvdkuf
arsmyg&apumrlvnf; azmifESifhrwlyJ avSmfwufyJUwuf tjynfhtpkHygonfh avSESifh wlygawmh
onf/ xdkt&G,frl tvkyform;rsm;tv,f ypfcscH&jcif;rsKd; r[kwfyJ taygif;toif;udk
rdrd\oabmtwdkif; a&G;cs,fEdkifcGifh&SdcJUavNyD/ azodef;t&G,f jyKcJUbl;onfh trSm;rsm;twGuf
rdrdudk,fudk tjypfrqdkcsifaomfvnf; armifazodef;t&G,frSp woufwmvkH;\ trSm;rsm;
twGufrl wm0ef,lzdkU 0efav;vdrfhrnfr[kwfyg/ xdktcsdefrSp trSm;r&Sdawmh? vlvdrfrm
wa,muf jzpfvmawmhonf[k ajymqdkvdkonf rxifMuygavESifh/ BuD;us,faom trSm;BuD;
rsm;vnf; rSm;cJUygonf/ ydkif;jcm; azmfjy&jcif;rSm rdrdtwGuf toa&qnfvdkjcif;r[kwf?
vl\obm0udk uREkfyfem;vnfovdk &Sif;vif;atmif wifjyvdkaomaMumifhrQom jzpfyg\/
okdU&mwGif i,fpOfuaygufcJUonfh ql;rsm;twGufrlum; uREkfyfbmrQrwwfEkdif/ ]]rsufESmcsKd
uav;ESifh EIwfvQmcsKd oabmaumif;vSygonf}} qkdaom vlwa,mufjzpfzdkUrlum; rnfonfh
enf;ESifhrQ uREkfyfrwwfEdkifawmhNyD/ (jzLaumifonf ,kefuav; jzpfrvmEkdifouJUodkUyif/)
- 105 -
a&TOa'gif;
odkU&mwGif pmtkyfaumif;rsm; zwf&jcif;aMumifh aemufydkif; topfxyfrH&&Sdonfh vlUobm0

oabmw&m;rsm;udkrl oufqdkif&mtydkif;wGifrS azmfjyygOD;rnf/
acwfynmwwf &Sm;aomacwf
1908 ckESpfwGif 9 wef;atmifjrifcJUavNyD/ acwf wuodkvf0ifpmar;yGJ atmifjrifolrsm;ESifh
xdkacwfu atmifjrifolrsm;rSm ]rsufESmyGifh} &m rEIdif;,SOfEdkifatmif uGmjcm;\/ xdkacwfurl
b*Fvm;pmar;yJGac: 9 wef;atmifol tvGef&Sm;ao;\/ tar&duefausmif;rS ESpfpOf 9 wef;
orm; av;ig;&Spfa,mufrQ ajzqdkMu&m wESpfrS wa,mufwavrQom atmifaomESpfaygif;
woDwwef;BuD; &SdcJUbl;\/ uREkfyfwdkUESpfurl 11 a,mufoGif; 2 a,mufwnf;usNyD; 9
a,muf atmifaomESpfjzpf ausmif;tkyfBuD; vufyef;aygufcwfcsifrwwfjzpfonf[k
Mum;vkduf&\/ txufjrefrmjynfrSm xdkpOfu t*Fvdyfpmwwf tvGef&Sm;ao; av;ig;wef;
rQESifh rD;&xm;&kHydkif? oabFmpma&;? NrdKUtkyfpma&;? ukrPDpma&;? ajrwdkif;pma&; ponfjzifh
jzpfEdkifMuay&m ta&;ydkif&kH;rsm;yif 7wef;atmifaom pma&;BuD;rsm; rif;rlEdkifaom acwfjzpf
avonf/ a&S;OD;pGm aiGpm&if;rif;BuD;jzpf xdkaemuf &efukef aumfydka&;&Sif;rif;BuD;
jzpfvmonfh OD;qufrSm yxrOD;pGm bDatatmifaom txufjrefrmjynfom;qdk NAdwdoQ
tpdk;&\ txl;csD;ajrSmufjcif;cH&\/ jrefrmvlrsKd;teufrS yxrOD;pGm &mZ0wf0efBuD; (D.S.P.)
cefUxm;jcif;cH&onfh OD;xGef;rif;rSmvnf; txufjrefrmjynfom;rsm;teufrS yxrOD;pGm 9 wef;
atmifoljzpf 9 wef; atmifvufrSwfudk bk&ifcHudk,fwdkifu tcrf;tem;ESifh tyfESif;onf[k
Mum;&bl;avonf/ (acwf 9 wef; orm;rsm;um; vljzpfaemufusonf[k atmufarh&SmMu
rnf xifonf/)
rD;yGifhatmif vnfjcif;
uRekfyf 9 wef; atmifaomtcsdef rdbrsm;onf zdeyfaxmifq&mtvkyfudk pGefUvTwf rEav;rS
0ufvufodkU ajymif;a&TUNyD;vQif ]csdwfukefwkdufukef} yGJpm;tvkyfudk vkkyfudkifvsuf&SdMuavNyD/
rdbrsm;onf uREkfyftm; &efukefaumvdyfausmif;okdU ydkU&ef pdwful;&Sdbl;aomfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;
tajctae raumif;ojzifh rwwfEdkifyJ&SdcJU\/ odkUjzpf uREkfyfonf ausmif;xGufaom
tcsdefrSmyif tpDtpOfr&SdyJ 0ufvufodkUrvdkufrl rEav;NrdKUwGif zcif\ nD0rf;uJG
wa,muf\tdrf wnf;cdkum Ak'bmomausmif;wGif ausmif;q&muav; 0ifvkyf\/
- 106 -
vcokH;q,frQ&aomfvnf; tawmfuav; okH;avmufaomacwfjzpf BudKufovdk vnfEdkif

ywfEdkif\/ rdbrsm;uvnf; pmar;yJGatmifaomaMumifh bdkifpu,ftopfwpD; 0,fay;cJU&m
uREkfyfrSm zcif\ usyfwnf;aomxdef;odrf;jcif;rS vGwfajrmufonfwaMumif;? waeUvQif
rkefUbdk; 6 jym; rQom &cJU&mrS waeUvQif wpfusyf okH;Edkifojzifh azmazmoDoD jzpfvmonf
waMumif;? bdkifpu,ftopfwpD; &onfwaMumif;aMumifh (xdkacwfwGif rEav;NrdKU vlwdkif;
bdkifpu,fpD;Edkifonfr[kwf? acwf *spfum;pD;Edkifjcif;xuf rsufESm&Sdonf/ uREkfyfwdkU
t&yfxJwGif &kH;pma&; oli,fcsif;wa,mufrSwyg; uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;om bkdifpu,f
&Sdonf/) vnfvkdufywfvkdufonfrSm rD;yGifhaeawmh\/ ausmif;wufcsdefESifh pm;csdeftdyfcsdef
wkdUrSwyg; tvif;a&mif&SdorQ vnfawmh\/ rEav;NrdKUonf wjyywfvnftwGif;
av;pdwf0if;rsm; &SdMuonfcsnf;jzpf&m rEav;arG;NyD; tdkao&olyifjzpfapumrl tqdkyg
av;pdwf0if;wdkif;odkU wNrdKUvkH;aphpkHatmif a&mufbl;ol wa,mufrQyif &Sdvdrfhrnfrxifay/
uREkfyfrlum; bdkifpu,fopf&NyD;uwnf;u av;pdwf0if;rsm;udk uGufpdyf&dkufNyD; trSwftom;
ESifh wrifwum vSnfhvnfcJUbl;onfjzpf uREkfyfuJUodkU 0if;wkdif;ESHUpyfatmif a&mufcJUbl;ol
&Sdvdrfhrnfrxifay/
yJGMunhfESpf
ausmif;xGufNyD; ausmif;q&mvkyfaomtcsdefwGif uREkfyf rdwfaqGopfrsm; wkd;yGm;vsuf
&SdavNyD/ ausmif;om;b0rl ausmif;om;tcsif;csif;rQom taygif;toif;jyKvkyfcJUav&m
ausmif;xGufNyD;onfhaemuf udkazrSmvnf; ol\XmeD (rif;uif;) okdU jyefoGm;NyDjzpf aps;csKdxJrS
aps;onf umvom;rsm;? ausmif;xdkausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;? pma&;pmcsD
uav;rsm;? ydkufqH&Sdaom rdbrsm;\ om;awavuav;rsm; ponfwkdUESifh tuRrf;w0if
jzpfcJU&avNyD/ vlpkteufwGif uRekfyfuJUodkU 9 wef; atmifol wa,mufrQr&Sd? t*Fvdyfpmyif
oifbl;Muol enf;yg;vSaomaMumifh xdkolwkdUonf uREkfyftm; ]vlawmf} uav;wa,muf
taeESifh vufcHMu 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om rdwfzGJUMu\/ ]jrm} jyemrsKd;rSwyg; t&yf&yf
A[kokwESifh qdkif&mwGif uREkfyf\pum;udk em,lMu\/ MunfhvdkufMuonfh ZmwfyJG? &kyfao;yJG?
tNidrfh? &kHyJG qdkonfrsm;rSmvnf; wnrQrvkyfoavmuf jzpf\/ woufvkH; pdwfcsvufcs
rMunfhcJU&orQ ,ckrS twdk;ESifhcs Munhf&\/ zdk;pdefBuD;? pdefuwkH;? atmifAv wnf;[laom
ZmwfyJGrsm;? pdefa'G; pdefaX; wnf;[laom rdef;rZmwfrif;om;rsm;? q&myk? udkbausmh?
py,fouf? udkpdefcdk? udkzl;ndK? udkzkef;rdk; wnf;[laom &kyfao;rsm;? pdefokH;BuD;? 'kwd,pdefokH?
bdvyfjyefpdefwif? tvkHpdefwif? pdefqif? tkef;pdef? jruav;? jraoG;? a&ausmfpdefyk? qDaMumf
{pdef wnf;[laom tNidrfhrsm;? cspfzG,f? cspfp&m?a&T'*Fg;? wufwdk; paom tNidrfhvlysufrsm;udk
- 107 -
a&TOa'gif;
]a&vJESifh} Munfhavawmhonf/ qlylrnfhvlvnf;r&Sd? tcsdefuvnf;tm;vyf? ydkufqHrayg

apumrl okH;avmufpGJavmufvnf;&Sd? vluvnf;usef;rm? t&G,fuvnf; EkysKdav&um;
uREkfyfrSm ausmif;rSxGufaomESpfonf uREkfyf\ woufwmwGif ]yJGMunfhESpf} [l ac:xdkuf
ayonf/
0wKajymorm;b0
umvom;oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh rawGU&aomtcsdefrsm;ESifh yGJrMunfhaomnrsm;wGif uREkfyfonf
yoDykHjyif0wK tqifhtwef;rS wufvmcJU xdkacwfu tvGefemrnfBuD;vSonfh NAdwdoQ
eef;wGif;t&IyfawmfykHBuD; (Mysteries of the Court of London) 0wKBuD;udk vnf;aumif;
vef'efNrdKU t&IyfawmfykHBuD; (Mysteries of London) 0wKBuD;udk vnf;aumif; nOfheuf
vSatmif zwf&I\/ vdifudpESifhywfouf yoDykHjyif0wKrsm;onf pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;
aomfvnf; uav;oli,ftqifhtwef;rQom&Sd t&IyfawmfykH0wKBuD;rsm;um; umvom;t&G,f
BudKuf jzpfonfESifh rtdyfyJzwf&rnfqdkygu zwfEdkifaom 0wKBuD;rsm;jzpf\/ tysKdvlysKd
t&G,frsm; tzdkU&mwGif &nf;pm;xm;csifpdwf jzpfay:vmatmif a&;om;onfh 0wKrsKd;udk
azmfjyygqdkvQif 0wKBuD;ESpftkyfudk a&G;cs,f&ayvdrfhrnf/ 0wKBuD;rsm; zwfbl;ol
tcsif;csif; pum;ajymMu&rnfqdkvQif rtdyfwrf;ajymEdkif\/ ajymvnf;ajymcJUbl;\/ waeUo
uRekfyfonf twef;wl rdef;uav;wa,mufESifh ppfudkif;awmif&dk;wGif qkHrdMu 0wKBuD;
rsm;udk ESpfa,mufvkH; zwfbl;MuonfESifh xdkifajymvdkufMu&m eHeufqGrf;csufolrsm;
xMuaomtcgwGifrS vluJU&JUrnfpdk;onfESifh tdyf&modkU 0ifMu&onf/ rdef;uav;
vnf;aumif;? uREkfyfvnf;aumif; cspfBudKufol&SdESifhNyD; jzpfom awmfawmhonf/ odkUr[kwf
ygvQif pdwfazmufjyefaumif; azmufjyefMuvdrfhrnf xif\/ tjcm; vlysKduav;rsm;um;
rajymwwf? uREkfyftzdkUrSmrl xdktcsdef tvGefopm&Sd ]zGJESifhqefuJG} [laom pum;ykHtwdkif;
oabmxm;rdygawmhonf/ wcgw&H yJGr&Sdaomnrsm;wGif uREkfyfESifh umvom;wpkwdkUonf
vomom ckwifBuD;ay:wGif yufvufvSefvsuf uREkfyfu txufyg t&IyfawmfykH0wKBuD;rsm;
udk ajymjyavh&Sd&m? twJGaygif; wq,fausmfpD&Sdaom 0wKrsm;jzpfygvsuf tptqkH; jyef
ajymEdkif okH;av;nrQ qufvufajym&avonf/ onfrSm umvom;rsm;tv,fwGif
rsufESmyGifhvef;aponfjzpf uREkfyfuvnf; armyef;onf[k ratmufarhcJUacs/
ydk; yef; olrsm;vSaom rdef;uav;
- 108 -
yJGvrf;obifrsm;odkU uREkfyfESifh oGm;twlvmtwljzpf uREkfyfajymonfh 0wKrsm;udk em;axmif

&ojzifh uREkfyftm; cifrifav;pm;Muonfh umvom;oli,fcsif; &Spfa,mufcefU &Sdonfh
txJwGif uREkfyf oabmusvsuf&Sdaom rdef;uav;tm; ydk;yef;ol ESpfa,mufokH;a,muf
&Sdyg\/ uREkfyf\aetdrfrSm xdkrdef;uav;\tdrfESifh teD;uyfqkH; (okH;tdrfavmufom jcm;
onf/) jzpfav&um; 4if;wkdUonf uREkfyfwdkUaetdrf pcef;csum rdef;uav;tm; ydk;yef;Mu\/
4if;wdkUonf wa,mufpDaygufvm nOfhtcsdefrsm;wGif rdef;uav;\ tdrfaemufab;
&pfywfum acsmif;ajrmif;Mu\/ uREkfyfrSm udk,fhpdwfxJ oabmusjcif;rQomjzpf rdef;uav;
\ oabmxm;udk twdtusod&jcif;r[kwfyJ ]xifajc} rQom&Sdojzifh orD;&nf;pm; r[kwf
ao;aomaMumifh uREkfyf\ cspfBudKufjcif;udk olwkdUtm;rajym/ olwkdUuvnf; &dyfrd[efr&Sdojzifh
uREkfyftdrfrS ydk;yef;Mujcif; jzpfavonf/ wcgw&HwGif ydk;yef;Muolrsm;u uREkfyf\ 9 wef;
*kPfudk txifBuD;MuonfESifh ]]cifAsm;u tdrfeD;csif;jzpfNyD; NidrfvSyguvm;As? cifAsm;ydk;vQif
awmh ajymomajymygAsm? usKyfwdkU aemufqkwfay;yghr,f? cifAsm;eJUawmh rNydKif0HUygbl;}} qdkum
wD;acgufpkHprf;Mu\/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyfonf 4if;wkdUydk;yef;jcif;rsm;udk rMunfhvdkaomfvnf;
udk,fh&nf;pm;[l rajymEdkifojzifh bmrQrajymyJ NyKH;om aevkduf&onf/ trSefudka&;&vQif
uREkfyfonf vGefyGJnrSp xdktcsdefokdUwdkifatmif pdwfxJu BudKufaecJUonfrSm (udk,fhbufu
aocsmaomfvnf; olUbufu xifajcrQomjzpfonf/) ESpfESpfausmf okH;ESpfcefU&SdcJUNyD
jzpfaomfvnf; tdrfeD;csif; yqpf0dkif; ESpfBudrfrQ rsufESmcsif;qdkif ]yqpfypf} cJUbl;jcif;rSwyg;
ac:bl;jcif;r&Sd? ta0;rSvSrf;Munfh&kHrQESifh auseyfcJU&ygonf/ uREkfyftaMumif;udk oli,fcsif;
umvom;rsm;tm; todray;aomfvnf; 4if;wkdU\ ydk;yef;rItajctaeudk uREfkfyfu apmifhMunfh
rnfolrQ ae&mrusao;jcif;udk od&ojzifh auseyfvsuf&Sdygonf/
olwyg;xufyif xl;avoavm
Ak'bmomausmif; ausmif;q&mvkyfvsuf&SdpOf uREkfyfonf oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifhtwl yJGMunfh&kH
omru awmifNyKH;yJG? &wemh*lyJGrsm;odkU oGm;cJU&m xdkrdef;uav;vnf; 4if;\tdrfom;rsm;ESifh
oGm;Muojzifh tvGeftljrL;cJUbl;yg\/ a&Tpm&Hbk&m;yJG aysmf&jcif;rSm ydk;yef;rI ryg&Sdaom
aMumifh (EIdif;,SOfjcif;tm;jzifh) ajcmufuyfuyf&Sdonf[k qdk&rnfjzpf&m txufygyJGrlum;
tvGefpdkajyvS &ifwzdkzdkjzpfcJU&ygawmhonf/ &ifzdk&jcif;rSmum; yJGwGif tenf;qkH;
av;ig;BudrfrQ rdef;uav;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif&acsawmhrnf[k arQmfvifhcsuf&Sd owd&wdkif;
&ifxJ zdkueJvIdufueJ jzpf&ygawmhonf/ rsufESmcsif;qdkifcGifh &awmhrnf[k pOf;pm;vdkufrd&kHESifh
&ifzdkvIduf&jcif;rSm tjcm;vlrsm; BuKHbl;Muavoavm rajymwwf/ uREkfyftzdkUrl csJUxGifjcif;
r[kwf wu,fyifjzpfygonf/ onfaMumifhvnf; ig\arwmonf tvGefeufeJBuD;us,f
- 109 -
a&TOa'gif;
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tajc,dkifojzifh rEav;odkU wzefajymif;a&GUaexdkifvsuf&Sdonfh rdbrsm;xHokdU ydkUvdkufygonf/
onfrSm aiGa&;ESifhywfouf rdbrsm;twGuf uREkfyftrsm;qkH; pGefUpm;axmufyHUvdkuf
&bl;jcif;yif jzpfyg\/ (rdbrsm; ajymif;a&TUaexdkifMuaom &yfuGufrSm pHa'0DwdkUESifh
twlaeaom ,cif&yfuGufr[kwf? rdcif\ tpfr0rf;uJGwa,mufaeonfh "m;wef;&yfuGuf
jzpf\/) uREkfyfonf rdbrsm;ESifh ESruav; nDuav;rsm; tay:wGif Muifempdwf uif;rJUol
wa,muf r[kwfaomfvnf; pHa'0DeSifh vJG&onfwGif vlUb0udk awmfawmfBuD; pdwfysufoGm;NyD;
bmudkrQ *&krpdkufcsifawmhyJ rxDw&D jzpfvmcJUjcif;aMumifh 0w&m;ysufuGufrI rsm;vSygonf/
pHa'0DESifh taMumif;yg&vQif vlUb0udk auseyfNyD; ,ckxuf 0w&m;odaom om;aumif;
wa,muf jzpfvmvdrfhrnf[k xifrdygonf/ (odkUaomf onfrSm txifrQomjzpfyg\/)
rdbrsm;\ tBuHtpnf
- 137 -
a&TOa'gif;
1910 jynfhESpf ESpfOD;avmufwGif rdcifonf uREkfyftwGuf tpDtpOfwck &Sdonfqdkum tvkyfrS

EIwfxGufcJU&ef rSmxm;ojzifh rEav;okdU a&mufvmcJU\/ rdcifwkdUum; "m;wef;&yfwGif
tpfrawmfol a&awmfcifav;\ wkduf aexdkifvsuf&SdMu\/ rdcifESifh BuD;awmfwkdU\ tpDtpOf
um; okdkUwnf;/ (uREkfyf\ BuD;awmfrSm a&eHacsmif;NrdKUwGif a&eHwGif; tajrmuftjrm;&SdcJU
4if;wkdUudk bDtdkpDukrPDokdU a&mif;csjcif;tm;jzifh <u,f0olwa,muf jzpfvm\/) BuD;awmf
onf tdrfa&SUrif;\orD;awmf rif;orD;wa,mufESifh nDtpfrt&if;wrQ csifcifvmcJUMu
twlwuG aexkdifvsuf&Sd&m 4if;wkdU\pdwful;rSm uREkfyftm; aqGawmfrsKd;awmf (rif;orD;
uav;) wa,mufESifh ay;pm;&ef? xdkUaemuf BuD;awmf\oli,fcsif; rif;orD;rSm rif;ayguf
pdk;aygufjzpf jrefrmjynf twGif;0efcsKyfBuD;xHodkU csOf;uyfNyD; uREkfyftm; NrdKUtkyfcefUzdkU
awmif;cH&ef jzpfav&m (xdkacwf tBuHonf pdwful;,Ofjcif;oufoufr[kwf? uREkfyfESifh
ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;wa,mufrSm 9wef;yif ratmifyJ enf;jzifh NrdKUtkyfjzpfjcif;udk
jrifbl;ygonf/) BuD;awmfESifh rif;orD;onf uREkfyftm; 4if;tBuHtpnfudk zdajymMu&m
rdcifzcifwkdUuvnf; oabmwlMu\/ aemufqkH; uREkfyfu ]]Munfhyg&ap}} [k ajymonfESifh
BuD;awmfESifh rif;orD;onf uREkfyftm; 4if;tdrfay:odkU ac:oGm;Muav\/
uREkfyf\ 0goemwck
uREkfyf\pdwful; rif;orD;[lonfrSm tenf;qkH; oem;urm;&Sdvdrhfrnf[k xifxm;\/
xkduJUodkUum; rawGU&acs/ &kyftqif;udk xm;ygOD;/ zD;vdrf;jyifqifrIESifh ywfouf
olUacwfESifhol a&SUqkH;rSajy;vsuf&Sdaom pHa'0Dtm; rsufpdusvmcJUaom uREkfyfrSm ]a'gif;wd
armif;wd} ESifh awmfovdk0wfqifxm;aom rdef;uav;udk jrif&aomtcg rnfodkUrQ rxdcdkufyJ
&Sdae\/ tjcm;wcsufrSmvnf; uREkfyfudk,fuom cyf&dk;&dk;ESifh 0wfykHcyf&dk;&dk; &Sdaeonf/ rsufpd
usawmh xdyfwef;rS uswwfcsifonfjzpf&m rdef;uav;uvnf; uREkfyftay: pdwf0ifpm;onfh
trlt&m rawGU&acs/ tu,f olUbufu pdwf0ifpm;rIawGU&vQif uREkfyfbufuvnf;
ajymif;vJjcif; &Sdaumif;&Sdayrnf/ pHa'0Dudk uREkfyfpJGcJUjcif;rSm tjcm;aomtaMumif;rsm;xuf
uREkfyftay: pdwf0ifpm;rI&Sdjcif;udk vGefyGJrSp tcgcyfodrf; xif&Sm;pGmazmfjyaomaMumifh
jzpf\/ rdef;uav;wa,mufonf rdk;ysHatmif vScsifvSap? uREkfyftay: pdwf0ifpm;jcif;
&Sdonfudk rawGU&vQif uREkfyf pJGrufvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ wzef uREkfyftay: &dk;om;pGm
pdwf0ifpm;jcif;&Sdonfudk uREkfyf awGU&aomtcgwGifvnf; uREkfyfuwkHUjyef pdwf0ifpm;jcif;
&Sdvmwwfygonf? onfum; uREkfyf\ toufwmwavQmufvkH; 0goemaywnf;/
a,musfm;jzpfap? rdef;rjzpfap? vlBuD;jzpfap? vli,fjzpfap uREkfyfonf twdkif;yif
oabmxm;wwf\/ odkUjyK&rnf[k wrifwum tpDtpOfa&;qJGxm;jcif; r[kwf? uRekfyf\
- 138 -
yifudk,fobm0 (Spontaneous Reaction) jzpfygonf/ uREkfyftay: pdwf0ifpm;ykHr&aom

rdef;uav;wa,muftm; cspfBudKufvmatmif vlysKdvSnfhzdkUaomfvnf;aumif;? pdwfr0ifpm;aom
vlBuD;wOD;wa,mufxHrS wpkHwck&vdkonfESifh rsufESmcsKdaoG;zdkUaomfvnf;aumif; vkyfvnf;
rvkyfcJU? b,fawmhrSvnf; vkyfvdrfhrnfr[kwfacs/ onfrSm rme[kac:MuvQif rdcifxHrS
tarGqufcH&jcif;jzpf bmrSr&csifvnf;&Sdap? twGufaMumifh 0rf;enf;vdrfhrnf r[kwfacs/
BuD;awmfESifh rif;orD;onf uREkfyfESifh rif;orD;av;\ tuJudk &dyfrdMu tjcm;wa,mufESifh
prf;MunfhMuao;\/ wa,mufrSm ydk;ukefonfjzpf oem;urm;&Sdyg\/ okdU&mwGif pHa'0D
\ &kyf&nfudk rrSDyJvsuf rdk;atmufokdU avQmhrMunfhwwfonfh rmersKd; &Sdjcif;udk uREkfyf
&dyfrdonfESifh aemufqkwfvdkufygawmhonf/ BuD;awmfurl uRekfyf\ rdciftm; ]]rifhom;u
olU[muvJGvQif zGJeJUqefuGJ xifyg&JU nDr&,f}} [k ajymbl;avonf/
txifBuD; cH&jcif;
1910 jynfhESpf ESpfvnfavmufwGif uREkfyfonf v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;rif;BuD;&kH;wGif vc 50d? 5d?
75d pma&;tvkyfudk &&Sd\/ &kH;rSm rEav;NrdKU tjcm;om&kH;rsm;ESifhrwlyJ 9 wef;atmifaom
pma&; trsm;qkH;&Sdaom &kH;jzpf t*Fvdyfpmynm tqifhtwef;jrifhrm;aom vlrsm;csnf;
awGU&\/ tjcm;&kH;BuD;rsm;rS pma&;rsm;onf ]atmufqdkuf} &MuaomaMumifh tpdk;&vcudk
avQmhxm;[efwlay&m &kH;rlum; uREkfyfonf vpmti,fqkH;jzpf 300d txd&aom
pma&;BuD;rsm;yif &Sdavonf/ &kH;BuD;rSm a&Tbdk&kH;rsm;uJUokdU t*Fvdyfpm rawmufwacguf
a&;wwf&kHruyJ awmfawmf om;om;em;em;a&;wwfonfh pma&;rsm;&SdMu t*Fvdyfpm
0goemygaom uREkfyftzdkU pdwf0ifpm;rI&SdvSonf/ uREkfyfrSm vufESdyfpufpma&;uav;
wa,mufrQom jzpfaomfvnf; tvGefzwf&cufaom tdkifpDtufpft&m&SdBuD;rsm;\ ]aomh}
vufa&;udk zwfEdkif rSefuefpGm pufESdyful;,lEdkifjcif;twGufaMumifh rMumrD emrnfuav;
xGufvm\/ waeUo xDeHygwfrsm;taMumif;udk &kH;tkyfESifhwuG pma&;tm;vkH; 0dkif;zGJUum
aqG;aEG;vsuf&SdMupOf (xdkacwf &efukefaMu;eef;xD &Sdonf/) t*Fvdyfujym; &kH;tkyfpma&;BuD;
u ]]111111 (wpfajcmufvkH;) odkUr[kwf 222222 (ESpfajcmufvkH;) rSp *Pef;xyfaom
xDvufrSwfrsKd;onf tjcm;aomeHygwfrsm;xuf aygufzkdUcJ,Of;onf }} [k ajym&m uREkfyfu
]]twlwlyifjzpfonf}} [k ajym\/ tjcm;pma&;rsm;vnf; 0ifrpGufMuyJ em;axmifvsuf &Sd\/
&kH;tkyfu qifajcqifvuf taMumif;jy uREkfyfuvnf; (Law of Probability) jzpfwef
&maom vuPm Oya'pnf;urf;t& wGufjy\/ aemufqkH; uREkfyfu EIwfjzifhajym&jcif;udk
tm;r&onfESifh t*Fvdyfvdk pmjzifh a&;om;wifjy\/ &kH;om;tm;vkH;onf uREkfyf\ ajzvTmudk
0dkif;0ef;em;axmifMu&m tawmfauseyfMu &kH;tkyfudk,fwdkifuvnf; ]]Theory pmvdkawmh
- 139 -
a&TOa'gif;
[kwfonf? vufawGUawmh wrsKd;jzpfonf}} [k ajymjyef\/ wGif uREkfyfu ]]udprsKd;

pmvdk[kwfvQif vufawGUvnf; rSef&rnf}} [k xyfqifhwifjyjyef&m pm;a&;tm;vkH; auseyfMu
&kH;tkyfudk,fwdkifvnf; t&IH;ay;oGm;onf/ wGif &kH;tkyfESifhwuG &kH;om;tm;vkH;onf uREkfyf\
A[kokwudkvnf;aumif;? usKd;aMumif;qifjcifwwfaom OmPfudkvnf;aumif;? t*Fvdyfvdk
ta&;tom;udkvnf;aumif;? txifBuD;oGm;Mu\/ &kH;om;rsm;onf a&Tbdk&kH;om;rsm;xuf
t&m&mwGif tqifhtwef; jrifhMuygayonf[k uREkfyfauseyfrdygonf/ wESpfcefUMumaomf vc
60d? 5d? 80d &aom pma&;ae&m vpfvyf (&kH;tkyf\ axmufcHcsuft&) uREkfyftm;
cefUxm;av&m waeUo ,cifpma&;vkyfoGm;cJUonfh trSm;wckrSm uREkfyftay:odkU trIywf
rif;BuD;\ xkacsvTmawmif;jcif; cH&\/ uRekfyfonf uREkfyfvufxuf trSm;r[kwfyJ trSm;
a[mif;wck jzpfjcif;udk a&vnf&Sif;vif;pGm xkacsvTma&; wifvdkuf&m rif;BuD;u ]auseyfzG,f
a&;xm;aom xkacscsufjzpfonf} [k rSwfcsufcsvdkufavonf/ aemufrsm;rMumrD &kH;tkyfBuD;u
]]a[h azodef;? rif;udk rif;BuD;u awmfawmfoabmusoGm;w,f? BudK;pm;vkyf? rif; wufvrf;
&Sdw,f}} [k ac: ajymygayonf/
vlysKdBuD; jzpfx dkufygvsuf

uREkfyf\ cspfa&;jyemudk jyefajymif;qifjcifvkduf&mwGif uREkfyfonf pHa'0Dudk cspfBudKufjcif;
ESifh wlnDaom arwmrsKd;&Sdonfh rdef;uav;udkrS vufxyf,lrnfqdkygu woufwGif
vlysKdBuD;tjzpfESifhyif b0wkH;zdkU &Sdayvdrfhrnf/ taMumif;ygcJUonfh tdrfaxmif okH;qufvkH;tm;
vnf;aumif;? taMumif;rygonfh tcsKdU rdef;rrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; pHa'0Dudk cspfBudKufcJUjcif;
ESifh wlnDaom arwmrsKd;rlum; woufwmwGif wOD;wa,mufrQ rBuKHcJUbl;ay/ tjcm;
rdef;rrsm;udkrl udk,fvkH;udk,fayguf oabmusjcif;? udk,f[eftrlt&mudk BudKufjcif;? ajymykH
qdkykHudk ESpfoufjcif; ponfjzifh &SdcJUbl;&m pHa'0Dudkrl (tjcm;aom udk,ft*Fg tpdwftydkif;
rsm;vnf; vlcsD;rGrf;cH&apumrl) rsufvkH;oufoufudkom uREfkyf txl;ESpfoufcJU\/ yxr
tdrfaxmif\ rsufvkH;rsm;rSm pifppftm;jzifh pHa'0D\ rsufvkH;rsm;xuf vSyg\/ uREkfyfvnf;
odyg\/ okdU&mwGif pHa'0D\ MunfhykHMunfhenf;rsKd; r[kwfaomaMumifh pGJruf&m rrDEdkifyg/
pHa'0Dudk wudk,fvkH;r&vQifaeap? ol\rsufvkH;ESpfvkH;udk t&Sifvdkuf&xm; rSefaowm
uav;xJwGif xnfhxm;NyD; Munfhcsifaomtcg Munfhae&rnfqdkygu woufvkH; tdrfaxmif
rjyKyJ aeEdkifvdrfhrnf[k xifrdygonf/ rQavmufpJGrufvQif tb,faMumifh pHa'0D tdrfaxmif
rjyKrD rdrdu r,m;,l&ygoenf;[k ar;zG,f&m&Sd\/ pHa'0DrSm olUacwfwGif pyfol[yfol
owif;rsm;onf uREkfyfxHodkU em;rqHUatmif a&mufvsuf&SdaomaMumifh uREkfyf tawG;wck
jzpfay:vm\/ tu,f olvif,lNyD; igr,m;r,lao;vQif ]zdk;usef&pf} [k ac:Muvdrfhrnf
- 140 -
qdkum tdrfaxmifzuf&SmzdkU tavmokH;q,f tBuHjzpfvmygawmhonf/ tcsKdUvlrsm;um; udp

