C KH NG DNG

M hc phn: CH3456
Khi lng 3(3-1-0-6)

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

B mn My v Thit b Cng nghip Ha cht

CHNG 3: GIA CNG C KH

3.1.Khi nim chung vquitrnh gia cng c khi
3.2.Phng php c
3.3.1.c khun ct
3.3.2.Cc phng php c khc
3.3.Gia cng p lc
3.3.1.Sbin dng do ca kim loi
3.3.2.Phng php cn
3.3.3.Phng php ko vap
3.3.4.Phng php rn
3.3.5.Phng php dp

CHNG 3: GIA CNG C KH

3.4.Hn vact kim loi
3.4.1.Khi nim vhn vaquic mi hn
3.4.2.Hn hquang
3.4.3.Hn tip xc
3.4.4.Hn hi
3.5.Gia cng ct gt
3.5.1.Khi nim vgia cng ct gt
3.5.2.Phng php tin
3.5.3.Phng php phay
3.5.4.Phng php bo xc
3.5.5.Phng php khoan doa
3.5.6.Phng php mi
3.5.7.Gia cng ngui
3.6.Kythut o vanh giacht lng gia cng

CHNG 3: GIA CNG C KH

3.1 Khi nim chung v quy trnh gia cng c
kh
Quy trnh gia cng c kh l qu trnh con ngi s
dng my mc, thit b tc ng vo vt liu (kim loi hoc
phi kim) theo mt quy trnh cng ngh no nhm to
cc sn phm hoc bn sn phm c kh.
Quy trnh gia cng c kh thng bao gm hai qu trnh
ni tip nhau l qu trnh ch to phi v qu trnh gia
cng ct gt.

3.1 Khi nim chung v quy trnh gia cng c kh

QUY TRNH GIA CNG C KH

VT
LiU

CH TO PHI
Phng php c
Gia cng p lc
Hn v ct kim loi

GIA CNG CT GT
Phng php tin
Phng php phay
Phng ph bo- xc
Phng php khoankhot- doa
Phng php mi

SN
PHM

3.2 Phng php c

nh ngha

l phng php ch to chi tit bng cch nu

chy kim loi v rt kim loi lng vo khun c hnh
dng nht nh, sau khi kim loi ha rn trong khun ta
thu c vt c c hnh dng ging nh khun c.
Nu vt phm c a ra dng ngay th c gi l
chi tit c, cn nu vt phm c phi qua gia cng ct
gt nng cao chnh xc kch thc v bng b
mt th c gi l phi

 c im
c c th gia cng c nhiu vt liu khc nhau: Thp,
gang, hp kim mu,c khi lng t mt vi gam cho
n hng trm tn.
Ch to c vt c c hnh dng kt cu phc tp m
cc phng php khc ch to kh khn hoc khng
cht to c.
chnh xc v hnh dng, kch thc v bng khng
cao
C th c c nhiu lp kim loi khc nhau trong mt
vt th c
Gi thnh ch to vt c r, tnh cht sn xut linh hot,
nng sut tng i cao.

C kh nng t ng ha v c kh ha
Hao tn kim loi cho u ngt, u hi v h thng rt
D gy ra cc khuyt tt nh thiu ht, r kh, chy ct
Kim tra cc khuyt tt trong vt c kh khn, i hi
thit b hin i.

 Phn loi

Phm vi s dng
Trong cc ngnh cng nghip sn phm c chim
khong 40-80% tng khi lng ca my mc
Trong ngnh c kh, khi lng vt c chim n 90%
m gi thnh ch chim n 20-25%

3.2.1 c trong khun ct

3.2.1.1 Cc b phn chnh ca mt phn xng c

3.2.1.2 Cc b phn chnh ca mt khun c

3.2.1.2 Cc b phn chnh ca mt khun c

Khun, li
-Lng khun c hnh dng bn ngoi ca vt c, li (thao)
c hnh dng ging hnh dng bn trong ca vt c.
-Kim loi lng c rt vo trong lng khun, sau khi ng
c s cho vt c ging hnh dng nh lng khun c.

3.2.1.2 Cc b phn chnh ca mt khun c

Yu cu c bn ca khun v li:
-Tnh do v kh nng bin dng vnh cu ca hn hp khi thi tc
dng lc (sau khi rt mu hay tho hp li).
Tnh do ca hn hp m bo d lm khun, li v nhn
c lng khun li r nt.
- bn: Khun, thao cn m bo bn khng b ph v khi vn
chuyn, lp rp khun, li v khi rt kim loi lng vo khun.
-Tnh ln: L kh nng gim th tch ca hn hp khi chu tc dng ca
ngoi lc
-Tnh thng kh: L kh nng thot kh t lng khun v trong hn hp
ra ngoi trnh r kh vt c.
Tnh thng kh tng khi s dng ct ht to, u; lng cht kt
dnh t,
-Tnh bn nhit: L kh nng gi c bn nhit cao ca hn
hp lm khun.
Tnh bn nhit tng khi hm lng SiO2 trong hn hp tng.

3.2.1.2 Cc b phn chnh ca mt khun c

Hn hp lm khun v li:
Hn hp lm khun v li bao gm ct, t st, cht kt dnh, v cht
ph gia.
-Ct l thnh phn ch yu ca hn hp lm khun v li
-t st (thnh phn ch yu l cao lanh) l tng do v bn ca
hn hp lm khun.
-Cht kt dnh: tng bn v do ca khun v li.
Cht kt dnh thng dng: du thc vt (du lanh, du bng,
du tru, ), cc cht ha tan trong nc (ng, mt ma,
bt h, ), cc cht kt dnh ha cng (nha thng, xi mng,
b nha ng), v thy tinh lng.
-Cht ph: tng tnh ln, tnh thng kh, tng bng b mt ca
khun, li, v tng kh nng chu nhit ca hn hp.
Cht ph thng dng: mn ca, rm r, bt than,

3.2.1.3 Cc phng php lm khun bng ct

Cc phng php lm khun bng tay
Lm khun trong 2 hm khun vi nguyn mu

Lm na di khun (hnh a)
Lm na khun trn (hnh b,c)
Tho lp khun (hnh d)

Lm khun trn nn xng

Lm khun trn nn xng l dng ngay nn xng lm

khun di. Phng php ny thch ng cho vic sn
xut n chic v hng lot nh, vt c trung bnh v
ln, khng yu cu chnh xc cao.

 Lm khun trong 3 hm khun

Phng php ny dng lm khun vi mu phc tp

m khng th lm trong 2 hm khun c.

Cc phng php lm khun bng my

m cht khun c trn my p

phng php ny m cht thay i mnh theo

chiu cao nn my p ch thch hp vi hm khun thp
Nguyn l lm vic: khun chnh v ph c t trn
bn my 1, kh p qua van 7 vo xi lanh 9 nng pittong
y 8 ln, chy p 5 s p ln hm khun ph tng
cng m cht

 m cht khun c trn my dn

Nguyn ly lm vic:Mu 2 v hm khun chnh 3 lp trn

bn 1, hm khun ph 4 bt cht vi hm khun chnh
3. Sau khi hn hp lm khun, m kh p theo rnh 5
vo xi lanh 6 y pitons 7 cng bn my i ln n
cao khong 30-80 mm th l kh 5 ng li v h l kh 8
nn kh p trong xi lanh thot ra ngoi, p sut trong xi
lanh gim t ngt, bn my ri xung v p vo thnh
xi lanh. Khi pittons ri xung thi l kh 5 m v qu trnh
dn tip tc.

m cht khun c trn my va dn va p.

Nguyn ly lm vic: kt hp ca phng php p va

phng php dn nn cho m cht ca khun u
hn

 Cc phng php ly mu bng my

Ly mu bng c cu y hm khun

Ly mu bng cch nng hm khun (hnh a)

ly mu bng cch nng hm khun v tm tm mu
(hnh b)
Ly mu bng phng php hnh b th nh c tm
mu vt liu lm khun nn khun t b v nhng
phi ch to tm mu nn tn km hn.

Ly mu kiu bn quay

Nguyn l lm vic: sau khi lm khun xong, bn 4 c

nng ln v quay 1800 v lt khun xung pha di sau
tip tc nng bn 5 ln ly khun, tho kp
hm khun ra khi bn quay v h t t xung cn tm
c bn quay gi li

 Ly mu kiu bn lt

Nguyn l lm vic: sau khi lm khun xong, bn lt

1800, bn 4 c nng ln ly khun, tho kp
hm khun v h t t xung, cn tm mu c bn
lt gi li

3.2.2 Cc phng php c c bit

3.2.2.1 c trong khun kim loi
c im
Khun c th dng c nhiu ln
Vt c c chnh xc v bng cao
C tnh vt c tt
Tit kim c vt liu lm khun
Gi thnh khun t nn dng sn xut hng lot
dn nhit khun ln nn khi c gang d ha trng
v gim kh nng in y ca kim loi nn kh c
thnh mng v phc tp
Li khun bng kim loi nn khng c tnh nn cn tr
s co ca kim loi nn lm vt c d nt

 Vt liu lm khun v li, kt cu khun

Vt liu lm khun: thng l thp hp kim, thp cac
bon, hp kim ng
Vt liu lm li: bng kim loi hoc bng cat-t st
Kt cu khun: nu vt c n gin th khun c
lm 2 na nh khun ct, cn nu vt c phc tp
khun c lm t nhiu phn ghp li

3.2.2.2 c di p lc
Khi kim loi lng c in y vo lng khun di
mt p lc nht nh thi gi l c p lc, p lc c tc
dng in y kim loi lng va c gi trong sut qu
trnh kt tinh.
c im
Vt c c chnh xc, bng cao
c c nhng vt mng v phc tp
Vt c ngui nhanh nn c tnh v nng sut cao
Khun mau mn v chng hng
c p lc thng ch to cc chi tit phc tp

 My c p lc
S nguyn ly ca c p lc nh sau

3.2.2.3 c ly tm
c ly tm l rt kim loi lng vo khun quay, nh lc
ly tm m kim loi lng c phn b u trn bn mt
bn trong ca khun to thnh vt c. Lc ly tm
P=m.r.2
c im
c c nhng chi tit trn xoay rng m khng cn
li
c c vt c thnh mng c gn
Vt c sch, t chc kim loi mn cht
Ch thch ng vi chi tit trn xoay rng, cht lng b
mt khng tt, vt c d b thin tch
Khun phi c bn cao, chu nhit tt, my phi c
kn tt v cn bng ng cao
Kh xc nh c ng knh trong ca vt c

 Cc phng php c ly tm
C 2 kiu c ly tm l c ly tm thng ng v c ly
tm nm ngang
c ly tm ng (hnh a): khun quay theo trc thng
ng, phng php ny dng c cc chi tit ngn.
c ly tm nm ngang (hnh b): khun quay theo phng
ngang, vt c l ng tr c chiu dy nh nhau.

Mt phn khun v nguyn tc la chn mt phn

khun

Mat phan khuon la be mat tiep xuc

gia cac na khuon vi nhau xac nh
v tr uc trong khuon.Mat phan khuon
co the la mat phang, mat bac hoac
cong bat k.
Nh co mat phan khuon ma rut
mau khi lam khuon de dang lap rap
loi, tao he thong dan kim loai vao khuon
chnh xac.