r&Sd? uREkfyfrSmrl ESpfBudrfwdkifwdkif &yfod &Gmod ausmfMum;NyD;rS vGJacsmfjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh
]apmifharQmfwkef; &Sdao;onf} [k t&yfxJu ajymMurnfudk aorwwf &Sufrdygawmhonf/
yxr tdrfaxmif
okdUaomtajctaewGif uREkfyfonf uREkfyfwdkU&kH;rS pma&;uav;wa,mufESifh pum;pyfrd
Mu ajrwdkif;ausmif;q&mBuD;\ orD;ESpfa,muf tdrfodkU tvnfvdkufoGm;\/ orD;ti,f
rvSrSL;rSm rsufckef;rsufvkH; vSolwa,mufjzpf pHa'0D\pGJrufjcif;rsKd; r[kwfapumrl
awmfavmufNyD[k oabmus\/ uREkfyf tdrfaxmifzuf&Smjcif;rSm ]tavmokH;q,f} &SdvS\/
pHa'0D vifr,lrD OD;atmif r,m;,lrnfqkdum aemufrS vlvkdufouJUokdU tajy;tvTm; pdwful;
awmh\/ ae&mrl pHa'0Dudk &GHUjcif;rsKd; vkH;0r&SdawmhyJ &J&JBuD;pum;qdk jrefjrefBuD;
pDrHvdkuf&m &ufydkif;rQtwGif;avmufyif vufxyfNyD;pD;oGm;cJUavNyD/ xdkpOfurl pHa'0D vifr&rD
tdrfaxmifjyK&jcif;onfyif ]atmifNyD atmifNyD} [k pdwfxJu a<u;aMumfrdygao;onf/ (tu,f
aemufydkif;wGif od&onfhtwdkif; pHa'0D\arwmudk pdwfcs& zGifh[0efcHaompum;wcGef;
&&Sdxm;cJUygrlum; uREkfyfonf aoonftxd apmifhqdkif;aecJUvdrfhrnf xifrdygonf/ pHa'0DrSm
29 ESpf t&G,fwGif uG,fvGef uREkfyfrSm touf 30 rQ&SdygavNyD/)
&mxl;wufjcif;
xdktawmtwGif; uRekfyfrSm &mxl;wkd;wufvsuf&Sdyg\/ tu,f pHa'0Donf xdktcsdefwGif
tdrfaxmifjyKNyD;jzpfcJUygrl uREkfyfonf tvkyfwGif olvdkigvdk BuD;yGm;csifaompdwfrsKd;&Sd
olwkdUpHkwGJxuf omatmifqdkum 0D&d,pdkufvdrfhrnfxif\/ ,ckrSm pHa'0Donf tysKdBuD;yif
&Sdao; uRekfyfrSm aemufqHwiifiif jzpfvsuf&Sd\/ &kH;wGif awmfawmf tpteaumif;aom
pm;a&;uav;wa,muf jzpfaeygvsuf olwyg;enf;wl rBudK;pm;yJ 0wfaus0wfukefrQ
avmufom tvkyfvkyfvsuf&Sd\/ rif;BuD;url uRekfyfudk tawmftxifBuD; tjcm; pma&;
wa,muftay:okdU ausmfum uREkfyftm; ol\ awmvdkufpma&; cefUvdkuf\/ vcrSm 75dusyf5dusyf-100dusyf rQom jzpfaomfvnf; c&D;p&dwf 100dausmf &avonf/ rif;BuD;onf
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;Xmeudk vnf;aumif;? or0g,rXmeudk vnf;aumif;? vufrIynmXmeudk
vnf;aumif; okH;Xmeudkif& Xmewckwckonf jrefrmwjynfvkH;twGuf jzpf&um; e,fvSnfh
- 141 -
a&TOa'gif;
vkduf&onfrSm em;&awmhonf r&Sdacs/ wvwGif 27&ufrQ e,fvSnfh& 3&ufcefUrQom

rEav;NrdKU aecGifh&&Sdygawmhonf/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; uREkfyftwGuf c&D;p&dwf 100d ausmf
&jcif;jzpf&m vcESifh aygif;vdkufvQif 200dcefU &&Sd\/ onfrSm yxrurmppfrwdkifrDu jzpf
,ck aiG 1000d ausmfru okH;avmufpJGavmufayonf/ uREkfyf\toufrSm 22ESpfrQom&Sdao;
awmfawmf[efonf[k qdkEdkifavmufygonf/
&efu kefodkUyxrtacguf
rif;BuD;\ awmvdkufpma&;b0wGif uREkfyfonf jrefrmjynf rD;&xm;vrf;wavQmufESifh
oabFmvrf; wavQmufvkH;wGif ra&mufbl;aom NrdKU[lr&Sd? a'oE&A[kokw trsm;BuD;
&cJUyg\/ or0g,rtoif;udpESifh aomfvnf;aumif;? v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;udpESifh aomf
vnf;aumif;? vufrIynma&;udpESifh aomfvn;faumif; wckr[kwfwck? wae&mr[kwf
wae&mokdU tNrJoGm;ae&onfhjyif &efukefokdUvnf; vwdkif; a&muf&onfu rsm;\/ uREkfyfrSm
xdktcsdefu &efukefNrdKUokdU aumif;aumif;a&mufbl;ol r[kwfao;onfESifh &efukefNrdKUESifhwuG
NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;tm; txifBuD;cJUykHudk azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/ 1912 ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif
&efukefNrdKU *sLbvDa[mvf&kHBuD; uREkfyfwdkU\ vufrIynmXmeu BuD;rSL;usif;yonfh
vufrIynmjyyJGBuD; jyKvkyf&mwGif rif;BuD;ESifhuREkfyfonf cyfapmapm BudKwifqif;oGm;Mu
rif;BuD;u yJcl;uvyf wnf;&m uREkfyfvnf; olESifhtwl wnf;&\/ (twlqdkaomfvnf;
tapcHrsm;ESifh tdyf&jcif; jzpfonf/) wacgufrSm uREkfyftzkdU&m yxrtacgufjzpf yuwd
awmom;wa,mufESifh bmrQrjcm;? tvGef wGefUqkwfvsuf&Sd\/ (awmvkdufpma&;ae&mrSm
pma&;BuD; udkjrpf\ ae&mjzpf udkjrpf cGifh,loGm;aomaMumifh uREkfyf wufvkyf&jcif;jzpf&m
udkjrpfvnf; uREkfyfudk vm tultnDay;ayonf/) ra&mufbl;ojzifh &GHUaMumufvsuf&Sdaom
&efukefNrdKUBuD;wGif *sLbvDa[mvf&kHBuD; EdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m jyyJGBuD;wckudk uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;
(rif;BuD;vufatmuf) OD;pD;vkyfudkif&rnfqdkvQif xGufajy;rdvdrfhrnfxif\/ udkjrpfu
]]rvefUeJUaemf udk,fhvl? rodwm&Sd usKyfudkar;? &J&Jomvkyf}} [k cPcP tm;ay;&Sm\/
uREkfyfum; pma&;zdkUqdkvQif raMumuf? Am[D&tvkyfrsKd;rlum; 0goemrygaomaMumifh bmrqdk
cufonfcsnf; xifrd\/ rnfrQyif tm;ay;&Smaomfvnf; uREkfyfum; vefUrqkH;atmif jzpfae
ygawmhonf/
wu,fawmfaom vlwa,muf
- 142 -
jyyJGzGifhaomaeU vmvdkufMuonfh t&m&SdBuD;awG? rsufESmjzLukrPD olaX;BuD;awG? tcsKdUvnf;

xD;wnf;? trsm;tm;jzifh pkHwGJ ponfjzifh a[mvfBuD;wckvkH; jynfhoGm;\/ xdkpOfu uREkfyfrSm
t*Fvdyf0wKrsm; tawmftwef zwfbl;NyDjzpfaomfvnf; aomrwfpfydef;\ vlUtcGifhta&;
Rights of Man ac: rsufpdzGifhay;onfh pmtkyfaumif;BuD;rsKd;udk rzwf&bl;ao;onf
jzpfaomaMumifh t*FvdyfvlrsKd;udk tvkH;pkHMunfndK tdkifpDtufpf t&m&SdBuD;awGudk wpk
wa0;wnf; jrif&aom jyyJGwGif 4if;wdkUtm;vkH;udk tvGefnGwfaompdwf jzpfay:vsuf&Sd\/
]w,f BuD;us,fygaywum;? tifrwefU vltzdk;wefBuD;awGxJwGif ig a&mufae&acsonf
wum;} tp&Sdaom pdwful;rsm; jzpfay:vsuf&Sd\/ xkdtxJwGif rif;BuD;uawmf a':jrar (Mrs
Hla Oung) uvnf; vufa&G;pOf tysKdacsmwodkufESifh *sLbvDa[mvf0if;BuD;xJwGif
rkd;umwJBuD; wnfaqmufvsuf AkdvfBuD;rsm;tm; vufzuf&nfa&mif;vsuf&Sd&m (ausmif;
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- 147 -
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pm;yJGxkd;wa,muf? xrif;csuf (Cook) wa,muf? vufaxmufxrif;csuf wa,muf?
]uGwfpfarwD;} ac: tdk;wdkufukvm;uav;wa,muf yg&Sd\/ wcgw&HwGif NrdKUBuD;rsm;
- 148 -
pwnf;csaomtcg NrdKUay:rS t&m&SdBuD;rsm;tm; zdwfac:um 'if;em;ygwD auR;vkdufacsao;\/

rif;BuD;u uREkfyftm; vSnf;okH;pD;wdkuf&onfh ol\ypnf;rsm;tm;vkH;onf uREkfyf\ wm0ef
jzpfaMumif;? Awm vdkufygvmaom tapcHrsm;tm;vkH;onf uREkfyf\ MoZmcHrsm;jzpfMu
tppt&m&mwGif uRekfyfu MunfhNyD; pDrH&rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymjyxm;\/ udkjrpfuvnf;
AdkvfBuD;\ ypnf;cifwG,fwwfaMumif; ajymxm;bl;avonf/
olBuD;rsm;\ tusifhqdk;wck
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(AdkvfwJr&Sd) pwnf;cstdyfMu&m nOfhokH;em&DtcsdefwGif okH;rdkifcefUa0;aom blwm&kH rD;&xm;
pD;Mu&ef jzpf\/ awmvkdufpma&;\ wm0efrSm vdktyfaomvSnf;rsm;udk vdktyffaomtcsdefwGif
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&mxl;BuD;jcif;udk odMuaomfvnf; tkyfcsKyfa&;bufrS e,fydkif0efaxmuf? ykvdyfbufrS
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Muuf? MuufO paom ypnf;rsm; twGufudkvnf;aumif; owfrSwfxm;aom EIef;twdkif;
tjynfht0 ay;Muonfom jzpfavonf/ e,fbuft&m&Sdrsm;xHrSrl rawmif;0HUonfESifh
r&vkdufonfrsm;vnf; Mum;&bl;avonf/ odkUESifhvnf; tcsKdUolBuD;rsm;onf toif;
rif;BuD;tm; tqdyfr&Sdaom ]a&a>r} [k oabmxm;um aumif;pGmrav;pm;yJ aewwfMu\/
tjcm;ypnf;um; ta&;rBuD;? vSnf;rsm;udk tcsdefESifh&zdkUum; vGefpGm ta&;BuD;vS\/ tb,fh
aMumifh qdkaomf rD;&xm;rrSDvdkuf[kqdkvQif bmajymajym pma&;BuD;\tjypf jzpf&aomaMumifh
aywnf;/
awmvkdu fpma&;wdkU Am[D&tvkyf

xdknOfh rif;BuD;u tvkyfvkyf ola&;aompmrsm;udk uREkfyfu vufESdyfpufjzifh &dkuful;jcif;?
vufrSwfxkd;apjcif;? eHygwfwyfjcif;? pm&if;oGif;jcif;? pmtdwfwGifxnfh ydwfjcif;? wHqdyf
acgif;uyfjcif; ponfjzifh aqmif&GufNyD;aomtcg 10 em&D cJGNyD;avNyD/ pmrsm;rSm uREkfyfwdkU
pD;rnfh rD;&xm;jzifh &efukefodkUydkU&rnfh tpkd;&pmrsm;jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfwdkU c&D;xGuf&ef
- 149 -
a&TOa'gif;
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wufpD;Mu&ef jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfonf 11 em&DwGif tdyf&mokdU0if wem&DwGif uysmu,m
xum tdyf&mvdyfNyD;aemuf vSnf;rsm;udk ar;vdkuf&m ra&mufMuao;acs/ wGif olBuD;
tdrfodkU csmy&mpDudk apvTwfNyD; ac:cdkif;&ojzifh wem&DcJGcgeD;rS a&mufvmMu\/ okdUESifh
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blwm&kHokdU a&mufMu ysm,D;ysm,m wefqmvkyfNyD; rD;&xm; 0ifvmavawmhonf/
]awmfao;&JU} [k pdwfxJ [D;csrd&m rawmfaomtcsif;t&mwck BuKH&ygawmhonf/
tqlcH&jcif;
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AdkvfwJ wnf;cdkMuMu\/ csmy&mpDrsm;? bwvmrsm;? xrif;csufrsm;onf rdrdwdkUESifh qdkif&m
ypnf;rsm;udk aexm;wus pDpOfjyifqifvsuf&SdMupOf tapcHrsm; acgif;csif;&dkufum wD;wdk;
wdkifyifvsuf &SdMujcif;udk jrif ]]bmjzpfMuwmvJ}} [k uREkfyfu ar;\/ ]]rdk;awmh rD;avmif
awmhr,f pma&;BuD;a&}} [k bwvmu ajymojzifh uREkfyf xdwfvefUoGm;\/ ]]b,fvdk
jzpfwmvJ}} [k uREkfyfu xyfar;awmh rif;BuD;\ &Gufzsifukvm;xdkifwGif csdwfxm;&onfh
acgif;tkH;uav; ususef&pfaMumif; od&av\/ ]][m 'Dvdkqdk rjzpfbl; aps;xJoGm;NyD; r&
&atmif &Sm0,facs}} [k ajymum csmy&mpDwa,mufudk uREkfyf vTwfvkduf\/ rif;BuD;onf
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onf[k atmufarhum pdwfrylvSyJ &Sdao;\/ rnfonfhenf;rqdk ypnf;uav;rsKd;twGufrSm
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pma&;BuD;\ tyl r[kwfEdkif[k cyfayghayghyif atmufarhvkduf\/ tvGefqkH;wGufvdkufvQif
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ao;\/ acgif;tkH;uav;wvkH;0,fzdkU apvTwfvdkufaom csmy&mpD armifjyL;vnf; jyefrvmacs/
]]vluav; pm;p&m,lcJU}} [k rif;BuD;u awmif;vdkufaomtcgyif armifjyL; a&mufrvm
ao;acs/ uREkfyfonf xrif;csufukvm;tm; jznf;jznf;csuf&ef ]]tmpaw;bmbl? tmpaw;}}
[k vufodyfxdk; ajymxm;&\/ rif;BuD;onf pm;p&m wyJGNyD;wyJGpm; okH;yJG ukefonfU
wdkifatmifvnf; armifjyL; ay:rvmao;acs/ ]]owif;pm,lcJU}} [k ac:vdkuf&mwGifrS armifjyL;
onf NrdKUxJrS zwfzwfarmajy;vm vufxJwGif acgif;tkH;uav; ygvm\/
- 150 -
xdktcdkufwGif rif;BuD;onf a&csKd;cef;okdU acw0ifoGm;&m uREkfyfu armifjyL;tm; ar;Munfh

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aemufqkH;wGif pufcsKyfqdkifwqdkif uwdkufu&dkuf csKyf,lcJU&aMumif; ajymjyav\/
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ajymjyav&m rpwmuavwifonf wkd; pdwfqdk;vm\/ aemufqkH; bmrQrajym0HUawmhyJ
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ra&G; qlwwf csD;ajrmufp&m&SdvQifvnf; olUvludk rwufwufatmif xdk;wifay;wwf
avonf/ uREkfyfonf taMumif;udk odyg\/ &kH;tkyfuvnf; uREkfyf awmvdkufpma&;
jzpfawmhrnf qdk&mwGif ]]azodef;awmh aumfwmyJ? odyfuHaumif;w,f? 'Daumifav; BuD;yGm;
awmhr,f}} [k tjcm;pma&;rsm;tm; ajymbl;avonf/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyf\ZmwmrSm tpdk;&
trIxrf;tjzpfESifh BuD;yGm;zdkU ygvm[efrwlacs/ rif;BuD;onf uREkfyftm; qlNyD; em&D0ufcefU
Mumaomtcg uREkfyfudk ac:jyef\/ rsufESmxm;rSm cyfcsKdcsKdjzpfaecJUavNyD/ uREkfyfu
rwfwwf&yfvsuf&Sd&m rif;BuD;u teD;okdUcsOf;uyf&ef ajymojzifh ol\&Gufzsifukvm;xdkif
teD;wGif xdkif&avonf/ xkH;pHtwdkif; olu t*Fvdyfvdkajymaomfvnf; pma&;u jrefrmvdkajzrS
oabmusonf/ ]]uRefawmfrsKd;}}? ]]t&Sifbk&m;}} paom pum;vkH;rsm;udk Adkvfrsm; ESpfoufMu
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a&TOa'gif;
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emrnfBuD;aom t&m&SdwOD;u yg;udkvdrfjzpfum pum;ajyajymjcif; cH&onfqdkygu pdwftm;
- 152 -
wufMuGNyD; BudK;pm; tvkyfvkyfayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfrlum; xdkuJUokdUr[kwfacs/ rdrd\ tjypf

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vnf; rawmf? AdkvfESifh txufyg tcGifhta&;rsKd;vnf; r&MuyJvsuf onf;nnf;cHNyD;
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NrdKUtkyfrsm;? 0efaxmufrsm;onf rif;BuD;\tdrfodkU 0ifMuaomtcg bwvmudk a&S;OD;pGm
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vufaqmifuav;rsm;yif ygvmwwfMu\/ wcgw&H bwvmuyif NrdKUtkyf0efaxmuf
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- 153 -
a&TOa'gif;
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- 154 -
xrif;csuftm; uREkfyftwGuf waeUwusyfay; pm;NyD; bwvmESifh pm;yGJxkd;wdkUudk

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- 155 -
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\/ rif;BuD;\ awmvdkufpma&;ESifh 'k0efBuD;\ [ufuvyfpma&;\ vcrSm twlwl
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- 158 -
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- 159 -
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usyfwaxmifcefU avsmhvsuf&SdavNyD/ bdvd,ufckHrS jyefvmaomtcg tdyfraysmfEdkifonfh
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- 160 -
oem;Muifemwwfaom t&m&SdESifh vkduf&jcif;rSm ewfjynfa&muf&oavmuf xifrdyg\/

okdU&mwGif uREkfyf\ZmwmrSm (aA'ifawmh ar;Munfhonfr[kwf) tvkyfwck Munf&SnfpGm
pGJpJGNrJNrJ vkyfrnfholwa,muf r[kwfonfhvuPmESifh 'k0efBuD;\ta<u; ajyvkeD;csdefwGif rdrd
tvkyf raysmfydkufaompdwfrsKd; wpwp 0ifvsuf&Sd\/ ,if;odkU&SdpOf uREkfyfonf &kH;pma&;rsm;
jzpfMuonfh Adkvfujym; nDtpfudkwpkESifh rw&me,f qnfBuD;ac: t&yfodkU iSufypfvkduf
oGm;\/
uREkfyfwdkUtm;vkH;rSm pma&;rsm;omjzpf om;om;em;em; oGm;EdkifMuonfr[kwf? avaoewf
wvufpDESifh bdkifpu,fpD;NyD; oGm;Mujcif;jzpf\/ ig;aowm paom pm;p&muav;rsm; toifh
twifh ygvmMu\/ uREkfyfurl (jcifudkufvQif iSufzsm; zsm;wwfonf[k zwf&bl;aomaMumifh)
jcifaxmifwvkH; ygvmcJU\/ (aemifwGif azmfjyvwHUaom uome,f erf;aygif;&GmokdU bk&ifcH
qm[mukwfbwvmwkdUvlpk c&pfprwfwywf awmvnfxGufMujcif;udk BuKH&aomtcgwGif
uREkfyfwkdU\ awmvnfjcif;rSm tvGef&,fcsifp&muav;wck jzpfvmaomfvn;f) xdkpOfurl
udk,fh[muav;ESifhudk,f tawmfBuD;aysmfcJUygonf/ naecif;wGif vlwa,muf csKd; av;ig;
aumifpD &atmif ypfMuNyD;aemuf xif;wkH;BuD;rsm; qdkufxm;onfh rD;zdkBuD;teD;wGif tarG;
EkwfoluEkwf? ckwfoluckwf? aq;oluaq;? aMumfoluaMumf? csufolucsufNyD; a&a&maom
0DpuDuav;ESifh (qdk'grwwfEdkif) jrnf;Mu aomufMu&jcif;rSm {&mr ZdrfBuD;wck jzpfaeyg
awmhonf/ tawmtwGif; taumf'D,ifwvkH;ygvm wD;wwfolu wD;NyD; t*Fvdyf
aw;csif;rsm; 0dkif;qdkum uolrsm;u uMuonfwGif tawmfedyfaom aysmfp&mwcktaejzifh
uRekfyf\OD;aESmufwGif trSwfxifvsuf usef&pfcJUygonf/
uREkfyfwdkUvlpk pwnf;csaomae&m wJuav; ESpfwJ okH;wJ &Sdjcif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrdao;&m
wwJrSm uREkfyfwdkUvlpktwGuf jzpf\/ csKd;aMumfESifh 0DpuD wykvif;ukef trl;ajyMuaomtcg
uREkfyfwdkUonf wJuav;xJodkU 0iftdyfMu\/ uREkfyfonf ygvmaomjcifaxmifudk axmif
tdyf&mjyifav&m tjcm;vlrsm;rlum; wOD;wa,mufrQ jcifaxmifrygcJUMuay/ xdknOfhrSm
tawmftdkuf jcifudkufjcif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrd\/ udk,fhae&mESifhudk,f tdyfMu&mwGif ujym;
uav;wa,mufonf jcifudkufvSonfqdk uREkfyf\jcifaxmifxJodkU 0ifvm\/ jcifaxmifrSm
wa,muftdyfuav; jzpfaomaMumifh r0ifavmufonfESifh OD;acgif;rQom oGif;yg&apqdkum
uREkfyfbufodkU OD;acgif;qdkufvsuf tdyf\/ twefMumvQif 'kwd,wa,muf 0ifvmjyef
yxrvlESifh ,SOfvsuftdyf\/ enf;jzifh Adkvfujym; 4a,mufvkH; wa,mufNyD;wa,muf
OD;acgif;oGif;xnfhMuNyD; ajcaxmufrsm;udk apmifzkH;xm;Muonf/ twefMumaomf olwkdU
4a,mufrSm wacgacgESifh a[mufMu uREkfyfrSmum; tdyfraysmfEdkifyJ jzpfae\/ jcifaxmifrSm
Zmjcifaxmifr[kwf? ydwfcyfyg;yg;jzifh csKyfxm;jcif;jzpf&m olwkdUtouf&Ixkwfaom taiGU
rsm;onf uREkfyfudk rGef;apojzifh omyif tdyfraysmfEdkifatmif jzpfae\/ aemufqkH;
- 161 -
a&TOa'gif;
uREkfyfonf jcifaxmifudk olwkdUtm; ay;cJUNyD;vQif wJjyifodkU wa,mufwnf;xGuf tdyfyg

awmhonf/ jzpf&ykHrSm ayghayghqq vmcJUMuolrsm;tzdkU udpr&Sd? owd0D&d,ESifh jcifaxmif
aqmif,lcJUaom uREkfyfom vmcHvdkuf&jcif;udk a&SUwGifazmfjyygrnf/ (avmuBuD;um; bmrQ
pdwfcs&onfr[kwfacs/)
xl;qef;aom tjcif;t&mwck
tdrfodkUjyefa&mufNyD;aemuf &ufowwywftwGif;wGif uREkfyfrSm tBuD;tus,f zsm;cUJavNyD/
tzsm;BuD;vGef;aomaMumifh wcsDwcsDwGif ]wuf} oGm;NyD; tMumBuD; owdvpfvsuf&Sd&m
uREkfyf\ yg;acsmif&kd;rsm; ig;\yg;[ufuJUodkU um;csnfpkcsnf jzpfaejcif;udk rdbrsm;? r,m;ESifh
r&D;wdkU jrifMu&onf[k aemufwGif ajymMu\/ uREkfyf\ rdbrsm;um; zsm;puwnf;u
a&mufaeMuavNyD/ (xl;qef;aom tjcif;t&mwckrSm tzsm;aysmufaomtcgwGif uREkfyf\
yg;acsmif&dk;ESpfbufwdkUonf rdarG;wdkif;zarG;wdkif; r[kwfawmhyJ cyfum;um;jzpfvmonf[k
vlwdkif;u ajymavonf/) xdkuJUokdU cPcPwuf&mwGif jyKpkoltm;vkH;onf uREkfyf
aoacsawmhrnfxifMu idkukefMuonfqdk\/ aemufqkH; uREkfyftm; rEav;aq;&kHBuD;okdU
ydkUMu\/ rydkUrDurl q&m0efac: ukMuygonf/
odyfqdk; wJUiSufzsm;wJU
rEav;aq;&kHBuD;rSm xdkpOfu BuD;BuD;us,fus,f r[kwfao;/ Paying Ward ydkufqHay;
&aom 'kwd,wef; olemcef;rSm txufxyf qif0ifaqmifuav;wGif wnf&Sd uREkfyfESifh
Akdvfujym; av;ig;a,mufrQom &Sd\/ ydkufqHray;&onfh Free Ward tcef;rsm;rSmvnf;
jrefrmvlem tvGefenf; w&kwf ukvm; bdef;pm;rsm;avmufom &SdMu\/ ydkufqHay;&aom
tcef;rSm t&yfom;rsm;twGuf waeUwusyf? tpdk;&trIxrf;rsm;twGuf waeU&SpfyJrQom
ay;&onf/ aq;&kHokdUa&mufcgp nwdkif;vkdvdkyif tzsm;BuD; 106 'D*&D&SdNyD; owdr&ojzifh
nwdkif;yif OD;acgif;ay:okdU a&cJtdwfwif&onf/ waeUo uREkfyf\vufrrS aoG;azmuf,l
oGm;jcif;udk odvdkufaomfvnf; bmvkyfrnfrodojzifh trSwfrJU aevdkufrd&m oli,fcsif;
armif&D (xdkpOfu NrdKUtkyfjzpfaeonf/) a&mufvmrS od&awmhonf/ armif&Donf vlemar;&ef
a&mufvm uREkfyf\ckwifteD;wGif uyfvsufxdkifae&mrS acgif;&if;wGif csdwfxm;aom
pm&Gufudk jrifonfESifh xMunfh\/ wzefjyef xdkifaomtcgrl ukvm;xdkifudk cyfvSrf;vSrf;
- 162 -
odkUa&GUNyD;rS xdkif\/ uREkfyfonf ol\tjyKtrludk owdjyKvdkufrdaomfvnf; rar;yJaeNyD;

oljyefoGm;aomtcgrS csdwfxm;aompm&Gufudk xMunfh&m t*Fvdyfbmomjzihf odkU a&;xm;
onfudk awGU&\/ (Malarial Parasites Of Malignant Type) touftE&m,f
jyKwwfonfh iSufzsm;ydk;rsKd; awGU&onf qdkjcif;yifjzpfonf/ vuPmrSm iSufzsm;ydk; trsKd;rsKd;
&Sdonfhteuf uREkfyf\aoG; awGU&aom ydk;rsKd;rSm txl;qdk;&Gm;onf qdkjcif;yif jzpfonf/
wGifrS oli,fcsif;armif&D a&TUxdkifvdkufaom tjyKtrludk uREkfyfem;vnfawmhonf/ xdktcgrS
uREkfyf\tzsm;rSm iSufzsm;jzpfaMumif; uREkfyfod& qnfBuD;okdUoGm;pOfu jcifudkufcJUcJU&jcif;
aMumifh jzpfaMumif;udkvnf; uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonf/ tjcm;wcsufrSmvnf; jyif;xefaom
trsKd;tpm;[k qdkxm;jyefojzifh aocsifaoEdkifonf[k uREkyfod&jcif;yif jzpfonf/ ,cifurl
wufNyD; owdvpfbl;aomfvnf; teD;&Sdvlrsm;uom aornfavm xifMuonf/ uREkfyfurl
owd&aomtcg aowwfonf? aoEdkifonf[l wcgrpOf;pm;rdyJ cyfayghaygh cyf&Tif&Tifom
aecJUygonf/ xdkUaMumifhrsm; toufcsrf;om&m&avoavm rajymwwfay/ 4if;pmudk
zwf&aom tcgrSprl udk,fhudk,fudk awmfawmf av;av;pm;pm;vkyf aevmygawmhonf/
okdU&mwGif e*dkuwnf;u cyfayghayghvlpm;rsKd;jzpf Mumr&SnfvSyg/
ZGwf'&Gwf 0goem
ae&mwGif uREkfyf\ pdwfazmufjyefjcif;aMumifhayavm? wcgw&HwGif ZGwf'&Gwf vkyfcsif
wwfaom 0goemaMumifhayavm rajymwwf/ uREkfyfvkyfykHwckudk azmfjyygOD;rnf/ uREkfyfrSm
evHxpjzpfaomfvnf; aumif;aumif;BuD; tzsm;jywfao;[efr&SdonfESifh xrif;[if; rauR;
ao;yJ aygifrkefUESifh EGm;EdkUudkcsnf; pm;ae&\/ wa,mufwnf;qdkvQifvnf; atmifhtnf;Edkif
ygao;\/ ,ckrl emvHxlvsuf&SdMuonfh Adkvfujym;uav;rsm;u uREkfyfteD;wGif Muufom;
[if;ESifh xrif;pm;Muonfudk jrifae& arx&Gef Matron AdkvfrBuD;tm; awmif;&m okH;&uf
avmufapmifhzdkU ajym\/ wGif uREkfyf\ pdwfxJ igonf ,aeUn Muufom;pm;NyD;
aocsifao&ap? pm;jzpfatmifpm;rnf[k oEdXmefcsvkdufav\/ aq;&kHay:wGif rnfoltm;rQ
ckdif;p&mr&SdyJ ae&mwGif rnfodkUvkyfonf xifMuoenf;/ uREkfyfonf tdrfomokdU oGm;ra,mif
a,mifESifh aq;&kHtay:xyfrS qif;vm aq;&kHa&SU qdkufaom "mwf&xm;rsm;onf
aq;&kHvlemt0wftpm;ESifh wufvmaom uREkfyftm; jrifMu wa,mufudkwa,muf
MunfhMu\/ uREkfyfurl rjrifcsifjyK xdkifvdkufvm\/ aps;csKdteD; bDvrf; (xdkpOfu
cspfwD;wef;ac:onf/) okdU a&mufaomtcg "mwf&xm;ay:rSqif;NyD; qdwfom;uifESifh
Muufom;uif wrwfzdk;pD 0,f\/ xdkae&mpm;aomf anSmfapmfeHaevdrfhrnfqdkum rdbrsm;
wnf;cdkonfh aq;&kH0if;tdrfokdU ,loGm;NyD; tm;vkH;ajymifatmif xdkif pm;vdkufonf/
- 163 -
a&TOa'gif;
pm;NyD;onfhaemuf qefUiifqefUiifESifh aooGm;vQifvnf; uREkfyf aemifw&vdrfhrnfr[kwf?

taocHzdkU toifhjyifNyD;jzpf\/ tjyKtrlrsKd; okH;Budrfxufrenf; uRekfyf\woufwm
vkyfcJUbl;onf/
'l;axmufawmif;yef&jcif;
tHHUMovsuf&Sdaom rdbrsm;udk ESpfodrfhap&ef oifhawmfatmifajym vufzuf&nfMurf; wc&m;
00BuD;aomufNyD;aemuf uREkfyfonf "mwf&xm;ESifhyif aq;&kHBuD;okdU jyefoGm; acsmarmpGm
a&mufyg\/ vrf;c&D;om acsmarmygonf/ arx&Gef AdkvfrBuD;ESifhrlum; tBuD;tus,fyif
racsmarmyg/ uRekfyfxGufoGm;onfrSm pkpkaygif; wem&DcJGcefU Mumvdrfhrnfjzpf&m xdktawm
twGif; q&mrBuD;onf cPcP vmar;onf[k ujym;uav;rsm;u ajymMu\/ uREkfyf
rlum; tqlcHzdkU jyifNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh tvGeftrif; rwkefvIyfvSacs/ odkUaomf uREkfyfonf
q&mrBuD;taMumif;udk rqGu odcJUygrlum; xGufaumif;rS xGuf0HUrnf xifonf/
qlvdkufykHum; yGufyGuf&dkufoGm;awmh\/ t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;&dk;&dk; tac:&SdorQ qdk;rdkufnHUzsif;
aom tjyKtrlESifh ywfouforQ ukefcJUygavNyD/ yxr uREkfyfonf ]em;jyif tdwfr&Sdbl;} [k
oabmxm;um qlcsifwkdif;qlonfrsm;udk rxDw&Dvkyfae\/ AdkvfrBuD;onf uREkfyf\
cyfat;at;vkyfaeaom trlt&mudk jrifonfwGif omqlvmNyD;vQif emrnf&dkif;rsm; ac:&kHESifh
rNyD;awmhyJ q&m0efBuD;udk wdkif&rnf? xdkrSwqifh uREkfyf\tvkyfXme rif;BuD;okdUvnf;aumif;?
0efBuD;okdUvnf;aumif; wkdif&rnf ponfrsm;jzifh qufvufqlyljcif;udk em;NiD;vmNyDjzpf
rnfuJUokdU jyK&ygrnfudk pOf;pm;\/ uREkfyfonf tBuHwck&onfESifh q&mrBuD;tm;
vSrf;Munfhvdkuf&m tenf;qkH; rdcift&G,f&Sdaom rdef;rBuD;wa,muf jzpfaejcif;udk awGU&
tdyf&may:wGif rxDw&Dxdkifae&mrS xNyD;vQif olUa&SUwGif 'l;axmufvsuf ]]uRefawmfrSm;ygw,f
tar? 'DtwGuf uRefawmf 0rf;enf;ygw,f? 'ghaMumifh uRefawmfwdkU Ak'bmomt& tESdrfhcsqkH;
jzpfwJUenf;eJU uRefawmf 0efcsawmif;yefygw,f tar}} [k qdkum vuftkyfcsDvsuf wu,fh
apwemESifh 0wfcsvdkufav\/ rdef;rBuD;onf uREkfyf\ &dk;om;ykH&aom tjyKtrludk jrifvdkuf&
onfESifhwNydKifeuf ol\yg;pyfrS a&&Gwfqlyljcif;rsm;rSm rD;udka&jzifh Nidrf;owfvdkufonfhES,f
csufcsif;&yfoGm; uREkfyfrsufESmudk aphaphMunfh,if; trsufa'go ajyaysmufonfh vuPmESifh
rqdkpavmufuav; NyKH;vmvsuf (That will do) ]]awmfavmufygNyD}} qdkum xGufoGm;
av\/ ujym;uav;rsm;vnf; tHUMoaomtrlt&mESifh uREkfyftm; Munhfvsuf&Sd&mrS
wa,mufu (That fellow is wise) ]]'Daumif awmfawmfynm&Sdw,f}} [k olwdkUtcsif;csif;
ajymavonf/ (olwdkU\pdwfxm;udk uREkfyfqifjcifvdkufonfhtcgwGif ]]yJGaumif;wck vufvGwf
oGm;onf}} [k atmufarhMuykH&onf/)
- 164 -
acw pdwfazmufjyefjcif;
wveD;yg; aq;&kHwuf usef;rmojzifh qif;vmaomtcg uREkfyfrSm (txufydkif;wGif tenf;
i,f a&;om;azmfjycJUonfhtwkdif;) ]b0ifjrifh} onfh cRwf,Gif;csufwck usef&pfcJUygonf/
okdU&mwGif taMumif;udk (b0ifjrifholwdkU\ xkH;pHtwdkif;) udk,fh[mudk,f odonfr[kwf?
aysmufoGm;aomtcgrS qifjcifjcif;tm;jzifh od&jcif;jzpfygonf/ xdkpOftcgESifh ywfouf
&,fp&muav;rsm; jzpf&ykHudk azmfjyvdkygao;onf/ iSufzsm;aysmuf aq;&kHrSqif;vmNyD;
cGifhwv,lxm;onfh tcdkufwGif uRekfyfonf a&TrsufrSefwvuf (xdkacwfrSm a&TrsufrSefwyfvQif
*kPf&SdonfxifMu bDatwdkif;vdkyif wyfMuNyD; &[ef;i,fuav;rsm;vnf; wyfcsifMuonf/)
cs,f&Dwkwfaumufwacsmif;? qdwfom;a&vuftdwfjzLwpkH (xdkacwfu Adkvfrrsm; pGyfMuonf/)
acgif;aygif;tvJvJ? (bDataygif;awmh rwwfao;? &efukefa&mufrS wwfygonf/) tqif
aMumifaom ydk;vkH;csnf? zJvkHcsnf tvJvJ (zJvkHcsnfrSm tvGefawmufajymif acwfwGif
a,musfm;rsm; r0wfMuawmhay/) aumif;ayhqdkonfh quZkH; (Sexone) bGwfzdeyf (xdkacwf
vlwa,mufESifhwa,mufonf tjcm;t&mudk rMunfh? zdeyfudk a&S;OD;pGm vSrf;Munfhonfh
wdkifatmif zdeyfaumif;NydKifMuaom acwfjzpfonf/ wenf;qdkaomf zdeyfaumif; pD;EdkifrS
acwfrDonf[k ,lqMuonf/) &SyftuFsD vufrma<uwdkuf? pdwfwkvkyfxm;onfh zvf
&SyfMu,foD;? acgif;aygif;p &Snf&Snf? ydk;tppf ajctdwf? qwfcsouvyf eufjyma&mif
aumif;aumif; ponfwdkUudk tvJvJ 0wfqif vrf;avQmufavonf/ qdwfom;a& vuftdwf
jzLrSwyg; tjcm;aom t0wftpm; tjyiftqifrSm ravsmfonfr[kwf? olUacwfwGif a&SUqkH;rS
ajy;jcif;rQom jzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyftaMumif;udk wavQmufvkH; odolrsm;u NyKH;Muaomfvnf;
w&HpH vlrsm;url armfhMunfhMu&onf/ t0wftpm;wGifomru pdwfxJuvnf; igvkyfvQif
bmrqdkatmifjrif&rnf[k xifjrifvsuf&Sd&m pHa'0Dudk &J&JMunfh NyKH;jcif;twGufaMumifh rdcif
xHodkU vmNyD; idk&SmykHudkvnf; txufwGif azmfjycJUygNyD/ xdkpOftcgu pHa'0DESifh ESruav;wdkU
,OfxdkifaeMuonfh tcGifhta&;rsKd; BuKH&vQif 0ifar;&kHomru vufudkyif qJG0HUvdrfhrnf
xifonf/ odkUqdkvQifvnf; atmifjrifrnfjzpfaMumif;udk aemuftaMumif;t&mrsm;u oufao
cHvsuf&Sdonf/
rdwfaqGopfrsm;
- 165 -
a&TOa'gif;
&,fp&mwck jzpf&ykHudk azmfjyvdkao;onfrSm uREkfyfonf &efukefokdU rif;BuD;ESifh a&mufcJUpOfu

ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;rsm;jzpfonfh armif&D (puf&Sifw&m;olBuD; jzpfvmonf/) udk0ifharmf
(opfawm0efaxmuf jzpfvmonf/) udkzl;ndK (aiGwdkuf0efaxmuf jzpfvmonf/) wkdUtm;
4if;wkdU\ ausmif;odkUoGm; awGUbl;\/ udk0ifharmfrSm r*dkvrf; wdkufcef;wckwGif udkxGef;&Sdef?
udkuGef; wnf;[laom (bDattwef;wGif oifvsuf&Sdonfh) ausmif;om;ESpfa,mufESifhtwl
tcef;iSm; aexdkifvsuf&Sd&m udk0ifharmfu rdwfqufay;jcif;aMumifh xdkvlESpfa,mufESifh uRekfyf
oduRrf;&kHru uREkfyf &efukef&SdcdkufwGif cPcPawGU twlvnfywfMubl;onf/ xdkvl
okH;a,mufvkH;rSm uREkfyfESifhtwl 9wef; wESpfwnf; atmifcJUolrsm; jzpfonfhtavsmuf
udk0ifharmfu uREkfyftm; xdkvlESpfa,mufESifh rdwfqufay;&mwGif uREkfyfrSm olwkdUuJUokdU
aumvdyfausmif; ra&mufaomfvnf; tvGefpmzwfolwa,muf[l ajymMu\/ wGif
udkxGef;&SdefESifh udkuGef;wkdUonf rEav;om;wa,mufudk ]qwf} Munhfvdkuf&OD;rnf [laom
&nf&G,fcsufjzifh t*Fvdyf0wKBuD;rsm;ESifhywfouf uREkfyf\ t,ltqrsm;udk wD;acguf
pkHprf;Mu\/ uREkfyfuvnf; olwdkU\ bDattwef;pmrsm;udk roif&bl;ojzifh ruRrf;usif
aomfvnf; t*Fvdyf0wKrsm;ESifh ywfoufrl &G,fwlvQifraMumuf[k udk,fh[mudk,f ,kHMunf
pdwfcsxm;onfhtavsmuf (bDat ausmif;om;awGqkd&kHESifh) &GHUaMumufjcif;r&SdyJ &J&Jwif;wif;
xifjrifcsifay;awmhonf/ olwkdUzwfbl;onfh pmtkyfrsm;udk uREkfyf tm;vkH;vdkvdkyif zwfbl;
uREkfyfzwfbl;aom pmtkyfrsm;taMumif;udk wD;acgufMunfhaomtcgrl olwdkUu ]]uRefawmf
wdkUu ausmif;om;awG &Sdygao;w,fAsm? cifAsm;vdk pmpkHatmif rzwf&ao;ygbl;? ausmif;pm
uvJ wzufudk;As}} [k ajymMuavonf/ rnfodkUyifjzpfap udk0ifharmfu ]]usKyfwdkU rEav;om;
u racbl;As}} [k ajymvdkuf&mwGif xdkvlESpfa,mufu vIdufvSJpGm 0efcHMuygawmhonf/
(xdkacwfurl pmorm;csif; qkHrdMu ESD;aESmwdkufqdkifMunfh&mwGif t*Fvdyf0wKBuD;rsm;
(Classics) pkHpkHvifvif zwfbl;olrSm *kPfBuD;wckjzpfavonf/ xdkrQru 4if;pmtkyfrsm;ESifh
ywfouf awmfawmf ajcajcjrpfjrpf&Sdatmif xifjrifcsuf ay;wwfjcif;rlum; {&mr*kPfBuD;wck
jzpfygawmhonf/ xdkvlESpfa,mufteuf udkuGef;rSm aemifwGif bdvyfrS 0wfvkHjzpfvm
udkxGef;&SdefrSm rEav;NrdKU Ak'bmomausmif;tkyfBuD; jzpfvmygonf/)
b0ifjrifhaomfvnf; rqdk;vS
]b0ifjrifh} vsuf&Sdaomtcsdefu uREkfyfonf pHa'0DwdkUt&yfrS vrf;avQmufjyefvm Ak'bmom
ausmif;teD;okdU a&muf&mwGif ausmif;tkyfjzpfaeaom udkxGef;&Sdefudk owd&onfESifh EIwfquf
OD;rnf[k csKd;0ifcJU\/ tcsdefrSm ausmif;tm;csdefjzpfonfESifh ausmif;tkyfBuD;ESifh tjcm;q&mrsm;
onf tcef;wcef;wGif twlwuG xdkifvsuf&SdMu udkxGef;&Sdefu q&mrsm;tm; vufcsmay;
- 166 -
aeonfhvuPm &Sd\/ uREkfyfonf a&TrsufrSef? wkwfaumuf? vuftdwfjzL wdkUESifhwuG

0wfaumif;pm;vS0wfvsuf ]quZkH;} zdeyfudk &J&Jeif;um 0ifoGm;&mwGif udkxGef;&Sdefonf
&efukef awGUcJUpOfu ]udkazodef;} ESifh rwlaomaMumifh ,D;wD;,m;wm;jzpf ai;Munfh
aeao;\/ wGif uREkfyfu vuftdwfwbufudkcRwfum ]]udk,fhvl usKyfudkrrSwfrdbl;vm;?
azodef;avAsm}} [k t*Fvdyfvdkajymvsuf vufudkqefUwef;ay;vdkuf&m udkxGef;&Sdefonf uysm
u,m xvm uREkfyf\vufudk 0rf;omtm;& qGJvIyfav\/ xdkUaemuf uREkfyftm; ae&m
xdkifcif;ay; udk0ifharmftaMumif;? udkuGef;taMumif; ponfrsm;udk t*Fvdyfvdk ajymMuav&m
udkxGef;&Sdefu wcsufwcsufwGif jrefrmvdk nSyfaomfvnf; uREkfyfu jrefrmpum; vkH;0
rokH;aomaMumifh olvnf; t*Fvdyfvdkcsnf; ajym&awmhonf/ ausmif;q&mrsm;rSm uREkfyfESifh
tm;vkH; odMuolrsm;jzpf uREkfyfvkyfykHawGudk yg;pyfa[mif;avmif;ESifh ai;Munhfvsuf&SdMu&m
uRekfyfu wa,mufwavtm; OD;acgif;qwfvsuf EIwfqufonfwGif udkxGef;&Sdefu 4if;wkdU
bufodkUvSnfhNyD; ]]aemufrS qufajymMuao;wmaygh q&mwdkU}} [k qdkum oGm;cGifhjyKvdkuf
av\/ uREkfyfESifh udkxGef;&SdefwkdUvnf; ausmif;wufcsdefwdkifatmif qufvuf t*Fvdyfvdk
ajymvsuf&SdMu&m ausmif;q&mrsm;rSm pyg;BuD;a>rnIdUaom ,kefrsm;uJUokdU tcef;jyifbufrS
w&pfoDoDvkyfum uReftm; MunhfvdkufMu? olwkdUtcsif;csif; MunhfvdkufMu? wD;wdk;pum;
ajymvdkufMu vkyfaeMuavawmhonf/ ausmif;wufcsdefwdkifcgrS uRekfyfu udkxGef;&Sdeftm;
pwdkifusus vufqGJEIwfquf xGufvmcJUav&m ausmif;q&mrsm;rSm rsufvkH;rsm; jyL;Mu&
onfESifhyif rsufpdemMurnfudk pkd;&drf&ygao;onf/ olwkdUonf ausmif;0if;xJrS xGufvmaom
uREkfyftm; rsufpdwqkH; &yfMunfhaeMujcif;udk uREkfyfu vSnfhMunfhojzifh jrifcJU&ygao;onf/
ukdx Gef; &Sdefu tuJcwfykH

txufyg tjzpftysufwGif ausmif;q&mrsm; (ausmif;aebuf oli,fcsif;rsm;vnf; yg0if
onf/) ESifh ausmif;tkyfBuD; OD;xGef;&SdefwdkU\ trlt&mrsm;ESifh ywfouf uREkfyftzdkU
pOf;pm;p&m oifcef;pm,lp&mrsm; yg&SdonfjzpfaomaMumifh uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;udk 7 ESpfcefUrQ
acwfausmfvTm; 4if;wdkUtaMumif;udk qufvufazmfjyvdkayao;onf/ OD;xGef;&SdefESifh cGJcGm
xGufvmaomtcsdefrl uRekfyfrSm ]b0ifjrifh} a&m*gt&Sdef &Sdaeao;onfjzpfaomaMumifh
OD;xGef;&Sdef\ rsufESmxm;udk vnf;aumif;? ausmif;q&mrsm;\ rsufESmxm;udkvnf;aumif;
uREkfyf owdjyKrdaomfvnf; ]'DvlawG ighudk awmfawmfvefUoGm;Muonf? tHUMooGm;Muonf?
rSwfava&mh[? ightaMumif; odMuava&mh[} ponfrsm;jzifh udk,fh[mudk,f tvGef auseyf
vmcJUygonf/
- 167 -
a&TOa'gif;
OD;xGef;&Sdef\ rsufESmxm; uRekfyfudk aumif;pGm em;rvnfonfh vuPmrsKd; wcsufwcsuf

awGU&aomfvnf; uREkfyf\pdwfxJu ]]em;rvnfr&SdygeJUq&m? 'Dazodef;rS azodef;tppfyg}} [l
tajzay;vsuf&Sd\/ &J&Jwif;wif; oGufoGufvufvuf ajymjcif;rSwyg; uREkfyf\pum;rsm;rSm
trSm;ygonf rqdkEdkifaomaMumifh OD;xGef;&Sdefonf uRekfyf\ rsufESmxm;t"dym,fudk vufcH
ESpfESpfcefUtwGif; onfvlwa,muf onfavmuf wkd;wufvm&acsoavm[k pOf;pm;jcif;
udkyif uREkfyfjrifEdkifonf/ yxrwGif olUtzdkU jyemjzpf aemufqkH;wGif uREkfyftm; txuf
ygtwdkif; vufcHjcif;udk uREkfyfjrif&onf/ Oyrm xdkpOfu bm;rm;u&pfwpf (Burma Critic)
owif;pmt,f'DwmtrI jzpfvsuf&Sd&m 4if;trItaMumif;udk ola&muREkfyfyg owif;pmwGif
vkduf zwfxm;ojzifh aqG;aEG;Mu&mwGif uREkfyfu uREkfyf\xifjrifcsufudk &J&JBuD; ajymcs
vdkufojzifh oltHUtm;oifhoGm;jcif;udk uREkfyf owdjyKvdkufrdonf/ uREkfyf ]b0ifrjrifh} rDu
pdwful;rsKd; &Sdcsif&Sdrnf jzpfaomfvnf; xdkuJUokdU &J&Jwif;wif;ajym0HUrnfr[kwf? aemifwGif
b0ifjrifhaysmuf uREkfyfajymcJUonfh xifjrifcsufudk jyefvnfokH;oyfaomtcg ]tom;vGwf}
r[kwf? taMumif;tusKd; tquftoG,f tawmfjynfhpkHjcif;udk awGU&ojzifh udk,fh[mudk,f
csD;rGrf;&OD;rnfuJUokdU awGU&ygonf/
aemufw zef awGUjyefjcif;

1919 ckESpf aEG&moD ausmif;ydwf&ufwGif Ak'bmom ausmif;q&mwpkonf &efukefNrdKUokdU
a&mufvmMu uREkfyf&Sdaeaom ol&d,wdkufodkU 0ifvmMuNyD;vQif vGefcJUaom 7ESpfcefUu
OD;xGef;&SdefESifh uREkfyf Ak'bmomausmif; awGUMuykHtjcif;t&mudk tm;&yg;& csD;usL;ajymqdk
Muavonf/ vuPmrSm uREkfyf\ oli,fcsif;rsm;jzpfMuaom xdkausmif;q&mrsm;onf
ausmif;tkyfopf OD;xGef;&Sdef bDattm; tvGefaMumuf&GHUav;pm;aeMu&aomtcsdef jzpfykH&onf/
(xdktcsdefwGif bDat&Sm;ao;aomacwf jzpf\/) 4if;ausmif;q&mrsm;onf xdkpOfu 6 vcefUrQ
uREkfyf ]b0ifjrifh} aecJUjcif;udk vkH;0rodMuacs/ olwkdU\rsufpd 9 wef;rQomatmif
pma&;wa,mufrQomjzpfaom uREkfyfu olwkdU\ emrnfBuD;ausmif;tkyfBuD;udk &J&Jwif;wif;
0ifNyD; t*Fvdyfvdk ]qwf} 0HUjcif;twGuf r,kHEdkifavmufatmif tHUMoMuavonf/
q&mwa,muf/ /]]usKyfwdkUawmh cifAsm;vkyfoGm;vdkufykHudk oabmusvdkufwmAsm? ckxufxd
ajymvdkUrqkH;bl;? 0wfxm;vkdufykHuvJ wu,fhzuf&SifyJ? cifAsm; t*Fvdyfpmawmfwmuawmh
usKyfwkdUodygw,f? EdkUayr,fh [dkaeUuawmh rxpfraigheJU *dkufeJUqdkufeJU [efeJUyefeJU pum;vkH;
ajymifajymifawG a&G;NyD; ajymoGm;vdkufwmrsm; usKyfwkdUjzifh odyftm;&wmyJ? OD;xGef;&Sdefu
atmufom;udk;As? usKyfwdkUu a[m'g rEav;om;uG vdkUawmif atmfvkdufcsifw,f}}
- 168 -
wa,muf/ /]]aeygtkH;As? cifAsm;u oleJU b,fwkef;u awGUbl;vdkUvJAs}}

uRekfyf/ /]]rif;BuD;eJU e,fvSnfh,if; &efukefqif;oGm;Muwkef;uygyJ}}
wa,muf/ /]]b,fESpfcgavmuf awGUbl;xm;vdkUvJAsm}}
uREkfyf/ /]]rrsm;vSygbl;? ESpfcgavmufygyJ}}
]]wa,muf/ /]]'geJUrsm;Asm? wu,fh ausmif;aebufoli,fcsif; usaewmyJ? usKyfwkdU
q&mBuD;udk cifAsm;vdk NydKifbufEdkifwJUvl rEav;rSm wa,mufrS ray:vmao;bl;As}}
wa,muf/ /]][kwfw,fAs? cifAsm;vl [dkaeUu EIwfawmfawmfwGefUw,f? cifAsm;udk rvTrf;
Edkifbl;? usKyfwkdUu auseyfvdkufwmAsm}}
(trSefrSm OD;xGef;&Sdefum; vloGufwa,muf jzpfygonf/)
uREkfyfonf ausmif;q&mrsm;tm; w&kwf[dkw,fwck xrif;weyf auR;vdkuf&m awmifa&muf
ajrmufa&muf ajym&mrS OD;xGef;&SdefESifh uREkfyftaMumif;okdU cPcP vSnfhvmMuygao;onf/
uREkfyfonf pmzwfy&dowftm; ]b0ifjrifh} cJUbl;jcif;udk azmfxkwfajymjyaomfvnf; ausmif;
q&mrsm;tm;rlum; todray;cJUyg/ 4if;wkdUteuf wa,mufwavrQonf pmudkzwf&vQif
&,fcsifrnfjzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyf trSwf&oavmufrSm wa,mufrusef uG,fvGefukefMu
&SmavNyD/
OD;xGef; &SdefESifh awGUjyefjcif;

4if;ESpf aemufydkif;avmufwGif OD;xGef;&Sdefonf (]oajyEkcsdef wif&efqif&ef yef;awGu rsm;vdkuf
ygbdoESifh? azyk&Sdef t*Fvef eef;ajroGm;wkdUrSmawmh} [lonfh rpwmarmifrIdif;? ,ck ocif
udk,fawmfrIdif;\ av;csKd;BuD;t&) rEav;rS &efukefodkU qif;vm uREkfyfESifh 0dkiftrfbDat
toif;wdkufwGif waeU awGUMu\/ olonf uREkfyftm; a&S;utwkdif; vIdufvSJpGm awGUqkH
pum;ajymMuav&m (uREkfyfrSm ]b0ifjrifh} aysmufaeNyDjzpf uREkfyf\ trlt&m ajymif;vJjcif;udk
rnfodkUavenf;[k tuJcwf\/) uREfkyfrSm Ak'bmomausmif; awGUpOfuuJUokdU &J&J0HU0HUr&SdyJ
cyfwGefUwGefUjzpfaeonf[k olxifykH&\/
- 169 -
a&TOa'gif;
xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyf\ q&morm;ozG,fjzpfaom OD;bazESifh olonf wef;wljzpfae uREkfyfu

atmufusvsuf&SdaomaMumifh wGefUonf[k olu ,lqoavm rajymwwfay/ trSefrSm uREkfyf
]b0ifjrifh} aysmufNyD; ]ykHrSef} twdkif; jzpfaeaomaMumifhrQom jzpfygonf/ OD;xGef;&Sdefonf
uREkfyfESifh ta&mw0ifjzpfatmif BudK;pm;ao;aomfvnf; uREkfyf wGefUqkwfrI&Sdjcif;udk ol
jrifonfESifh aemufqkH;wGif vufavQmhvdkufygavawmhonf/
jyefajymif; awG; ac:csufrsm;

xdknOhf uREkfyfonf udkxGef;&SdefESifhjzpfap? tcsKdUvlrsm;ESifhjzpfap awGUqkHqufqH&mrsm;wGif
]OD;acgif;vQLd;} rdwwfjcif;udk udk,fh[mudkod rausreyf&SdonfESifh rdrd\ woufwm
aemufaMumif;udk jyefajymif;qifjcif okH;oyfrdygawmhonf/ rnfodkUaom vlpm;rsKd;tay:
uREkfyf ]OD;acgif;vQLd;} wwfygoenf;[k ppfaq;vkdufonfhtcg ydkufqH&Sdolrsm;vnf; r[kwf?
&mxl;BuD;rsm;vnf; r[kwfao;/ A[kokw jynfhpkHvSygonf qdkolrsm;vnf; r[kwfao;/
OmPfaumif;olrsm;vnf; r[kwfao;/ &efukefaumvdyf ynmoifcJU bDatatmifcJUMu
olrsm; jzpfonf[k ppfxkwfEdkifcJUygonf/ ]]&efukefaumvdyf ynmoifcJU bDatatmif
olrsm;}} [laom pum;udk oD;jcm;cGJxkwf azmfjyvdkufjcif;udk owdjyKMuapvdk\/ &efukef
xdkacwfu &efukefaumvdyf? *syfqifaumvdyf[l ESpfausmif; &SdcJUbl;&m uREkfyfonf *sifqif
ausmif;xGuf bDatxuf &efukefaumvdyf bDatrsm;udk ydk ]OD;acgif;vQLd;} rd\/ aumvdyfodkU
ra&mufbl;yJ tvGwfynmoiftjzpfESifh bDatatmifMuonfh oli,fcsif;rsm;vnf; &SdMuyg\/
uREkfyfonf 4if;wkdUtm; ]OD;acgif;vQLd;} jcif;udk rawGU&yg/ okdUqdkvQif oluawmh &efukef
aumvdyf ausmif;xGufjzpf ]OD;acgif;vQLd;} &rnf? oluawmh tvGwfynmoif tjzpfESifh
atmifaom bDatjzpfaomaMumifh ]OD;acgif;vQLd;} p&m rvdk[l wrifwum wGufudef;ESifh
jyKvkyfjcif;um; r[kwf&yg/ uREkfyf\rsufpd vlykHvlyef;ESifh [efyeftaetxm; uGmjcm;jcif;udk
awGU& (Unconsciously) tvdktavsmuf wGefUrdjcif;rQom jzpfygonf/
aumvdyfcsif; uGmjcm;ykH
taMumif;udk xif&Sm;ap&ef udk,fawGUtjzpftysufwckudk azmfjyyg&ap/ rif;BuD;\
awmvdkufpma&;tjzpfESifh &efukefokdU qif;oGm;pOf a&Twd*kHbk&m;ajc&if;wGif bkef;BuD;ysH
tBuD;tus,fwck&Sd&m xdknOfhwGif uREkfyfonf *syfqifaumvdyfausmif;om; oli,fcsif;rsm;
- 170 -
jzpfonfh armif&D? udkzl;ndKwdkUESifhtwl bkef;BuD;ysHokdU oGm;\/ yJGxJwGif udk0ifharmf? udkuGef;?

udkxGef;&SdefwdkUvlpkESifh qkHrdMu\/ 4if;wdkUonf &efukefaumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; jzpfMuav&m
udk0ifharmfrSm uREkfyfwdkUvlpkESifhtwl rEav;atbDtrfausmif;xGufjzpf\/ udk0ifharmfrSwyg;
4if;wkdUtm;vkH;rSm bDatqDeD,m twef;om;rsm; jzpfMuavonf/ uREkfyfrSmrl udkuGef;?
udkxGef;&SdefwkdUESifh awGUbl;NyD;jzpfMu rdwfquf&efrvdkyJ udk0ifharmfu *syfqif ausmif;om;rsm;
jzpfMuonfh armif&DESifh udkzl;ndKwdkUtm; udkuGef;? udkxGef;&SdefwkdUESifh rdwfqufay;\/ xdkESpf
a,mufteufwGif udkuGef;onf pwdkiform;wa,muf jzpfav&m bDattwef;om;csif;
wlaomfvnf; *syfqifausmif;om;rsm;jzpfonfh armif&DESifh udkzl;ndKwkdUtm; (Patronising
airs) ,Of,Ofaus;aus;uav;ESifh txufpD;oHrsKd;jzifh pum;ajymavonf/ (OD;baz
0efBuD;jzpfpOfu ol\owif;pmuGefz&ifhokdU wufMuolrsm;teufwGif 'D;'kwfOD;bcsKdESifh uREkfyf
yg0ifav&m uGefz&ifhNyD; ESpfa,mufom; vefjcm;ESifh jyefvmMu&mwGif OD;bcsKdu uREkfyftm;
4if;tcsKd;rsKd;vkyfonfESifh uREkfyfu rcHcsifaMumif; jyvdkufojzifh OD;bcsKd wefUoGm;bl;onf/
cifrifrIum; avsmhyg;avNyD/ okdUaomf uRekfyf *&krpdkufacs/) ausmif;om;csif; rdwfqufay;NyD;
aemuf twlavQmufMuzdkU udk0ifharmfu ac:&mwGif uRekfyfonf udkuGef;\ ]ESdrfayguf} uav;
rsm;udk rBudKufaomfvnf; (uRekfyfudkr[kwf? *syfqifausmif;om;rsm;udk &nf&G,fonf/) rEav;
om;csif;jzpfaom udk0ifharmfudk tm;emonfESifh cyfwGefUwGefUjzpfaeonfh *syfqifausmif;om;
ESpfa,muftm; uREkfyfu wdkufwGef;um twlavQmufMuav\/ armif&DrSm pifppftm;jzifh
vlnHUwa,mufr[kwf? tvGefoGufvufol jzpfonf/ okdU&mwGif &efukefaumvdyfausmif;om;
ESpfa,mufESifh qkHrduwnf;u EIwfqdwfoGm;NyD; ]]qifjzLrsufESm qifrJrMunfh0HU}} qdkaom
pum;ykHtwdkif; ZufusKd;rwwf jzpfaeavNyD/ e*dkurS cyf&dk;&dk;&Sdaom udkzl;ndKrlum; ajymzG,f&m
r&Sdawmhay/
tawmtwGif; udkuGef;onf udkxGef;&Sdeftm; ,cifuJUodkU t*Fvdyfvdk rajym? ygVdvdkcsnf;
ajymavawmhonf/ (*syfqifaumvdyfwGif ygVdroif? avm*spfomoif\/) {nfhcHr@yfrsm;
teD;odkU csOf;uyf&mwGifvnf; [dku udkuGef;? 'Du udkxGef;&Sdef ponfjzifh [pfatmfac:iifMu&m
bDataygif; t0ga&mif aoG;wlarG;wl qifxm;Muaom vlESpfa,mufrSm acgif;aygif;p
uav;awG wvlvlESifh ajcaxmufuav;awG ajrmufawmufajrmufawmuf jzpfaeMujcif;udk
uREkfyfjrifrdonf/ {nfhcHr@yf wckESpfckwGif olwdkUESifhtwl0if csKdyJGcsOfyJGrsm; pm;aomufMu
NyD;aemuf (*syfqifaumvdyf ausmif;om;ESpfa,mufum; vufzsm;ESifhrQ rwdkU&SmMuacs/)
uREkfyfonf tajctaeudk oabmrusyJ vlESpfa,mufudk oem;onfESifh wwd,r@yfodkU
0ifrnftjyKwGif uREkfyfuyif EIwfquf cGJxGufvmMuygawmhonf/ (1914 ckESpfuvnf;
uREkfyfonf a&eHacsmif;rS &efukefodkU oabFmjzifhvdkufyg&mwGif &efukefaumvdyfrS bDat
atmifNyD;olwa,mufESifh *syfqifaumvdyfrS bDatwa,mufonf uREkfyfESifhtwl c&D;onf
tjzpf ygvmMu tvm;wltjzpfrsKd; cyfqifqifBuKH&bl;&m tao;pdwfazmfjy&ef rvdkawmhyg/)
- 171 -
a&TOa'gif;
uREkfyfqdkvdkjcif;rSm xdkacwf &efukefaumvdyfausmif;xGufonf *syfqifaumvdyfausmif;xGuf

xuf (ynmwwfrwwf tyxm;) OD;acgif;axmifjcif;udk awGU&onf/ OD;acgif;axmifjcif;
onf (yvTm;jcif;udk rqdkvdk) ]OD;acgif;vQLd;} jcif;xuf BuD;yGm;a&;twGuf taxmuftyHU
jzpfjcif;udk uREkfyfawGU&onf/
uREkfyf\ csKdUiJU csuf