 Mt phn khun v nguyn tc la chn mt phn

khun

+Da vao cong nghe lam

khuon :
Rut mau de dang, nh v loi
va lap rap khuon.
- Chon mat co dien tch ln
nhat, de lam khuon va lay
mau.
- Mat phan khuon nen chon
mat phang tranh mat cong, mat
b

Mt phn khun v nguyn tc la chn mt phn

khun

 Mt phn khun v nguyn tc la chn mt phn

khun

+ So lng mat phan khuon phai t

nhat.e am bao o chnh xac khi
lap rap, cong nghe lam khuon n
gian.
+ Nen chon mat phan khuon am
bao chat lng vat uc cao nhat,
nhng be mat yeu cau chat lng
o bong, o chnh xac cao nhat.
Nen e khuon di hoac thanh
ben Khong nen e pha tren v de

Mt phn khun v nguyn tc la chn mt phn

khun

- Nhng vat uc co loi, nen bo tr sao

cho v tr cua loi la thang ng.e
nh v loi chnh xac, tranh c tac
dung lc cua kim loai long lam bien
dang than loi, de kiem tra khi lap rap.

 Mt phn khun v nguyn tc la chn mt phn

khun

- Chon mat phan khuon sao cho

long khuon la nong nhat, e de
rut mau va de sa khuon, dong
chay kim loai vao khuon em hn, t
lam hng khuon .

Mt phn khun v nguyn tc la chn mt phn

khun

+ Da vo chnh xc ca lng khun

o chnh xac cua vat uc
phu thuoc vao o chnh
xac cua long khuon.Do
o phai:
- Long khuon tot nhat la
ch phan bo vao trong 1
hom khuon . e tranh sai
so khi lap rap khuon.

 Mt phn khun v nguyn tc la chn mt phn

khun
V du:
- Nhng vat uc co nhieu tiet dien khac nhau,
neu yeu cau o ong tam cao, ngi ta dung
them mieng at phu e at toan bo vat uc
trong mot hom khuon .
- Mieng at phu se lam thay oi phan nao hnh
dang mau e tao ra tiet dien ln nhat tai mat
phan khuon.

Cc khuyt tt trn sn phm c

 Cc khuyt tt trn sn phm c

Cc khuyt tt trn sn phm c

 Cc khuyt tt trn sn phm c

Cc khuyt tt trn sn phm c

 Cc khuyt tt trn sn phm c

Cc khuyt tt trn sn phm c

 Cc khuyt tt trn sn phm c

Cc khuyt tt trn sn phm c

 Cc khuyt tt trn sn phm c

Cc khuyt tt trn sn phm c

 Cc khuyt tt trn sn phm c

Cc khuyt tt trn sn phm c

 Cc khuyt tt trn sn phm c

Cc khuyt tt trn sn phm c

 Cc khuyt tt trn sn phm c

Cc khuyt tt trn sn phm c

3.3 Gia cng p lc

Thc cht
L 1 phng php ch to phi bng cch dng ngoi
lc tc dng ln kim loi trng thi rn lm cho kim
loi bin dng do trong khun c hnh dng, kch thc
ca sn phm yu cu.
c im
Cht lng ca phi to ra bng gia cng p lc c c
tnh tt hn cht lng ca phi to ra bng c
Gia cng p lc cho nng sut cao, kch thc phi
chnh xc, b mt tt
Khng gia cng c kim loi c tnh do thp
Khng gia cng c hnh dng phc tp hoc kch
thc ln, cng knh

3.3 Gia cng p lc

u nhc im

3.3 Gia cng p lc

u nhc im

3.3 Gia cng p lc

u nhc im

 Phn loi cc phng php gia cng bng p lc

S phn loi gia cng p lc

3.3.1 S bin dng do ca kim loi

thi bin dng do ca kim loi

Vt liu gia cng khi chu tc dng lc P th s xy ra bin

dng, thy thuc vo gi tr ca lc P m c th xy ra cc
loi bin dng: bin dng n hi (on oa), bin dng
do (on ac) v bin dng ph hy (on cd).

3.3.2 Phng php cn

3.3.2.1 nh ngha: Qu trnh cn l cho kim loi bin
dng gia hai trc cn quay ngc chiu nhau c khe
h nh hn chiu cao ca phi, kt qu thu c sn
phm c hnh dng ging vi hnh dng ca khe h gia
hai trc cn.

S nguyn ly cn kim loi

3.3.2.2 Cc sn phm cn:

Sn phm cn rt a dng c phn ra bn nhm
chnh: dng hnh, dng tm, dng ng v dng c bit
Loi hnh
Cc sn phm dng hnh c chia ra dng n gin
gm c thang , thi tit din trn, vung, ch nht, lc
gic, bn nguyt vvv dng hnh phc tp (b) c dng
V, U, I, T, Z

Cc dng sn phm ca phng php cn

 Loi tm
Mng: s=0,23,75 (mm), b=6002200 (mm)
Dy: s=460 (mm), b=6005000 (mm), l=400012000
(mm)
Cun: s=0,22 (mm), b=2001500, l=400060000 (mm)
Loi ng
ng khng hn c cn t phi thi c =5426 (mm),
chiu dy thnh ng 0,540 (mm).
ng c mi hn c ch to bng cch cun tm thnh
ng sau cn hn gip mi vi nhau. Loi ny c
ng knh ngoi n 720 (mm), chiu dy n 14 (mm).
Loi c bit
Cc sn phm c bit c hnh dng c bit theo yu
cu nh v t, cc loi tit din thay i theo chu k

3.3.2.3 Thit b cn

Cc b phn ch yu ca my cn

1. trc cn; 2. Trc cc ng; 3. Hp phn lc; 4.Khp ni;

5. Bnh ; 6. Hp gim tc; 7.ng c

 Trc cn
Cu to mt trc cn

1. u ch thp; 2. C trc; 3. Thn trc cn

Phn loi my cn
Cn c theo s lng trc cn

a. My cn hai trc; b. my cn ba trc; c. my cn hai trc kp;

d. my cn nhiu trc; e. my cn vn nng

 Cn c theo s b tr ca trc cn

a-My cn n; b-my cn ng thng; c-my cn hai cp;

d-my cn nhiu cp; e- my cn bn lin tc; g-my cn lin tc

Cn c theo ng knh trc: Hng ln > 600 (mm);

va =360550 (mm); nh =240350 (mm)
Cn c theo cng dng: my cn phi, my cn thp
hnh, my cn thp ng, my cn c bit

3.3.2.4 Cng ngh cn mt s thp thng dng

Cn thp tm
Cn tm dy: Trc cn dng trn, thng qua hai cng
on: u tin l cn rng (a)- phi c a nghing
vo so vi ng tm trc cn, sau l cn di (b)phi c a thng gc vi trc cn

Cn thp mng: C th cn trng thi nng hoc

ngui, thng thng sau khi cn nng tip tc cn ngui
thu c chiu dy nh hn.

 Cn thp hnh
Tin hnh theo hai bc: cn th v cn tinh. Cn th
tin hnh vi cc l c bin dng khc nhau nh: l hnh
vung, l hnh ch nht, l hnh thoi, l hnh vancn
cn tinh th l c bin dng ca sn phm
S cn mt s thp hnh.

Cn ng
Cn ng khng c mi hn:

Hai trc quay cng chiu v t cho trong khng gian

mt gc =460 . Phi l thp trn, trong qu trnh cn
phi va chuyn ng quay, va chuyn ng tnh tin
tm ca phi sut hin ng sut ko, nn nn vt liu
ti s b ph hy lm sut hin nhng vt nt to
thnh l v c mi xoay sa li bin dng
Cn ng c mi hn: dng thp tm ct thnh di sau
cn cun thnh ng v hn gip mi cch dc
theo chiu trc ca ng

3.3.3 Ko v p kim loi

3.3.3.1 Ko kim loi
nh ngha
Ko si kim loi l qu trnh ko phi kim loi qua khun
ko lm cho tit din ngang ca phi gim v chiu di
tng, hnh dng v kch thc ca chi tit ging l khun
ko

a) ko si; b) ko ng
1) phi; 2) khun ko; 3) sn phm; 4) li sa khun

3.3.3 Ko v p kim loi

3.3.3.1 Ko kim loi
nh ngha
Tu theo tng loi kim loi,hnh dng l khun,mi ln ko tit
din c th gim xung 15% 35%.T l ng knh trc v
sau khi ko gi l h s ko di.H s ko di cho php tnh
theo cng thc:

d0

1
d1
p (1 f cot )

d0, d1: ng knh si trc v sau khi ko (mm)

: Gii hn bn ca kim loi (N/mm2)

p : p lc ca khun p ln kim loi (N/mm2)

: Gc nghing ca l khun
f : H s ma st.

Khun ko si

3.3.3 Ko v p kim loi

3.3.3.1 Ko kim loi
nh ngha
* Ko si c th tin hnh qua mt khun ko hoc mt s khun ko nu t
s gia ng knh phi v ng knh sn phm vt qu h s ko cho
php.
* Lc ko si phi m bo ln cho kim loi bin dng v thng lc ma
st gia kim loi v thnh khun, nhng lc ny phi tha mn iu kin:
ng sut ti tit din ra khi khun phi nh hn gii hn bn cho php
ca vt liu nu khng s lm t si kim loi khi ra khi khun ko.
Lc ko P c xc nh theo cng thc :

P = .F1.lg F0 / F1 ( 1+f.cot) (N)

Trong :

: Gii hn bn ca kim loi (ly bng tr s trung bnh gii hn bn ca vt liu

trc v sau khi ko (N/mm2)
F0 , F1 : Tit din trc v sau khi ko (mm2)
f: H s ma st gia khun v vt liu.

c im
Ko si c th tin hnh trng thi nng hoc ngui
Ko si cho ta sn phm c chnh xc cp 1214 v
bng Ra=0,630,32
Cng dng
Ko si dng ch to cc thi, ng, si bng thp
hoc kim loi mu
Ko si dng gia cng tinh b mt ngoi cc ng cn
c mi hn

 My ko si
Cn c vo phng php ko c th chia thnh 2 loi
my: my ko thng va my ko si c tang cun
My ko thng: dng khi ko cc si hoc ng khi c
ng knh ln khng cho php cun c (=610 mm
hoc ln hn), lc ko 0,2-75 tn, tc ko 1445
m/pht, c th ko c mt hoc ba sn phm mt lc

1) Kim loi; 2) Khun ko; 3) C cu ko; 4) Xch ko

My ko si c tang cun
Dng khi ko si di c th cun c

a) My ko si mt khun; b) my ko si nhiu khun

3.3.3.2 p kim loi

nh ngha
p kim loi c thc hin bng cch y kim loi cha
trong bung p kn hnh trc, di tc dng ca chy p
kim loi bin dng qua l khun p c tit din ngang
ging tit din ca chi tit
Nguyn l chung ca p kim loi

a,b) p si, thanh; c) p ng

1) Pistng; 2) Xi lanh; 3) Kim loi; 4) Khun p; 5) Li to l

Khi p thanh, thi: c th tin hnh p thun hoc p

nghch
p thun (hnh a): kt cu my n gin nhng lc p
ln, kim loi d trong xi lanh nhiu (10-12%)
p nghch (hnh b): kt cu phc tp nhng lc p nh
hn p thun, lng kim loi d trong xi lanh t (6-8%)
Khi p ng: li ng c ti thnh nh li (5)
c im v ng dng ca p kim loi
p l phng php sn xut cc thanh c tit din ngang
nh hnh cho nng sut cao.
chnh xc v bng b mt cao.
C th p c cc sn phm c tit din ngang phc
tp
ng dng rng ri ch to cc thanh kim loi mu
ng knh 5200 mm, ng c ng knh trong n
800 mm, chiu dy 1,58 mm.
Kt cu p phc tp , khun p phi c tnh chng mi
mn cao.

 Khun p kim loi

Khun p ng vai tr cc k quan trng, phi tho mn cc
yu cu v bn, chu mn, hnh dng, kch thc t thay i
nhit lm vic cao (nhit c th ti 1250 C), vi ti
trng ln.
Khun p thng c ch to bng thp hp kim cha W, V,
M0, Cr v.v...
Cc loi khun p c bn: Loi hnh cn(a), loi hnh phu (b),
loi hnh tr (c).

3.3.4 Phng php rn

nh ngha
Rn l mt phng php gia cng p lc m kim loi b
bin dng khng chu khng ch bi mt mt no khc
ngoi b mt tip xc gia phi kim loi v dng c gia
cng (ba v e)

1) ba; 2) vt cn rn; 3) e

 c im
Rn t doc chnh xc v kch thc v bng b mt
thp,nng sut lao ng v hiu qu kinh t khng cao.
Thng ch gia cng nhng chitit n gin haynhng b mt
khng qu phc tp.
Rn t doyu cu lng d gia cng,dungsai ch to,thi
gian phc v ln.
Cht lng ton b ca sn phm ph thuc nhiu vo trnh
tay ngh ca cng nhn.
Hao ph kim loi ln
Thit b rn t don gin,c th rn tay hoc my.
Rn t doc th rn c nhng vt nh t vi gam n
nhng vt ln hng trm cn.Rn t dothch hp vi dng
sn sut n chic hayloi nh.

c im
Rn t do c th chia lm 2 loi:
a) Rn tay: Qu trnh rn hon ton dng sc ngi v vi
nhng dng c n gin nh: ba t, ba tay, mi t,
bn l... Rn tay ch rn c nhng vt nh v trung
bnh, nng sut rn khng cao.
b) Rn my: Qu trnh rn c tin hnh trn my ba
nh: my ba nhp, my ba hi v.v...

 Dng c rn t do
Nhm 1: l nhng dng c cng ngh c bn nh cc
loi e, ba, bn l, bn tp, sn, cht, mi t
Nhm 2: l nhng dng c kp cht nh km, t v cc
c cu kp cht khc
Nhm 3: l nhng dng c kim tra v o lng nh eke,
thc cp, cc loi compa

Dng c rn t do

 Thit b rn t do
Thit b rn t do bao gm thit b gy lc, thit b nung,
my ct phi, my nn thng, my vn chuyn
Rn t do c th tin hnh bng tay hoc bng my, rn
tay ch yu trong sn xut sa cha, trong cc phn
xng c kh ch yu l rn bng my
thit b gy lc c s dng rng ri nht khi rn t do l
ba hi

S nguyn l ca my ba hi

1) ng c in; 2) b truyn ai; 3) trc khuu; 4) tay bin; 5) Xi lanh

p; 6) Pistong p; 7) van phn phi kh; 8) Pis tng ba; 9) Xi lanh
ba; 10) e trn; 11) e di; 12) gi e; 13) B e
14) Bn p iu khin

 Nhng nguyn cng c bn khi rn t do

Nguyn cng chn
Chn l nguyn cng lm gim chiu cao ca phi v do
lm tng din tch tit din ngang.
Chn thng c dng khi ch to cc vt rn c kch
thc ngang ln v chiu cao tng i nh (nh bnh
rng, mt bch v.v...) t nhng phi c tit din ngang
nh.
C hai kiu chn l chn ton khi v chn cc b:

Nhng nguyn cng c bn khi rn t do

Chn ton khi
Chn ton khi l lm tng tit din ton b chiu di ca phi. Khi
chn ton khi phi phi c nung nng ton b trc khi chn.
Trong khi nh ba chn phi lun lun xoay phi cho u xung
quanh trc ca n.
Khi chn ton khi thng xy ra cc hin tng sau:
Nu t l gia chiu cao v ng knh h/d < 2 th vt c dng hnh
trng (Hnh a)
Nu h/d = 2 2,5, lc p ln vt c dng trng chng ln nhau
(Hnh b), nu lc p khng ln hai hnh trng khng chng ln
nhau (Hnh c)
Nu h/d > 2 2,5 th vt chn d b cong (Hnh d)

 Nhng nguyn cng c bn khi rn t do

Chn ton khi
Chn cc b ( chn u hoc chn gia):
Tin hnh nung nng on cn chn hay lm ngui trong
nc on khng cn chn ( Hnh a) ri mi gia cng.
C th chn cc b bng cch nung nng ton b phi ri
mi gia cng. Cng c th chn cc b bng cch nung
nng ton b phi ri gia cng trong nhng khun m
thch hp (Hnh b).

Nhng nguyn cng c bn khi rn t do

Nguyn cng vut
Vut l nguyn cng lm tng chiu di v gim tit din ngang ca
phi. Nguyn cng ny c p dng rn cc chi tit dng trc,
ng, dt mng hay chun b cho nhng cng vic tip theo nh t l,
xon, un... Kim loi bin dng nhiu hay t khng nhng ph thuc
vo lc p m cn ph thuc vo mc y vt liu trn e sau mi
ln p ba.
C th vut bng cch:
- Dng e ba rng nh cho n tng on
- Dng e ba hp
- Dng dao xn
Trong qu trnh vut phi lt phi qua li
cho kim loi bin dng u. C th lt tng
mt 90o (khi vut tit din vung, ch nht)
hoc xoay trn u 360o (khi vut tit din
trn).

 Nhng nguyn cng c bn khi rn t do

Nguyn cng vut
Vut trn trc tm: nhm gim chiu dy, tng chiu di,
ng knh trong ca phi hu nh khng i

Nhng nguyn cng c bn khi rn t do

Nguyn cng vut
M rng ng knh trn trc tm: Dng vut cc chi
tit dng ng nhm tng ng knh trong, ng knh
ngoi, gim chiu dy thnh ng m chiu di hu nh
khng i

 Nhng nguyn cng c bn khi rn t do

Nguyn cng t
L nguyn cng l cho phi c l hoc c ch lm su

Nguyn cng un
L nguyn cng tin hnh trng thi ngui hay nng
un thnh cc hnh mun c
Nguyn cng xon
L nguyn cng m mt u ca phi b xon theo mt
gc cho trc so vi u kia. Xon cho ta nhng phi
rn c hnh thu c bit (trc khuu, l xo)

Nhng nguyn cng c bn khi rn t do

Nguyn cng cht
L nguyn cng rn chia phi ra tng phn hoc ly i mt phn
kim loi d tha ra khi phi.
Nguyn cng cht c tin hnh trn my ba, my p hay bng
tay v dng cc loi dao cht.
Khi tit din phi cht khng ln lm, thng cht mt mt cho gn
t ri xoay 180 cht nt mt cn li.
Khi tit din phi cht ln, cht xung quanh dn dn cho n khi
t.
Phi lt tm k bng thp mng xung di vt phi cht khi
hng mt e v li cht.

 Nhng nguyn cng c bn khi rn t do

Nguyn cng hn rn
Hn rn thng dng khi sa cha hay sn xut n chic ni dnh
hai chi tit li vi nhau c kt cu n gin v yu cu v sc bn khng
cao lm.
Mun hn rn, em nung hai u ca chi tit cn ni vi nhau n nhit
chy ri p chng dnh kt vi nhau. nhit cao cc phn t kim
loi s khuych tn v thm thu vi nhau to nn mi hn vng chc.
cho mi hn m bo, cn ch lm sch ch hn, nhit nung v
lc p phi ln.

3.3.5 Phng php dp

3.3.5.1 Phng php dp th tch.
Khi nim: Dp th tch l phng php gia cng p lc
trong kim loi b bin dng trong mt khng gian hn
ch bi b mt lng khun

S kt cu ca mt b khun dp th tch
1) Khun trn; 2) Rnh cha ba vi; 3) Khun di; 4) Chui ui n;
5) Lng khun; 6) Ca ba via

 c im cua phng php dp th tch

chnh xc v bng b mt phi cao (cp 6-7,
Rz=8020).
Cht lng sn phm cao, ng u, t ph thuc vo
tay ngh cng nhn.
C th to phi c hnh dng phc tp.
Nng sut cao, d c kh ha v t ng ha.
Thit b cn c cng sut ln, cng vng v chnh
xc cao.
Dp th tch ch yu dng trong sn xut hng loi v
hng khi.

Cc phng php dp th tch

Dp trong lng khun h
Dp th tch trong lng khun h l qu trnh lm kim loi bin dng
trong hai na lng khun, mt phn khun lun vung gc vi
phng ca lc tc dng.
Lng khun h l lng khun m trong qu trnh gia cng c mt
phn kim loi c bin dng t do.
Kt cu chung ca khun dp: Khun trn (1) v khun di (2)
c bt cht vo u ba v e nh chui ui n. Lng khun c
hnh dng ging hnh bao ca chi tit gia cng. Phn kim loi tha
c cha trong rnh bavia.
1) Na khun trn
2) Na khun di
3) Phi ban u

4) Phi sau khi dp

5) Phi sau khi ct via

 Cc phng php dp th tch

Dp trong lng khun h
c im:
Khng cn phi tnh ton th tch phi tht chnh xc do c rnh
cha bavia tha.
C mt phn kim loi c bin dng t do nn vt dp khng hon
ton trng thi ng sut nn, kh dp c vt c hnh dng
phc tp.
Cht lng sn phm ( chnh xc, bng) khng ng u.
Kt cu khun khng phc tp, d ch to.
Phi thm nguyn cng ct via.

Cc phng php dp th tch

Dp trong lng khun kn
Dp th tch trong lng khun kn l qu trnh lm kim loi bin dng
hn ch trong lng khun c
mt phn khun song song (hoc gn song song) vi phng ca
lc tc dng.
Lng khun kn l lng khun khng c bavia trn sn phm

 Cc phng php dp th tch

Dp trong lng khun kn
c im:
Khng c rnh cha kim loi tha nn cn phi tnh ton th tch
phi tht chnh xc.
Khng c vng kim loi b bin dng t do nn lun to c trng
thi ng sut nn khi dn n kim loi d in y khun, to ra
c vt dp c hnh dng phc tp.
chnh xc kch thc theo phng ngang cao nhng chnh
xc
kch thc theo phng thng ng kn hn so vi lng khun h.
Yu cu thit k v ch to khun chnh xc.
Tit kim c kim loi do khng c bavia.

Thit b dp th tch
Thit b dng trong dp th tch c nhiu loi nh thit b
nung, thit b vn chuyn, my ct phi, thit b lm
ngui, thit b kim traTuy nhin y ta ch nghin
cu my gia cng chnh l my p.
My p thy lc
Cc my p thy lc l loi my truyn dn bng dng
cht lng (nc hoc du) c p sut cao, my c
ch to vi lc p t 300-7000 tn.
to ra lc p ln, trong cc my p thy lc thng
dng b khuch i p sut vi 2 xi lanh.
My p thy lc c u im l lc p ln, chuyn ng
ca du p m v chnh xc, iu chnh hnh trnh p v
lc p d dng. Nhc im ca my p thy lc l ch
to phc tp, bo dng kh khn.

 S b khuch i p sut hai xi lanh

1) Xi lanh hi; 2) pistng; 3) xi lanh du

My p trc khuu
My p trc khuu c lc p t 16-10000 tn.
Chuyn ng ca u trt m, nng sut cao, tn hao
nng lng t nhng phm vi iu chnh hnh trnh b,
phi tnh ton phi chnh xc v lm sch phi k lng.

1)ng c; 2) B
truyn ai; 3) Trc dn
ng; 4,5) cp bnh
rng n khp;
6) ly hp; 7) trc khuu;
8) tay bin; 9) u
trt; 10) e di

 Cng ngh dp th tch

Ty vo mc phc tp ca kt cu vt dp, qu trnh
dp c th tin hnh qua mt hoc nhiu lng khun.
Thng thng, dp cc vt phc tp qu trnh dp c
tin hnh qua cc nguyn cng: dp s b, dp bn
tinh, dp tinh.