OD;xGef;&SdefESifh 0dkiftrfbDatwGif awGUcJU&aomn uREkfyfonf rdrd\ ]OD;acgif;vQLd;} jcif;udk
qifjcifokH;oyfaomtcg igonf olwkdUvdk ajymwwfonf? olwkdUvdk a&;wwfonf? olwkdUvdk
0wfwwfonf? olwkdUvdk A[kokw&Sdonf/ okdUygvsuf tb,fhaMumifh ]&GHU&oenf;} [k
ppfaq;vdkufonfwGif tajzxGufvm\/ tajzum; olwdkUuJUodkU bDatatmifvufrSwf
r&SdaomaMumifh r[kwf/ olwkdUuJUodkU &efukefaumvdyfausmif; raecJU&aomaMumifhjzpfonf[k
oabmaygufvmygawmhonf/ xdkuJUokdU oabmaygufvm&jcif;rSmvnf; a&Twd*kHbk&m;ajc&if;
bkef;BuD;ysH armif&DwdkUvlpkESifh OD;xGef;&SdefwdkUvl[k qkHrdMujcif;udk pOf;pm;rdaomaMumifh jzpf
avonf/ *syfqifaumvdyf aebl;olrsm;u &efukefaumvdyf aebl;olrsm;tm; ]OD;acgif;vQLd;}
onf qdkvQif rnfonfhaumvdyfrS raebl;olwa,mufonf (rdkuf&l;&Jrsm;rSwyg;)
]OD;acgif;vQLd;} Mu&rnfrSm "rwmwckozG,f uREkfyfjrifvmygonf/ wGif uREkfyfonf
aumvdyfausmif; raecJU&bl;onfhtwGuf yxrtBudrf 0rf;enf;&aumif;rSef; odvmyg
awmhonf/
a&S; aumvdyfESifh acwfwuodkvf

tu,f uREkfyfonf aumvdyfausmif; av;ESpfcefUaecJU&bl;onf qdkygpdkU/ (uREkfyf
qnf;yl;xm;cJUonfh A[kokwrsm;udk axmufxm;aomtm;jzifh) ,ckxufydkNyD; wwfaumif;rS
wwfayvdrfhrnf/ (taMumif;udk armif&DESifh udk0ifharmfwdkUuvnf; xkwfazmf0efcHNyD;jzpf&m
udk0ifharmfurl ol\ txuft&m&SdxHodkU wifydkU&rnfh ta&;BuD;aompmrsKd;udk uREkfyftm;yif
a&;cdkif;bl;ygonf/) okdUjzpfvQif aumvdyfausmif; aebl;jcif;tm;jzifh uREkfyftzdkU rnfodkUaom
tusKd;aus;Zl; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; jzpfay:EdkifzG,f&m &Sdygoenf;/ &Sdonf? trsm;BuD;&Sdonf[k
uREkfyfoabmaygufvmonf/ uREkfyf\ vuf&SdcsKdUiJUcsufrSm aumvdyfausmif;\ ]av}
(Atmosphere) udk av;ESpfavmuf r&SLcJU&jcif;yif jzpfavonf/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; oufwl
- 172 -
&G,fwl bDatrsm;ESifh ,SOfvdkufvQif uREkfyf OD;acgif;vQLd;rdjcif; jzpf\/ igonf olwkdUuJUokdU

aumvdyf raecJU& nHUonf[k udk,fh[mudk,f owd&aeaomaMumifh r[kwf? aumvdyf ]av}
(ywf0ef;usif) ESifh rxdawGUcJU&onfhtwGufaMumifh ajyajyjypfjypf [efyefrsKd; (Easy
Manners) r&SdyJ ]cyfaxmifhaxmifh} jzpfae&jcif;udk qdkvdkonf/ aumvdyfausmif; av;ESpf
aebl;aom vlwdkif;onf ajyajyjypfjypf jzpfvmawmhonf[k qdkvdkjcif;um;r[kwf? okdUaomf
rae&rDuxuf wkd;wufvmjcif;&Sdonfudk uREkfyf Budrfzefrsm;pGm avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/
taMumif;udkodvQif udk,fhudk,fudk jyKjyif,lEdkifonf r[kwfygavm[k ar;zG,f&m&Sd\/
rjzpfEdkif[k uREkfyfu tajzay;vdkonf/ Oyrm aq;&nfrpdrfcJU&aom om;a&pdrf;onf
b,fawmhrS El;El;eyfeyfr&SdyJ uRyfqwfqwf jzpf&rnfuJUodkUyif aumvdyfausmif;\
taqmufttkHonf vnf;aumif;? jrufcif;ESifhwuG ajr,muGufvyfrsm;onf vnf;aumif;?
q&mrsm;\ trlt&monf vnf;aumif;? atmufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;xuf (tenf;ESifhtrsm;)
oyfoyf&yf&yf&Sdol tcsif;tcsif; qufqHMu&jcif;onf vnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkUwawGonf
omreft&yfom;rsm;xuf omonf[laom pdwfxm;rsKd; tcgcyfodrf; &SdaeMujcif;onf
vnf;aumif; i,f&G,folrsm;tzdkU&m pdwfBuD;0ifjcif; (aumif;aomt"dym,fESifh okH;onf/)
jzpfapEdkifonf[k uREkfyf,kHMunfonf/ (acwf wuodkvf ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;onf
]aomauma&maum} jzpfaeaomaMumifh OD;xGef;&SdefESifh OD;uGef;uJUodkUaom a&S; &efukefaumvdyf
ausmif;om;rsm;vdk udpwGif rrSDawmhyJ &Sdcsif&Sdrnf/ odkU&mwGif omref t&yfolt&yfom;
rsm;xufrlum; omvsufyif&Sdonfudk uREkfyfawGU&onf/) uREkfyftzdkU&m csKdUiJUcsufaMumifh
]OD;acgif;vQLd;} csifaom pdwf"mwf (Inferiority Complex) 0ifvmonf[k qdkvdkygonf/
OD;acgif;rvQLd;yJ OD;acgif;axmifjcif;onf [efBuD;yefBuD;vkyfjcif;ESifh ra&maxG;apzdkU owdjyK
apvdkonf/ [efBuD;yefBuD;vkyfjcif;onf raumif;? OD;acgif;axmifjcif;onf aumif;onf[k
qdkvdkygonf/
om"kac:&jcif;
xdknwGifrS uREkfyfonf rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ jyefr&Edkifawmhonfh tcGifhta&; qkH;&IH;rIudk
vIdufvSJpGm ESajrmrdygawmhonf/ okdUaomf aumvdyfausmif; raeEdkifjcif;rSm uREkfyf\tjypf
r[kwf? twdwfuH\ nHUzsif;rIjzpfonf[k qkH;jzwfvkdufojzifh 0rf;enf;avmufatmif r&Sdyg/
twdwfuHudkcsNyD; 0rf;enf;jcif;onf uREkfyf\0goemr[kwfyg/ xdkUaMumifhvnf; uREkfyfonf
tjcm;vlrsm;xuf vlvm;ajrmufuwnf;u pdwfqif;&JrI enf;cJUygonf/ awG;NyD;aqG;jcif;[l
tvGefenf;jcif;udk qdkvdkygonf/ xdkpOfu uRekfyfonf 'kwd,tdrfaxmifESifh om;uav;
- 173 -
a&TOa'gif;
wa,muf &cJUNyDjzpf&m? 4if;udk rnfonfhenf;rqdk wuodkvfodkU ydkUjzpfatmifydkUNyD; 4if;\

wdk;wufrIrsm;udk apmifhMunfhavhvmrnf[lyif qkH;jzwfcJU\/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyf\ tdrfaxmif
a&; tqifrajyrIaMumifh om;uav;rSm 10wef;ESifh tvkyfvkyf&NyD; (1956 ckESpfwGif zqyv
tpdk;&u uREkfyftm; axmifxJydkUxm;pOf) b0Zmwfodrf; oGm;&SmavNyD/ acwf wuodkvf
wGif av;ESpfrQ aecGifh&Muaom ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; (twef;atmifonf jzpfap ratmif
onfjzpfap) uREkfyfwkdUom;tzxuf uHxl;cRefMuygayonf[k om"kac:vkduf&ygonf/
uREkfyf\ tm;udk;
OD;xGef;&SdefESifh rawGUrD txufygtaMumif;rsm;udk rpOf;pm;&ao;aomtcgurlum; igBudK;pm;
vQif omEdkifonf? tenf;qkH; wlEdkifonf/ igh olwyg;xuf rnHUaom OmPf&Sdonf
ponfjzifh txifa&mufcJU\/ csmvfpf'pfuif;\ arQmfwvifhvifh (Great Expectations)
0wKBuD; ypfyfonf yef;yJorm;vifr,m;ESifh BuD;jyif;cJU& cyfi,fi,fuyif ynmoifay;NyD;
(Gentleman) vlukHxHtwef;tpm;jzpfatmif oGefoifay;cJU&m txdkuftavsmuf xajrmuf
atmifjrifyg\/ odkUaomf i,f&G,fEke,fpOfuwnf;u oGefoifay;jcif; jzpfvsufESifhvnf;
wuodkvfausmif;xGufwa,mufudk rrSDEdkifaMumif; awGU&onf/ wuodkvfausmif;BuD;rsm;onf
vli,frsm;\ trlt&mESifh pdwfaeoabmxm;udk jyKjyifcGifh trsm;qkH;&aom XmeBuD;rsm;
jzpfMuonfhtavsmuf (Good Breeding) \ wefzdk;udk em;vnfatmif vkyfMuNyD;vQif
ausmif;olausmif;om;wkdUtm; udk,fpDukd,fiS trsm;qkH; cH,l&&SdMuzdkU wdkufwGef;vkduf&onf/
uRekfyftzdkU&mrlum; txufygenf;twdkif; oabmaygufvmojzifh rdrdESifhrqdkifaMumif;
em;vnfaomtcsdefrSp vlrIqufqHa&;qdkif&mwGif ajymifajrmufzdkU rBudK;pm;awmhyJ pdwful;
OmPfESifh uavmifudkom tm;udk;&ygawmhonf/
ESrwpfa,muftaMumif;
ae&m uRekfyf\ arG;aygufazmfrsm;taMumif;udk nSyf azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ armifESr
&Spfa,muf arG;onfhteuf ig;a,mufrSm i,fpOfuyif aoqkH;Mu ESrwa,mufESifh
nDwa,mufrQom BuD;jyif;atmif touf&SifMu\/ uREkfyf\ rSwfwrf;tpavmuf ESruav;
tm; tvGefMuifem olUtwGufaMumifhyif rdcifzcifrsm;tay:wGif tjypfwifcsifaom pdwfrsKd;
jzpfay:cJUbl;aMumif; a&;om;azmfjycJUbl;&m t&G,fra&mufwa&muf tcsdefrSp wOD;ESifhwOD;
- 174 -
cyfat;at; jzpfoGm;cJUMu&ygawmhonf/ odkUjzpf&jcif;rSm jrefrmvlrsKd; armifESifhESrwkdU\

aexkdifMuykH xkH;pHaMumifh jzpfonf[k uRekfyfjrifrd\/ rsm;pGmaom jrefrmvlrsKd;wkdU\ xkH;pHrSm
armifESifhESrqdkvQif tysKdvlysKdt&G,fodkU a&mufMuaomtcsdefrSp ta&mw0ifraeMuawmhyJ
cyfrSefrSef cyfwe;fwef; aewwfMuonfh tpOftvm &Sd\/ wOD;\ tcuftcJuav;rsm;?
jyemav;rsm;udk wOD;tm; wifjyum aqG;aEG;wdkifyifMuzdkU a0;pG? ta&mw0ifyif raeMu
awmhyJ rajymrNyD;aom pum;rQavmufom ajymMuqdkMuavawmhonf/ xkH;pH\ aumif;jcif;
qdk;jcif;udk uREkfyf ra0zefvdk/ okdU&mwGif wa,mufESifhwa,muf &if;ESD;rI avsmhyg;jcif;um;
trSefjzpf\/ &if;ESD;rIenf;yg;vQif cifrifrIavsmhyg;jcif;onf t&dyfozG,f vdkufvm&wwf
ygonf/ wOD;ESifhwOD; rMumcP pum;ajymcGifh& jyemuav;rsm;udk tjyeftvSef
aqG;aEG;wdkifyifcGifh &jcif;uJUokdU vlESifhvlcsif; cifrifrIjzpfapaom tjcif;t&monf cyf&Sm;&Sm;
&Sdvdrfhrnfxif\/ (oHa,mZOfw&m;\ aumif;jcif;qdk;jcif;udk tyxm;) rMumcP wdkifyif
aqG;aEG;cGifh&ol tcsif;csif;udk cPcP owd&wwfjcif;rSm udk,fawGUjzpfMuvdrfhrnf xifay&m
cPcP owd&jcif;onfyif cifrifjcif;udk jzpfapEdkifayonf/ uREkfyf wifjyvdkjcif;rSm
uREkfyfwkdUarmifESronf wtdrfwnf;wGif twlwuGaeMuaomfvnf; (txufyg jrefrmxkH;pH
aMumifh) BuD;jyif;vmMuavav cifrifrIavsmhyg;avav jzpfvmMuavonf/
oabmuJGvJGrI? oabmwlnDrI[l &Sdonfr[kwf/ tvdktavsmuf cyfat;at; jzpfvmMujcif;
jzpfygonf/ uREkfyf yxrtdrfaxmif jyKaomtcsdef rdbrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&; tajctae
,dkifvsuf&Sd ESruav;onf tysKdt&G,fuav; jzpfaeygvsuf uRekfyfonf 0wfcsifpm;csif
vSycsifwwfaom ESruav;tm; raxmufxm;yJ ]zkd;usef&pf} [k vltrsm;u ac:Murnhfta&;
wckwnf;udkom ta&;wBuD; *&kpdkufum tajy;tvTm; tdrfaxmifjyKvkdufjcif;rSm uREkfyftzdkU
]trJuGuf} wckjzpfonf[k Budrfzefrsm;pGm owd&ygonf/ tu,f i,fpOfu MuifemcJU
onfhtwdkif; oabmxm;EdkifcJUygrl ,kwfpGmhtqkH; ESruav; tdrfaxmifusonfhwdkifatmif
jzpfap? rdbrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;tajctae rwfvmonfhwdkifatmifjzpfap apmifhqdkif;vdrfhrnf[k
,kHMunfygonf/ ae&m ESruav;tm; rdbrsm;\ a&SUrSxm; a&;om;&jcif;rSm uRekfyf
tdrfaxmifjyKaomtcsdef ESronf aq;jyif;vdyfaxmifjcif;tm;jzifh rdbrsm;\ wm0efudk
&GufcJU&aomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ ESruav;rSm 1929 ckESpf (36ESpft&G,f) wGif uG,fvGef
om;orD; 6 a,muf usef&pfcJUonf/
nDESifh wlrsm;
- 175 -
a&TOa'gif;
uREkfyf\ ESratmufwGif nDwa,muf&Sdao;\/ nDrSmrl uREkfyf tdrfaxmifjyKaomtcsdefwGif

rdbrsm;ESifhraeyJ uREkfyfESifhtwl vdkufae&m xdkpOfu uREkfyfwkdUnDtpfudkESpfa,muf cifrif
MuykHrSm rnfonfhnDtpfudkESifhrQ rwlykHudk rdbESpfyg;wkdUu 0rf;omtm;&ESifh wajymajym&Sd&Sm
Mu\/ uREkfyfonf nDuav;tm; ausmif;xm;ay;&ef wm0ef,laomfvnf; (okH;wef;rQom
a&mufonf/) uRekfyf awmvdkufpma&;jzpfpOfu wa,mufESifhwa,muf rcGJcsifMuonfESifh
uREkfyfwkdUe,fvSnfh&modkU p&dwftukefcHNyD; ac:oGm;avh&Sd\/ xdkUaemuf ol&d,wdkufokdU uRekfyf
a&mufaomtcgwGifvnf; uREkfyfESifhyif twlaexdkifvsuf&Sd&m t*Fvdyfpmudk uRekfyfyif
oifay; zwfoifhzwfxdkufaom t*FvdyfpmtkyfrsKd;udk zwfapjcif;tm;jzifh t*Fvdyfvdk ta&;
tom;wGif uRekfyfudk rrSDaomfvnf; ajyma&;qdkp&Sdjcif;rl uREkfyfxufyif omygao;onf/
nDawmfarmifum; uRekfyfuJUokdUrQ wuokdvf0ifwef; ratmifaomfvnf; ]OD;acgif;vQLd;} jcif;
r&Sd? wuodkvfrsm; ae&bl;vQif aMumifudk ]tawmifwyf} ay;ouJUokdU jzpfoGm;vdrfhrnfxif\/
ESru arG;cJUonfh wlwa,mufrSmvnf; nDawmfarmifuJUokdUyif ]OD;acgif;axmif} olwa,muf
jzpfav&m rEav;NrdKUwGif vQrf;vQrf;awmufqdkavmufonfh tajctaersKd;odkU a&mufcJU\/
(&mxl;udk qdkvdkjcif;r[kwf? ]wGifus,f} jcif;udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/) olwkdUESpfa,mufonf
wuodkvfteD;okdUyif ra&mufcJUMu? a&mufzkdUvnf;rvdk[l olwkdUudk,folwdkU (rsufpduef;
wapraMumuf) xifaumif;xifMuayrnf/ okdU&mwGif uRekfyf\rsufpdum; wuodkvf
ausmif;om;\ pdwf"mwfESifh [efyeftrlt&mrsKd; (Poise) jznfhpGufay;vkduf&vQif trsm;BuD;
wufzdkU &Sdao;onf[k jrifrdygonf/ if;nDrSm uREkfyf\ wOD;wnf;usef&Sdaom arG;aygufazmf
jzpfygawmhonf/ nDuarG;onfh wlwa,mufrSm uREkfyfESifh pdwfoabmxm; cyfqifqif
&Sdonfqdkum olUtazu auseyfykHr&aomfvnf; wuodkvf av;ESpfaecJUbl;onfh twGuf
aMumifh uREkfyfxufomaom tcsuftvufrsm;&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyfjrifEdkifygonf/
pdwfavvGifhjcif;
uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;udk tcsdefumvtm;jzifh a&SUodkU ausmfvTm;jcif;? tawG;tac:rsm;udk azmfjyjcif;
tjzpftysuftaetm;jzifh eHab;okdU acsmfxGufjcif; ponfwkdUudk ae&mwGif &yfwefU
1914ckESpfodkU jyefqif;um qufvufazmfjyygawmhrnf/ xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyfonf v,f,m
pdkufysKd;a&;bufqdkif&m 'k0efBuD;\ awmvkdufpma&;tjzpfESifh trIxrf;vsuf&Sd&m 0efBuD;u
pdkufqyfonfh ta<u;rSmvnf; ausvkeD;ygNyD/ (w&mausmfavmuf usefawmhonf xif\/)
txufydkif;wGif t&dyft>ruf azmfjycJUbl;onfhtwkdif; (uREkfyf\ Zmwmt&) tvkyftudkif
ajymif;vJzdkUtcsdef qdkufa&mufvmonfhvuPm &Sd\/ e,fvSnfh&aomtvkyfudk ]tDwDwD}
- 176 -
jzpfvmonfhtjyif ZeD;onf (yxrtdrfaxmif) ESifhvnf; wusufusuf jzpfpjyKvm\/

olqdk;onf igqdk;onf[k ra0zefvdkawmhyg/ okdUaomf uREkfyf\ avvGifhcsifaomtjypfu
rsm;vdrfhrnf[k 0efcHzdkU toifh&Sdygonf/ aemufqkH; ZeD;onfu if;\zcif&Sdonfh a&eHacsmif;
NrdKUokdU orD;uav;ESifh tvnftywfoGm;csifonf[k ajym&mwGif uREkfyfu 0rf;ajrmufpGm
cGifhjyKvdkufav\/ xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyfrSm b0ifjrifha&m*g aysmufcJUNyDjzpfaomfvnf; pdwfonf
taMumif;rJU avvGifhvsuf&Sd\/ pHa'0Dum; xdkpOfu &Sdygao;onf/ okdUaomf olUudk owd&
r[kwf? rnfolUtm;rQvnf; ydk;yef;csifaompdwfrsKd; ay:vmonfr[kwf? tdrfraecsifyJ
tvum; vnfywfaecsif\/ e,fokdUrxGuf&aom &ufrsm;wGif &kH;okdUtvkyfoGm; 0wfaus
0wfukef vkyfcJUNyD;aemuf &kH;rSjyefvmaomtcg oli,fcsif;rsm;\tdrfwGif wnxdkwn
tdyfavh&Sd\/ wcgw&HwGif bdvd,ufckH rkd;vif;jcif;rsm;vnf; ygao;\/ rdbrsm;rlum;
0ufvufodkU a&mufoGm;MujyefavNyD/ wcgw&HwGif tdrfaxmifusvsuf&SdNyDjzpfaom ESr\
tdrf wnwav tdyf\/ xdk&ufrsm;wGif uRekfyfonf yJUwufrygaom avSuJUodkU
yifv,fxJwGif vIdif;avykwfcwfwdkif; arsmcsif&mokdU arsmygvsuf&Sd\/ avmu uREkfyftzdkU
rnfonfh&nf&G,fcsufrQ r&Sd? &yfwefUpOf;pm;jcif;vnf; r&Sd? vkyfcsif&mvkyf jzpfcsif&m
jzpfaeawmh\/ okdUqdkaomfvnf; qkd;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; tvkyfrsKd;um; ryg/ pmzwfcsifvQif
rkd;vif;atmif zwfaewwfao;\/ xdktcsdefwGif uREkfyfESifh tvGefcifriftuRrf;0ifonfh
udkcifarmifwifhwkdU vifr,m;onf tcGifh,l [oFmwNrdKUokdU qif;oGm;&m r,m;aoqkH;
udkcifarmifwifh tvkyfxGufvkdufav\/ tu,f if;wkdUvifr,m; &SdaecJUygrl uREkfyfonf
olwkdUtdrf pwnf;csvdrfhrnfxif\/ uRekfyfonf aA'ifar;wwf ar;MunfhcJUvQif
toufwm\ vrf;qkHvrf;cGodkU a&mufaeojzifh owdjyK&rnf[k a[maumif; a[mvdrfhrnf
xifonf/ umvtydkif;tjcm;uJUodkU uREkfyftzdkU&m t"dyg,fr&Sdaom tcsdefonf wcgbl;rQ
rBuKHcJU&bl;yg/ pdwfnpfjcif;? aysmfjcif;? awmifhwjcif;? tvsOf;r&SdyJ Avmoufouf avvGifh
aejcif;yif jzpfavonf/
tvkyfjyKwfavNyD
waeUo uRekfyftm; u,fq,fonfh 'k0efBuD; rpwmaomfrfqif cGifh,loGm;av&m avvGifh
vsuf&Sdonfh uREkfyf\pdwfonf rkefwdkif;ESifh wdk;a0SUouJUokdU A&rf;Awm jzpfvmcJUavNyD/
r,m;wuJG om;wuJG tdrfr&Sd ,mr&Sd jzpf tvkyfwufcsifpdwfyif r&SdyJjzpfvm\/ uREkfyf\
pdwftajctaeudk ,ck a&;om;azmfjy&mwGif ]jzpfrSjzpf&av} [k qdkMurnfjzpfaomfvnf;
xdktcsdefurl rnfolurQ xl;jcm;onfrxif? jzpf&dk;jzpfpOftwdkif; [lom xifMu&\/
we*FaEGaeUwaeU uRekfyfonf rdwfaqGwa,mufESifhtwl ppfudkif;acsmifodkU tvnf
- 177 -
a&TOa'gif;
oGm;Mu&mrS bdvd,ufckHodkU a&mufoGm;NyD; bdvd,ufxkd;Mu\/ nwGif acsmiftdyfNyD;

weif;vmaeU eHeufwGif &kH;wuf&ef&SdvsufESifh bdvd,ufxkd;jyef\/ uREkfyf\baxG;u
owif;& vmac:aomfvnf; rvkdufacs/ &kH;rS csmy&mpDwa,mufvTwf ac:jyefaomfvnf;
rvkdufyJ ayuyfae\/ uREkfyfum; touf 25ESpf &SdavNyD/ t&G,fwGif uJUokdUjyKolum;
tawmf&Sm;vdrfhrnfxifonf/ enf;twdkif; av;ig;&uf ayuyfae&mwGif rif;BuD;u
uREkfyftm; ]&Drk} Remove vkyfzdkU trdefUcsvdkuf\/ Dismiss 'prpfr[kwfacs/ jcm;em;ykHum;
uRekfyfonf tjcm;XmewckwGif trIxrf;EdkifcGifh&Sd\/ 'prpf[lonfum; tpdk;&tvkyfrS
&moufyef xkwfy,fjcif;jzpfavonf/ uRekfyftaMumif;udk em;pGefem;zsm; Mum;&olrsm;u
tpdk;&aiGrIaMumifh 'prpfvkyfcH&onf[k ajymMu\/ pifppfrSm 'prpfvnf; r[kwf? aiGrI
vnf;r[kwf? tcsdeftm;jzifhvnf; 2 ESpfcefU uGmao;onf/ (1953 ckESpf yxrtBudrf
bmomjyefqk&pOfu uREkfyfonf qkay;yJGtcrf;tem;wGif pma&;q&mjzpfvm&ykHtaMumif;udk
0efBuD;csKyfOD;Eka&SU ajymjyojzifh y&dowf yJGuscJUbl;onf/) rdef;uav;wa,muftm;
cspfBudKufaMumif;ajymzdkU &Sufwwfaom uREkfyfonf tvkyfjzKwfcH&jcif;udk {&mry&dowfBuD;xJ
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a&;um EId;aqmfvsuf&Sd&m pmESpfapmifvQif wapmifusavmufjyefMum; ]zwfqJ&Sdygonf}
[laomtaMumif;udk od&\/ uREkfyfum; tawmftm;avsmhpjyKvsuf &SdayNyD/ [oFmwNrdKUrS
udkcifarmifwifh\OD;av; 0wfvkHwa,mufu olUxrif;pm; vc40dESifh pma&;vkyfNyD; a&SUae
pmar;yJG0ifzkdU [laomtBuHudk vufcH&acsrnfavm[lyif pOf;pm;vsuf&SdavNyD/ aemufqkH;
arv 6&ufaeUwGif ol&d,wdkufrS pmjyefvm aiG 100dESifh 0,f,lvdkaMumif; od&ayonf/
0wKwyk'fvQif wefzkd; rnfrQaygufaps;&Sdonf[k rMum;&bl;aom uREkfyfrSm enf;onfrsm;onf
em;rvnfyJ aiG 100dtjyif 0wKpmtkyf 25tkyf jznfhay;zdkU awmif;cHNyD; oabmwlvdkuf\/
pmtkyfrsm;rSm wtkyfvQif 1usyf 8yJ wefonfjzpf uREkfyfonf &efBuD;atmif0wKtwGuf
pkpkaygif; 137usyf 8yJrQ &&Sdygonf/
bBuD;baz\OmOf
if;ESpf arvukefcgeD;wGif uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;onf 0ufvufNrdKUrS &efukefodkU qif;vmMu
a,murrsm;\aetdrf wnf;cdkaexdkifMuonf/ ajymif;a&TUMujcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufrSm 0wKa&;
orm; wa,muftzdkU&m &efukefNrdKUBuD;onf awmNrdKUuav;xuf tayguftvrf;yGifh
arQmfvifhp&m rsm;onf[k wGufrdaomaMumifh jzpf\/ uREkfyf\ZeD; arG;aygufazmf (olyg)
&Spfa,mufrQ&Sd&m a,murBuD;rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? r&D;rsm;? c,frrsm;? a,mufzrsm;onf
vnf;aumif; uREkfyftay: Muifemjcif;? umuG,fjcif;? cifrifav;pm;jcif; &SdMuonfjzpf
uREkfyftzdkU&m pdwfcsrf;omrI &Sdygayonf/
- 184 -
0wKa&;orm;wa,muf [lonfrSm xdkacwfwGif cyfqe;fqef;jzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyftm;

acwfynmwwfwa,muftaejzifh av;pm;Muygayonf/ a,mufzrsm;uvnf; (uREkfyf\
xl;qef;aom tusKd;ay;twdkif;) nD&if;tpfudkwrQ cspfcifMuifemMuygayonf/ xdktawm
twGif; uREkfyfonf bBuD;bazESifh oGm;a&mufawGUqkH 0wKa&;jcif;taMumif; aqG;aEG;av&m
bBuD;bazu East Lynn tdpvif0wKudk rSD;NyD; jrefrm0wKjzpfvmatmif a&;zdkUtBuH
ay;onfESifh if;pufwifbmvtwGif; NyD;pD;atmif a&;om;ay;ydkUvdkuf\/ if;0wKrSm y-'k[l
ESpfwGJxkwf&aomfvnf; 165usyfrQom &aomaMumifh q&mvGef;u (aemifwGif) tvGef
enf;onf[k ajymbl;ygonf/ &efBuD;atmif0wKESifh &wemykH0wKrsm;twGuf aps;EIef;jzwfolrSm
bBuD;bazjzpf&m xdkyk*dKvfBuD;onf uREkfyf\ yg;&Sm;aomtajctaeudk &dyfrd ol&d,wdkuf
tusKd;twGuf oufoufudkomMunfhNyD; uREkfyftm; aps;EIef;zdESdyf qpfvdkufonfh vuPm
&Sd\/
(1953ckESpf &wemykH0wKudk ausmif;okH;tjzpf jyXmef;&mwGif wckaom ykHESdyfwdkufydkif&Sifu
ol&d,wdkufrS if;pmrlrsm;udk aiG300drQESifh 0,f,loGm;NyD; aomif;csD tjrwfxkwfEdkifavonf/
uREkfyftwGuf aiG5500d &ao;aomfvnf; ol&d,wdkufrlum; aiG300dESifhyif NyD;&avawmhonf/
uREkfyfonf rdrdudk,fudk olawmfaumif;BuD;wa,muf[l raMujimvdkaomfvnf; odkUaom
tjcif;t&mrsKd;rSm uREkfyf\woufwm tBudrfrsm;pGGm awGUcJU&ygonf/)
_____
- 185 -
a&TOa'gif;
wwd,ydkif;
(armifazodef;rS udkazodef;odkU)
ol&d,wkdufom; jzpfvmjcif;
1917 ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif uREkfyfonf ol&d,r*Zif; t,f'DwmtjzpfESifh ol&d,
wdkufom;wa,muf jzpfvm\/ ol&d,wdkuftkyfESpfa,muf (OD;bazESifh OD;vSaz) wdkUonf
uREkfyf\ vufpGrf;vufpudk jrifMuonfESifh ol&d,r*Zif;xkwfzdkU tBuHjzpfay:vmonf[k
aemifwGifod&\/ vcrSm yxrwGif 75d jzpfaomfvnf; okH;vavmufwGif 100d? 110d? 180d
okdUwkd; jrifhay;Muygayonf/ uREkfyfa&;cJUaom 0wKESpftkyfteuf ]&efBuD;atmif} 0wKrSm
a&S;OD;pGm a&;jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; ol&d,wdkufu ]&wemykH} 0wKudk tvsiftokH;jyK 1916ckESpf?
atmufwdkbmvrSpNyD; ol&d,owif;pmwGif &ufjcm;xnfhay;\/ if;aemuf pmtkyftjzpfESifh
xkwfaomtcgwGifvnf; olUacwfwGif Best Seller twGifus,fqkH; a&mif;&onfh pmwtkyf
jzpfvmygonf/ uREkfyf ol&d,wdkufom;wa,muf jzpfcgptcsdef &wemykH0wKrSm pmtkyf
tjzpfESifh xGufvmjcif;jzpf&m eHeuftcsdefwGif uREkfyf wdkufodkUa&mufoGm; pmtkyfa&mif;
pma&;u tNrdKUNrdKUrS vufvDrSmxm;Muaom &wemykH0wKpmtkyf tzkH;pdrf;rsm;udk olUpm;yJGa&SU
jzefUcif;xm;ojzifh wcef;vkH; pdrf;vsuf&Sdjcif;udk uRekfyfawGU&onfESifh pma&;q&mvufopf
wa,muftaejzifh tvGefauseyfESpfodrfhrdjcif;udk rSwfrdygao;onf/ xdkacwf 0wKpmtkyf
tajrmuftjrm; ay:xGufao;onf r[kwfonfhtavsmuf wdkufoGm;wdkufjyef tcsdefrsm;wGif
"mwf&xm; (bwfpfum;ray:ao;)? rD;&xm;rsm;ay: pma&;pmcsD tvkyforsm;rsm;\
a0zefcsufrsm;udk Mum;&onfrSmvnf; tm;&Sdp&m aumif;vSygayonf/ (acwfrl
jrefrmjynfwGif 0wKESifh pma&;q&m\ae&mudk &kyf&SifZmwfum;ESifh Zmwfvkdufrsm;u
,loGm;MuonfhvuPm &Sday\/)
]acG;0ifpm;} t,f'Dwm
ae&mwGif uREkfyfESifh tuRrf;w0ifjzpfcJUaom ol&d,wdkufom; (pma&;q&mrsm;)
taMumif;udk a&;om;azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ ol&d,r*Zif;udk 1917ckESpf? rwfvwGif pwif
xkwfrnf[k owfrSwfxm;&m uRekfyfrlum; azazmf0g&Dv w&ufaeUrSp tvkyf0if&rnfjzpf\/
- 186 -
uREkfyfrSm tm;vyfvsuf&Sdonf waMumif;? owif;pmwdkuf tvkyftaMumif;udk prf;0g;rdap&ef

twGufwaMumif; azazmf0g&Dvw&ufaeU wdkifatmif rqdkif;yJ Zefe0g&Dvv,favmuf
uwnf;u wdkufokdU0ifNyD; (vcr&SdyJ) avhvmyg&ap[k tcGifhawmif;ojzifh tcGifh&cJUonf/
uREkfyfonf 0wKa&;orm;wa,muftaejzifh OD;bazwa,mufwnf;ESifhom qufqH&
oduRrf;cJU&m xdkaeUwGif OD;bazu uREkfyftm; OD;vSazESifh rdwfqufay;avonf/ OD;bazonf
owif;pm&dkufESdyfoltjzpfESifh vnf;aumif;? OD;vSazonf xkwfa0oltjzpfESifh vnf;aumif;
rSwfykHwifxm;Mu ESpfa,mufvkH; wdkuftkyftjzpfESifh todtrSwfjyKMujcif; cH&av&m if;wkdU\
wm0efrSmrl OD;vSazonf taxGaxGrefae*smjzpf OD;bazrSm aMumfjimbufoufouf
tkyfcsKyf&ol jzpfavonf/ OD;bazonf ol&d,owif;pmwGif ]ewfBuD;okH;yg;cef;} udkifjcif;rS
wyg; tjcm;wm0efrsm;udk r,l/ OD;vSazonfomvQif tBuD;tuJjzpfav&m OD;buav;rlum;
ol&d,aeUpOfowif;pm t,f'Dwmjzpf uREkfyfESifh qufqHrI tvGefenf;yg;cJUygonf/
uREkfyfonf ol&d,r*Zif;tvkyfwGif OD;vSazvufatmuf vkyf& trsm;qkH; qufqHrI&Sdol
jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfESifh rdwfqufNyD;onfhaemuf OD;vSazonf uREkfyftwGuf ae&mwoD;wjcm;
jyifqifrxm;&ao;onfESifh (xdk&ufrsm;wGif uREkfyfrSm ]acG;0ifpm;} t,f'Dwmwa,muf
tjzpfom &Sdaeao;onf/) uREkfyftm; yDrdk;eif;\pm;yJGwGif twlxdkifzdkU ae&mcsxm;ay;\/
yDrdk;eif;um; aeUpOfowif;pmbufwGif vufaxmuft,f'Dwmwa,mufjzpf OD;buav;\
vufatmuf acgif;BuD;rsm;a&;aom wm0efudk ,l&avonf/
udkausmf (ac:) yDrdk;eif;