Cng ngh dp th tch

Dp s b
Qu trnh dp s b c tin hnh vi cc lng khun sau.
Lng khun vut: lm gim tit din ngang ng thi lm tng
chiu di phi
Lng khun p t: lm tng tit din ngang ca phi mt s
ch nh gim tit din nhng ch khc, chiu di phi gi
nguyn
Lng khun un: lm thay i hng trc ca mt phn phi so
vi phn khc ph hp vi hnh dng ca vt dp

a) Lng khun vut; b) Lng khun p t; c) Lng khun un

 Dp bn tinh: lng khun c hnh gn ging vi hnh

dng vt dp, nhng cn, gc ln ln hn khun dp
tinh v khng c rnh ba via.
Dp tinh: lng khun to hnh chnh xc vt dp c rnh
ba via.

d) lng khun dp bn tinh; e) lng khun dp tinh

3.3.5.2 Phng php dp tm

Khi nim
Dp tm l phng php gia cng p lc tin tin
ch to cc sn phm hoc chi tit bng vt liu tm,
thp bn hoc thp di. Dp tm c tin hnh trng
thi ngui nn cn gi l dp ngui.
Vt liu dng trong dp tm l thp carbon, thp hp
kim mm, ng v hp kim ng, nhm v hp kim
nhm, v cc vt liu phi kim nh giy cctng, b
nt, aming, da
c im
Nng sut lao ng cao do d t ng ha v c kh
ha.
Chuyn ng ca thit b n gin, cht lng chi tit
cao t ph thuc vo tay ngh cng nhn.
C th dp c chi tit phc tp, p, c bn cao.

 Cng dng
Dp tm c dng rng di trong cc ngnh cng nghip
c bit l cng nghip my bay, t, thit b in,
Thit b dp
Thit b dp tm thng c hai loi: my dp trc khuu v
my dp thy lc, my dp c th c tc dng n (ch c
mt con trt chnh dng t, ct, to hnh), tc dng
kp (c 2 con trt dng p phi v dp su) hoc ba
tc dng (ngoi 2 con trt ra cn c b phn y sn
phm ra khi khun)

Cng ngh dp tm
Nhm nguyn cng ct: nguyn cng ny gm c ba
loi ct t, ct phi, t l
Ct t: l nguyn cng ct phi thnh tng ming theo
ng ct h, dng ct thnh tng di c chiu rng
cn thit sau d ct thnh cc ming nh. Cc loi my
ct thng c s dng: my ct li dao song song,
my ct li dao nghing, my ct chn ng.

 Cng ngh dp tm
Nhm nguyn cng ct: nguyn cng ny gm c ba
loi ct t, ct phi, t l
Dp ct v t l: y l nguyn cng ct m ng ct
l mt chu vi kn, dp ct v t l v nguyn l ging
nhau, ch khc nhau v cng dng.

Nguyn cng to hnh: l nguyn cng dch chuyn mt

phn ca phi i vi phn khc m phi khng b ph
hy
Nguyn cng un: l nguyn cng lm thay i hng
ca trc phi. Trong qu trnh un, lp kim loi pha trn b
nn, lp kim loi pha di b ko, lp kim loi gia
khng b ko nn gi l lp trung ha

 Nguyn cng vut: l nguyn cng ch to cc chi tit

rng c hnh dng bt k t phi phng v c tin hnh
trn cc khun dp vut. Khi dp vut c th lm mng
thnh hoc khng lm mng thnh

(a)

(b)

Dp khng lm mng thnh (a): chiu dy phi bng chiu

dy sn phm; mt phn vt liu cha c dp s b
nhn li; chng hin tng nhn phi dng mt vnh
chn gia phi.
Dp lm mng thnh (b): c thc hin khi h gia
chy v khun nh hn chiu dy phi.

(a)

(b)

Un vnh (a): ch to chi tit c g, ng knh D, chiu

cao H, y chi tit rng. Phi un vnh phi t l d
trc, sau dng chy v khun to vnh
Tp ming (b): l nguyn cng lm cho ming ca phi
rng thu nh li, phn tp nh c th l hnh cn, cn tr
hoc na hnh cu

 Mit: l phng php ch to cc chi tit trn xoay

mng, c ng dng i vi chi tit bng thp mm
hoc kim loi mu

S mit

3.4 Hn v ct kim loi

3.4.1 Khi nim, c im, ng dng va phn loi ca
hn kim loi
Khi nim: Hn l phng php ni hai hay nhiu chi tit
kim loi li vi nhau m khng th tho ri bng cch
nung nng kim loi vng tip xc n trng thi chy
hoc do sau kim loi ng c hoc dng p lc
chng dnh li vi nhau
c im
Tit kim kim loi: so vi tn riv 10-20%; c t 30-50%
Thi gian chun b v ch to phi ngn, gi thnh phi
thp
C th to c cc kt cu nh nhng kh nng chu lc
cao
bn v kn ca mi hn ln
Thit b hn n gin, vn u t khng cao
Trong vt hn tn ti ng sut d ln, vt hn b bin
dng, cong vnh, kh nng chu ti trng ng thp

 Phm vi ng dng
Hn c s dng rng ri ch to phi trong ngnh
ch to my, ch to cc kt cu dng khung, gin ,dm
trong xy dng, cu ng, cc bnh cha, thit b chu
p lc trong cng nghip ha cht vv
Phn loi cc phng php hn
Phng php hn c phn thnh 2 nhm c bn sau
Hn nng chy: kim loi mp hn c nung n trng
thi nng chy, kt hp vi kim loi b xung t ngoi vo
in y khe h gia hai chi tit hn, sau ng c
to ra mi hn. Nhm ny gm c: hn h quang, hn
kh, hn bng tia laze, hn bng plasma v.v
Hn p lc: kim loi mp hn c nung nng n
trng thi do, sau hai chi tit c p li vi nhau
bng lc ln to ra mi hn.Nhm ny gm c hn
in tip xc, hn ma st, hn n, hn siu m, hn kh
p, hn cao tn, hn khuch tn vv

3.4.2 Quy c mi hn
K hiu mi hn

 Cc ky hiu mi hn tiu chun

Cc ky hiu mi hn tiu chun

 Cc loi mi hn: Mi hn c 3 kiu: hn gip mi, hn

gc

V tr mi hn
V tr mi hn: trong khng gian chia lm 3 kiu: mi hn
sp, mi hn ng v mi hn nga.

c im: trong 3 v tr hn ny, mi hn sp l d thao

tc thc hin nht cn mi hn trn l kh thc hin nht.

 Tnh hn ca kim loi v hp kim

1) Khi nim
Tnh hn ch mc d hn hay kh hn i vi mt
loi vt liu no . Tnh hn l tng hp cc tnh cht ca
kim loi hay hp kim cho php nhn c lin kt hn
tho mn cc yu cu v cht lng cn thit.

Tnh hn ca kim loi v hp kim

2) Phn loi tnh hn
Vt liu cn hn c quy c chia thnh bn nhm
nh sau:
(1) Vt liu c tnh hn tt: Gm cc loi vt liu cho
php hn c bng nhiu phng php hn khc nhau,
ch hn c th iu chnh c trong mt phm vi
rng, khng cn s dng cc bin php cng ngh phc
tp (nh nung nng s b, nhung nng km theo, nhit
luyn sau khi hn...) m vn m bo nhn c lin kt
hn c cht lng mong mun. Thp cacbon thp v phn
ln thp hp kim thp u thuc nhm ny.

 Tnh hn ca kim loi v hp kim

2) Phn loi tnh hn
(2) Vt liu c tnh hn tho mn: (hay cn gi l c
tnh hn trung bnh) vt liu nhm ny ch thch hp vi
mt s phng php hn nht nh, cc thng s ca ch
hn ch c th dao ng trong phm vi hp. C th phi
s dng mt s bin php cng ngh nh nung nng s
b, gim tc ngui v x l nhit sau khi hn...
Mt s mc thp hp kim thp, thp cacbon v hp
kim trung bnh thuc nhm ny.

Tnh hn ca kim loi v hp kim

2) Phn loi tnh hn
(3) Vt liu c tnh hn hn ch; Gm nhng loi vt
liu cho php nhn c cc lin kt hn vi cht lng
mong mun trong cc iu kin kht khe v cng ngh v
vt liu hn. Thng phi s dng cc bin php x l
nhit, hoc hn trong nhng mi trng bo v c bit
(kh tr, chn khng...); ch hn nm trong mt phm vi
rt hp. Tuy vy, lin kt hn vn c khuynh hng b nt
v d xut hin cc loi khuyt tt khc lm gim cht
lng s dng ca kt cu hn.
Phn ln cc loi thp cacbon cao, thp hp kim cao
thuc nhm ny

 Tnh hn ca kim loi v hp kim

2) Phn loi tnh hn
(4) Vt liu c tnh hn xu: gm cc vt liu rt kh
hn. Thng phi hn bng cc cng ngh c bit, phc
tp v tn km. T chc kim loi mi hn ti, d b bt
nng v nt ngui. C tnh v kh nng lm vic ca lin
kt hn thng thp hn so vi vt liu c bn. V d
phn ln cc loi gang v mt s hp kim c bit.
Vi s pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh hn, ngy
nay tt c vt liu u c tnh hn nht nh, ngha l u
c th hn c, d cht lng c th t c rt khc
nhau.

3.4.3 Hn h quang
3.4.3.1 nh ngha v phn loi hn h quang
nh ngha:
Hn h quang l phng php hn nng chy bng nhit
ca ngn la h quang sinh ra gia hai in cc hn
Phn loi
Phn loi theo dng in hn
Hn h quang bng dng in xoay chiu hoc mt chiu
Hn h quang bng dng in xoay chiu cho ta mi hn
c cht lng khng cao, kh gy h quang, kh hn
nhng thit b hn dng xoay chiu n gin v r tin.
Hn h quang bng dng in mt chiu tuy my t tin
nhng cht lng mi hn cao, r gy h quang, r hn.

 Phn loi theo in cc

Hn h quang bng in cc nng chy hoc khng
nng chy
in cc hn khng nng chy: in cc ch to t cc
vt liu c nhit nng chy cao nh vomfam, grafit.
in cc khng nng chy cho h quang n nh, phi
s dng que hn ph b xung kim loi cho mi hn.
in cc hn nng chy: li in cc c ch to t
kim loi hoc hp kim c thnh phn gn ging vi
thnh phn kim loi vt hn. Lp thuc bc c ch
to t hn hp gm nhiu loi vt liu dng bt v cht
kt dnh. Tc dng ca lp thuc que hn l: duy tr h
quang chy n nh, bo v mi hn trnh s oxy ha v
ha tan kh mi trng, gim tc ngui mi hn
trnh hin tng nt.

Cc loi que hn: c hai loi que hn l que hn nng

chy va que hn khng nng chy.

c ch to bng vonfram, than

hoc grafit. Loi in cc khng
nng chy ngy nay t c s
dng.

 Que hn nng chy

Que hn l nhng dy kim loi thng ct thnh tng on c chiu di t
250 450mm; nhng on ny gi l li que hn.
Que hn in thng dng c hai loi:
- Que hn khng thuc bc (que hn trn) thng dng trong hn t ng.
- Que hn c thuc bc.
Lp thuc bc ngoi li l mt hn hp gm nhiu cht khong khc nhau
nhm mc ch: to x hn; sinh ra lp kh bo v mi hn; hp kim ha mi
hn (b xung mt s nguyn t hp kim cho mi hn); lm n nh s chy
ca h quang.

Que hn nng chy

Vt liu kim loi ch to li que hn c th chia lm ba nhm chnh
+ Que hn ch to bng thp cc bon.
+ Que hn ch to bng thp hp kim.
+ Que hn ch to bng thp hp kim cao hoc hp kim c bit.
Li que hn phi m bo cc yu cu:
+ m bo yu cu v c tnh v thnh phn ho hc b sung cho mi
hn.
+ D gy h quang, h quang chy n nh
+ Nng chy u, t b bn to ra xung quanh.

 Phn loi theo cch u in cc

Theo cch ny c chia lm ba loi sau

Phn loi theo cch u in cc

Ni dy trc tip:
L que hn ni vi mt cc ca ngun in, cn vt hn th ni vi mt
cc khc. H quang chy gia que hn v vt hn. Ni dy trc tip
thng c dng khi hn bng in cc nng chy.
C hai cch ni dy trc tip:
+ Ni thun: Cc dng ni vi vt hn, cc m ni vi que hn.
+ Ni nghch: Cc m ni vi vt hn, cc dng ni vi que hn.
Tu theo iu kin c th ta chn cch ni thun hoc nghch, v nhit
lng thng tp trung cc dng ln hn so vi cc m.

 Phn loi theo cch u in cc

Ni dy gin tip
Hai cc ca ngun in ni vi que hn, cn vt hn khng c ni vi
cc no. H quang chy gia hai que hn. Hn h quang chy gin tip
thng dng khi hn bng in cc khng nng chy.
Ni dy va trc tip va gin tip:
Phng php ni dy hn hp ch dng khi hn bng h quang ba pha.

3.4.3.2 My hn v ch hn
My hn: C hai loi my hn h quang xoay chiu v
my hn h quang mt chiu .
My hn h quang xoay chiu: my hn c li t di
ng c s dng rng ri nht hin nay.

S my hn xoay chiu c li t di ng
A)Li t di ng; B) gng t; W1) s vng dy cun s cp;
W2) s vng dy cun th cp

 My hn h quang mt chiu
to c dng in mt chiu trong my hn c th
dng my pht in mt chiu hoc dng dng chnh lu

a)

b)

My hn h quang mt chiu
a)Dng my pht mt chiu; b) Dng chnh lu

Ch hn
ng knh que hn: ph thuc vo vt liu hn, chiu
dy vt hn, v tr mi hn trong khng gian, kiu mi
hn vv xc nh thng tra trong cc s tay v hn.
i vi cc vt hn mng th c th tnh nh sau
Mi hn gip mi: d=S/2+1 [mm]
Mi hn gc:
d=K/2+2 [mm]
S-chiu dy ca vt hn; K-cnh ca mi hn gc
Cng dng in hn: ph thuc vo vt liu hn,
ng knh que hn, v tr mi hn trong khng gian,
kiu mi hn vvc tra theo s tay cng ngh hn.
in p hn: t thay i khi hn h quang tay

 Tc hn
Tc hn ph thuc vo cng dng in hn v tit
din mi hn c th tnh theo cng thc kinh nghim sau.

-h s p 711 (g/A.h); - khi lng ring ca kim loi que hn

(g/cm3); In-cng dng in hn (A); F- tit din p ca mi hn
(cm2)

Thao tc hn: Khi hn h quang gc nghing que hn

75850 so vi phng ngang, trong qu trnh hn que hn
va chuyn ng dc mi hn vi tc cn thit, va
chuyn ng ngang to b rng mi hn.

3.4.3.3 Hn h quang t ng v bn t ng
nh ngha
Hn h quang t ng l qu trnh hn trong cc khu
ca qu trnh nh: gy h quang, dch chuyn in cc
hn, dch chuyn im hn, cp thuc hn hoc kh bo
v c tin hnh t ng bi my hn. Khi mt s khu
ca qu trnh hn c t ng ha th ngi ta gi l
hn bn t ng.
c im
Nng sut hn cao, cht lng tt v n nh
Tit kim kim loi v ci thin iu kin lao ng
Tit kim nng lng do s dng ngun nhit trit
Thit b t, khng hn c cc kt hn phc tp

 Phn loi
Hn h quang t ng v bn t ng c tin hnh
vi in cc hn dng dy khng c thuc bc do vy
trong qu trnh hn phi c bin php bo v kim loi
Theo phng php bo v kim loi
hn h, hn di lp thuc, hn trong mi trng kh
bo v.
Theo mi trng kh bo v
Hn TIG (Tungstene Inert Gas): hn h quang in cc
khng nng chy, bo v bng kh tr (Ar, He,)
Hn MIG (Metal Inert Gas): hn h quang in cc nng
chy, bo v bng kh tr
Hn MAG (Metal Active Gas): hn h quang in cc
nng chy, bo v bng kh hot tnh (CO, CO2, H2,)

Nguyn l hn h quang trong mi trng kh bo v

3.4.4 Hn in tip xc
3.4.4.1 nh ngha, c im va phn loi
nh ngha: Hn in tip xc l phng php hn p
lc, s dng nhit nh bin i in nng thnh nhit
nng bng cch cho dng in c cng ln i qua b
mt tip xc ca hai chi tit hn nung nng kim loi
n trng thi do, sau d dng p lc p ln to
mi hn.

s hn in tip xc gip mi
1,2) vt hn; 3) c cu p; 4) bn my; 5) my bin p

c im
Thi gian hn ngn, nng sut cao do d c kh ha v
t ng ha
Mi hn bn v p
Thit b t i hi vn u t ln, my hn c cng
sut cao
Cc phng php hn in tip xc
Hn tip xc gip mi: mi hn c thc hin trn
ton b b mt tip xc ca hai chi tit hn
Hn im: mi hn c thc hin tng im trn b
mt tip xc ca hai chi tit hn
Hn ng: mi hn l nhng im ni tip nhau lin
tc to nn ng hn b mt tip xc hai chi tit hn.

3.4.5 Hn v ct kim loi bng kh

3.4.5.1 Khi nim chung
Thc cht v c im
Hn v ct kim loi bng kh l phng php s dng
nhit ca ngn la sinh ra khi t chy kh chy trong
dng oxy nung nng kim loi. Thng dng nht l hn
v ct bng oxy-axetylen.
Hn v ct bng kh c c im sau
Hn c nhiu kim loi v hp kim (gang, ng,
nhm).
Hn c chi tit mng, thit b gn nh, n gin.
Vn u t thp, khng cn ngun in.
Nng sut thp, vt hn b nung nng nhiu dn n c
tnh gim.
Hn v ct kim loi bng kh c s dng nhiu kh
hn cc chi tit mng bng thp, cc chi tit bng gang,
ng , nhm v mt s kim loi mu khc, ct ti phi t
tm, ct t thanh thi vv

Kh hn
Oxy k thut: xy k thut cha 98,5-99,5% xy v
khong 0,5-1,5% tp cht (Ar, He, N2)
Axetylen: c cng thc ha hc l C2H2, khi lng
ring ktc =1,09 kg/m3, nhit tr 11470 cal/m3.
Axetylen c sn xut t t n tc dng vi nc
CaC2+H2OC2H2+Ca(OH)2+30400 cal/mol
Ngoi Axetylen ngi ta cn dng: cc kh nh hydro,
metal, hn hp propan-butan

 Thit b hn kim loi bng kh

S thit b mt trm hn v ct kim loi bng kh

1-Bnh cha kh oxy vi van gim p; 2- Bnh cha kh Axetylen vi
van gim p; 3- Thit b iu chnh trc; 4- ng dn kh xy; 5ng dn kh Axetylen; 6- M hn; 7- Que hn; 8- Ty hn;
9- Chi tit hn; 10- Ngn la

Ngn la khi hn v ct kim loi bng kh

Ty theo t l O2/C2H2 m ngn la u m hn c cc
tnh cht khc nhau

Cu to va cc loi ngn la hn kh

 Ngn la bnh thng

Ngn la bnh thng c c khi t l O2/C2H2=11,2
T trong ra ngoi chia thnh 3 vng r rt: vng phn
hyvng chy khng hon tonvng chy hon
ton.
Vng chy khng hon ton c nhit cao nht v
cha ch yu l cc kh CO v H2 l nhng kh hon
nguyn khng tham gia vo phn ng oxy ha v
carbon ha nn cho cht lng mi hn tt nht do vy
khi hn nn cho vng hn nm trn trong vng ny.
Ngn la oxy ha
Ngn la oxy ha nhn c khi O2/C2H2>1,2.
Ngn la oxy ha ch dng hn ng thau, ct kim
loi hoc ty b mt.
Ngn la carbon ha
Ngn la carbon ha nhn c khi O2/C2H2<1.
Ngn la cc bon ha ch dng khi hn gang, thp gi
hoc thp hp kim.

3.4.5.2 Cng ngh hn kh

Phng php hn
Ty thuc vo vt liu hn v chiu day ca vt hn m
s dng hai phng php hn khc nhau: hn phi v
hn tri

Cc phng php hn kha

a)- Hn phi; b)- Hn tri
1)- M hn; 2- Que hn; 3- Mi hn; 4- Vt hn

 Hn phi
Ngn la hng v phi mi hn, m hn lun i trc
que hn nn nhit tp trung vo vng hn, mi hn
ngui chm v c bo v tt, lng tiu hao kh gim.
Hn phi dng hn tm dy hoc kim loi vt liu hn
dn nhit mnh.
Hn tri
Ngn la hn hng v phi cha hn, que hn i
trc m hn. Mp hn c nung nng s b nn kim
loi vng hn trn u hn ng thi quan st c mi
hn, mt ngoi mi hn p. Hn tri dng hn cc
tm mng hoc vt liu d chy.

Ch kh
Gc nghing ca mi hn: gc nghing so vi
phng ngang t l thun vi chiu dy vt hn, nhit
chy v h s dn nhit ca vt liu hn.

Cng sut ngn la: tnh bng lng kh tiu hao trong
mt gi, t l thun vi chiu dy vt hn, nhit chy
v h s dn nhit ca vt liu hn.
ng knh que hn: ph thuc vo vt liu hn v
phng php hn. Khi hn thp cc bon chn theo cng
thc kinh nghim. Hn tri d=S/2+1, hn phi d=S/2, S l
chiu dy vt hn (mm).

3.4.5.3 Ct kim loi

Thc cht ca phng php ct kim loi bng khi
Cc kim loi thc cht l t chy kim loi bng dng
oxy ti thnh cc oxit v thi chng ra khi mp ct
ti thnh rnh ct

s ct kim loi bng kh

iu kin ct kim loi bng kh

ct bng kh th kim loi ct phi tha mn cc tnh
cht sau
Nhit chy ca kim loi phi thp hn nhit nng
chy.
Nhit nng chy ca oxit kim loi phi thp hn nhit
nng chy ca kim loi.
Oxit kim loi c tnh chy long tt.
dn nhit ca kim loi khng qu cao, trnh s tn
nhit nhanh lm cho mp ct b nung nng km lm
gin on qu trnh ct.

i vi cc vt liu thng dng

Thp cc bon <0,7% C rt thun li khi ct bng kh.
Thp cc bon cao khi ct phi nung nng s b 3006000C.
Thp hp kim Cr+Ni c Cr2O3 nhit nng chy gn
20000C nn cng rt kh ct.
Nhm, ng v cc hp kim ca chng c dn nhit
cao nn cng rt kh ct bng kh, mun ct c bng
kh th phi dng thm thuc ct.
Gang khng th ct bng kh v khi chy to thnh SiO2
c st cao.