uREkfyfonf yDrdk;eif;ESifh wpm;yGJwnf; rsufESmcsif;qdkif xdkifvdkufMu&mwGif wa,mufESifh
wa,muf vluJcwfMu\/ yDrdk;eif;u uREkfyftaMumif;udk odxm;ESifhoavmuf uREkfyfu
yDrdk;eif;taMumif;udk rod&ao;acs/ (pifppfrSm xdkpOfurl uRekfyfonf yDrdk;eif;[l rodao;yJ
]udkausmf} [lom oday&m ol&d,wdkufrS xGufoGm;NyD;aemuf ynmhtvif;owif;pmwGif
t,f'Dwm jzpfvmaomtcgrS yDrdk;eif;[laom trnfudk Mum;&bl;\/ odkUESifhyif yxr
yDrdk;eif;ESifh udkausmfonf vlwa,mufwnf;jzpfonf[k uREkfyfroday/) OD;vSazu
udkausmf[laomtrnfjzifh uREkfyfESifh rdwfqufay;ojzifh uREkfyfonf rsufESmcsif;qdkif xdkifvsuf
&Sdaom udkausmfudk vSrf;Munfhvdkuf&m uREkfyfESifh waeUaeUwGif &if;ESD;aomrdwfaqGwa,muf
jzpfvmEdkifzdkU&Sdjcif;udk xdkaeUuyif tuJcwfrdwfonf[k a&;om;azmfjyygu <um;onf[k
xifaumif; xifMuayvdrfhrnf/ pifppfaomfum; uREkfyfonf rdrdESifh tuRrf;w0ifjzpfrnfhvl
[kwfr[kwfudk wxdkifwnf;ESifh tuJcwfEdkifay&m uRekfyf\ tuJcwfjcif;rSm woufvkH;wGif
&mcdkifEIef; 90ausmfrQ rSefuefjcif;udk awGU&ygonf/
- 187 -
a&TOa'gif;
uREkfyfonf udkausmftm; vSrf;Munfhvdkuf&m NyKH;NyKH;uav;&Sdaom ol\rsufESmxm;wGif

uREkfyftm; pdwf0ifpm;&kHomru tawmfauseyf[ef&Sdaom trlt&mudk awGU&\/ y&d,m,f
rokH;wwfjcif;wGif uREkfyfESifhwlvdrfhrnf [lvnf; tuJcwfrd\/ tjcm;vlrsm;\ xifjrifcsuf
udk vkH;0*&krpdkuf[k rqdkEdkifaomfvnf; *&kpdkufrIenf;yg;jcif; uREkfyfESifhwlvdrfhrnf [lvnf;
xifrd\/ vlUavmuwGif rdrdESifhxdkufwefaom ae&mudk r&&Sd[l olUudk,fol txifa&muf
vsuf &Sdjcif;udkvnf; uREkfyf &dyfrd\/ (uREkfyfrlum; xkdpOfu if;txifrsKd; ruyfao;onfhjyif
aemifwGifvnf; twGufaMumifh olwyg;tay: tjypfwifcsifaompdwfrsKd; jzpfcJvSonf[k
xifygonf/) xdkacwfwGif &efukefNrdKU touf20ausmf t&G,frsm;om ywfaygif;
(bDataygif;) aygif;Mu xdkUtxufvlrsm;rSm tkyfaygif;acwfjzpfaeaomfvnf; touf30
xufrenf; &Sd&rnfh udkausmfrSmrl ]bDataygif;} r[kwfonfh ywfaygif;&dk;&dk;jzifhom awmfawmf
uav; oyf&yfpGm aygif;xm;\/ ol&d,wwdkufvkH; (uREkfyftygt0if pma&;rsm;rusef
tkyfaygif;ESifh *dkufxkwfvsuf&SdMuaom xdkacwfwGif ykodrfxD;udk *sKdif;wGifnSyfxm;vsuf
uGif;xdk;zdeyfvQLdum ywfaygif;&dk;&dk;uav;ESifh aq;ayghvdyfcJvsuf tvkyfwufavh&Sdaom
udkausmfrSm vlqef;wa,mufvkdvdk jzpfae\/ &efukefodkUa&mufcgpjzpf t0wftpm;wGif
olwyg;xuf aemufrus&atmif BudK;pm;ae&aom uREkfyfrSm udkausmfudkjrif& tm;vnf;
&Sdonf/ oabmvnf; usvSygonf/
ajymykHq ef;vSjcif;
pm;yJGwGif twlxdkifrdvQifxdkifrdcsif; udkausmfu jrefrm0wKrsm;taMumif;ESifh ywfouf
ol&d,wkdufodkU uREkfyf t*Fvdyfvdk a&;ydkUbl;aom pmwapmifudk ol zwfvkduf&uwnf;u
uREkfyftay: txifBuD; vlcsif;awGUvdkaMumif;? owif;pm w&ufjcm;xnfhvsuf&Sdaom
&wemykH0wKudkvnf; olzwf oabmusaMumif;? olvnf; ]bDatarmifwifhESifh uacsonf
r,fjrifh} 0wKwyk'f a&;cJUbl;aMumif; ponfjzifh ajymav&m rQESifhyif uREkfyfonf
udkausmfESifh tawmfBuD; &if;ESD;oGm;cJUavNyD/ uREkfyfuvnf; ol&d,acgif;BuD;rsm;udk (&wemykH
0wK xnfhuwnf;u tvum;&) zwfvmcJU&m if;wdkUrSm udkausmf\vuf&m jzpfaMumif;
,ck od& csD;usL;ygaMumif;? rdrdrSm 0wKESpfyk'fa&;cJUbl;aomfvnf; owif;pmacgif;BuD;rsm;
a&;zdkUqdkvQif tdyfrufrQyif rruf0HUaMumif; ajymjyav&m oluvnf; oabmusykH&onf/
aeUv,f vufzuf&nfaomufcsdefwGif udkausmfonf uREkfyftm; tdrfodkUac:oGm; ol\ZeD;ESifh
rdwfqufay;NyD;aemuf t*Fvdyfpmtkyfrsm;taMumif;udk aqG;aEG;Muav&m uRekfyf\ pmzwf
pkHjcif;udk csD;rGrf; oludk,fwdkifrSm toifhtwifhrQavmufom zwfbl;aMumif; 0efcHavonf/
- 188 -
ol\ t*Fvdyfpum;ajymykHudk uREkfyf Mum;&onfESifh xdk0efcHcsufonf ESdrfhcsjcif;jzpfonf[k

xifrdaomfvnf; aemifwGif wu,fajymjcif;jzpfonf[k uREkfyfod&onf/
udkausmf\ t*FvdyftoHxGufrsm;rSm awmfawmfvefUavmuf\/ jrefrmwa,muf ajymaom
toHxGufESifhyif rwlacs/ uREkfyfonf t*Fvdyfpum;vkH;rsm; rSefuefatmif toHxGufwwfzdkU
avhusifhxm;aomfvnf; jrefrmwa,mufu yDyDooxGufaom toHrsKd;rQom jzpfav&m
udkausmf\ toHxGufrlum; abmif;bD0wfwa,muf\ toHaetoHxm;rsKd; jzpfae uREkfyf
vefUrdjcif;jzpf\/ vlcsif;ESD;&if;vmaomtcg taMumif;udk pkHprf;MunfhonfwGifrS jyifopf
(bk&if*sD) bkef;BuD; vkyfcJUbl; jyifopfbkef;BuD;rsm;ESifhtwl ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm aecJUbl;aMumif;?
vufwifbmomvnf; wwfaMumif; od&avonf/ udkausmf\ t*Fvdyfpum;ajymykHrSm
uREkfyf\oli,fcsif; (bdvyfjyef) udkcifarmifwifhuJUodkU Adkvfqefjcif;rsKd;r[kwfyJ jyifopf
bkef;BuD;rsm;ESifh i,fpOfu tMumBuD;aebl;jcif;aMumifh vQmwrsKd;jzpfaejcif; jzpfavonf/
rsm;rMumrD udkausmfonf *syfqifaumvdyfwGif vufwifbmomjyq&m tvkyfudk avQmufxm;
&&Sdojzifh ol&d,wdkufrS xGufoGm;av\/ okdU&mwGif olESifhuREkfyf cifrifrIrSm tqufrjywfvSyJ
1938ckESpf olaoonftxd &if;ESD;pGm &SdcJUMuavonf/
q&mvGef;\csD; usL;csuf
azazmf0g&Dv w&ufaeU uREkfyf r*Zif;t,f'Dwm jzpfvmaomtcg ol&d,onf av;xyf
wkdufBuD;wGif atmufqkH;wxyfudkom iSm;Edkifao;onfjzpf vkyfom;ESifhae&m rrQatmif
usOf;usyfonfhtwGufaMumifh q&mvGef;ESifh uREkfyfwdkUtwGuf pm;yGJwckwnf;om ae&may;Edkif
avonf/ wGif uREkfyfwkdUESpfa,mufonf aeUwdkif; rsufESmcsif;qdkifxdkifMu axG&mav;yg;
pum;ajymcGifh &Mu\/ q&mvGef;onf uRekfyftm; rEav;om; qdkuwnf;u pdwf0ifpm;onfh
vuPm &Sday&m uREkfyfuvnf; EIwfcrf;arG;a&;a&;ESifh tNrJuGrf;pm;avh&Sdojzifh ]tnm*dkuf}
&Sdaom vlBuD;tm; jrifvQifjrifcsif; MunfndKrdygonf/ q&mvGef;rSm uREkfyfxuf touf
14ESpfBuD; xdkpOfu 42ESpf &SdNyDjzpf&m touf40ausmfvQif {&mrvlBuD;wa,muf[l
xifcJUrdaom uREkfyf\rsufpd tawmfBuD;&ifhNyD[k atmufarhcJUygonf/ q&mvGef;uvnf;
udkausmfenf;wl uREkfyfESifh a&pufygonfhvuPmESifh ol\wkdufcef;odkU ac:oGm; aeUv,fcif;
rsm;wGif ol\wkdufcef; wa&;warmtdyfum tyef;ajzzdkU tNrJzdwfMum;xm;ygonf/
uREkfyfonf q&mvGef;ESifhvnf;aumif;? udkausmfESifhvnf;aumif; a&pufygaomfvnf; if;wkdU
ESpfa,mufrlum; &if;ESD;Mu[efrwlacs/ olwkdUESpfa,muftaMumif;ESifh ywfouf udkausmf
ajymbl;aom pum;wcGef;udk uREkfyfrSwfrd\/ waeUo olwkdUESpfa,mufonf jrefrmpmay
- 189 -
a&TOa'gif;
taMumif;udk aqG;aEG;vsuf&SdpOf udkausmfajymvdkufaom pum;wvkH;udk q&mvGef;u t"dym,f

t,ltq vJGonfhvuPmESifh ]]a[h armifausmf? q&mu ArmjynfrSm udk,fhudk,fudk 'dwf
xm;wJU vlwa,muf armif&? bmrSwfvdkUvJ}} [k ajEESifhajymbl;onf qdk\/ [kwfykHvnf;
&onf/ xdkolESpfa,mufonf uREkfyfa&SU tuRrf;w0if&SdMujcif;udk uREkfyf rjrifcJU&bl;ay/
q&mvGef;ESifh uREkfyfrlum; ol&d,wkdufom;rsm; tjzpfESifhvnf;aumif;? woufvkH;wGif
vnf;aumif; qufqHa&;wGif tzktxpfr&Sd? ajyajyjypfjypf &SdcJUygonf/ okdUESifhvnf;
q&mvGef;onf uREkfyftm; *sme,frsm;wGif av;csKd;jzifh uvdaom tvkH;uav;rsm;udk
taMumif;t&majymjy q&mvGef;u ola&;aeusjzpfaom pum;jyifrsKd;jzifh us,fus,fjyefUjyefU
qefU a&;xkwfvkdufaomtcg pmrsufESmeHygwf tawmfrsm;vm\/ q&mvGef;\ pum;
jyifa&;enf;rSm OD;Mobmo\ ZmwfBuD;q,fbJGUa&;enf;rsKd;uJUodkU um&efuav;awG iJUum
iJUum a&;jcif;aMumifh zwftvGefacsmarmaomfvnf; r*Zif;twGuf &SnfvGef;ouJUodkU
jzpfae\/ wGif OD;vSazonf uREkfyfudkac: acgif;BuD;okH;yk'fudk wqufwnf;
awmufavQmufajymNyD; a&;ckdif;\/
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av;ig;&ufMumaomtcgrS okH;yk'fa&;NyD; wifjyvdkufonf/ q&mvGef;onf uREkfyf\
yxrOD;qkH; vuf&mjzpfaom acgif;BuD;okH;yk'fudk zwfMunfh&mwGif OD;vSaz\ OD;acgif;rS
xGufaom tBuHrsm;[l olodNyD;jzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmpma&;ykHa&;enf;udk oabmusonfh
vuPmESifh ]][dkacG;rom;awG 'Davmufra&;wwfygbl;}} [k qdkum wdkuftkyfrsm;bufodkU
ar;aigh jybl;avonf/ trSefudk0efcH&vQif uREkfyfonf OD;vSazu erlemtjzpfESifh t,f'Dwm
tzGJUtm; a&;jybl;onfh acgif;BuD;wyk'fudk zwf&bl;ojzifh ol\ta&;tom;udk av;pm;vsuf
&Sdygonf/
q&mvGef;u txufygpum;udk ajymvdkufaomtcgwGif igonf OD;vSazxuf a&;wwfonf[k
pdwfBuD;0ifroGm;jcif;udk opmjyK ajym0HUygonf/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyf\ yxrOD;qkH;
acgif;BuD;rsm;udk q&morm;jzpfaom q&mvGef;u xdkuJUokdU ajymvkdufaomtcgwGifrlum;
igonf acgif;BuD;a&;jcif;tvkyfwGif vlnHUwa,mufr[kwfawmh[kqdkum vGefpGm tm;wuf
oGm;ygonf/
q&mawmfOD;Owr
- 190 -
ol&d,wdkuf oduRrf;&aom yk*dKvfausmfrsm;taMumif;udk azmfjy&mwGif q&mawmfOD;Owr

taMumif;udkvnf; azmfjy&ef vdkayvdrfhrnf/ ol&d,wdkufodkU uREkfyf a&mufNyD;aemuf
rsm;rMumrDtwGif; q&mawmfOD;Owronf uREkfyf\pm;yGJodkU vmxdkifavh&Sd\/ q&mawmf
onf uREkfyf\0wKrsm; zwfavh&Sdoljzpf&m uRekfyftm; (OD;baz? OD;vSazwdkUrSwyg;) wkdufom;
rsm;teufwGif pdwft0ifpm;qkH;wa,muf jzpf[ef&Sd\/ q&mawmfonf tdEd,jynfESifh
jrefrmjynfwkdUudk acgufwkHUacgufjyef ul;oef;oGm;vmvsuf&Sdaom EdkifiHa&;bkef;BuD;wyg;
jzpfjcif;? &cdkifom;jzpfonf qdkjcif;rSwyg; uREkfyf bmrQrodacs/ uREkfyfrSm xdkpOfu pmayrS
wyg; EdkifiHa&; pdwf0ifpm;jcif; r&Sdao;onfjzpf q&mawmftay: txifvnf;rBuD;?
pdwf0ifpm;rIvnf; enf;yg;vSonf/ uREkfyfonf ol&d,wwdkufvkH;wGif (r*Zif;t,f'Dwm
tjzpfESifh) tvkyftacsmifqkH;aom pmzwfolwa,muf jzpfcJUbl;&m q&mawmfonf uREkfyf
tvkyfacsmifjcif;udk odonfwaMumif;? 0wK0goemyg uRekfyftm; 0wKa&;orm;wa,muf
taejzifh cifrifav;pm;onfwaMumif;aMumifh uREkfyf\pm;yJGwGif tMumBuD;xdkifum pum;
ajymavh&Sd\/ uREkfyfurl pmzwfysufonfqdkum q&mawmftm; tomwMunfajymr&vQif
aigufyif xkwfcJUrdbl;ygonf/
xdkpOfu q&mawmfonf b,fqDrSm qGrf;bkrf;ay;onfrod? nOfhtcsdefrsm;wGifrlum; ol&d,
wdkufyif usdef;pufonf[k uREkfyf od&\/ uREkfyf\rsufpd q&mawmfonf bkef;BuD; ]*sydk;}
xJu xifrdonfESifh aigufxkwfrdjcif; jzpfygonf/ ]]wynfhawmfwkdUu udk,fawmfwdkUvdk
vltm;r[kwfygbl; bk&m;? vkyfEdkifrS pm;&wJUvlawGyg? t&Sifbk&m;vdk avryef;tm;ygbl;
bk&m;}} ponfrsm;jzifh ESifxkwfcJUrdbl;ygonf/ odkUaomf q&mawmfonf rQjzifhvnf;
remwwf? xuf Murf;Murf; avQmufvnf; remwwf? ESifxkwfonfhtcdkufwGif cPwjzKwf
xoGm; awmfawmfMumvQif pyfNzJpyfNzJESifh a&mufvmjyefygawmhonf/ aemufydkif;wGif
jrefrmjynf [kr&l; wpcef;xvmaom tcsdefwGifrlum; uREkfyfonf tvGefwefcdk;BuD;vsuf
&Sdaom ]i,faygif;} q&mawmfqdk zl;awGU&ef a&mufoGm;aomtcg tapmifhtMuyfawG
txyfxyf 0dkif;&Hvsuf&SdonfESifh yk*dKvfBuD;tqihfqifhxH 0ifcGifhawmif;NyD;rS q&mawmf
a&SUarSmufodkU a&mufcJU&jcif;udk BuKHcJU&bl;ygonf/ xdktcgwGif a&S;,cifu &Iyfonfxif
pm;yJGrS ESifxkwfcJUrdzl;aom tjcif;t&mudk owd&rdojzifh NyKH;cJUrdygao;onf/ ]a[h azodef;?
rif;u ighudk &Iyfw,fqdk} [laom rsufESmxm;rsKd; jyacsrnfavm[k uRekfyf tuJcwfao;&m
xdktrlt&mrsKd;um; jyawmfrrl&Smay/
tHUMozG, f bkef; ay;Edkifjcif;
- 191 -
a&TOa'gif;
uREkfyfonf q&mawmftm; ESifxkwfrdcJUbl;aomfvnf; pifppfrSm q&mawmf rBuD;us,fao;rD

tcsdefuyif q&mawmf\ tcsKdUaom pdwfaeoabmxm;rsm;udk MunfndK&aumif;rSef;
odonfESifh tdrfodkUyifh qGrf;ESpfBudrf auR;bl;ygonf/ qGrf;auR;jcif;udk vlodapvdkr[kwf?
q&mawmfOD;Owr\ bkef;ay;ykHxl;jcm;jcif;udk azmfjyvdkaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ qGrf;ESpfBudrf
auR;bl;onfhteuf yxrtBudrfrSm qGrf;vdkufaomZvkHBuD;ESifh bkOf;ay; wZvkHvkH;
tukefcRwfjcif;rQavmufom &Sdojzifh pmrzJGUavmufyg/ okdU&mwGif 'kwd,tBudrf auR;aom
tcgrl uREkfyfudk,fwdkif wtHUwMojzpfrdonfESifh q&mawmfOD;OwrtaMumif;ESifh ywfouf
pdwf0ifpm;rI &Sdolrsm;tzdkU azmfjyvdkufygonf/ 'kwd,tBudrf yifhaomtcgwGif q&mawmfu
]]ighrSm qD;csKda&m*g&Sdw,f? xrif;vJrpm;? *sKHvJrpm;? om;ig;oufoufom pm;w,f}} [k
trdefU&Sdvdkuf\/
uREkfyfonf q&mawmf\ bkef;ay;ykHtpGrf;udk odNyD;jzpf atmufygpm;p&mrsm;udk csufjyKwf
jyifqifxm;\/ (1)Muufwaumif &dkUpf(jyKwfausmf)? (2)t&nfcyfrsm;rsm;ESifh bJwaumif
pGyfjyKwf? (3)0rf;bJOajcmufvkH; [wfbGdKif? (4)0uftlacsmif;uif 25usyfom;? (5)ig;Muif;om;
aMumf 25usyfom;? (6)EGm;EdkU 50om;wkdUudk toifhjyifxm;NyD;vQif rdwfaqG udkcifarmifwifh
tm;vnf; xrif;pm;zdwfxm;\/ if;eHeufwGif uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf txl;wvnf rpDrHyJ
xrif;tdk;wvkH;om csufxm;\/ q&mawmf<uvm xdkifvkduf&mwGif uREkfyfwkdUvifr,m;ESifh
udkcifarmifwifhonf teD;wGifxdkifvsuf apmifhMunfhaeMu\/ q&mawmfonf bJwaumifvkH;
aygif;NyD; 0rf;bJOykHyef;uefBuD;wGif xnfhxm;aom pGyfjyKyf&nfxJrS w0ufcefUrQaom t&nfrsm;
udk aomufvdkufNyD;aemuf bJom;udk zJU bkOf;ay;\/ &iftkyfESifhaygifrsm; ukefonfhaemuf
awmifyH&dk;ponfrsm;udk udkufvdkufao;\/ if;aemuf &dkUpfvkyfxm;aom Muufaumifudk
vSrf;udkif bJaumifa&mufESifhaomae&modkU ydkUvdkuf\/ <uif;usefaom bJ&dk;ESifh Muuf&dk;
rsm;rSm tnDtrQavmuf&Sd rnfonfht&dk;wGifrS tom;xlxl uyfvsufr&Sdawmhacs/
Muufaumifukefonfhaemuf w0ufcefUusefao;aom bJpGyfjyKyf&nfxJrS aemufxyfw0uf
aomufjyef\/ teD;rS xdkifMunfhaeMuaom uREkfyfwdkUokH;a,mufonf wa,mufrsufESmudk
wa,muf vSrf;MunfhaeMuavNyD/ if;aemuf q&mawmfonf bJO[wfbGdKifajcmufvkH;ESifh
0uftlacsmif;udk bkOf;ay;&if; usefaeao;aom bJpGyfjyKyf&nfxJrS wcsufwcsuf wZGef;ESpfZGef;
cyfaomuf\/ if;wkdUuRwfaomtcg ig;Muif;om;aMumfudk vSrf;udkif tmajcmufaom
tcgwGif pGyfjyKyf&nfjzifh usKdufcs\/ ig;aMumfvnf;ukef pGyfjyKyf&nfvnf; ajymifavNyD/
wGifrS q&mawmfonf EGm;EdkU 50om;udk pum;wajymajymESifh wjznf;jznf; usKdufusKduf
csav&m uREkfyfrSm q&mawmf bkOf;ay;NyD;aemuf apmifhrMunfhEdkifawmhyJ zdwfac:xm;rdaom
{nfhonfESifh uREkfyfwkdUtwGuf bJuifwaumif ajy;0,f&ygawmhonf/ r&GHwwfvQif
q&mawmfudkuf csxm;aom bJ&dk;Muuf&dk;rsm;rS tom; tuyftoyfuav;rsm;udk
- 192 -
udkufpkwf,l&efrSwyg; bmwckrQ pm;p&mrusefawmhyg/ onfum; q&mawmfOD;Owr

udk,fawmf\ wxyfpm qGrf;bkOf;ay;awmfrljcif;aywnf;/
]rSD;}aom 0wKrsm;
1917ckESpf? rwfvxkwf yxrOD;qkH; ol&d,r*Zif;wGif uREkfyf\ ]]armifodef;wif rodef;&Sif}}
0wKwdkwyk'f xnfhoGif;NyD;aemuf wdkuftkyfOD;vSazu &Sm;avmh[krf; (Sherlock Holmes)
\ pkHaxmuf0wKrsm;udk rSD;NyD; jrefrm0wKa&;&ef tBuHay;onfhtavsmuf {NyDvxkwf
ol&d,r*Zif;wGif ]pkHaxmufarmifpH&Sm;} 0wK a&S;OD;pGm ay:xGufvmygawmhonf/ xdkpOfurl
t*Fvdyfpmwwfol ,ckxuf &Sm;ao;onfhtxJwGif 0wKzwfolrsm;vnf; tvGefenf;yg;Mu
ao;&um; armifpH&Sm;0wKrsKd; zwf&olwkdUu armifpH&Sm;onf a&TOa'gif;\ pdwful;jzifh
a&;om;jcif;jzpfonf[k rSwfxifMu\/ armifpH&Sm;0wKudkvnf;aumif;? &wemykH0wKudk
vnf;aumif; taMumif;jyK a&TOa'gif;tm; csD;usL;pum;ajymoHrsm;udk uREkfyfMum;&onfhtcg
&efBuD;atmif0wKudk csD;usL;jcif;uJUokdU uRekfyf *kPfr,lrdjcif; rSefygonf/ tcsKdUaom
t*Fvdyfpmwwfrsm;url uREkfyftm; (Plagiarism) ckd;csonf[k ESdyfESdyfe,fe,f pGyfpJGcsifMu
ygonf/ cdk;csjcif;[lonfrSm vlrodatmif wuGufwav cdk;csjcif;rsKd;udk qdkvdk taemufwdkif;
jynfrsm; tBuD;tus,f&Iwfcsjcif; jzpfyg\/ armifpH&Sm; tp&Sdaom uREkfyf\0wKrsm;rSm
wenf;tm;jzifh bmomjyefrQomjzpf&m wdkuf&dkufjyefcJUvQif Eke,fao;aom jrefrmpmzwf
y&dowftzdkU pdwf0ifpm;rI enf;yg;vdrfhrnf[k od&Sd&aomaMumifh ]rSD;} &kH oabmrsKd;jzifh
a&;om;jcif; jzpfygonf/ acwfwGif pmzwfolaygrsm;vmojzifh ]rSD;} jcif;xuf wdkuf&dkuf
oufouf jyefjcif;onf omoifhavsmfonf[k qdkcsifqdkEdkifaomfvnf; vGefcJUaom ESpfaygif;
40ausmf tcsdefurl ]rSD;aom0wKrsKd;udkyif (wdkuf&dkufbmomjyefjcif;xuf) ydk zwfcsifMu
ygonf/ ]rSD;} aomtvkyfonf pma&;q&mtwGuf pm;omonfum; rSefygonf/ aemufayguf
pma&;q&muav;rsm;onf a&S;vlrsm; pm;omjcif;udk remvdkMuonfh vuPmESifh awmifaumf
ajrmufaumf uavmfa&;om;Mujcif;rQom jzpf[efwlygonf/ uREkfyfonf vnf;aumif;?
uREkfyfaemuf ]rSD;} Muaom pma&;q&mrsm;onfvnf;aumif; rdrdwdkU ]rSD;} aom 0wKpmtkyfrsm;
atmifjrifrIaMumifh vufraxmif&JMuonf r[kwfyg/ olrsm;xuf tvsifarG; pm;vdkuf&
ayonf [lom atmufarhMuygonf/
yxrOD; *sme,f
- 193 -
a&TOa'gif;
&efBuD;atmif0wK? &wemykH0wK? &lyeED0wK? pkHaxmufarmifpH&Sm;0wK? &wemyl&0wK ponf

rsm;udk a&;om;NyD;aomtcgwGif a&TOa'gif;[laom trnfrSm tawmfwufvmcJUygavNyD/
xdkpOfurl 0wKbufwGif yDrdk;eif;ESifh uREkfyftjyif xifxif&Sm;&Sm; ray:xGufao;onfjzpf
*kPf,lavmufatmif r&SdvSyg/ a&;orQ0wKrsm; a&mif;pGH&kHrQavmufom &SdMuyg\/ okdUaomf
uREkfyf&&Sdaom ]rlydkif} wefzdk;aiGrSm renf;vSyg/ Oyrm &wemyl&0wKtwGuf ol&d,wdkufrS
aiG600d &cJUbl;&m if;aiGrSm acwf aiG3000dxuf renf;aomwefzkd; &SdaomaMumifh
awmfawmf[efonf[k qdkEdkifavmufyg\/ xdktcsdefwGif v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;buf rdwfaqG
jzpfcJUaom udkcifarmifwifhrSm &efukefNrdKU ukefonfvrf;wGif bm;rm;a[mufpf (Burma
House) trnfESifh jrefrmjynfjzpf opfom;yef;yk? qifpG,fyef;yk? aiGxnf? ,Gef;xnf paom
ypnf;rsm;udk EdkifiHjcm;om; c&D;onfrsm;odkU a&mif;onfhqdkifwqdkif zGifhvSpf tawmf
wGifus,fpGm a&mif;csvsuf&Sd\/ udkcifarmifwifhESifh uREkfyfonf jrefrmhAsL[m*sme,fac:
&ufowywfpOfxkwf pmapmifudk xkwfa0cJU&m jrefrmjynfwGif yxrOD;qkH; ]*sme,f} jzpfav
onf/ if;*sme,frSm wapmifwrwfa&mif; yef;a&mifrsufESmzkH;&Sdav&m *sme,fxGufaom
paeaeUnaersm; pma&;pmcsDrsm;\vufwGif wtkyfpD ukdifvmMuojzifh wNrdKUvkH; eDoGm;rwwf
jrif&jcif;rSm vkH;0wm0ef,lum pwifpDpOfxkwfa0&aom uREkfyftzdkU&m MunfEl;tm;wufzG,f
aumif;vSygayonf/ if;*sme,frSm udkcifarmifwifhu aiGpdkuf uREkfyfu tvkyftm;vkH;
twGuf wm0efcHjzpfavonf/ jrefrmhAsL[m*sme,frSm yxrOD;qkH;*sme,fjzpf y&dowf\
tm;ay;jcif;udk cH,l&&Sdygvsuf oufwef;r&Snf&jcif;rSm udkcifarmifwifhESifh uREkfyfwdkU
ESpfa,mufvkH;\ aysmhnHUrIESifh EkHcsmrIaMumifh jzpfavonf/ uREkfyftzdkU&m pdwful;bufwGif
vnf;aumif;? ta&;tom;bufwGif vnf;aumif; rnHUvSaomfvnf; tvkyfwckudk wm0ef
,lcsifonfh av;pm;rIr&Sdjcif;? udkcifarmifwifhbuf jrefjref oaX;jzpfcsifjcif;wnf; [laom
cRwf,Gif;csuf &Sdjcif;wkdUaMumifh *sme,fuav; ysuf&jcif;twGuf uREkfyf ESajrmvSonf/
,Of, Ofu av; zsufq D;jcif;

ae&m udkcifarmifwifhESifh uREkfyftaMumif;udk tenf;i,f azmfjy&ayOD;rnf/ rEav;NrdKU
v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;Xmebuf twlwuG tvkyfvkyfMupOf udkcifarmifwifhonf aysmfaysmf
aecsifwwfolwa,muf jzpfaomfvnf; ol\ pdwfwkdif;us &&Sdxm;aom r,m;udk av;pm;onfh
twGufaMumifh tvnftywfem;yg;aMumif; azmfjycJUbl;&m &efukefodkUa&mufaomtcgrl ol\
yxrtdrfaxmif ysufpD; 'kwd,tdrfaxmifrSm rdef;racsmwa,mufjzpfNyD; wOD;wnf;
arG;xm;onfh tvGefcspfpzG,faumif;aom om;uav;wa,mufESifh [efusvsuf&Sdaomfvnf;
av;pm;rIt&mwGif yxrtdrfaxmifudk rrSDacs/ cspfcifMuifemrIum; wlygvdrfhrnf/ av;pm;rI
- 194 -
um; rwlacs/ wGif udkcifarmifwifhonf aysmfaysmfaecsifwwfaom 0goemtwdkif;

tdrfrSxGuf aysmfaomtcsdef rsm;cJUavNyD/ uREkfyfonf ol\erlemudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh
pHa'0DESifh taMumif;ygcJUvQif awmfawmfNidrfvdrfhrnf[k ,lqrdjcif; jzpfygonf/
,ckaomf uREkfyfrSm yxrESifh'kwd, tdrfaxmifwkdUtay:wGif pHa'0DuJUodkU av;pm;rIr&Sd&um;
udkcifarmifwifhESifh ]buf} & twlwuG aysmfaysmfaecJUMuygawmhonf/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyfwdkU
aysmfjcif;rSm [dkw,fwckrSwckodkU ajymif;NyD; bdvd,ufxdk;,if; bD,maomufMujcif;rQom
jzpfygonf/ bdvd,ufxkd;jcif;? bD,mwykvif;wav aomufjcif;wkdUonf tjypfBuD;rsm;
r[kwfaomfvnf; pkaygif;vkdufonfhtcgrl aysmfonfxuf aysmfcsifaompdwfrsKd; waeUwjcm;
jyif;xefvm ,Of,Ofuav;ESifh vludkzsufqD;aom aysmfenf;rsKd;[l uREkfyf rSwfcsufcs
vdkufonf/ tjcm;vlrsm;twGuf rajymwwf? uREkfyfESifh udkcifarmifwifhwkdUrSmrl twGuf
aMumifh tawmf 'PfcHvdkuf&ygonf/ 'Pf[lonfrSm tjcm;r[kwf? tkd;ESifhqef rwefavmuf
atmif ydkufqHukefusjcif;yif jzpf\/ uREkfyfrSm xdkpOfu vcESifh 0wKa&;jcif;twGuf pkpkaygif;
200dausmf &&Sdygvsuf (aiG 200donf xdkacwf tawmfBuD; t&ma&mufonf/) nwdkif; 5usyf?
10d okH;jzKef;csifonfhtwGuf tb,frSm acsmifcsdEdkifygtHUenf;/ uREkfyfwdkU\tjypfum; tjcm;
r[kwf? vcwaxmifausmf&aom t*Fvdyft&m&SdBuD;rsm;\ aysmfyg;enf;rsKd;udk bdvdjyefq&m
udkcifarmifwifh\ vrf;jyjcif;t& oGm;&nfus twkcdk;rdjcif;yif jzpfavonf/
[efBuD;yefBuD; vkyfrdjcif;
tawmtwGif; uREkfyf\ ajczsm;axmufaom tjypfuav;rsm;vnf; yg&Sdao;\/ 1917-20
jynfhESpfrsm;wGif ol&d,aeUpOfowif;pmtwGuf 0wKrsm;udk uREkfyfwa,mufwnf; ]'kdifcH} a&;&
aomtjzpfodkU a&mufcJUavNyD/ ol&d,aeUpOfowif;pm t,f'Dwm OD;buav;onf tjcm;
pma&;q&mrsm; ydkUMuonfh 0wKrsm;udkvnf; rBudKuf? uREkfyftm;vnf; a&;ay;zkdU rajymcsifyJ
jzpfae\/ uREkfyfrSmvnf; jrefrmhAsL[m*sme,f? jrefrmhEk*[*sme,f ponfwkdUwGif aps;EIef;
aumif;aumif;ESifh a&;&aomaMumifh ol&d,aeUpOftwGufrl olwkdUuawmif;rS a&;ay;awmhrnf
[k [efBuD;yefBuD;vkyfvm\/ wGif OD;buav;onf tjcm;pma&;q&mwa,muf a&;onfh
0wKwyk'fudk aeUpOfowif;pmwGif xkH;pHtwkdif; xnfhay;vdkuf&m wvrQrMumrD pmzwfol
rsm;u 0dkif;qlMuojzifh &yfypfvkduf&\/ okdUESifh uREkfyftm;vnf; ta&;rcdkif;? uREkfyfuvnf;
r*Zif;twGufom wm0ef&Sdoljzpf aeUpOfowif;pmtwGuf rcdkif;yJra&;[k ayuyfae\/
ol&d,wkdufwGif txufydkif;vlBuD;rsm;jzpfMuaom OD;vSaz? OD;bazESifh OD;buav;wkdUonf
uREkfyfuJUodkUaom tjcm;vkyfom;rsm;tay:wGif AsL&dku&ufqefMuonf[k uREkfyf xifaom
- 195 -
a&TOa'gif;
aMumifh uREkfyfu wrifwum uyfzJUvkyfjcif;jzpf\/ uREkfyfESihftwl ESpfvcefU tvkyfvkyf

oGm;bl;onfh yDrdk;eif;uvnf; twdkif;yif xifjrifcsuf&Sd uREkfyftm; ajrSmufay;bl;onf/
onfrSm uREkfyf\tjypf[l rxif/ tjcm;ae&mrsm;wGif odyfonf;pGm aexdkifwwfygu
uRekfyfyif rEdkifapOD;? t&IH;xGufvdrfhrnfrxifyg/ ,ckrSm &orQaiGudk udkcifarmifwifhESifhtwl
(azmfjycJUonfhenf;twkdif;) vufusefrxm;yJ okH;jzKef;ypfcsifwwfonfh uREkfyf\ tusifhqdk;
aMumifh tnHUcHcJU&bl;ygonf/
tqifrajyrIrsm;
ol&d,wdkufESifh ywfouf uREkfyftnHUcHcJU&ykH tjcif;t&mudk razmfjyrD ol&d,wkdufom;
tcsKdUESifh uREkfyf tqifrajyrIuav;rsm;&SdykHudk azmfjyygOD;rnf/ ol&d,t,f'DwmtzJGUwGif
uREkfyfonf vctBuD;qkH; r[kwfaomfvnf; (OD;bazESifh OD;vSaz 300d rQpDvnf;aumif;?
OD;buav; 180drQvnf;aumif;? vG,ftdwfOD;bvIdifESifh olBuD;a*ZufOD;cifarmifwkdUrSm uRekfyf
ESifh ydefromvdrfromrQvnf;aumif;? udkboef;rSm uREkfyfESifh wef;wlrQvnf;aumif; &&SdMu
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- 196 -
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- 200 -
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vdkyif usifvnfrI&Sdavonf/ uREkfyfwdkUvlpkonf 0&efwmxdkifvsuf a&qdyfbufodkU
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- 213 -
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{nfhonfawGygvdrfhvdkU armfhMunfhukefMuNyD; raeUnu olBuD;tdrfudk 0efaxmufrif;eJU
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eJUawmif ar;ukefMuNyD aemifBuD;&JU}}
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udk0ifharmf\pma&;uav;u udk0ifharmf\a&SUarSmuf uREkfyfwdkUtm; uJUodkU vGwfvyfpGm
ajym0HUjcif;udk awGU&jcif;tm;jzifh udk0ifharmfonf vufatmufi,fom;rsm;ESifh ta&mw0if
qufqHavh&Sdjcif;udk uREkfyf tuJcwfEdkifayonf/
a&qdyfESifh uREkfyfwkdU&Sdaeaom opfawm&kH;rSm vGefpGmreD;uyfvSaomfvnf; a&cyfvmMuaom
tysKdrsm;teuf rnfonfum; acsmonf? rnfonfum; racsm [lonfudk tuJcwfEdkif
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armifjru tysKdacsmrsm;\ trnfemromru rdbtajctaersm;udkyif ajymjyEdkifavonf/
teD; MunfhwrsKd;
- 214 -
naeav;em&DavmufrSp tysKdrsm; a&cyfqif;Mu&m ig;em&DcefU &SdaomtcgwGif tysKdwdkif;

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tysKdacsmum; rnf0g ponfjzifh uREkfyf rsufrSef;wef;rdukefavNyD/ (racsmaom tysKdrlum;
ta&twGufwGif rxnfhoGif;acs/) uREkfyf a&mufbl;orQaom aus;&Gmrsm;teufwGif
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ovJAsKdU udk0ifharmf}} [k ar;vkduf&m udk0ifharmfu ]]a[h zkd;uGef;? a&vJydkif;wdkU rsufESmokwfy0g
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]c,fravmif;} uav;yif jzpfavonf/ uREkfyf\ wwd,ZeD;avmif; (rpdk;) rSm a&cyfolrsm;
teufwGif ryg0ifacs/ (rpdk;rSm xdkpOfu touf 22ESpf &SdNyDjzpf if;\nDr ti,fESpfa,muf
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a&csKd;Mu rdef;rBuD;okH;a,mufwkdUvnf; atmufydkif;rS a&csKd;vsuf&SdMu\/ azmifpGef;jzpfonfh
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- 215 -
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cyfaxmifaxmif vkyfvdkufvQifrlum; jrKyfoGm;rnfjzpfaMumif; rdefUawmfrlbl;avonf/ uREkfyf
onf q&mawmf\pum;twdkif; a&Twacsmif; prf;oyfMunfh&m [kwfrSefaMumif; awGU&\/
okdUjzpf uREkfyfrSm a&rul;wwfyJvsuf a&ay:atmif ]azmh} Edkifvsuf&SdavNyD/ waeUo
uREkfyfESifharmifykonf bkef;BuD;ausmif;rS xGufNyD; q,fhokH;av;ESpft&G,fwGif tjcm;
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a&ul;wwfMu\/ tjcm;oli,frsm;onf azmifpGef;wGif a&ul;vsuf&SdMupOf uREkfyfrlum;
urf;yg;teD; cg;avmufrQomeufaom ae&mwGif (Nrdwfq&mawmf\enf;twdkif;) wa,muf
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tm;jyKvkdufonfwGif a&ay:okdU OD;acgif;ay:vm jzpf&ykHtajctaeudk uREkfyf jrif&ygawmh
onf/ wGif wpfBudrfxyf vefU&jyefygawmhonf/ jzpfaeykHrSmum; uREkfyfonf azmifBuD;\
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tjcm;vufwbufjzifh uREkfyf\vufwbufudk qGJzrf;xm;jcif; jzpfavonf/ armifykujrif
uREkfyf a&rul;wwfjcif;udk odonfESifh ajy;vmNyD; azmifudkudkifum uREkfyftm; qJG,lvdkufjcif;
jzpfavonf/ tu,f armifykonf uREkfyf\tajctaeudk tcsdefrDrjrifvdkufyJ wpuefUrQ
aemufusoGm;onf qdkygrlum; uREkfyfrSm rSwfwrf;jzifh pmzwfy&dowftm; nSOf;yef;cGifh
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tacsmifa&ul; wwfjcif;
- 216 -
1914 ckESpf wGHaw;NrdKUokdU uREkfyfa&mufoGm;pOf ]0gqdk0gacgif a&azmifazmif} qdkaom&moD

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roefUjyefUaomfvnf; if;&moDrl {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;a&ozG,f MunfvifoefU&Sif;vsuf &Sd\/
okdUjzpf acsmif;udkausmcdkif;um aqmufvkyfxm;onfh tdrfrsm;rS vlrsm;onf tdrfaemufaz;
ydkif;udk a&qdyfjyK acsmif;xJodkUckefqif;um a&csKd;Muavonf/ wnae a,mufzESpfa,muf
u uREkfyftm; a&csKd;&atmif[kajym tdrfaemufaz;rS ckefqif;Muav&m uREkfyfvnf; if;wkdU
aemufrS ckefqif;vdkufav\/ ae&m ]a&wdrf} [lr&Sd/ ckefcsvkdufonfESifhwNydKifeuf
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um; ]a&ul;wwfNyD;} [laom txifrSm;rIaMumifh wu,ful;wwfjcif;jzpfonfudk oufaocH&J
ygonf/ odkU&mwGif rul;wwfyJvsufESifh ul;wwfonf[k wrifwumxifzdkUrSm tvGef
cJ,Of;aom udpwcktaejzifh tBuHay;vdkjcif;um; r[kwf&yg/
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ESpfa,mufokH;a,mufvnf; a&csKd;vsuf&SdaMumif; a&;om;azmfjycJU&m udk0ifharmfonf a&csKd;&if;
wef;vef;rS rdef;rBuD;rsm;&Sd&modkU avQufoGm; azmifpGef;udk vufwbufjzifh udkifwG,fum
a&csKd;aeaom rdef;rBuD;teD;odkU csOf;uyfvsuf]]bmvkyfwmvJAs a':jrifh}}
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- 217 -
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udk0ifharmfu ]]awmtkyfuawmfBuD;ayghAsm? aumif;wJUrdef;rBuD; r[kwfbl;As? vifudk'kuay;wJU
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tqif; ESifhtcsif;
- 218 -
if;a'o\ xkH;pHwckrSm w&yfwaus;rS vlysKdwa,mufonf tysKdwa,mufudk ]vnf} vdkonf

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ojzifh rdef;uav;rsm;onf) a&Tbdke,fuvlrsm;xuf ]ref;qef} onf[k qdkxdkufygayonf/
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- 219 -
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jyefawmhrSmrdkUvm;}} [k jyefar; ]zifNrJNrD;wdkif; NrJyghavawmhonf/ olvkyfykHESifhqdkvQif
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t&mwck jzpfay:vm&avNyD/ zl;pma&;ewf\ zefwD;csuf[k qdk&efrSmvnf; uRekfyf\ezl;wGif
ol\ ]pm} awG tawmfxyf aeayawmhrnf/ okdUaomf txJwGif pHa'0D\ trnfwck
yg[efr&Sdjcif;twGuf tHUMordonf/ a&;NyD; zsufypfjcif;ayavmvnf; rajymwwfacs/
rawGU bl;onfh tpfrBuD;

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vdkufcJUzdkU ac:\/ ol\tBuHrSm uREkfyftm; xD;csKdifhNrdKUodkU a&mufapvdkonfhjyif NrdKUtkyfuawmf
rSmvnf; uRekfyf\tpfrawmfpyfaMumif; olod rdwfqufay;&ef jzpfavonf/ armifESifhtpfr
jzpfvsuf ]rdwfquf} [laompum;udk okH;&jcif;rSm atmufygtaMumif;aMumifhjzpf\/ rEav;
atbDtrfausmif; ynmoifMupOf ysOf;rem;NrdKUrS udkyktrnf&Sd ausmif;om;wa,mufonf
uREkfyfwdkUESifhtwl wwef;wnf;&Sd 9wef;udk wNydKifwnf;atmifoGm;\/ udkykonf oDaygbk&if
- 220 -
vufxufu opfBudwf0ef\om;jzpfav&m uREkfyf\rdcifESifh opfBudwf0efrSm aqGrsKd;awmfonf

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udk0ifharmfu uRekfyfudk ac:oGm;jcif;jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfwdkUonf xD;csKdifhbufokdUul; NrdKUtkyf
uawmf rrav;\tdrfodkU a&mufMu&mwGif udk0ifharmfu ]]tpfrBuD; olUudkodovm;}} [k
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vkyfwwfaomt&mwGif ausmif;om;uwnf;u emrnf&vmcJUaom udk0ifharmfonf rrav;\
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udk uREkfyfbufodkU wGef;ydkUum ]]pm;ygAs? vkyfygAs? aomufygAs}} [k wkdufwGef;av\/
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- 221 -
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jzpfav&m om;BuD;orD;BuD;rsm;vnf; &Sd[efwlonf/) rrav;\ pum;wvkH;rSm olUorD;
tBuD;awGtzdkUawmh vuf0wfvufpm; jynfhpkHcJUvSNyD/ rdrdrSmawmh ,ckrSpkaqmif;&onf qdkum
tjcm;aom NrdKUtkyfuawmfrsm;xuf acRwma&;avhusifhonfonf[k vlwdkif;u ajymMu\/
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tdrfaxmiftwGuf jzpfavoavm? okdUwnf;r[kwf? yxrtdrfaxmifrS orD;BuD;rsm;twGuf
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(oljyKaomurrSwyg;) bmrQygroGm;jcif;um; aocsmonf/
vl&nfrvnfaom jrawmifo m;rsm;

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pdwfwdk} jzpfaom udk0ifharmfonf a'gojzpfvm cwfajy;aom iSuform;rSm rnfolrnf0g
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- 222 -
uJUodkU oabmaumif;aom 0efaxmufwa,muftm; uJUokdU jyKrlvdrfhrnfr[kwf[l uREkfyf

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tjyKtrludk tHUMordonf/
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]]udkif;vmAsm? oGm;r,f}} [kqdkum xGufvmMuavonf/ toufig;q,f ausmfNyDjzpfaom
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jrif&av&m nDtpfrrsm; jzpfwef&monf[k tuJcwfrd xdktwdkif; rSefuefjcif;udkvnf;
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rSefuefaMumif; awGU&onf/ &Gmol&Gmom;rsm;onf udk0ifharmf\ ajcuefrIESifh ywfouf
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- 223 -
a&TOa'gif;
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NyD;aemuf tdrfay:rS qif;vmcJUMuav\/
tysKdacsmrsm;ESifh tuRrf; 0ifykH

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vdkufoGm;&av&m q&m0efESifhvlem\ wm0efudk uREkfyftm;vTJxm;cJU aeUwdkif; oGm;MunfhzdkU
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udk0ifharmfr&Sdonfh &ufowywftwGif; aeUpOfvdk awGU&aomfvnf; rdwfjzpfaqGjzpfom
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tjcm;aom tysKdacsmrsm;ESifhvnf; oduRrf;atmif vrf;azmufvsuf&Sdygonf/ uREkfyfonf
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- 224 -
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wpkHw&m vpf[if;ayghavsmhrI&SdcJUvQif xkacsvTmawmif;cH&&kHrQavmufESifh NyD;Edkifaomfvnf;
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opfawmbuf t&m&Sdrsm;tm;vkH;ESifh e,fbufqdkif&m 0efaxmuf? NrdKUtkyfrSp &GmolBuD;rsm;
wdkifatmif twdkif;yif em;vnfxm;Muavonf/
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twGif; awmMuyfawmacgif;rsm;u ae&mtESHUtjym;wGif qm;rsm; pkHykHcsxm;Mu&\/ qm;rsm;
a&mufatmif wifydkU&jcif;rSm e,ft&m&Sdrsm;\wm0efjzpf awmMuyfawmacgif;rsm;u if;
qm;rsm;udk oifhavsmfaomae&mrsm; pkykHMu&\/ awmwd&pmef&dkif;rsm;onf tiefBudKufwwf
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awmwd&pmefrsm;udk erf;aygif;&Gm e,fw0dkuftwGif; pk&kH;a&muf&SdvmMuapjcif;iSm qm;ykHrsm;jzifh
jzm;a,mif;aoG;aqmif,ljcif; jzpf\/ awmwd&pmefrsm;onf qm;udk vmvsufMuav&m
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vSnfhvnf ]tifpyuf&Sif;} vkyfaom t&m&Sdu wckaomqm;ykH qm;jywfvyfaejcif;udk
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taMumif;udk t&m&Sdu ta&;r,lyJ oufnSmvdkufygvQifvnf; olUtxuft&m&Sdu
(&Gmom;rsm;\ tultnDjzifh) wenf;enf; odwwfonfjzpf t&m&Sdyg jyKwfzdkU aocsm
avonf/
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tv,favmuf a&mufonfqdkvQif qm;BudKufwwfaom awmaumif[lorQonf (rBudKufaom
awmaumifrsKd;vnf; cyf&Sm;&Sm; &Sdvdrhfrnf/) erf;aygif;&Gmywf0ef;usifwGif ajccsif;vdrfrwwf
aygrsm;vsuf&Sd\/ xdktawmtwGif; if;ywf0ef;usifwGif Muufuav;? iSufuav;rQ rypf&[k
wm;jrpfxm;\/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf aoewfoHMum;vQif waumifwavjzpfap xdwfvefU
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ESifhwuG ywf0ef;usifudk ajymifpifatmif vSJusif;okwfoifxm;Mu&ay&m if;wkdUtzdkUrSmvnf;
woufwGifwcg BuKH&cJaom ]awmvnfyJG} BuD;jzpf arQmfwvifhvifh &SdaeMuav\/ aeU&uf
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bk&ifcHESifhtzJGU\ tapcHrsm; wnf;cdk&eftwGuf wJtkHuem;rsm;ESifh tvdk&Sd&m cdkif;ap&eftwGuf

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aeUwGif tpdk;&oabFm okH;av;pif;onf jrawmif&Gmtxuf&Sd a&ysH&GmodkU qdkufuyf bk&ifcH
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aumif;jrwfaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk odxm;&onfhjyif rdcifzcifwkdU udk,fwdkifuvnf;
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xGufoGm;cJUygonf/
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qm[mukwfbwvm\ ae&mvnf;aumif;? uREkfyfonf twGif;0efcsKyfae&mvnf;aumif;

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- 235 -
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a&S;enf;twdkif; a&G;cs,fxm;onfh uRef;yifwGif vufrSwfxkd; opfckwform;ESifh vTJxm;cJU
- 236 -
avonf/ odkUjzifh awmtkyfuav;rsm; a&G;cs,fxm;onfh uRef;yif&Sd&mrS ]0l;} oHMum;wdkif;

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- 241 -
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- 242 -
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- 243 -
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- 254 -
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aqmif&Gufay;jcif;udk BuKH&bl;ygonf/ odkUaomf vlwa,mufum; wcgw&HwGif ]rif;pdwf}
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- 255 -
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1922ckESpfOD;wGif uREkfyfonf &efukefodkUqif;NyD; pma&;q&mtjzpfESifh toufarG;zdkU rpdk;ESifh
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0rf;a&;twGuf olMunfhNyD; pDrHay;rnf[k ajym\/ udk0ifharmfajymonfqdkvQif jiif;zkdUcufaom
vlwa,mufjzpfjcif;udk uREkfyfodNyD;jzpf\/ aemufqkH; jrawmiftxuf 18rdkifcefUa0;onfh
urf;eD&GmwGif t*Fvdyfausmif;axmifzdkU pDpOfav\/ urf;eD&Gm opfukefonf av;ig;OD;&Sd
if;wkdUwGif ausmif;om;t&G,f om;rsm;vnf; &SdMu\/ rdbrsm;onf om;rsm;udk t*Fvdyfpm
oifvdk NrdKUBuD;rsm;odkU ydkUcsifMuaomfvnf; (jrefrmrdbrsm;\ xkH;pHtwdkif;) om;uav;rsm;udk
pdwfrcsjcif;? tpm;taomuf qif;&Jrnfudk pdk;&drfjcif;? rcGJekdifjcif; paom tcuftcJrsm;aMumifh
&Gmausmif;om xm;Mu&m udk0ifharmfu uREkfyftaMumif;ajym t*FvdyfpmoifzkdU wdkufwGef;
vkduf&mwGif 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om oabmwlMuavonf/ opfukefonfokH;OD;onf tdrfwvkH;udk
0,f ausmif;wnfNyD;vQif ausmif;om;rsm; pkaqmif;vdkuf&m 15a,mufESifh ausmif;vc w&m
ausmfcefU &&Sdav\/ xdkpOfurl xif;? a&? aetdrf ponfwkdU&aom vifr,m;ESpfa,muf
twGufrSm if;aiGrQonf aumif;pGmvkHavmufonfjzpf uREkfyfonf if;tvkyfudk vufcHvdkuf
avonf/ odkUjzpf azazmf0g&Dvqef;wGif uREkfyfwdkUvifr,m;onf a,mufzuav;
wa,mufESifhtwl urf;eD&GmodkU ajymif;a&TUoGm;Muav\/
auseyfzG,faomESpf
uREkfyfonf Ak'bmomausmif;wBudrf? tar&duefausmif;wBudrf? nDawmfarmif\ ausmif;
wBudrf vydkif;rQavmufpD ausmif;q&mvkyfcJUbl; uREkfyftzdkU tqef;topfr[kwf? taMumif;
odNyD;jzpfaom tvkyfwck jzpfygonf/ uREkfyfem;vnfonfum; tvkyfonf cPwjzKwf
twGuf pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif; aysmfp&mBuD;wckyif xif&aomfvnf; tvGef NiD;aiGUvG,faom
tvkyfrsKd;jzpfavonf/ q&myg&rDygaom yk*dKvfrsm;twGufrSm rwwfaomvl? odkUr[kwf
- 256 -
uav;rsm;tm; wwfatmif oifjyay;&jcif;onf 0rf;omp&m aysmfp&maumif;onf[k ,lqMu

ayvdrhfrnf/ uREkfyfrSm pum;ajymcsifaom vlwa,mufr[kwf? uavmiform;oufouf
jzpfonf[k udk,fh[mudk,f odNyD;jzpfaomaMumifh ESpf&Snfwm0efrcHyJ okH;ESpftwGufrQom
y#dnmOfay;cJUygonf/ oifjy&rnfhynm&yfrSm t*Fvdyfbmomwckwnf; qdkaomaMumifh uREkfyf
oabmusvSonf/ yxrESpf awmxJodkU ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh A[kokwtzkdU aysmfyJGpm;
xGufjcif;? jrpfxJ orefavSmfjcif;? &Gufwdkufjcif;? [dk&Gmonf&Gmrsm;odkU oGm;vnfjcif;
ponfrsm;jzifh awmfawmfaysmfrdygonf/ oli,fuav;rsm; wwfvG,fapjcif;iSm ausmif;BuD;rsm;
uJUodkU wywfvQif ESpf&ufrydwfyJ w&ufwnf;ydwfjcif;? aEG&moDwGifvnf; ausmif;zGifhjcif;?
nOfhtcsdefrsm;vnf; oli,frsm; pmusufMuonfudk apmifhMunfh ar;Muonfrsm;udk ajzjcif;
ponfjzifh pdwfygvufyg oifjy&mwGif ausmif;axmifay;aom opfukefonfrsm; vGefpGm
auseyftm;&Muonf/ if;&GmodkU e,fvSnfh&efa&mufvmMuonfh ynmtkyf? awmtkyf? ykvdyf?
tifpywfawmf? taumuf0efaxmuf? taumufpma&; ponfrsm;onfvnf; tjcm;ae&m
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armMuESifh aysmfp&mBuD;jzpfcJUygonf/ 1922ckESpfrSmrl auseyfzG,faomESpf[l rSwfwrf;wif
Edkifygonf/
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1923ckESpfOD; uREkfyfonf jrif;waumif0,f jrif;pD;tavhtusifh jyKvkyf\/ jrif;rSm t&dkif;
r[kwf? ]tom;us} oifNyD;jzpf&m uREkfyfrSmvnf; tawmftwef jrif;pD;wwfNyD;jzpf tvGef
[efusvsuf&Sd\/ uREkfyfonf a&S;acwft*Fvdyf0wKrsm;udk zwf&uwnf;u jrif;pD;jcif;
tvkyfudk ]&l;} rwwf oifcsif a&Tbdke,fwGif OD;ab;? baxG; paomaqGrsKd;rsm;\ jrif;rsm;udk
tcGifhBuKHwdkif; iSm;pD;jcif;tm;jzifh omref&Gmom;wa,mufrQavmufawmh wwfajrmufvsuf
&Sdyg\/ jrif;pD;0goemygaom uREkfyftzdkU&m omusifvnfpGm pD;wwfatmif yg&rD
jznfhay;&ma&mufonfh tjcif;t&mwckudk azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/ (pGefUpm;&jcif; 0goemygaom
uREkfyftzdkUrSm jrif;pD;jcif;onf tE&m,f&Sdwwfjcif;udk rqGuwnf;u em;vnfNyD;jzpfygonf/)
uREkfyf0,f,lvkdufaom jrif;rSm jrif;aumif;jrif;qwfwaumifjzpfay&m jrif;&Sif (tif;wkdif)
pD;yGm;a&;tajc r[efaomfvnf; olUjrif;udkcspfonfESifh ra&mif;yJ zufwG,fxm;onfwGif
ausmif;om;wa,muf\zcifu ZGwfwG,fuyf 0,fay;aomaMumifh uREkfyf &vdkufjcif;
jzpfavonf/ jrif;ay:okdUwuf wacgufavmuf armif;Munfhvdkufuwnf;u jrif;um;
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- 257 -
a&TOa'gif;
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vlBuD;[k ajymMurnfxifonf/) BudrfvkH;udkifzdkUrvdk? ]pkwf} woyfoyfESifh acsmhpD;&aom
jrif;rsKd;jzpf\/ tcuftcJwck&SdonfrSm jrefrmwkdUpD;enf;jzpfaom ]tom;us} ajy;enf;rSm
pdwfxefvGef;vQif ]'kef;} ajy;wwfay&m odkUqdkvQif ]azmuf} onfqdk wefzdk;r&SdyJ jzpfoGm;\/
]tom;us} [lonfrSm ajcav;buf&Sdonfhteuf ajrBuD;ay:wGif wbufpDcsum ajy;&jcif;
jzpfav&m ajcESpfbufpD ]pkH} cs ckefajy;jcif;? ]okH;acsmif;axmuf} ajy;jcif; ponfwkdUrSm
jrefrmoufouf jrif;yGJrsm; tokH;r0if? ]azmuf} onf[k qdkavonf/ jrif;waumifonf
wwfEdkiforQ tjrefqkH;vnf; ajy;&rnf/ ajcESpfbufyl;ckefNyD; ]uqkef} ajy;jcif;rsKd;vnf; rjzpf
ap&/ onfum; jrefrmjrif;ajy;enf;\ ta&;BuD;aom tcsufaywnf;/ uREkfyf\jrif;rSm
uREkfyfvufodkUa&mufvmrS *&kwpdkufauR; 00vifvifjzpfvmonfESifh ]vyfuD;} (uHaumif;)
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cufonf[k we,fvkH;uajymMu uREkfyfavhusifhjcif;udk vlwdkif;u pdwf0ifpm;vsuf&SdMu\/
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tvGefpdwf0ifpm;vsuf&Sd\/ jrif;udk Edkifeif;atmif pD;jyEdkifvQif jrif;0goemygolaygaom
if;t&yf emrnfwvkH; xGufvm&rnf[k uREkfyf arQmfvifh\/ ]jrif;pD;aumif;} wa,muf
tjzpfESifh &aomemrnfonf ]b,favmufwefzkd;&Sdrnfenf;} [k ar;MuvQif (a&Tbdkjrif;e,fom;
tquf jzpfaomaMumifhayavm rqdkEdkif/) jrif;pD;orm;rsm;tay: vlarmfvkyfEdkifvQif
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jrwfEdk;rdygonf/ uREkfyfonf ig;&ufwywf avhusifhNyD;aomtcgrsm; jrif;udk pdwfwkdif;us
Edkifeif;atmif b,fuJUokdU pD;&ygrnfenf;[k tBuHxkwfjcif;aMumifh tdyfraysmfEdkifaom naygif;
vnf; tawmfrsm;vSygNyD/ ratmifjrifao;acs/
avsmfvkduf&jcif;
- 258 -
uREkfyfaexkdifaom urf;eD&GmwGif wbufwcsuf tdrfrsm;&Hvsuf&Sdaom &Gmv,fvrf;&Sd&m

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vyfuD;u ]ajcom} onf[k uREkfyfodaomfvnf; razmufatmif Edkifeif;pGmpD;zdkU tcuftcJ
awGUaejcif; jzpfavonf/ wnae uREkfyfonf &Gmv,fvrf;wavQmuf a&SUqkH;rS pdkif;vmpOf
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tE&m,frsm;jcif;udkjrif &Gmhjyif jrif;avhusifh&eftwGuf jrif;vrf;oufoufazmufvkyf&ef
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ulvDrsm; iSm;&rf;um jrif;vrf;BuD; azmufvkyfavonf/
jrif;pD; 0goem
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jzpfavonf/ xdkaiG50drQudk Edkif&eftwGuf uREkfyfonf aiGw&mausmfESpf&m tukefcHzdkUvnf;
OD;av;rnfr[kwfacs/ tawmtwGif; a&TvD&dk;jrif;&SifxHrSvnf; rcHcsifpzG,f qGay;onfh
pum;oHrsm; Mum;vsuf&Sd\/ vyfuD;udk jrif;pD;orm;wpfOD;apvQif qwlavmif;rnf/ uREkfyf
(ausmif;q&m) pD;vQif ESpfav;ay;rnf ponfjzifh toHay;vsuf&Sd\/ (trSefrSm tawmf
oduRrf;olrsm;jzpf uREkfyfxHrS aiG50dudk &vdkr[kwf? rcHcsifatmif ceJUjcif;rQomjzpfonf/
taMumif;udkvnf; uREkfyf &dyfrd\/ okdU&mwGif jrif;csif;vnf;aumif;? vlcsif;vnf;aumif;
Edkifudk Edkifvkdufcsifonf/) aMu;wef;pm;jrif;pD;orm;onf 5&ufwywfwkdif; vyfuD;udk
avhusifhay;aomfvnf; NydKifyGJoGif;avmufatmif Ekdifeif;aomtajcodkU ra&mufacs/ av;ywf
- 259 -
a&TOa'gif;
Mumvwfaomf a*smfuD vufavQmhoGm;&avNyD/ ESpfaumifNydKifpD;zdkU rqdkxm;bd? waumifwnf;

yif ydyd&d&dEdkifEdkifeif;eif; rpD;EdkifyJ jzpfaeawmhonf/
tywfwukw f avhusifhykH
jrif;pD;orm; vufavQmhaomfvnf; uREkfyfum; vufravQmhao;acs/ uREkfyf pOf;pm;rdonfrSm
um; vyfuD;onf (jrif;pD;orm;vnf; odNyD;jzpfonfhtwdkif;) wkd;ajy;zdkUrvdk? &Sd&if;ajctwdkif;
razmufapyJ wnfwnfBuD;ajy;zdkUom vdkonf/ wnfwnfBuD;ajy;,if; azmufoGm;jcif;rSm
a'goBuD;jcif;aMumifh? okdUr[kwf pdwfxefvGef;aomaMumifh jzpfonf/ pdwfxefaomjrif;udk
tvGeftrif;rxefatmif xdef;csKyf&efrSm jrif;pD;orm;onf ZufudkomtokH;jyKEdkifonf/ igonf
Zufudkifjcif;tvkyf aMu;wef;pm;jrif;pD;orm;xuf usifvnf&ef wwfEdkifzdkUr&SdNyD/ okdUjzpfvQif
igonf vyfuD;udk rnfonfhenf;ESifh xdef;odrf;tkyfcsKyf&ef jzpfEdkifygrnfenf;/ wGif
tBuHwck ay:vm\/ vlESifhjrif;onf ]Zuf} jzifhom qufoG,fEdkifonfr[kwf? pdwfjzifhvnf;
qufoG,fEdkif&rnf/ odkUaomf pdwfjzifh b,fuJUodkU qufoG,facsrnfenf;/ okdUESifh tBuHwck
xyfay:vmonfrSm ighudk cspfcifatmifvkyfNyD; ighpdwfudk jrif;odatmifvkyfay;ygu
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]vufyGef;wwD;} ae\/ Adkufoyfausmoyf vkyfay;\/ Muifemaom toHESifh jznf;nSif;pGm
pum;ajym\/ iSufaysmfcGHpaom jrif;BudKufwwfonfh tpmuav;rsm;udk uREkfyfudk,fwdkif
auR;\/ jrufudkyif tcgwdkif;uJUodkU ausmif;om;uav;rsm; rauR;apyJ udkifwdkifauR;\/
]pD;vSJUcs} aomtcgvnf; jrefjrefajy;zdkU? odkUr[kwf jznf;jznf;ajy;zdkU ponfudk EIwfjzifh
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vyfuD;onf uREkfyf\tvdktwdkif; tawmfBuD; vdkufvmonfudk awGU&\/ ajzmifhjzL;vsuf
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ajy;csif\/ uREkfyfonf ol\ajc&yfajcuJudk ausmay:rS tuJcwfvsuf vdkufvm&m tvGef
ajy;aeaom tajcokdU a&mufygvsuf wkd;NyD; ajy;csifao;aom ol\pdwfudk uREkfyf&dyfrd&mwGif
]]ighom; ajz;ajz;uG,fh}} [k jznf;nSif;pGm owday;vkdufonfESifhwNydKifeuf NidrfhueJ NidrfhueJ
jzpfoGm;jcif;udk awGU&\/ odkUr[kwfvQif a'goawG0ifvmNyD; [wfxkd;vJrwwfajy;&mrS
wowfBuD; ]azmuf} oGm;NyD; xdef;r&atmif jzpf&ayawmhrnf/ enf;jzifh uREkfyfonf
tjcm;vlrsm; r&dyfrdapyJ rdrd\jrif;udk wjznf;jznf; avhusifh,lygawmhonf/ wcgw&HwGif
tu,fvTwf prf;csifaomtcg &GmteD;&Sd jrif;vrf;ay:wGif rarmif;yJ awmvrf;odkUxGufum
]vTwf} prf;av&m vyfuD;onf uREkfyf\pum;udk em;axmifaMumif; awGU&av\/
- 260 -
twdkif;qdkvQif a&TvD&dk;rS jrif;udkEdkifzdkU aocsmavNyD/ uREkfyf rQavmuf tywfwukwf