M ct
S cu to m ct

 Khuyt tt ca mi hn
Cc khuyt tt chnh trn cc chi tit hn:
1. Nt
2. L hi
3. Ln x hn
4. Hn cha ngu
5. Khuyt cnh
6. ng cc

Khuyt tt ca mi hn
Cc khuyt tt chnh trn cc chi tit hn:
1. Nt

 Khuyt tt ca mi hn
Cc khuyt tt chnh trn cc chi tit hn:
2. L hi

Khuyt tt ca mi hn
Cc khuyt tt chnh trn cc chi tit hn:
3. Ln x hn

 Khuyt tt ca mi hn
Cc khuyt tt chnh trn cc chi tit hn:
4. Hn cha ngu (thu)

Khuyt tt ca mi hn
Cc khuyt tt chnh trn cc chi tit hn:
5. Khuyt cnh

 Khuyt tt ca mi hn
Cc khuyt tt chnh trn cc chi tit hn:
6. ng cc

Cc phng php kim tra mi hn

1. Kim tra ph hng
Kim tra c tnh, n c th xc nh cng cc i ca
u mi hn, tnh do v tnh dai cao hay thp.
2. Kim tra khng ph hng
Kim tra mt ngoi bng du la, p lc nc, bng kh nn,
tia X, tia gama,

3.5 Gia cng ct gt

3.5.1 Nguyn l ct gt kim loi
Khi nim
Gia cng ct gt kim loi l qu trnh ct i mt lp kim
loi (lng d gia cng) trn b mt ca phi c
chi tit c hnh dng, kch thc, chnh xc, bng
theo yu cu. Qu trnh ct gt c thc hin trn cc
my cng c (cn gi l my ci) bng cc loi dao ct
khc nhau.
Gia cng ct gt c th dng gia cng th, gia cng
tinh, gia cng ln cui t bng, chnh xc cao.

Chuyn ng c bn khi ct gt
Trong qu trnh ct gt, phi v dao ct chuyn ng
tng i vi nhau nh cc c cu my. C hai dng
chuyn ng: chuyn ng c bn- l chuyn ng sinh
ra vic ct gt v chuyn ng ph. Chuyn ng c
bn c th chia ra
Chuyn ng chnh (chuyn ng ct): c tc ln
hn cc chuyn ng khc, ch yu thc hin qu trnh
ct to phoi, k hiu l V
Chuyn ng bc tin (chuyn ng chy dao): c
tc nh hn chuyn ng chnh nhm thc hin qu
trnh ct lin tc n ht chiu di chi tit, k hiu l S

 Cc chuyn ng c bn: Cc chuyn ng c bn

ca mt s phng php ct gt kim loi ph bin.

Cc thng s ct gt c bn
Cc thng s ct gt c bn l vn tc ct, lng chy
dao v chiu su ct.
Tc ct V: tc ct l khong dch chuyn ca mt
im trn li ct hoc mt im trn b mt chi tit gia
cng sau mt n v thi gian.
i vi phi v dng c ct quay trn (tin, phay,
khoan): V=n.D./1000 (m/pht), D(mm)-ng knh ca
phi; n- s vng quay ca phi hoc dng c ct trong
mt pht.
i vi phi v dng c ct chuyn ng thng (bo,
xc): V=L/1000.t (m/pht), L (mm)- chiu di hnh trnh; t
(pht)- thi gian ca mt hnh trnh.

 Lng chy dao S

L khong dch chuyn ca dao theo hng chuyn
ng ph sau mt vng quay ca chi tit gia cng
(mm/vng).
i vi qu trnh phay
Lng chy dao l s dch chuyn ca phi khi dao
quay c mt vng (S0) hoc khi dao phay quay mt
rng (Sz) hoc dch chuyn ca phi trong mt pht(Sm):
S0=Sz.Z; Sm=n.S0=Sz.Z.n (Z-s rng ca dao phay, n- s
vng quay ca dao trong mt pht).
i vi qu trnh khoan
Lng chy dao l khong dch chuyn ca mi khoan
dc theo chiu trc khi mi khoan quay mt vng

Chiu su ct t
L khong cch gia b mt cn c gia cng v b
mt gia cng sau mt ln dao ct chy qua.
Khi tin ngoi: t=(D-d)/2 (mm); D-ng knh b mt
cn gia cng; d- ng knh b mt gia cng.
Khi phay: chiu su ct t bng chiu dy ca lp kim
loi sau mt ln chy dao.
Khi khoan: chiu su ct t bng mt na ng knh
mi khoan, t=D/2 ; D-ng knh mi khoan.

 Dng c ct
Dao ct (dao tin, dao phay, dao bo) l loi dng c
ct dng rt rng ri gia cng kim loi.

Mt s loi dao ct gt

Vt liu ch to dng c ct
ct gt c hiu qu th vt liu lm dng c ct
phi c cng, bn (bn un, bn va p v bn
nhit), tnh chng mi mn cao. Cc vt liu thng
dng ch to dao ct nh sau.
Thp cc bon dng c: sau khi nhit luyn t cng
60-63 HRC, chu nhit thp (200-300oC), thp ny ch
dng ch to cc dng c: ca, da, c,Cc mc
thp thng dng l: CD80; CD80A, CD100,
Thp hp kim dng c: c bn nhit, bn c, chu
mi mn va p tt hn thp cc bon dng c. Cc mc
thp hay s dng l cc loi thp gi nh:
80W18Cr4VMo, 90W9Cr2V2Mo
Hp kim cng: c tnh ct gt rt cao khng phi nhit
luyn, chu nhit ln n 1000oC, cng t 70-92
HRC,thng dng cc loi sau: WCCo8, WCCo10 dng
ct gang; WCTiC5Co10; WCTiC15Co6, thch hp
ct cc vt liu do
Ngoi ra cn dng vt liu: gm, kim cng ch
to dao ct kim loi

 My ct kim loi
Phn loi
My ct gt kim loi c phn loi theo cc cch nh
sau
Theo khi lng: loi nh di 1 tn; loi trung bnh
di 10 tn; loi hng nng t 10 tn tr ln, c loi ln
n 1600 tn.
Theo chnh xc ca my: chnh xc thng,
chnh xc cao v chnh xc rt cao
Theo mc gia cng ca my th chia ra: my vn
nng; my chuyn dng gia cng mt vi chi tit gn
ging nhau; my chuyn dng ch gia cng mt chi tit
Theo cng dng v chc nng ca my: my tin, my
bo, my phay, my khoan

K hiu my
Cc my sn xut Vit Nam c k hiu nh sau
Ch nhm u tin ch nhm my: T-tin; KD-khoan
doa; M-mi; TH- t hp; P-phay; BX-bo xc; C- ct t
Ch s tip theo biu th kiu my c trng cho mt
trong nhng kch thc quan trng ca chi tit hay dng
c gia cng
Cc ch ci sau cng ch r chc nng, mc t ng
ha, chnh xc v ci tin my
V d: T620A; T-tin; s 6; 20- ch chiu cao tm my l
200 mm; A c ngha l ci tin t my T620

3.5.2 Phng php tin

3.5.2.1 Nguyn l v kh nng cng ngh
Nguyn ly tin
Tin l phng php cng ngh gia cng ct gt in
hnh trong s cc phng php gia cng ct gt.
ng hc ca qu trnh ct gt khi tin gm ba chuyn
ng sau

Chuyn ng chnh I
Phi quay trn (thng qua g, v d: mm cp), y l
chuyn ng sinh ra phoi.
Chuyn ng chy dao II
Chuyn ng chy dao thng c thc hin theo
hng song song hoc vung gc vi ng tm quay
ca chi tit gia cng.
Chuyn ng ph
L cc chuyn ng khc cn thit hon thnh qu
trnh tin, c th nh: chuyn ng tin dao vo v rt
dao ra, chuyn ng ca ng v.v...

 Kha nng cng ngh: Tin c kha nng gia cng cc

mt tr trn, mt cn rnh, khoan-khot-doa l tru hoc
l cn, xn mt bc va mt u, tin ren cc loi. Ngoi
ra cn tin c cc mt nh hnh trn xoay.

3.5.2.2 chnh xc va mc gia cng khi tin

chnh xc: chnh xc ca nguyn cng tin ph
thuc vo cc yu t chnh sau
chnh xc my tin: o trc chnh, ng tm
gia nng ng vi tm trc chnh, thng sng trt
bng my...
cng vng ca h thng cng ngh: my, g, dao,
phi
Tnh trng dao tin: cng vng dao, cht lng mi
dao .v.v..
Trnh tay ngh cng nhn.

 Mc gia cng
Tin th ( tin ph): Ht i phn ln lng d, ch li
mt phn lng d nh cho tin tinh (t chnh xc 13
- 12, bng Rz80 - Rz40 ).
Tin bn tinh: Tip tc ht i mt phn lng d, ch
mt phn lng d nh cho tin tinh (t chnh xc 11
- 9, bng Rz40 - Rz20 ).
Tin tinh: Ht i mt phn lng d nh t chnh
xc v bng cao (t chnh xc 9 - 8, bng
Ra2,5 Ra0,63 ).
Tin mng: Ht i mt phn lng d rt nh t
chnh xc v bng rt cao (t chnh xc 8 - 7,
bng Ra1,25 - Ra0,08 ).

3.5.2.3 My tin
Cc b phn chnh ca my tin

1) trc; 2) Mm cp; 3) Hp xe dao; 4) g dao; 5) Bn dao dc;

6) sau; 7) Bn dao ngang; 8) Thn my; 9) Hp cng tc in;
10) Trc trn; 11) Trc vitme; 12) my; 13) Puli v ai truyn;
14) Hp bc tin; 15) B bnh rng thay th

3.5.2.3 My tin
Cc b phn chnh ca my tin

1: trc: L mt hp c bng gang, bn trong lp trc chnh v cc cp

bnh rng d thay i tc ca trc chnh.
Trc chnh l mt trc rng phi tin c th chui lt vo trong. Mt u trc
chnh nh ra khi trc lp mm cp. Trc chnh nhn truyn ng v
thay i tc quay ca n thng qua cc cp bnh rng di trt trong hp
tc .

3.5.2.3 My tin
Cc b phn chnh ca my tin

2. Cc c cu dn ng gm:
+ Cc puly v ai truyn mmen quay t ng c in ln trc.
+ B bnh rng thay th : Dn ng t trc chnh xung trc vt me v trc
trn to chuyn ng cho bn xe dao.

3.5.2.3 My tin
Cc b phn chnh ca my tin

3. Hp bc tin: C nhim v lm thay i tc quay cho trc vtme v trc

trn. Trong hp bc tin thng c lp cc b bnh rng di trt hoc b
bnh rng hnh thp.

3.5.2.3 My tin
Cc b phn chnh ca my tin

4.Thn my: c c bng gang, trn thn my c lp hu ht cc b

phn khc ca my tin. Mt trn thn my l bng my. Bng my c nhim
v dn hng cho bn xe dao v sau. Thn my thng c t trn
chn hoc b my.

3.5.2.3 My tin
Cc b phn chnh ca my tin

5. Hp xe dao: C nhim v bin chuyn ng quay trn ca trc vt me hoc

trc trn thnh chuyn ng tnh tin ca bn xe dao qua b truyn ng
bnh rng thanh rng.

3.5.2.3 My tin
Cc b phn chnh ca my tin

6. Bn dao: Bn dao c lp trn hp xe dao, gm c bn dao ngang v bn

dao dc. Cc bn dao ny c nhim v to chuyn ng theo cc hng
khc nhau cho dao tin. Trn bn dao dc l kp dao kp cht dao.

3.5.2.3 My tin
Cc b phn chnh ca my tin

7. sau: Cn c gi l ng v n dch chuyn c dc theo bng my.

sau dng lp mi tm cc chi tit di, dng g mi khoan, mi
khot hoc mi doa trong qu trnh gia cng l...