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qDrS &zdkUjzpfaomaMumifh vdkawmhvdkcsifygonf/) jrif;a&m vla&mtwGuf *kPfvkdcsifonfhjyif
uREkfyfudk,fwdkifpD;vQif ESpfav;ay; avmif;rnfqdkojzifh rcHcsifvSaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/
awmtkyfudkodef;az
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vufatmufcH tif;&Gmtaumufpma&; jzpfav&m (xdkUaemufrS awmtkyfBuD;jzpfonf/) rpdk;ESifh
uREkfyf taMumif;ygonf[k Mum;uwnf;u jrawmifokdUvmNyD; wrifMunfhcsifavmufatmif
uREkfyftay: pdwf0ifpm;vsuf&Sdonf[k ajymbl;\/ okdUaomf urf;eDokdUa&mufrS vm
Munfhjzpfonf/ olESifhuRekfyf awGUaomtcg uREkfyf\tdrfwGifjzpf udk0ifharmfvnf; &Sdonf/
udkodef;azESifhuREkfyf awGUMu rsufESmcsif;qdkifvdkufMuonfESifh wNydKifeuf (toufcsif;
&G,fwljzpfonf/) wa,mufESifhwa,muf cifrifMurnfh vlESpfa,mufjzpfjcif;udk ESpfa,mufvkH;
yif odMuaomfvnf; cyfNydKifNydKifoabmxm;Mujcif;udkvnf; &dyfrdMu\/ NydKifcsifonf qdk&m
tjcm;r[kwf? rnfolu ]pkH}onf qdkjcif;udk NydKifvdkMujcif;yif jzpfonf/ trSefrSm olonf
w0dkufwGif ]vlvnf}BuD;wa,muftaejzifh emrnf&xm;oljzpf uREkfyfudk txifBuD;NyD;vQif
uREkfyfESifhprf;vdkjcif; jzpfavonf/ ol\pdwfudk uREkfyf tuJcwfrdaomfvnf; pGefUpm;jcif;paom
tvkyfrsKd;rSwyg; olESifhuREkfyf r,SOfNydKifEdkifjcif;udk uREkfyfod tapmBuD;u vufajrmufNyD;
jzpfygonf/ Oyrm 0DpuDb,fESpfcGuf? bD,mb,fESpfykvif; ukefatmifaomufEdkifjcif; paom
tvkyfrsKd;udk uREkfyfonf rnfolESifhrQ rNydKifvdkyg/ odkUaomf tzJGUESifhaomufMuvQif
udk,fhwm0efausNyD; ajErysuf xdef;odrf;EdkifzdkUum; BudK;pm;ygonf/ yxrpawGUaom
aeUyif uREkfyfonf udkodef;aztm; rnfonfhudprsKd; NydKif0HUonf? rnfonfhudp rNydKif0HU?
rNydKifcsif ponfjzifh tMurf;tm;jzifh &Sif;vif;jyvdkuf&m tuif;yg;aom vlwa,mufjzpf
olUe,fudk,fhe,f ydkif;jcm;NyD; AdkvfvkyfMu&ef em;vnfoGm;Muygawmhonf/ odkU&mwGif
vlESpfa,mufNydKif AdkvfvkcsifaomtcsufrSm jrif;pD;twwfyif jzpfavonf/
udko def; azESifhvyfu D;
- 261 -
a&TOa'gif;
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- 262 -
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- 263 -
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- 264 -
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wif&rnfrod jzpfae\/ &Gmom;rsm;teufrS 'kef;jrif;pD;bl;ol r&Sd/ uREkfyfrSmvnf; ]tom;us}
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xifrdaomfvnf; xdkuJUokdUr[kwfyJ ykcufvTJouJUodkU ndwfueJ ndwfueJ &Sdatmif tvGef
nifompGmajy;wwfaom jrif;rBuD;jzpfonfESifh ZdrfESifhvkdufum udkodef;azudk vSnfhMunfhvdkuf
- 265 -
a&TOa'gif;
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- 266 -
]]b,fhES,fvJ udkodef;az}}
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ajy;&Sm\/ okdUjzpf avmufpmu okH;ckefrQESifha&mufaom c&D;wmudk vyfuD;u av;ckefckefum
rSDatmifvdkuf&\/
- 267 -
a&TOa'gif;
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uREkfyfonf vyfuD;\ausmay: ukef;vsufvdkufygvmpOf ol\ tm;pdkufvGefjcif;udk od&
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om;BuD;a&U? vyfuD;uGaemf? Budwfvdkufprf;uG}} [k nmoHay;vdkufav\/ uREkfyf\yg;pyfrS
- 268 -
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t&Sdefum; vkH;0ravQmhacs/
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- 269 -
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- 270 -
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ay;ojzifh armfhcsvdkufNyD;rS uREkfyf ajzmifhwef;pGm pum;ajymEdkifygawmhonf/
wu,fowdaumif;aom vlrsm;onf odkUaom tawGUtBuKHrsm;wGif b,fuJUodkU &SdMurnf
rqdkEdkif? wu,fhowdr[kwfyJ pGefUNyD;&J&aom uREkfyftzdkUrSm tjzpftysufudk jyefawG;rdwdkif;
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jzpfaomaMumifh BuKHawGUcJU&orQonf ]tjrwf} [l oabmydkufrdygonf/ uREkfyfu tptqkH;
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orQaom 'kef;yGJrsm;teufwGif pdwft0ifpm;qkH;jzpfaMumif; tm;&yg;& 0efcHav&m uREkfyf
tzdkUrlum; ajymzG,f&mr&Sdawmhacs/ xdkcP jrif;rsm;udk ukef;jzKwfNyD;Muaom wynfhrsm;onf
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cifAsmhaumifu Zufudk oGm;eJUudkufNyD; ],l} ajy;awmhwmudk;As? cifAsm; uHaumif;vdkUAsKdU?
- 271 -
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rao&aomfvnf; udk0ifharmfESifh udkodef;azwkdUu uREkfyf\ um,Av (vufarmif;tm;) udk
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- 272 -
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prf;Munfh&myif vyfuD;onf uREkfyf\pum;udk em;raxmifawmhaMumif; od&avNyD/
udk0ifharmfu wdkufwGef; ]zGifh} pD;vdkuf&mwGif vyfuD;onf jrif;rBuD; csOf;uyfjcif;udkyif
rcHcsifawmhyJ w ]ql} wnf; qlvsuf&Sd\/ ]]jznf;jznf;uG,fh ighom;&JU? vluav; vyfuD;}}
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nId;i,fvsuf &Sdawmh\/ udk0ifharmfonf xdktjcif;t&mudk jrif tm;emykH&onf/ tkef;oif\
tom;usajconf usJusJBuD;&Sd avmufpm\ajcxuf omrnfudk cefUrSef;EdkifMu\/ vyfuD;udk
uREkfyf Edkifeif;atmifpD;EdkifpOfu tkef;oifESifh tom;us ajccsif; prf;rMunfhvkduf&jcif;twGuf
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udk0ifharmf0rf;enf;jcif;
xdknOfh udk0ifharmfu rbdef;bk&m;yJG &ufowwywfausmfvdkao; tcsdef&SdaomaMumifh
vyfuD;ESifh tkef;cGHwkdU pD;zdkUudpudk pum;rjzwfvdkufao;zkdU taMumif;? oluyif aiG50d &IH;csif&IH;
pdkufxkwf avmif;rnfjzpfaMumif; ajymygonf/ xdktcg uREkfyfu jrif;ESpfaumif NydKifyJG
avmif;aMu;onf y"mer[kwf? jrif;\*kPfESifh jrif;&Sif\*kPfom y"mejzpfaMumif;?
avmif;aMu;qwlESifh pD;Muaom jrif;yGJjzpfcJUvQif &IH;onfjzpfap? Ekdifonfjzpfap ta&;rBuD;vS
- 273 -
a&TOa'gif;
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0goemygaom awmtkyfuav;wa,mufESifh ykvdyft&m&Sdwa,mufonfvnf; &GmodkU
a&mufaeMu tjcm;wtdrf wnf;cdkvsuf&SdMu\/ uREkfyf\ausmif;rl udkodef;az &Sdae
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aomaMumifh ae&mr&EdkifMuay/ udkodef;azonf olBuD;udknSif;udkac: wdkifyifNyD;aemuf

awmtkyfuav;ESifh ykvdyft&m&SdwkdUtm;vnf; ac:,laqG;aEG;\/ (awmacsmufaomtvkyfrSm
aoewform; rsm;avaumif;avjzpfonf/) aemufqkH; xdkaeUnaeapmif;wGif awmacsmufMu
&ef oabmwlMu &Gmom;rsm;pkaqmif;&ef pDpOfMuavonf/
]awmacsmuf} jcif; [lonfrSm rnfokdUjyKvkyf&jcif;jzpfonfudk rMum;bl;onfh tcsKdUNrdKUom;rsm;
em;vnfapjcif;iSm azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/ awmwd&pmefwkdUrnfonfrSm ntcsdefrsm;wGifrS tpm&Sm
xGufwwfMu aeUtcsdefwGif csKHxlxyfonfh awmtkyfaumif;aumif; tdyfMuonfu rsm;
avonf/ orif? '&,f? acsi,f paom (trJ) wd&pmefrsm;rSm aeUtcsdefrsm;wGif &Hzef&Hcg
awGUwwfao;aomfvnf; usm;? usm;opf paom (rkqkd;) wd&pmefrsm;rSmrl waeUvkH; tdyfwwf
aeUtcsdefwGif awGU&cJvS\/ awmacsmufjcif;[lonfrSm awmwd&pmefrsm; tdyfwwfjcif;udk
awGUjrif&bl;onfh udkif;awm odkUr[kwf csKHwef;rsm;udk &Gmom;tajrmuftjrm;wdkUu obuf
owf 0dkif;xm;Mu tjcm;wbufrS apmifhaeMuonfh aoewform;rsm;xHokdU acsmufay;
Mu&jcif; jzpfavonf/ ,if;odkUacsmufay;&mwGif rdrdwdkUae&mrS&yfNyD; acsmufay;&kHr[kwf?
udkif;awm? odkUr[kwf csKHrsm;udk jzwfoef;um wbufodkU azmufxGufvmonfhwdkifatmif
vlrsm;udk,fwdkifvdkufNyD; acsmufay;Mu&\/ awmacsmufolrsm;onf udkif;awm\wbufwGif
pk&kH;Mu wa,mufESifhwa,muf vufwurf;omomrScGJum pDwef;MuNyD;vQif udkif;awmxJodkU
wnDwnmwnf; 0ifMu&\/ 0ifonfESifhwNydKifeuf vufwGifygaom vSH? cuf&if;? wkwf
ponfwkdUjzifh udkif;yifrsm;udk wAkH;AkH;&dkuf,if; yg;pyfrSvnf; ]]a[;? [m;? 0l;? 0g;}} ponfjzifh
toHrpJatmifatmfum a&SUodkU wjznf;jznf;wkd;vmMu&\/ wGifudkif;awmxJ tdyfaysmfae
aom wd&pmefrsm;onf vefUEdk;Mu toHrsm;vmaombufudk uGif;a&Smifum toHa0;aom
bufodkU ajy;Mu&\/ wcgw&HwGifrl ttdyfBuD;onfh usm;paom wd&pmefrsKd;ESifh &ifqdkifawGU
&onfjzpfap? wcgw&HwGif wufeif;vkrwwf uyfawGU&onfjzpfap BuKH&wwfonf[k
Mum;&bl;avonf/ awmwd&pmefrsm;onf tvefUwMum; xajy;Mu udkif;awmbufodkU
azmufxGuf&mwGif toifhapmifhaeaom aoewform;rsm;\ ajymif;0okdU a&mufMu\/
wcgw&Hrl aoewform;rsm;\tvkyfonf ajymoavmufracsmifvS/ udkif;awmxJrS tvefU
wMum; xGufajy;vmonfh wd&pmefrSm trJr[kwfyJ usm; (rkqdk;) jzpfaeojzifh rkqkd;csif;
&ifqdkif&jcif;rsKd;vnf; BuKH&wwfonf[k qdkavonf/ tvkyfrsKd;rSm aoewfESifh xdkifapmifh
&aom rkqdk;xuf awmacsmufay;&aom &Gmom;rsm;tzdkU om tE&m,frsm;aomfvnf;
0goemygaom &Gmom;rsm;onf rdrdwdkUtwGuf arQmfvifh&ef&Sdonfh trJom; ]a0pk} aMumifh
vdkufvdkol r&Sm;vSay/
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a&TOa'gif;
usm;opfawGU&jcif;
uREkfyfonf awmacsmufjcif;udk rjrifbl; vdkufMunfhvdkonfESifh udkodef;aztm; pkHprf;Munfh&m
udkodef;azu txufygtwdkif; ajymjyonfwGif rQavmufqdkygu tE&m,frrsm;vS[k
oabmxm;um twlvdkuf&ef qkH;jzwfvkdufav\/ xdkaeUnae okH;em&DtcsdefcefUwGif
aoewform;av;a,mufESifh uREkfyfonf awmacsmuf&rnfhae&mokdU a&mufMuaomtcg
&Gmom; 30cefUESifh acG;ajcmufaumifcefU a&mufaeMuavNyD/ tvkyfrsKd;wGif q&mBuD;jzpfaom
udkodef;azonf tjcm;aoewform;okH;a,mufwkdUtm; ae&mcsxm; olUtwGufvnf; ae&m
wck ,lav&m uREkfyfonf olESifhtwl aeavonf/ xdkUaemufrS awmacsmufrnfh &Gmom;rsm;
tm; csKHawm\ tjcm;bufodkU vTwfvdkuf\/ csKHyifrsm;rSm ]ukef;aA'g} ac:onfh tyifrsm;jzpf
vufckyfwazmifcefU jrifhav&m jrefrmjynf\ a&rsufESmjyifwGif aA'gyifrsm; wkd;yGm;aygrsm;
vsuf &SdMuonfhenf;wl if;tyifrsm;onfvnf; tnma'owvTm;wGif wkd;yGm;vsuf&Sdjcif;
aMumifh ]ukef;aA'g} [k trnfay;Mujcif; jzpfonfqdk\/ uREkfyfESifh udkodef;azwdkUonf
ukef;aA'gawmtpGef; opfyifwyifatmufwGif xdkifvsuf&SdMupOf uREkfyfu]]tE&m,fawmh &SdEdkifrxifaygifaemf udkodef;az}}
]]jzpfawmh jzpfcJygw,f? odkUaomf jzpfawmh jzpfbl;w,fAsKdU? cifAsm;tzdkU pdwfcs&atmif
'Dopfyifay:u wufMunfhygvm;Asm}}
udkodef;azESifh udk0ifharmfwkdU\ jcm;em;csufrSm udk0ifharmfonf tajctaersKd;wGif uREkfyftm;
opfyifay:okdUwufzdkU pum;pyfvdrfhrnfr[kwf/ olESifhtwlaeaprnf jzpfavonf/
]]'Dvdkqdk usKyf opfyifay:u wufMunfhr,fAsm}}
]]wufyg? usKyfu 0efaxmufrif;OD;0ifharmf r[kwfygbl;}}
uREkfyfonf udkodef;aztm; aus;Zl;wifaomfvnf; zGifhrajymyJ opfyifay:odkU wufav\/
opfyifxufrSrl ukef;aA'gyifrsm;ay:rSausmf &Gmom;rsm;udkyif jrif&onfESifh &Icif;aumif;
vSonf/ udkodef;azu]][dkvlawG a&mufukefMuNyDvm;AsKdU}}
]]a&mufukefMuNyDAsKdU? ayokH;av;&mavmuf a0;vdrfhr,fxifw,f}}
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]]pDwef;ukefMuNyDvm;}}
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&dkufoHESufoHrsm;udkvnf;aumif;? ]]0kef;? a0g? *def? *if}} jrnfaom acG;oHrsm;udkvnf;aumif;
Mum;Mu&av&m uREkfyfonf olUae&mESifhol apmifhaeMuaom aoewform;rsm;udkvnf; jrif&
toifhjyifqifMujcif;udkvnf; awGU&onf/ toHrsm;onf wjznf;jznf;eD;vm us,fonf
xuf us,fvmMu&m tawmfeD;uyfvmaomtcgwGif wvIyfvIyfjzpfaeaom ukef;aA'gyifrsm;
\ xdyfzsm;rsm;udkyif opfyifay:rS uREkfyfjrif&\/ w0ufcefUa&mufvmMu uREkfyfwdkUESifh
ayw&mausmfcefUta0;wGif acG;waumifonf ]]*def *def}} jrnfvsuf aemufokdUjyefqkwfajy;aom
toHudk Mum;&\/
]]bmvJAsKdU udkodef;az}}
udkodef;azonf vufjyvsuf ]]usm;vm;? usm;opfvm;yJ? wdwfwdwfAs}} [k wD;wdk;ajym\/
vuPmrSm acG;onf usm;? okdUr[kwf usm;opfESifhawGUojzifh vefUjzpfap? ykwfrdaomaMumifh
jzpfap jyefqkwfajy;Mujcif; jzpf[efwlonf/ opfyifxdyf vkHNcKHpGm&Sdaeaom uREkfyfurl pdk;&drf
p&mr&SdonfESifh usm;jzpfap? usm;opfjzpfap raMumuf/ jzpfcsif;jzpfvQif usm;taumifBuD;
jzpfapcsifonf/ aemufwcP uREkfyfwdkU&Sdaeaomae&mESifh wnfhwnfhBuD;wGif ukef;aA'gyif
rsm;onf wvIyfvIyf&Sd&mrS vIyf&Sm;rIonf wjznf;jznf; a&GUvm aA'gawmuav; ecrf;
tpGef;odkU a&mufcJUavNyD/ taumifwrsKd;rsKd; vmaejcif;jzpf&rnf[lum; uREkfyf awG;qEdkif
onf/ udkodef;azvnf; xdkae&modkUyif pl;pdkufumMunfhaejcif;udk uREkfyfjrif&\/ aemuf
wcP vIyf&Sm;vsuf&Sdaom aA'gyifrsm;tMum;rS OD;acgif;wjcrf; ay:vm&m usm;opf
waumif\ OD;acgif;jzpfonf[k uREkfyfod&\/ udkodef;azvnf; jrifykH&\/ uREkfyfurl
udkodef;az ypfvdkufawmhrnf[k arQmfvifhvsuf&Sd\/ udkodef;azrlum; rypfyJ aoewfESifhom
csdefxm;\/ aemufwcP usm;opfonf udkodef;azudk jrifvdkufonfhvuPmESifh jAKwfueJ
wGefUqkwfum OD;acgif;jyef0ifoGm;NyD;aemuf aA'gyifrsm;\tzsm;onf usm;opfoGm;aom
vrf;aMumif;twdkif; vIyfoGm;Mujcif;udk opfyifay:rSuREkfyf jrifvdkuf&\/ yxr udkodef;az
rypfvdkufjcif;udk pdwfxJu tjypfwifcsifaomfvnf; usm;opfaemufrS &Gmom;rsm;&Sdaejcif;udk
csufcsif;owd& udkodef;azrypfvkdufjcif;taMumif;udk em;vnfygonf/ uREkfyfonf aA'gyif
xdyfzsm;rsm; vIyfoGm;aom usm;opfvrf;aMumif;udk rsufpdESifhvdkuf Munhfvsuf&SdpOf if;
t&yfqDrS uGdefueJ acG;atmfoHMum;&jcif;ESifhtwl vlrsm; tvefUwMum; atmf[pfMuaom
toHrsm;udkvnf; Mum;&\/ aemufwcP aA'gcsKHawmudkazmufxGuf vsm;ueJ vsm;ueJ
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a&TOa'gif;
ajy;oGm;aom ow0gwaumifudk jrif& aocsmpGmMunfhvdkuf&mwGif usm;opfwaumif

jzpfaMumif; odvdkuf&onf/ ckeifuusm;opfonf udkodef;azudkjrifonfESifh vSnfhjyefNyD; tjcm;
bufrS azmufxGufoGm;jcif;jzpfonf[k uREkfyfawG;qEdkifonf/
awm0ufx Gufajy;ykH
usm;opfazmufxGufoGm;jcif;aMumifh vlrsm;ESifhacG;rsm; tawmfz&dkz&J jzpfoGm;onfhvuPmESifh
tvefUwMum; atmfvdkufMuNyD;aemuf &Gmom;rsm;onf wzefwmplMujyef uREkfyfwdkU &Sd&m
bufodkU ,ciftwdkif; qufvufacsmufxkwfvmMujyef\/ uREkfyfonf aA'gyifxdyfzsm;
uav;rsm; vIyf,drf;jcif;udk opfyifxufrS arQmfMunfhaepOf taumifwaumif ajy;vmonfh
vuPmESifh uREkfyfwdkUbufodkU aA'gyifxdyfzsm;uav;rsm; vIyfvmonfh vrf;aMumif;udk
jrif&\/ taumifonf &yfcsnfajy;csnf vkyfvmjcif;\ txdrf;trSwfrSm aA'gyifxdyfzsm;
uav;rsm;u jyvsuf&Sd\/
vIyf&Sm;jcif;onf awmuav;\tpGef;tzsm;okdU a&mufvmavNyD/ aemufqkH; aA'gawm
tpGef;rS jyL;Munfh[efESifh awm0ufwaumif\ ESmoD;zsm;uav; ay:xGufjcif;udk uREkfyf
jrif&\/ awm0ufonf udkodef;az&Sdaeaomae&mESifh wnfhwnfhr[kwf? ayw&mavmuf
uGmvSrf;vdrfhrnf/ udkodef;azvnf; if;udkjrif\/ odkUaomf rypfao;yJ aoewfESifhcsdefxm;\/
10puefUrQ awGvsuf&yfaeNyD;aemuf awm0ufonf aA'gawmuav;xJrS &kwfw&uf
w[kefxdk;ckefxGufNyD;vQif awmuav;udk aemufcdkif;um wnfhwnfhBuD; avQmufajy;av\/
udkodef;azonf awm0ufudk aoewfESifh csdefvdkufpOf (vlvdkufjcif;r[kwf? aoewfvdkufjcif;
jzpfonf/) awm0ufESifh&Gmom;rsm; wwef;wnf;r[kwfaomae&modkU a&mufonfESifhwNydKifeuf
]'dkif;} ueJ wcsufypfvdkuf&m awm0ufonf ajrBuD;ay: vdrfhoGm;jcif;udk jrifvdkuf&\/ uREkfyf
0rf;omrnfjyKqJwGif awm0ufonf ajrBuD;ay:rSx ,ciftwdkif; ajy;jyef\/ udkodef;azonf
ESpfvkH;jyL;aoewfwGif xdk;xm;onfh vufusef,rf;awmifhjzifh wcsufqifh ypfvdkufojzifh
awm0ufonf vdrfhoGm;jyef\/ wBudrfrl awm0ufonf rxEdkifawmh&kHomru vIyfyif
rvIyfEdkif&Smawmhacs/ (&Sm[laom u&kPmpum; a&;om;jcif;rSm ,aeUtjrifESifh a&;jcif;jzpf&m
xdkpOfutjrifrlum; rsm;rsm;aoav yDwdjzpfav &SdcJUygonf/) xdktawmtwGif; tjcm;
aoewform;rsm; &Sd&mrSvnf; aoewfoHrsm; w'dkif;'dkif;Mum;vsuf&Sd\/ pkpkaygif; 6csufxuf
enf;rnfrxif/ okdUaomf aemufqkH; pkpkaygif; awm0uf 3aumif &&Sdavonf/
- 284 -
udko def; az\vufpGrf;

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u csdefvTwfaomae&mudk wnfhwnfhBuD;xdrxd? xdcJUvQif b,frQavmuf A[dkusonf ponf
rsm;udk Munfhavh&SdMu\/ tjcm;aoewform;rsm; ypf&aom om;aumifrsm;udk MunfhMuNyD;
aemuf a&S;OD;pGmypfoljzpf ESpfypf,l&aom udkodef;aztm; tjcm;aoewform;rsm;u
rnfonfhae&mokdU csdefypf rnfonfhusnfqefrsKd;ESifh ypfvdkufaMumif; ar;Mu\/ udkodef;azu
rdrd\ESpfvkH;jyL;aoewfwGif t,fvf*sD (usnfqefig;vkH;ygaom,rf;awmifh) um; wbuf?
usnfrBuD;um; wbuf? (usnfqefwckwnf;ygaom ,rf;awmifhudk qdkvdkonf/) xdk;xm;
aMumif;? csdefaomtcgwGif a&S;OD;pGm t,fvf*sDESifhypf a&SUvufarmif;&if;odkUcsnf; csdef
ypfvdkufaMumif; ajymjy\/ aoewform;rsm;onf udkodef;azypfaom0ufaumifudk vSefavSm
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av\/ jzpfaeykHum; udkodef;azcsdefypfvdkufonfh 0uf\ vuf,mbufvufarmif;&if;
ig;yGifhqdkif 'Pf&muav;ig;csuftjyif tv,fA[dk 'Pf&mBuD;wcsuf awGUMu&aomaMumifh
aywnf;/ t"dym,frSm yxrypfvdkufaom t,fvf*sDusnfqefig;ckonf csdefonfhtwdkif;
yckH;odkU xdrSefxm;onfhjyif wzefxajy;aomtcg xdkae&mqDokdU csdefypfvdkufjyefygawmhvnf;
wckwnf;aomusnfronf ,cifxdrSefxm;onfh 'Pfcsufig;csuf\ tv,fA[dkodkU jzpfay
aomaMumifhwnf;/ (A[dkqdkaomfvnf; vuf,mbuftxufaxmifhokdU rqdkpavmufuav;
csOf;uyfoGm;jcif;udk uREkfyfawGU&onf/) aoewform;rsm;onf tvGeftHUMoonf/ rsufESmxm;
rsm;ESifh udkodef;aztm; csD;usL;Muavonf/ uREkfyfonfvnf; a,mifaygifa&maESmNyD;
]uGef*&ufusL;av;&Sif;} vkyfcJU&ygao;onf/ (rdwfaqGudkodef;azonf tjcif;t&mudk
tvGef*kPf,lonfh vuPm&Sday&m taMumif;udk wae&m&mwGif waeUaeU uRekfyfa&;xnfh
ay;rnf[k uwdjyKbl;onfhtwdkif; ae&mwGif a&;xnfhay;vdkufavNyD/ ol\ ]0dnmOf} onf
wae&m&mrS ESpfodrfhMunfEl;jcif;jzpfvdku jzpfEdkifygapaomf) aoewform;av;a,mufwkdUonf
0ufaumifrsm;teufrS waygifpDvnf;aumif;? uREkfyftwGuf waygifvnf;aumif; vSD;jzwf,l
Mu usefaom0ufom;rsm;udk &Gmom;rsm;tm; ay;vdkufMu\/ ( awmacsmufjcif;
acG;waumifrSm usm;opfykwf tawmfemoGm;onf[k od&onf/)
udko def; azESifhuREkfyf

aEG&moDwnaewGif udkodef;aza&mufvm (udk0ifharmf ajymif;a&TUoGm;onfhaemuf udkodef;az
ESifh uREkfyfonf udk0ifharmf\rSmxm;csuftwdkif; udkufnDum wa,mufESifhwa,muf wkd;
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a&TOa'gif;
cifrifvmMuonfrSm olurSmcJUaomaMumifh [kwfonfrxif/ rdwfaqGwa,muf avsmhoGm;jcif;

aMumifh usef&pfoltcsif;csif; wkd;cifrifMujcif; jzpf[efwlonf/) xkH;pHtwdkif; uREkfyfwkdU\
ausmif; wnf;cdkav&m tpm;taomufrSm tdrf&SifESifh{nfhonfwdkU wm0efcJG,lMu\/
udkodef;az\tvkyfrSm ]atmufqdkuf} &TifaomtvkyfrsKd;jzpf ukefusp&m&SdvQif olucsnf;
wm0ef,lygayonf/ q&muawmfa':pdk;\ 0w&m;rSm aumif;aumif;csufjyKwf&kHom&Sdavonf/
uREkfyfwdkU\ausmif; udkodef;azjzpfap? udk0ifharmfjzpfap wnf;cdkMuaomtcgwkdif; tapmqkH;
tdyf&m0ifMuaomtcsdefrSm oef;acgifausmfjzpf ESpfESpfcefU aygif;oif;qufqHrdMu&mwGif
udkodef;azESifh uREkfyfrSm obm0csif; twlrsm;onfESifh ajymp&mpum; tawmfrsm;aeMuavNyD/
wlnDaomobm0[lonfum; cspfcifaomoli,fcsif; vkyfaomtvkyfrsKd;qdkvQif (olwyg;tm;
xdcdkufaponfh &mZ0wfrIrsKd; r[kwforQ umvywfvkH;) bmrqdk vdkufvkyfcsifwwfjcif;udk
qdkvdkonf/ Oyrm ok&mar&, tvkyfrsKd;buf olaomufvQif aomufrnf? ol ]&I} prf;vQif
&Iprf;rnf? olyGJoGm;vQif vdkufrnf? ol&efjzpfvQif olUbufulrnf [lonfwkdUjzpfonf/
okdU&mwGif tqdk;bufcsnf;oufouf[l rqdkvdk? taumif;bufwGifvnf; taomuftpm;udk
oljzwfvQif jzwfrnf? olpmzwfvQif zwfrnf? tbd"rmudk olavhvmvQif avhvmrnf [lonfh
oabmxm;rsKd; &SdMuonf/ (udkodef;azonf c&pf,efwa,mufjzpfaomfvnf; a*gwrAk'
taMumif;udk qmtuf'0iftmEdk;a&;om;onfh tm&Swdkuf\tvif;a&mif (Leght of Asia)
ac: Ak'0ifpmtkyfBuD;udk uREkfyf\wkdufwGef;csuft& zwfonfESifh Ak'tm; tvGefMunfndKaom
pdwf jzpfay:onftxd tusKd;&SdoGm;onf/ uREkfyfuvnf; olnTefMum;onfh OyepfoQ'fESifh
b*0g*Dwwnf;[laom [dELusr;fpmrsm;udk zwfygonf/ uREkfyfyif wcgu tawmf ESpfouf
oGm;bl;ao;\/ okdU&mwGif aemufydkif; uREkfyf w&m;tm;xkwfaomtcg c&pf,eformusrf;?
[dELusrf;ESifh Ak'tbd"rmwdkUudk EIdif;,SOfcsufxkwfum &Sif;jyjcif;aMumifh udkodef;az tawmfBuD;
vdkufygvmonf/) onfwdkUrSm pum;pyfrQom azmfjyjcif;jzpf&m uRekfyf\ &if;ESD;aom
rdwfaqGrsm;taMumif; a&;om;aomtcgwGifrS udkodef;az\ xl;jcm;csufrsm;udk azmfjyygOD;rnf/
xdknOfhwGifvnf; udkodef;azESifhuREkfyfonf wa,mufESifhwa,muf rawGUrDu tjzpftysuf
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- 288 -
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- 294 -
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- 298 -
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- 299 -
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- 300 -
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- 301 -
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- 302 -
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- 303 -
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- 306 -
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- 308 -
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- 309 -
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- 310 -
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- 312 -
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- 314 -
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qGrf;0dkif; uREkfyfrSwyg; <uif;usefaomyk*dKvfBuD;rsm;onf &Gmxdk&GmwdkUrS ausmif;xdkifyk*dKvf
xdyfoD;BuD;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ qGrf;bkOf;ay;MupOf uRekfyfonf MumZH[if;csKdwZGef;udk vSrf;,l
aomufvdkuf&m i&kwfaumif;cwfxm;onfhtwGuf rTefwufoGm;NyD; vnfacsmif;xJ? ESmacgif;xJ
rS ,m;usdusdjzpfum ]cGD;} ueJ ]oD;} awmhrnfhqJqJ jzpfae\/ tu,f oD;vdkufrdacsaomf
qGrf;w0dkif;vkH; aya&npfywfoGm;NyD; pm;zdkUaumif;awmhrnfr[kwfyJ uREkfyfvnf; t&SufuGJ&
acsawmhrnf/ tjcif;t&mudk &dyfueJ owd&vdkufrdaom uRekfyfonf vnfyif;udk &kwfw&uf
udkifvsuf ]]roD;eJU}} [k trdefUay;vkduf&m rTefwufjcif; &kwfw&ufaysmufoGm; aumif;rGefpGm
qufvuf qGrf;pm;Edkifygawmhonf/ okH;Budrfteuf wwd,tBudrf atmifjrifjcif;twGuf
0rf;omrqkH; jzpfcJU&ygawmhonf/
jrawmif? 0ufvuf? &efukef

rdbrsm;a&m uREkfyfyg yg;&Sm;aomtcdkufjzpfonfESifh aq;aumif;0g;aumif;rSD0J&ef rwwfEdkifyJ
&Sd&mwGif uREkfyf\tzsm;rSm iSufzsm;jzpfonf[k odaomfvnf; ESpfvcefUrQ cHvdkuf&onf/
uREkfyftzdkUrSm 'kwd,tBudrf iSufzsm;jzpfjcif;aMumifh raoEdkif[k t&rf;pdwfcsxm;onfESifh
rnfrQavmuf tzsm;BuD;onfjzpfap rdrdtwGuf pdk;&drfaMumifhMujcif;r&Sd? uGmEdkifaq;rQavmuf
jzifh wjznf;jznf; emvHxlcJU&onf/ zcifonf &ufowwywfcefUavmufwGif jyefoGm;
rdcifrlum; uREkfyfwdkUESifhtwl ae&pfcJUonf/ ESpfvcefUMum tzsm;vGwfaomtcg uRekfyfrSm
tom;r&Sdoavmufjzpf t&dk;ESifhta&rQom usefcJUygonf/ aumif;pGmusef;rmvmaomtcg
uREkfyfwdkUokH;a,mufonf 0ufvufodkUjyefMu ,ciftwdkif; 0dkif;vkyf0dkif;pm; aexdkifMujyef
- 316 -
avonf/ ,if;okdU&SdpOf nDawmfarmif\ om;a&vkyfief;rSm aps;rudkufyJ&SdonfESifh uRekfyfonf

ol&d,wdkufwGif twlwuG tvkyfvkyfcJUbl;onfh (vG,ftdwf) udkbvIdifxHodkU tvkyftudkifESifh
ywfouf pkHprf;aompmwapmif xnfhvkduf\/ udkbvIdifrSm xdktcg e,l;bm;rm; &ufjcm;
t*Fvdyfowif;pm xkwfa0vsuf&Sd&m uREkfyftm; if;wkdU\wkduf twGif;a&;rSL; (Secretary)
vkyfvdkvQif vc 100day;Edkif a&SUtzdkUvnf; wkd;wuf&ef&SdaMumif;ESifh pmwapmif jyefvkduf
ayonf/ vc100donf rrsm;vSaomfvnf; (1926ckESpf) xdkpOfurl NcKd;NcHpGmokH;pGJygu 0rf;0Edkif
onfhjyif &efukefokdUa&mufvQif 0wKa&;zkdUtwGufvnf; ykHESdyfwdkufrsm;ESifh qufoG,fEdkif
ao;onfqdkum vufcHvkdufygawmhonf/
e,l;bm;rm;wkduf
1926ckESpf? rwfvwGif uREkfyfwdkUZeD;armifESHESifh nDawmfarmifwkdUonf rdbrsm;ESifh cGJcGm
&efukefNrdKUodkU qif;vmcJUMuav\/ xdkpOfuyif &efukefNrdU aexdkif&ef tdrf&zdkU cJ,Of;aeNyD
jzpfaomfvnf; uREkfyfwdkUonf ukefonfvrf; qdkifcif;vsuf&Sdaom rdwfaqG udkcifarmifwifh\
wkdufcef; &uftenf;i,frQom wnf;cdkNyD;aemuf tvGefuHaumif;pGmESifh prf;acsmif;&yf
prf;acsmif;vrf;wGif tdrfcef;wpfcef; &&Sdygonf/ &efukefNrdKU tvkyf&zdkUESifh tdrfcef;&zdkUrSm
twlwlyif cJ,Of;cJU&m tvkyfa&m aep&myg a&Sma&Sm&SL&SL &vdkufjcif;twGuf uHaumif;vS
onf[k 0rf;omrdygonf/ um; [kwfygNyD/ odkU&mwGif owif;pmwdkufwwdkuf twGif;
a&;rSL;tvkyf[lonfrSm rnfonfhtvkyfrsKd;ayenf;/
uREkfyfonf uavmifjzifhtoufarG;aom tvkyfrsKd;udk oabmusonfhtavsmuf if;tvkyf
ESpfrsKd; wwfcJUygonf/ pma&;tvkyfrSmvnf; wenf;tm;jzifh ]uavmif} tvkyf[l ac:Edkif
ygonf/ ESpfrsKd;teuf uRekfyfonf pma&;tvkyfrsKd;udk rBudKuf/ udk,fydkifOmPfuav; xkwf
a&;&aom pma&;q&m? odkUr[kwf owif;pmq&mtvkyfrsKd;udk ydk ESpfouf\/ e,l;bm;rm;
owif;pmwdkufodkU a&mufoGm;aomtcg uRekfyf pdk;&drfonfhtwdkif; twGif;a&;rSL;tvkyfrSm
pma&;wydkif;? tkyfcsKyfa&;wydkif; tvkyfrsKd;jzpfjcif;udk awGU& uREkfyf tawmfwkefvIyfoGm;\/
refae*sif;t,f'Dwmjzpfaom udkbvIdifrSm tawmfcifriftm;udk;ykH& ]vlawmf} wa,muf[k
rSwf,lonfhvuPmESifh wm0efrsm;vTJay;\/ uREkfyfrlum; pma&;&kHoma&;csifNyD; pDrHtkyfcsKyf
aom tvkyfrsKd;udk tawmf&GHUrkef;oljzpf\/ tvkyfwdkufokdUa&muf uREkfyf\wm0efrsm;udk cGJa0
ay;vkdufuwnf;u ]igum; tvkyfrsKd; Mum&SnfpGm vkyfEdkifrnfhvlwa,muf r[kwf} [l
qkH;jzwfvkdufavNyD/ uREkfyf\tvkyfum; pmay;pm,l tenf;i,fyg&Sdonfhtjyif refae*sm
udkbvIdif vufrSwfxkd;apzdkUtwGuf uREkfyfu wm0efcHtaejzifh vufrSwftwdkxdk;&jcif;?
- 317 -
a&TOa'gif;
ta&mif;t0,f? aiGxkwfaiGoGif;rSp tvkyform;ESifh ukrPDjzpfap? tjyifvlESifh ukrPDjzpfap

qufqHrI[lorQwGif uREkfyf\vufrSwfudk yg&onfcsnf;jzpf&m waeUvkH; vufrSwfwkduav;
awG a&;xdk;ae&onfESifhyif tcsdefukef\/ rQomruao;? xGufoGm;aom twGif;a&;rSL;
a[mif;u vufrSwfwdkuav; rxdk;yJxm;cJUaom aAmufcsmrsm;udkvnf; (b,fhESpfvtwGuf
rod) uREkfyfu rSefrrSefppfaq;NyD; vufrSwfxkd;zdkU udkbvIdifu wm0efay;xm;\/ odkUjzpf
uREkfyfrSm aAmufcsmtopfrsm; ra&mufvmao;onfh tcsdefrsm;wGif aAmufcsma[mif; zdkifBuD;rsm;
udk vSef vufrSwfwdk xdk;&avonf/
umv0dygwf aemufydk;wufjcif;avm
waeUo uREkfyfonf ol&d,wdkufwGif wkduftkyfOD;vSaz r&SdawmhyJ refae*sif;'g&dkufwm
ae&mwGif vkyfudkifvsuf&SdaMumif; owif;Mum;onfESifh 0wKrsm;a&;zdkU tquftoG,fvkyf&ef
a&mufoGm;\/ OD;bazu a&S;utwdkif; rSD;aom0wKrsm; a&;zdkUajymonfESifh oabmwl vufcH
cJUygonf/ xdkUaemuf uREkfyfESifh tuRrf;0ifbl;onfh pma&;wa,mufxHokdU 0if wkdufom;
a[mif;rsm;taMumif; pkHprf;ar;jref;&m tHUMozG,faom owif;rsm;om Mum;cJU&\/ ol&d,
wdkufrS uREkfyf tvkyfxkwfcHcJU&ykH tjzpftysufudk txufwGif azmfjycJUbl;&m trSefrSm uREkfyf
tjypf&Sdjcif;r[kwf? tvkyfwckck Mum&SnfpGmrvkyf&onfh uREkfyf\Zmwmtwdkif; uRekfyfu
xGufonfjzpfap? tvkyf&Sifu xkwfypfonfjzpfap wenf;enf;jzifh xGuf&olwa,muf jzpfyg
onf/ 1920jynfhESpfwGif uRekfyf tvkyfxkwfcH&pOfu uREkfyftm; 0dkif; wGef;xkwfMujcif;udk
txdkuftavsmufrQom &dyfrdcJU&m ,ckrSmrl if;pma&;u tao;pdwfajymjyjcif;aMumifh tvkH;pkH
od&SdcJU&ygonf/ ajcmufESpfrQaom tcsdefumvtawmtwGif; uRekfyfudk 0dkif;
wGef;Muonfh t,f'DwmESifh pma&;rsm;omru vl&dk;BuD;wa,mufjzpfaom wdkuftkyf OD;vSaz
udk,fwkdif taMumif;wrsKd;pDjzifh ol&d,wdkufrS xGufoGm;Mu& if;wkdUvlpkteufrS wa,mufrQ
rusef&SdawmhaMumif; ajymjyavonf/
OD;vSazum; uREkfyftay: rw&m;jyKusifhonf[k rpGyfpJGvdkyg/ ]wGef;} aomvlrsm;\ pum;udk
em;0ifojzifh uREkfyftay: txifvGJNyD; xkwfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf[kyif ,kHMunfygonf/
okdUESifhyif olvnf; roufom/ olUtay: tjcm;aom'g&dkufwmrsm;u txifvJGMuonfh
vuPmjzifh ol&d,wdkufESifh tqufjzwfjcif; cH&ygonf/ uREkfyfum; tcsufwGif tawmf
xl;qef;olwa,muf jzpf\/ ol&d,wdkufudpw
Gifomru uREkfyf\ toufwm aemufydkif;wGif
vnf; uREkfyf xifay:jcif;udk remvdkaomolrsm;onf olwkdUudk,fwdkif epfjrKyfoGm;jcif;udk
awGU&\/ uREkfyftm; uavmfxkwfcsifaomvlrsm;onf olwkdUudk,fwdkif vGifhpifoGm;jcif;udk
- 318 -
awGU&\/ uREkfyftm; tusKd;,kwfatmif zefwD;aomolrsm;onf if;wdkU tusKd;ysufpD;jcif;udk

awGU&\/ xdkokdUaomvlrsm;onf uREkfyf\woufwmwGif renf;vSacs/ uREkfyfudk,fu
remvdkcsifpzG,faumif;aom vlwa,muf jzpfavoavm rajymwwf/ okdU&mwGif uREkfyf
epfemonfESifhtrQ olwkdUvnf; tvm;wl epfemMu&onfcsnf; jzpfavonf/ wdkuftkyfOD;vSaz
qdkygrl ol&d,owif;pmwdkufBuD;udk OD;bazESifhtwl wnfaxmifcJUoljzpfygvsuf ol&d,
owif;pmudk 0,fzwf&aomtjzpfodkU a&mufoGm;jcif;udk (aemufydkif;) oludk,fwdkif uREkfyf
tm; 0rf;enf;pGmESifh ajymjybl;ygonf/ 1934ckESpfqDavmufrl OD;vSazonf olUtdrfa&SUrS
uREkfyf vrf;avQmufoGm;jcif;udk jrifojzifh oludk,fwdkif xGufac:jcif;? vrf; olu
jrif;&xm;ESifh qkHrdMu&m jrif;&xm;udk&yf uREkfyfESifh qif;NyD;pum;ajymjcif;? uREkfyf\
tajctaeudk ar;jref;jcif;? tultnDvdkygu ay;zkdUtoifh&Sdygonf[k ajymjcif; ponfjzifh
aemifw&aomvuPmrsm; jyonf/ 1936ckESpfwGif ol&d,wdkufodkU uREkfyf 'kwd,tBudrf
jyef0ifaomtcgwGifvnf; oludk,fwdkif tdrfodkUvm 0rf;omaMumif; ajymygonf/ uREkfyftm;
OD;buav;u jyefac:rnfjyK&mwGif (OD;vSazrSm OD;buav;\ oifq&mjzpfonf/) OD;vSazu
xkwfcJUaomvlwa,mufjzpf jyefac:jcif;udk uefUuGuf&ef&Sdygoavm[k ar;aMumif;?
OD;vSazu uefUuGuf&efr&Sdonfhjyif 0rf;omygonf[k jyefajymvkduf&aMumif;ESifh OD;vSaz
udk,fwdkifu aNymygonf/ aESmif;jzpfrsm;taMumif;udkrl oluvnf; pum;rpyf? uREkfyfuvnf;
rajymyJ em;vnfrIESifh a&SmifuGif;Muygonf/ OD;vSazonf (1937ckESpf xifonf/)
prf;acsmif;&yf uG,fvGefav&m pifppftm;jzifh vlawmfvlaumif;wa,mufjzpfaomfvnf;
BuD;yGm;a&;wGif xifoavmufraygufyJ abm*aA'usrf;wapmifrQESifhyif b0Zmwfodrf; oGm;&
&Smavonf/
twwfrsKd;pkH &jyefjcif;
uREkfyfonf e,l;bm;rm; owif;pmwdkuf tvkyfvkyfvsuf&SdpOf oli,fcsif; udkcifarmifwifhESifh
]vkH;} rdMujyefonfESifh twwfaygif;pkH &jyefavNyD/ udkcifarmifwifhrSm bdvyfjyefwa,muf
jzpfonfhtavsmuf aysmfrIyg;rItvkyfrsKd;wGif ]'dk;uJUodkUarTU} Edkifolwa,muf[l qdkavmuf
ayonf/ [dkw,f pm;aomufjcif;? bdvd,ufxkd;jcif;? uvyfwufjcif;? jrif;yGJoGm;jcif; paom
taysmfrIESifh avmif;upm;rIrsm;wGif ol0goemrygaomtvkyf r&Sdacs/
txJwGif jrif;yGJwckrSwyg; uREkfyfvnf; tm;vkH;BudKuf olUxHwGif wynfhcH\/ jrif;yGJrSm
rlum; wGufcsufwwfaom uREkfyftzdkUrSm rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ 0goemygEdkifp&m r&Sdacs/
avmif;upm;enf;rsKd;um; aiGaMu;wwfEdkifaom jrif;&Sifrsm;? 'g&dkufwmrsm;? jrif;yGJESifhqdkif&m
- 319 -
a&TOa'gif;
x&defem? a*smfuD? pwl;0yf paom tvkyform;rsm;twGuf zefwD;xm;aom avmif;upm;enf;

jzpf t&yfom;rsm;tzdkUrSm ]rdkuf&m} usaom upm;enf;oufouf jzpfonf[k uREkfyf
jrifxm;\/ txufygvlpkrSwyg; t&yfom;rsm;tzdkUrSm Edkifcsif avmif;vQifvnf; rJGzdkUom
rsm;\/ aysmfcsif avmif;vQifvnf; wusyfwefavmuf aysmf&zdkUtwGuf ig;usyfukef&aom
aysmfenf;rsKd; jzpfavonf/ odkU&mwGif avmu ]pkH} rS auseyfaom uREkfyfonf ESpfacguf
okH;acgufawmh a&mufvdkufygao;\/ xdkUuJUodkU a&muf&jcif;aMumifh jzpf&onfh uREkfyf\
xl;qef;aom tdyfrufrsm;taMumif;udk azmfjyygOD;rnf/
xl;qef;aomtdyfrufrsm;
uREkfyf\rdcifonf xl;qef;aomtdyfrufrsm; jrifrufwwfonf[k wae&m t>rufrQ
azmfjycJUbl;&m uREkfyfrSmvnf; rdcifxHrS ygvmavoavmrod? (Psychic) xl;qef;aom
pdwfobm0wrsKd; qufcH&&SdykH&\/ uREkfyf\tdyfrufrsm;rSm ]]xef;oD;a<ucdkuf usD;eif;cdkuf}}
[l rqdkEdkifavmufatmif xl;qef;vSaomaMumifh A[kokwtvdkUiSm azmfjy&ygOD;rnf/ uREkfyf
onf e,l;bm;rm; owif;pmwkduf twGif;a&;rSL; vkyfvsuf&SdpOf jrif;yGJ0goemygaom
udkxGef;oef;onf e,l;bm;rm;owif;pm t,f'Dwmvkyfvsuf&Sd\/ xkdESpfu &efukefjrif;yGJrsm;
wGif ]][dkw,fvdkufaZ;wm;}} ac: vQyfppf"mwftm;jzifh *Pef;rsm;ay:xGufonfh pufud&d,m
pwiftokH;jyKonf qdkaomaMumifh uREkfyfonf if;pufud&d,mudk jrifvdkonfESifh udkxGef;oef;
ESifhtwl jrif;yGJodkU vkdufoGm;\/ okdUaomf txufwGifazmfjycJUonfhtwdkif; oabmayguf
xm;onf jzpfaomaMumifh wjym;wcsyfrQravmif;yJ Munfh&kHrQomMunfhNyD; jyefvmcJUavonf/
aemufwaeUeHeuf tdyf&mrSxaomtcg (Daisy) ]a'pD} [laom jrif;\ trnfudk tdyfruf
rufonf[k owd&\/ tvkyfwdkufodkU a&mufaomtcg udkxGef;oef;tm; ]a'pD} [laom
jrif;trnf &Sdygoavm[k ar;Munfh&m &Sdonf[k ajym\/ okdUaomf aemufwywfwGif ajy;rnf?
rajy;rnf rodEdkifao;? Ak'[l;aeUrS od&rnf[k ajym\/ Ak'[l;aeUwdkifa&muf jrif;yGJ
[if'Duwf xGufvmaomtcg ]a'pD} ygonf[k ajym udkxGef;oef;u taMumif;udkar;ojzifh
uREkfyfu tdyfruftaMumif;udk ajymjy\/ udkxGef;oef;onf jrif;[if'Duwfudk wGufMunfhNyD;
aemuf ]a'pD} rSm ]cJ} jzifh rEdkifEdkif[k ajymaomfvnf; prf;Munfhcsifonf[kqdkum
aemufwywfjrif;yGJwGif uREkfyf vdkufoGm;\/ uRekfyf aiG 25usyf ygcJU&m udkxGef;oef;u
cJjzifh rEdkifEdkifyg[kajym vufOD;yGJrsm;rS jrif;rsm;udk xkd;cdkif;\/ a'pD\yGJrSm aemufqkH;yGJ
jzpfaeavonf/ uREkfyfonf ukdxGef;oef;\ jzm;a,mif;jcif;rsm;udk em;raxmifyJ (vufrSwf
twGuf 5usyfay;NyD;aemuf) usefaom aiG20dudk uspfuspfygatmif xkyfxm;\/ yOryJG
NyD;vwfaomf udkxGef;oef; waumifrSrwkdufaomaMumifh ygaomaiG ukefavNyD/ qXryGJwGif
- 320 -
udkxGef;oef;onf uREkfyfxHrS aiGacs;av&m rMunfromESifhyif aiG10d acs;vdkuf&\/

udkxGef;oef;rSm xdkyGJwGifvnf; rwdkufacs/ upm;orm;wkdUrnfonfrSm vufxJ aiGukefaom
tcg jrifaomvlxHrS acs;csifwwf\/ xdkUaMumifh uREkfyfonf (jrif;q,fyJGajy;rnfhteuf)
usefaomjrif;okH;yJGudk udkxGef;oef;ESifhvGwfatmif a&SmifaeNyD; aemufqkH; 10yGJwGifrS a'pDtwGuf
0if; ig;usyf? yav; ig;usyf xkd;vdkuf\/ yef;vTwfawmhonf/ okdUaomf 51usyfrQ
avsmfaomaMumifh xdkaeUu a'pD\avsmfaMu;rSm tjcm;yJGrsm;rS ]0if;} xufyif ydkao;onf[k
ajymMuonf/ ]0if;} rwdkufaomfvnf; avsmfaMu;trsm;qkH;aomjrif;udk a&G;NyD; tdyfruf&onf[k
ajymp&m&Sdaeavonf/
'kwd,tdyfruf
xdkUaemuf wvcefUMum uREkfyf tdyf&mrSEdk;vmaomtcg (Larry.) ]vm&D} [laom t*Fvdyf
pmvkH;BuD; bvufbkwf a&;xm;jcif;udk tdyfrufxJ jrifvdkuf&onf[k owday:vm\/
xdkaeUrSm [if'Duwf xGufNyD;jzpf udkxGef;oef;udk ar;Munfh&m if;u ]vm&D} [laom jrif;&Sd
wywfvnf; ajy;rnfhtaMumif;? okdUaomf ]cJ} av;vGef;aomaMumifh Edkifvdrfhrnf rxif
aMumif; ajym\/ (udkxGef;oef;um; uREkfyfawGUbl;orQaom vlrsm;teufwGif ,kHcJqkH;aom
vlwa,muf jzpf\/) uREkfyfrlum; olajymcsif&m ajymap? ]vm&D} udk avmif;rnf[k oEdXmef
csxm;NyD;jzpf\/ jrif;yGJum; okH;&ufvdkao;\/ uREkfyfonf xdkpOfu NAdwdoQbm;rm; r*Zif;
twGuf pkHaxmufarmifpH&Sm; 0wKwyk'f 50dEIef;ESifh vwdkif;a&;vsuf&Sd\/ okdUjzpf uRekfyfonf
0wKwyk'fa&; r*Zif;wkdufodkU oGm;NyD;vQif paeaeUrS aiG50d vm,lrnfqdkum aumfyD
ay;xm;cJU\/ paeaeUwdkif a&mufaomtcg refae*sm udkqdkifu aiG50d r&SdaMumif;? 25usyfom
&SdaMumif; ajym pdwfysufpGmESifh if;udk ,lcJU&av\/
xdkUaemuf udkxGef;oef;ESifhtwl xGufvmMu&m udkxGef;oef;onf uREkfyf\ ]wpf} udk r,l
vdkonfhjyif uREkfyftm;yif ]vm&D} udkravmif;zdkU wavQmufvkH; zsufygao;\/ jrif;yGJodkU
a&mufMuaomtcg vm&DrSm jrif;yGJq,fyGJteuf aemufqkH;yJG\ tvsifwyGJ (udk;yGJ) wGif
ajy;rnf[k od&\/ wyGJESpfyJG ajy;NyD;aomtcg udkxGef;oef;u ]vm&D} udk uREkfyf wu,f
,kHMunfcJUvQif aiGrsm;rsm;Edkifapjcif;iSm wwd,yJG aocsmaygufEdkifrnfhjrif;udk (emrnfudkawmh
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- 321 -
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vlrsm;ESifhtwl ckH&Snfay:wGifxdkifvsuf *sifxdk;ae&m w&kwfu okH;BudrfzGifhjcif;udk jrif&\/
jrif&aom*Pef;rsm;rSm (14-8-6) wdkUjzpfav\/ tdyf&mrSEdk; *Pef;ygaom*sif[k r&SdygyJ
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jAKef;ueJ owd&\/ rQomruao;? xdkpOfurl ]]okH;aumifpGyf}} ay:vsuf &Sdjcif;udkvnf;
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- 322 -
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qdkvQif avmif;upm; aysmf&jcif;twGuf jrwfonf[k ,lqEdkifonf/ xdkolwdkUu Edkifcsif
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- 323 -
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- 324 -
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- 325 -
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xdkifvdkufuwnf;u awmufavQmuf &IH;aomtcgrsm;om uREkfyf &IH;&\/ odkUaom
tjzpfrsKd;rSm upm;orm;wdkif;yif BuKH&cJ\/ EdkifNyD;rS ]ajymif} &olwkdUom rsm;avonf/ *syef
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- 326 -
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- 332 -
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- 333 -
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- 334 -
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- 336 -
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- 337 -
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w&G,fwnf; wykHpHwnf;&Sd ESpfrsufESm tumt&Hr&Sdacs/ AdkvfwJESifh okH;zmvkHcefUa0;onfh
(trnfudk uREkfyfrrSwfrdaom) &Gm\tMum;wGif ocFsKdif;&Sdavonf/ uREkfyfwdkUonf ae0if
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csufjyKwfMu\/ awmacgif;rsm;onf AdkvfwJrsm; wnf;cdk csujfyKwfMuonfhtcg teD;&Sd
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rsm;vnf; ESpfa,mufwwJG okH;a,mufwwJG ponfjzifh AdkvfwJodkU tysif;ajy vma&muf
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awmacgif;rsm;u &GmodkU ul;ajymif;jcif;udkvnf;aumif;? &Gmom;rsm;vm vnfjcif;udk
vnf;aumif; uREkfyfrawGU&acs/
- 338 -
uREkfyf\ pdw fajymif;vJykH

7em&DcJGavmufwGif csufjyKwfNyD;pD; wynfhrsm;u npmwnfcif;Mu&m tpm;orm;wa,muf
jzpfaom uREkfyfonf xrif;yJGudk rpkHprf;yJraeEdkifojzifh xMunhfrd\/ [if;rsm;rSm ig;aowm
okwf? Muufom;jyKwfaMumf? ig;ydaMumfwkdUjzpf [if;&nfrygaMumif; uREkfyfu ajymrd&m
awmacgif;rsm;onf wa,muf\rsufESmudk wa,mufMunfhum NyKH;vsuf ]]weyfwavawmh
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twGufaMumifh[k xifrd&m ae&m om;pdrf;igpdrf; rcsufjyKwfcsifMuaomaMumifh[l aemifrS
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yef;vmaomvlpk jzpfonfhtwdkif; tawmfNrdefaom xrif;weyf[l trSwfjyKrdygonf/
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aMumufwwfMuovm;}} [k ar;&m ukdodef;azu ]]olvdkigvdkayghAsm? bmhaMumifhvJ}} [k
jyefar;\/
oif;/ / ]]ckawmh vlrsm;vdkU udpr&Sdygbl;? aemifudkawmh aMumufwwfvQif 'DrSmvmrwnf;eJUAs}}
uREkfyf/ / ]]b,fvdkaMumifhvJAs? usKyfu odcsifvmNyDAsKdU? ajymprf;Asm}}
oif;/ / ]]a[m[dku xkyfudk jrifMuovm;}}
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az/ / ]]bmjzpfovJAs}}
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az/ / ]]Mum;vkdufovdkvdkyJAsKdU? qdkprf;Asm}}
- 339 -
a&TOa'gif;
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aMumufvdrfhrnfr[kwfqkdum okef"lwifyif wqifhwufzkdU pdwful;cJUrdaMumif; azmfjyjcif;udk
owd&Muayvdrfhrnf/ xdktcsdefESifh ,cktcsdefonf okH;ESpfrQom uGmao;\/ okdUESifh uREkfyfonf
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wef;cdk;owdonf t[kwfwu,f BuD;us,fygayonfwum;/ vGefcJUaom okH;ESpfcefUu
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vlawGvnf; &Sdonf/ t&ufuav;vnf; aomufxm;onf/ odkUESifhvnf; aoG;vefUonfh
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wa,muf rdrdwdkU\ udk,fawGUESifh Mum;bl;em;0rsm;udk ajymjyMuav&um; vltm;vkH;rSm
cRwfueJjrnfvQif vefUcsifaom tajcrsKd;odkU a&mufaeMuavNyD/ xdkcP AdkvfwJ\ 0g;x&H
bufudk ]]jzKef;? 0kef;? 'kef;? 'dkif;}} jrnfatmif cJoHrsm;ESifhxkoH Mum;&&kHrQru ajrqdkifcJ
tyJUt&GJUrsm;yif Murf;jyifay:odkU vSdrfh0ifvmMu\/ xdktcg cRwfcRwfjrnfoH rMum;0HUatmif
wzswfzswf vefUvsuf&Sdaom uREkfyfwdkUvlpkrSm ]cRwf cRwf} ru rdk;csKH;oavmuf jyif;xefaom
'kef;oHrsm; Mum;Mu& cJrsm; vdrfh0ifvmjcif;udkyif jrifMu&onfwGif ([efaumif;aomvlrsm;
jzpfaomaMumifh xrckefMu&kHr,fom &Sdawmhonf/) vufOD;yxr rsufESmi,fuav;rsm;ESifh
wa,mufudkwa,muf MunfhaeMujcif;udk uREkfyf rSwfrdygao;onf/ odkU&mwGif aemufwcP
- 340 -
c&pf,efwa,mufjzpf wapaMumufoufomykH&aom udkodef;azonf xdkif&mrSx aoewf

udk qGJonfwGifrS udkboif;uvnf; aoewfudkudkifvsuf Budrf;armif;Muav\/ ]]rif;wap
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Mu\/ okdU&mwGif cJoHrsm;vnf;rpJ? cJrsm;vnf; Murf;jyifay:rSm vdrfh0ifvsufyif &SdMuonf/
wGif t&ufrl;jcif; rajywajy &Sdaeao;aom udkboif;u ]]a[h rif;wapvm;? cJeJU
aygufraeygeJUuG? owd&Sd 'Dtay:wufNyD; udk,fxifjyvmprf;yguG}} ponfjzifh csJvifhcsf
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pdwful;&Sdwdkif; pkHaeavNyD/ odkUjzifh (uREkfyftxif) wem&DcGJcefU&Sdaomtcg ]*Rrf;? *sKH;? *Rif;}
- 341 -
a&TOa'gif;
jrnfaom toHrsm;udk ta0;Mum;& uREkfyf em;pGifhvsuf&Sd\/ toHrsm;onf Mum;aom

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ao;onf/ wGif uREkfyfwdkUtm;vkH; xxdkifMu tm;vkH; Mum;MuNyD;jzpfaom ]*sKH;? *Rrf;}
oHrsm;udk em;axmifMu&m toHrsm;onf AdkvfwJESifh ayw&mcefUtuGmokdU csOf;uyfvmNyD;aemuf
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jcif;ESifh vefUMuojzifh ntcsdefrqdkxm;bd ae0if&Doa&mtcsdefyif rvm0HUMuaMumif;? &GmESifh
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wdkUvnf; aoewfyg&Sdjcif;udk olwkdUodNyD;jzpf uREkfyfwdkUtm; acsmufvSefUygu aoewfESifh
ypfvdrfhrnf[k olwkdU awG;rdvdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif;? xdkUaMumifh &Gmom;rsm; aemufajymifjcif;
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cJrsm;ESifhypfMujcif; jzpfwef&monf[k ajym&m uREkfyfwkdUvnf; bmrQjyefrajymEdkifyJ &SdMuygawmh
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if;t&yf awmqif&dkif;rsm;&Sd 0g;&kHyifrsm;udk csKd;zJUpm;aomufoGm;Mujcif; jzpfvdrfhrnf[k
udkboif;uyif ajym&m uREkfyfwdkUvnf; bmrQtBuHray;EdkifyJ vufcHvdkufMu&av\/ eHeuf
vif;aomtcg ywf0ef;usift&yfudk pkkHprf;Munfh&IMu&mwGif qifajc&mrsm;vnf; rawGU&?
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jyemESpfckvkH;rSm emembm0wdkU\ vufcsufayavm [laom awG;awmcsufjzifhom
vufpodrf;cJU&ygawmhonf/
- 342 -
(pkef;ua0 wapo&Jrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom 0wKrsm;rSm ,ckwavmwGif tvum;[mrsm;

taejzifh &IwfcsuJU&JUvsuf&SdMu&m uREkfyfonf udk,fawGUudk trSeftwdkif; a&;jyonfyif
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jcif;wGif oDv? orm"dwkdU\ owdudk xif&Sm;apvdkaomaMumifhrQom xnfhoGif;azmfjy&jcif;
jzpfyg\/ odkU&mwGif wapo&Jr&Sd? aMumufp&mr[kwf [laomoabmESifh &Iwfcsjcif; jzpfygrl
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onf[k ajym&Jaomowd &Sdoifh\/ wap0wKrsm;rSm taygpm;pma&;q&mrsm;\ ]pm;usuf}
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rnfolu&Iwfcsapumrl a&;olua&; &dkufESdyfxkwfa0olrsm;vnf; &SdMuvdrfhrnfom jzpfav
onf/ uREkfyf\wifjycsufrSm if;0wKrsKd;onf umr0wKrsm;avmuf qkd;&Gm;aomtusKd;
jzpfapEdkifonf rxifay/)
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topfrsm;vnf; wzGm;zGm; ay:xGufvsuf&Sd\/ ta[mif;wck jyKwfoGm;onfqdkvQif uREkfyftzdkU
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uREkfyf b,fqDa&mufaeonf rodMuaomaMumifh qufoG,f&efrjzpfEdkifyJ &SdMuonfwGif
uREkfyf\0ifaiGrSm wvufxwv usqif;vsuf&Sd\/ pma&;q&mtvkyfwGif uREkfyfuJUokdUaom
tqifhtwef;odkU a&mufaeolwa,mufuvnf; *sme,fopfr*Zif;opfrsm;wGif uREkfyf a&;yg&
apqdkum pmwdkpm&Snf urf;vSrf;ar;jref;&ef rjzpfEdkifacs/ xdkESpfwGif olBuD;a*Zuf OD;cifarmif
\ rSmxm;jcif;aMumifh 0wK&Snfwyk'f? (trnfudkawmh rrSwfrdawmhyg/) ol&d,wdkuftwGuf
0wK&Snfwyk'f a&;om;&ygao;\/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyf\0ifaiGrSm 100d? 150d rS 50d rQodkU
avsmhqif;vmcJUavNyD/ a&SUavQmufvnf; xdkxufavsmhqif;zdkU tvm;tvm&Sdao;\/
tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf *sme,fESifh r*Zif;rsm;onf vwdkif;jyKwfvsufyif &Sdao;aomaMumifh
wnf;/ okdUjzpf&um; 1930jynfh ESpfOD;avmufwGif uREkfyfwdkUonf &efukefodkU qif;vmMu&
jyefygawmhonf/
bmomjyeftoif;ESifhqufjcif;
- 343 -
a&TOa'gif;
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(pmawmfjyef[k olwkdUac:Muonf/) vkyfrnfavm[k ar;&m? uREkfyfrSm ykHESdyfwdkufrsm;ESifh
taotcsm qufoG,fjcif; rjyK&ao;aomaMumifh vkyf&vQif aumif;avrnfavm[k qdkum
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rsm;udk jrefrmvdkjyefzkdUjzpfaMumif; ajymjy\/ uREkfyfu prf;MunfhvdkaMumif; ajymaomtcg
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&efukefNrdKU u&dvrf;&Sd rufo'pfausmif;odkU vmawGU&ef &ufcsdef;ay;vdkuf\/ uREkfyf oGm;
awGUaomtcg vc150dESifh ESpfbufoabmwl vufcHcJUygonf/ uREkfyf\tvkyfrSm yJcl;ae&ef
jzpf olESifhtwl tvkyfvkyf&rnf jzpfavonf/ uREkfyfbmomjyefaom 0wKuav;rSm
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တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္းနွင့္ အေတြးအေခၚမ်ား (ေရႊဥေဒါင္း)

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တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္းနွင့္ အေတြးအေခၚမ်ား (ေရႊဥေဒါင္း)

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