3.5.2.3 My tin
Cc b phn chnh ca my tin

8. Hp cng tc in : gm cc thit b ng, ngt my v bo v m t in

nh cu ch, khi ng t ... Mt ngoi ca t in thng b tr cc nt n,
cng tc, ng h bo vn - ampe. mt s my thit b in c t trong
b my.

3.5.2.4 Dao tin

Dao tin rt a dng v c phn loi nh sau:
- Theo cng dng: dao tin dc ( dao tin ngoi), dao xn mt, dao ct,
dao tin rnh, dao tin trong ( dao tin l ), dao tin trong, dao tin ren ngoi,
dao tin ren trong ...
- Theo hng chy dao:
+ Dao tin phi: chy dao t phi sang tri.
+ Dao tin tri: chy dao t tri sang phi.
- Theo kt cu dao: dao lin, dao hn, dao ghp.
- Theo dng u dao: dao u thng, dao u cong.
- Theo vt liu lm dao: dao thp gi, dao hp kim cng, dao kim cng,
dao hp kim gm.

3.5.2.4 Dao tin

1-Dao u thng 2- Dao u cong 3- Dao tin mt u 4-Dao tin rnh 5- Dao tin tinh
6- Dao tin tr bc 7- Dao tin l sut 8- Dao ct rnh 9- Dao tin ren ngoi
10- Dao tin ren trong 11- Dao tin l bc

3.5.2.5 Mt s phng php gia cng trn my tin

Tin trn: L tin ngoi v trong mt chi tit c hnh tr
tron hoc tr bc

S tin trn

Tin cn: c th dng mt trong cc phng php sau

Dng dao bn rng: Phng php ny dng tin
on cn c chiu di ngn v gc cn bt k.

S tin cn dng dao bn rng

 Xoay bn dao trn mt gc

Phng php ny thch hp vi chiu di cn ngn

S tin cn bng cch xoay bn dao

nh lch ng
Li dng r ca ng, nh lch ng mt
khong h

S tin cn bng phng php anh lch ng

 Tin ren
Ty theo dng ren v yu cu, ngi ta s dng 3 cch
tin dao khc nhau

Phng php (a): ch dng khi ct ren nh, hai li dao

cng ct nn hai b mt ren u nhn.
Phng php (b) v (c): n dao nghing theo mt mp
nn ch c mt li dao ct, mp bn phi km nhn
bng. Phng php ny dng khi ct th c kch thc
ln.

Gia cng b mt lch tm

C 2 phng php gia cng b mt lch tm
Phng php dng mi chng tm
Trn mt u phi khoan 2 l tm I-I v II-II, khi g l
tm I-I ta gia cng mt lch tm 2, khi g l tm II-II ta
gia cng ngng trc 1.

S phng php chng mi tm

 Phng php gia cng trn mm cp

Dng mt ming m c chiu dy A nht nh di mt
vu ca mm cp

S phng php gia cng trn mm cp

Gia cng cc b mt c bit bng dao nh hnh

S dng cc loi dao nh hnh m profin ca li dao
ging hnh dng mt ngoi ca chi tit gia cng

S gia cng nh hnh

3.5.3 Phng php phay

3.5.3.1 Nguyn ly va kha nng cng ngh
Nguyn ly: Phay l phng php gia cng ct gt dng
dng c nhiu li ct l dao phay gia cng cc mt
phng v cc mt nh hnh khc.
ng hc qu trnh phay
Chuyn ng chnh n: l
chuyn ng quay trn ca dao
phay.
Chuyn ng chy dao s : l
chuyn ng tnh tin ca
phi(bn my).
Chuyn ng ph: vo ra
ca phi so vi dao phay,
chuyn ng phn

Kha nng cng ngh ca my phay

Phay dng ph bin gia cng mt phng, cc loi rnh
phng v cong, cc dng mt nh hnh, bnh rng cc
loi, ct t, phay ren..
Phay l phng php gia cng t nng sut cao, t
c chnh xc v bng b mt xp x khi gia cng
tin

a: phay mt phng bng dao tru

b,c: phay mt phng bng dao
mt u
d, : phay rnh bng dao phay
ngn.
e: phay rnh bng dao phay a

3.5.3.2 Cc loi dao va my phay

Dao phay: Ty theo b mt gia cng c cc loi dao sau
y

Loi dao gia cng mt phng: gm c dao phay tr,

dao phay mt u (a,c,e).
Loi dao gia cng rnh: gm c dao phay a, dao
phay 3 mt ct, dao phay ngn (b,d,g).
Loi dao gia cng bnh rng: c dao phay mun, dao
phay ln rng (k).

My phay

My phay vn nng: l loi c tr chnh thng ng hoc

nm ngang, c th phay c nhiu b mt khc nhau.
My phay chuyn dng: ch gia cng c mt s b
mt nht nh gm my phay bnh rng, my phay ren,
my phay thng
My phay ging: dng gia cng ng thi nhiu b
mt ca cc chi tit ln
Ngoi ra cn c: my phay chp hnh, my t hp, my
phay iu khin theo chng trnh s

3.5.3.3 Cc phng php phay

Phay thun

L phng php phay m chiu quay ca dao trng vi

hng tnh tin ca phi ti im tip xc M.
Khi phay thun, chiu dy tit din ct thay i t amax n
amin (~0 ). Li dao b trt va gy lc p, p cht phi
ln bn my.
S va p ca phi va li dao ln d gy gy rng dao,
nn phay thun ch dng phay tinh.

Phay nghch

Ti tip im M, vec t vn tc va hng chy dao ngc

nhau.
Khi phay nghch tit din ct t gia tr amix n amax. Li
dao c xu hng nng phi nn gy rung ng.
Phay nghch thch hp khi phay th.

 Phay mt phng
* Dng dao phay tr ( rng thng hoc rng nghing).
Dng cc phng php phay thun v phay nghch tin hnh phay
mt phng . Khi ct th b mt phi c v cng th dng phay nghch . Khi
ct tinh vi lng phay nh hoc ct kim loi mm th dng phay thun c
hiu qu hn.
* Dng dao phay mt u: dng c hiu qu trong sn xut ln.

Phay rnh
+ Cc rnh vung hoc ch nht c phay bng dao phay a 3 mt
+ Cc rnh nh hnh (mang c, ui n..) c phay bng dao nh hnh

 Phay rnh then

3.5.4 Phng php bo xc

3.5.4.1 Nguyn ly va ng hc ca bo, xc
Nguyn ly
Bo v xc l phng php gia cng ct gt dng dao
n vi chuyn ng ct gt l chuyn ng thng v
chuyn ng chy dao tnh tin gin on.
ng hc
ng hc ca qu trnh bo c th hin nh sau.

 Phay bnh rng, mt nh hnh

Chuyn ng chnh 1: l chuyn ng tnh tin kh hi

ca bn kp dao gm mt hnh trnh c ti va mt hnh
trnh khng ti. Khi bo chuyn ng chnh theo phng
ngang cn khi xc thi chuyn ng chnh theo phng
thng ng
Chuyn ng chy dao 2: l chuyn ng tnh tin gin
on ca phi sau mi hnh trnh kp ca dao
Chuyn ng ph 3: l chuyn ng tin dao, rt dao
v.v

 Kha nng cng ngh ca bo xc

Bo v xc dng : gia cng cc mt phng ngang,

nghing, thng ng v mt phng bc, gia cng cc loi
rnh vung, trn, ch T, rnh then, rnh mang c, gia
cng cc bnh rng (xc) v cc mt nh hnh.
Xc thng gia cng: cc mt phng bn trong nh
rnh then, then hoa trong l.
Bo v xc: c dng rng ri trong sn xut n
chic sa cha lot nh do c tnh vn nng cao v dao
c g n gin.

3.5.4.2 Dao bo va ky thut bo

Dao bo: Dao bo c hai loi l dao thng v dao cong

Dao thng: c kt cu n gin nhng trong qu trnh ct,

do tc dng ca lc P, thn dao b bin dng v b un
quanh im O, v qu o ca mi dao l cung trn bn
knh R, lm cho b mt chi tit b ct lm ht kch thc.
Dao bo cong: khc phc c nhng nhc im ca
dao bo thng nhng kho ch to, gia thnh t.

 Ky thut bo
tng nng sut
Khi bo ngi ta dng cc bin php cng ngh sau.
Ga t: dng c so dao ga t chi tit va dng c ct
lm gim thi gian ga t nng cn nng sut bo.
Chn my: chn loi my bo phu hp vi yu cu sn
phm va kch thc ca phi cn gia cng.
Dng nhiu dao khi gia cng nng cao nng sut.
nng cao chnh xc khi bo
Khi gia cng cc chi tit ln nn tch thnh hai nguyn
cng gia cng th v tinh ring bit.
Dng phong php bo tinh mng bng dao rng bn ch
to t hp kim cng.

3.5.4.3 Phn loi my bo

Ty theo nhng c trng v cng ngh, my bo c
chia thnh my bo ngang (a), my bo ging (c), my
bo ng (my xc) (b)

a)

b)
Cc loi my bo

c)

 My bo ngang
Dng gia cng nhng phi khng ln (<600 mm).
Bn my cng vi phi chuyn ng trn mt phng
nm ngang, dao va bn dao chuyn ng tin va li.
Hp tc va c cu Culit dng dch chuyn bn
trt.
My bo ng
u my chuyn ng theo chiu thng ng.
Gia cng phi c chiu ngang ln, chiu cao khng ln.
Thng dng gia cng cc l, rnh, mt phng va mt
nh hnh.
My bo ging
Dng gia cng cc phi ln nh thn my.
Bn my va phi chuyn ng theo chiu dc, cn dao
bo kp trn gia dao thi chuyn ng theo chiu ngang.

3.5.5 Phng php khoan doa

3.5.5.1 Nguyn ly va ng hc
Nguyn ly
Khoan-doa dng gia cng l hnh tru bng cc dng c
ct nh: mi khoan, mi khot va mi doa.
My khoan l loi my to ra l th c cp chnh xc
thp, bng nho (Rz100- Rz 60). nng cao chnh
xc va bng b mt l phi dng khot hay doa trn
my dao, sau khi doa chnh xc t cp 1 hoc cp 2
Ring trn my khoan c th dng dng c tar, bn ren
gia cng ren.

 ng hc phng php khoan- doa

S ct khi khoan-doa

Chuyn ng chnh: l chuyn ng quay trn ca trc

mang dao.
Chuyn ng chy dao: l chuyn ng tnh tin ca
mi khoan, mi doa.

Kt cu c l khoan

3.5.5.2 My khoan va dng c ct trn my khoan doa

My khoan: my khoan c cc loi sau
My khoan bn: l loi my khoan n gin, nho t
trn bn ngui. L khoan ln nht 10 (mm).
My khoan ng: l loi dng gia cng cc loi l n
c ng knh trung bnh nho hn 50(mm). My c trc
chnh mang mi khoan c nh, phi phi chuyn sao
cho trng tm mi khoan.
My khoan cn: dng gia cng ng knh l ln
trn cc phi c trng lng ln.
My khoan nhiu trc: trn cng mt c th lp nhiu
mi khoan, cc mi khoan ny ng thi lm vic theo
mt ch . Loi ny dng trong sn xut hnh lot.
My khoan su: c trc chnh nm ngang khoan cc
l c su ln.

Dng c ct trn my khoan-doa

Mi khoan: Trong ct gt kim loi thng dng ph bin
nht l mi khoan rut ga. Cu to mi khoan rut ga
gm cc phn sau:
Phn ct: gm 2 li ct
chnh va 2 li ct phu va
li ct ngang.
Phn nh hng: nh
hng mi khoan ct theo
ng tm a chn.
Phn chui: l phn lin
kt vi my khoan, chui tru
dng cho mi khoan nho,
chui cn dng cho mi
khoan ln.

 Mi khot va doa: l dng c m rng l khoan, tng

chnh xc va bng b mt l trn xoay. Khc vi
mi khoan, mi khot va doa c s li ct nhiu hn

Tar va bn ren
Tar: l dng c gia cng ren trong c th lp trn trc
khoan hoc thao tc bng tay
Bn ren: l dng c dng gia cng ren ngoi vi kch
thc khng qu ln

3.5.6 Phng php mi

3.5.6.1 Nguyn ly, c im va ng hc qu trnh mi
Nguyn ly
Bn cht ca mi l qu trnh ct gt c thc hin ng
thi bi nhiu ht mi c cc li ct c hnh dng hnh
hc khng xc nh c phn b mt cch ngu nhin
trn b mt mi.
c im
Mi c kh nng gia cng c cc mt trng xoay ngoi
v trong, cc mt phng, cc mt nh hnh t cc vt liu
cha hoc qua nhit luyn . Sau khi mi c th t
cp chnh xc 6 n 7 , nhn cp 7 n 13.
Tc ct ca mi rt ln (30-50m/s), cng trt ln
nn khi ct sinh ra mt lng nhit rt ln (nhit c th
ln n 1500oC) lm nh hng n b mt gia cng.

ng hc qu trnh mi: ng hc qu trnh mi c

th hin trn hnh

Chuyn ng quay trn ca mi (n ): l chuyn

ng ct.
Chuyn ng quay trn ca chi tit mi (nct ): m
bo mi ht chu vi chi tit.
Chuyn ng tnh tin ca bn my: mang chi tit
m bo mi ht chiu di chi tit.

3.5.6.2 My mi, a mi va ky thut mi

My mi: Cc b phn chnh ca my mi

a mi
a mi c ch ti t ht mi va cht kt dnh.
Vt liu lm ht mi bao gm cc loi nh kim cng
nhn to, cc oxyt nh oxyt nhm thng, oxyt nhm
trng, cc bt silic, ccbit boric
Cht kt dnh v c nh keramit, hu c nh bakelit
hoc cao su.
a mi chia lm hai loi: a mi cng va a mi mm.
a mi cng: l a kho tch ht, n dng mi vt liu
mm.
a mi mm: l a r tch ht, to thnh lp mi sc
hn, dng mi cc vt liu cng.

 Cc loi a mi

a, b- a mi hnh tru mi trn ngoi; c- a mi hnh l; d- a mi hnh tru

mi chi tit ln; e,f- a mi cn; g- a mi hnh a; h- a mi mt u

Ky thut mi
Mi trn ngoi
C hai phng php mi trn ngoi: mi c tm va mi
khng tm
Mi trn ngoi c tm: chi tit c ga trn hai mi tm
hoc mm cp va mi tm. Khi mi nn tin a dc trc,
nu chi tit ngn, ng knh ln, cng vng cao c
th tin a hng knh.

 Mi trn ngoi khng tm

Phng php ny cho nng sut cao, cng vng ca

h thng cao hn mi c tm, c th mi c trc di
m mi c tm khng thc hin c. Khng mi c
trc bc hoc chi tit c rnh.

Mi trn trong (mi l): C kha nng gia cng l tru, l

cn, l nh hnh. C hai phng php mi trn trong l
mi l c tm va mi l khng tm.
Mi l c tm
Thc hin trn cc my mi l chuyn dng, my mi
vn nng c u mi l hoc trn my tin vn nng c
trang b ga mi l.

 Mi trn l khng tm
Cho nng sut cao, chnh xc va ng tm cao.
Do chun gia cng l mt ngoi nn mt ngoi ca chi
tit phi c gia cng tinh hoc bn tinh trc khi mi
l.

S mi trn l khng tm

Mi mt phng: l phng php gia cng tinh cc mt

phng sau khi qua phay hoc bo, a hoc cha qua
nhit luyn.
Dng a mi hnh tru: cho chnh xc cao, nhng din
tch tip xc a va chi tit nho nn cho nng sut thp.

 Dng a mi mt u
Cho nng sut cao hn mi a hnh tru, c th mi ng
thi nhiu mt nhng nhn va chnh xc thp hn
mi a hnh trc.

Mi nh hnh
Gia cng cc b mt nh hnh c ng sinh thng, cc
b mt nh hnh trn xoay trong va ngoi.

3.5.7 Gia cng ngui

Ly du
Ly du l nguyn cng xc nh chun va kch thc
sau o gia cng theo du
chnh xc ly du thp (0,1), phu thuc vo thit b
dng c va trnh cng nhn
Ly du thng dng cho gia cng th trong sn xut
n chic
Cc dng c dng khi ly du: mi rch, compa, ke,
cc dng c o

Cc nguyn cng gia cng th

Da
Da l nguyn cng gia cng ngui dng trong lp rp,
sa cha, ch to dng gia cng cc vt liu kim
loi, phi kim nhng khng th gia cng cc vt liu c
cng cao nh (s, thy tinh, thp qua ti luyn)
Da c th gia cng c cc mt phng, mt cong,
rnh, l
Da cng tun theo nguyn ly ct ngt kim loi nhng
chiu su ct, chiu dy ct rt nho.
thc hin c da ngi ta dng cc loi da th,
da tinh, da m ngh vi cc hnh dng nh: phng
lng mo, bn nguyt, trn, tam gic

 Ca
Ca l nguyn cng chun b phi nhm phn chia
thanh, thi, tm thnh cc on, di, mnh
Nguyn cng ca c dng trong gia cng ngui, sa
cha va lp rp
Thc hin ca cc chi tit nho bng ca tay, ca cc chi
tit ln bng ca my
c- t
L nguyn cng to l, rnhdng trong sa cha lp
rp. Cc nguyn cng ny thc hin thng qua mi t
vi ba tay tc ng lc.
Mt s nguyn cng khc: trong gia cng ngui va lp
rp i khi cn phi thc hin cc nguyn cng nh:
un, xon, tn, ghp

Cc nguyn cng gia cng tinh.

Nguyn cng khoan: to l thng sut hoc khng
thng, c thc hin trn my khoan bn hoc khoan
tay
Nguyn cng khot-doa: l nguyn cng nhm nng
cao bng b mt va chnh xc gia cng ca l
Co: l nguyn cng nhm to phng ca b mt lp
ghp, iu chnh kch thc dung sai cho lp ghp
Nghin-ra: l nguyn cng nhm nng cao bng b
mt va chnh xc gia cng. Ngi ta dng bt mi
(dng nho) thng qua chy nghin hoc bn nghin

3.6 Ky thut o va nh gia cht lng gia cng

3.6.1 Ky thut o
Cc phng php o: ty theo nguyn ly xc nh gia tr
thc ca cc i lng o va nguyn ly lm vic ca dng
c o, cc phng php o c chia nh sau
o trc tip: gia tr ca i lng o c xc trc tip
theo ch s trn dng c o hoc theo sai lch kch
thc ca vt o so vi kch thc mu. o trc tip c
hai cch l trc tip tuyt o va o trc tip so snh.
o trc tip tuyt i: o trc tip kch thc cn o va
gia tr ca kch thc nhn c trc tip trn vch ch thi
ca dng c o.
o trc tip so snh: o trc tip kch thc cn o
nhng li xc nh tr s sai lch ca kch thc so vi
mu. Gia tr ca khch thc xc nh bng cch cng i
s kch thc mu vi tr s sai lch.

o gin tip
c im ca o gin tip l gia tr ca i lng o
c xc nh gin tip qua kt qu o trc tip cc i
lng c lin quan n i lng o.
o phn tch
Cc thng s ca chi tit c o ring r, khng phu
thuc vo nhau.

 Dng c o
Ngi ta thng s dng cc dng c o nh sau
Thc mt di: dng o di ca trc, thanh hoc
xc nh khong cch gi cc v tr nh rnh, l
Thc cp: dng o ng knh trong hoc ng
knh ngoi ca cc b mt trn xoay, chnh xc ca
dng c ny khong 0,02 n 0,1 (mm).
Panme: dng o mt tru ngoi hoc cc khong cch
hp, i cn o c kch thc l tng i ln,
chnh xc khong 0,002 n 0,01 (mm).
Calip gii hn: dng o kch thc l (calip nt),
dng o kch thc ngoi (calip hm). Trn calip c
hai u, mi u gii hn kch thc nho nht va ln
nht cho php, khong gii hn o gi l dung sai ca
kch thc cn o.

ng h o: dng xc nh sai s o vi chun, c th

xc nh c khng song song, khng trn ( van,
mo,), khng ng tm vv

Mt s dng c o

3.6.2 nh gia cht lng gia cng

Cht lng gia cng c khi c nh gia qua nhiu yu
t nh: cht lng b mt ca chi tit, chnh xc gia
cng (bao gm sai lch v kch thc va sai lch
v hnh dng).
Cht lng b mt ca chi tit
Cht lng b mt ca chi tit my c nh gia thng
qua nhm b mt va tnh cht c ly ca lp b mt.
nhm b mt ( nhp nh b mt)
nhm b mt chi tit c c trng bi hnh dng
hnh hc t vi ( nhp nh) va cc vt trn b mt.
Nguyn nhn gy ra nhm b mt l do vt dao li,
do dung ng trong qu trnh ct vv
nhm b mt c nh gia thng qua hai ch tiu l
sai lch trung bnh s hc (Ra) va chiu cao mp m
trung bnh (Rz)

Cc thng s ca profin thc t cc b mt

Tr s ca Ra va Rz c tnh nh sau:

Cc gia tr y(xi) va himim , himax c ly trong chiu di chun l

Tiu chun Nha nc TCVN 2511-78 quy nh 14 cp

chnh xc b mt th hin qua bng sau.

Tnh cht c ly lp b mt
Tnh cht c ly ca lp b mt c nh hng ln n tui
tho ca chi tit my. Tnh cht c ly biu hin thng qua
cc thng s nh: cng b mt, tr s va du ca ng
sut d b mt va cu trc t vi b mt.
cng b mt: l mt thuc tnh c bn ca vt liu,
phn nh tnh chu un, mi mn va try xc ca vt
liu, c 3 phng php o cng b mt chi tit l
Brinell, Vicker, Rockwell.
ng sut d b mt: trong qu trnh gia cng ct gt lp
kim loi b mt b bin dng dn n tn ti ng sut trn
b mt gi l ng sut d, ng sut ny c th l ng
sut nn hoc ng sut ko.

 Cu trc t vi lp b mt: cu trc t vi lp b mt kim

loi sau khi gia cng bao gm cc lp sau

Cu trc t vi lp b mt

Lp 1: l mt mng khi hp thu trn b mt.

Lp 2: l lp b xy ha
Lp 3: l lp kim loi b bin dng do, mc bin dng
do gim dn theo chiu su ca lp.

chnh xc gia cng:

chnh xc gia cng l mc t c khi gia cng
chi tit thc so vi chnh xc thit k ra. Trong
thc t chnh xc gia cng biu thi bng sai lch v
kch thc va sai lch v hnh dng
Sai lch v kch thc: c biu thi qua dung sai.
Sai lch v hnh dng: bao gm sai lch v hnh dng
hnh hc ( phng, cn, van) va sai lch v v tr
tng quan gia cc yu t hnh hc ca chi tit (
song song, vung gc) vv

Cc dng sai s hnh hc

Cc ky hiu quy c v sai lch tng quan v tr

Mt s v du v cch ghi trn bn ve v sai s tng

quan v tr hnh hc.