A WARD OF GRATITUDE

TO
Eng. HUSSEIN EBD ELSMA

EMIL/ HUSSEIN_KING@HOTMIL
Thank you for all your support in
.organizing this English Course
Introduction
English Language is the International Language for communication.
It is so essential to be able to communicate and interact with foreign
civilizations, and this can only happen by knowing the Language .

* .
* .
* .
* .

* ,
.

Prepared by
Company Translator
HUSSEIN ABD SAMA

) (1 -:

M
Y

N
Z

-: *

(A)

) (A ` E ` I ` O`U)

(B)

(A)

. CONSTANTS

. VOWELS (B

SPELLING RULES

-:
* =
Tion . sion *
Show = )( Operation Sh
* =
Cial ` (Tia) *
Change=
Special Ch
* =
Kh
Philips *
=
Khaled Ph
Gh * =
Tu *
Geography
=
Culture -:
Tion :- Location ` Deformation ` Distribution ` elimination
Sion :- Abrasion ` Confusion ` Omission ` Pension
Kh :- Khaled ` Alkhalil ` Kh

Tu :- Manufacture ` Culture ` Adventure ` Fracture

Cial :- Special ` Facial ` Superficial ` Circumstancial
(Tia):- Partial `Differential
Sh :- Shoulder ` Shape ` Shadow ` Shrinkage ` Show
Ch :- Attach ` Mismatch ` Stitch ` Teach ` Children
Ph :- Pharos ` Phosphoric ` Geography ` Philosophy
Gh :- Gharbia ` Hambourgh
. Th **
- Thread ` Through ` Theater ` --- This ` There ` The
:.
More Spelling Rules

(I

(II

" " S -:
( Plurals
" " es -:
S , SS , X , Z , CH , SH
-:
Gas --- Gases
Box ---- Boxes
Watch ---- Watches
Dress --- Dresses
Fez ---- Fezzes
Flash ---- Flashes

)1

" " S " " Y -:

Boy --- Boys
Valley --- Valleys
Flash ----- Flashes
)( " " Ies " " Y "
" Y

0
Story ---- Stories
Army ---- Armies
Study ---- Studies
) ( " " S " " O .

Radio ---- Radios

Studio ---- Studios
)( " " S " " F "
" Fe

" . " Ves

Wife --- wives
Thief --- thieves
Shelf --- Shelves
" " S
.
Proof --- Proofs Cliff --- Cliffs Hoof --- Hoofs Belief --- Beliefs
( 2 ) ie - ei : " " e " " i " . " c

Height --- Weight --- Foreign --- Receive --- Ceiling --- Deceive
" " i " " e " " sh

Patience
--- Efficient
--- Sufficient
--- Ancient
( 3 ) Final e : Suffix )
( .
)Play --- Playing (ing
)Operate --- Operation (ion
Art --- Artist
)(ist
Keep
--- Keeper
)(er

 Suffix " " e " . " e

Come --- Coming

Educate --- Education
Type --- Typist
Suffix ) (able ` ous " ce
" " " ge
Notice --- Noticeable
Change --- Changeable
Fable --- Fabulous
Grace --- Gracious
Suffix " " e " " u " " e

True --- Truly

Continue --- Continuous .
(4) Final y : Suffix " " y

.
Enjoy --- Enjoys
Play --- Playing
Say --- Saying .
Suffix " " y
" " y
" " i Suffix " " I " " y .

Carry --- Carries

or
Carrier --- Carrying
Deny --- Deniable
or
Denial --- Denying
THE DEFINITE AND INDEFINITE Articles
" "
-:
=== )The (1
-1 .

His car struck a tree . you can see the mark on the tree
-2 .

The earth --- The sea

--- The sky --- The weather
-3 .

The man I met. The girl in blue. The lady with the baby.
-4 .

She is in the garden. ( the garden of the house).

Tom sat down on the chair. (The chair close to the door).
I cleaned the car yesterday. (My car).
. -5
The horse is useful. (That means Horses are useful).
The dog is faithful. (That means dogs are faithful).

) -6
.(
Poor --- The poor
Innocent --- The innocent
Beautiful --- The beauty
Hungry --- The hunger
. -7

The Nile, The Red Sea, The Messisibe, The Ocean Cruiser, The Koran.
. -8

The police - The army - The Public library - The garment

. -9

The head - The brain - The arm - The heart - The lungs
. -10

The future - The present - The morning - The night - The moon
The summer The winter The autumn The fall.
-: The
. -1

Ahmad Mohamed - Cairo Washington Paris London

The ward now is for president of the U.S.A.
:The U.S.S.R president is visiting EGYPT.
The president of the sudan state is with the president of the
Arab Republic Of EGYPT.
. -2

Men fear death - Man is a master of nature. Courage is good.

Books
: . -3
.are useful
The books are on ( )
.the table

Electricity is essential

---

The electricity bill was high.

) (2)

-:
-: (a - an
. ( ) -1

a pretty girl - a good man - an unpleasant event.

. -2

a french man - an EGYPTIAN lady

- a doctor an engineer - a socialist - an atheist - a Christian a Moslem
- a Marxist .

-3
The
A car hit me, the car did not stop though.
I saw a crowed, the crowed was because of an accident
. -4

a fork and knife - a cup and saucer - a needle and thread.

. -5

a cold - a flue - a headache - a sore throat - an infected wound.

. -6

A lion always attacks - An elephant is very big - An Arab sets

An example .
. -7

a couple - a dozen - a hundred - a thousand - a medium - a score

a big a small a tall a short a huge a big - amount
a big portion a small amount a small portion.
. -8

Three pounds a kilo Sixty kilometers (Miles) an hour 3 times

A day .

-1
-2
-3
-4

-9 .

What a hot day ! - What a beautiful lady - What a lovely

! Evening
-10 Mr ) (.

A Mr. Smith is here We are expecting a Mr. Tom to come

For a visit.
-:
. It is made of wood ---
. Dogs are animals --
. He died of fear --
. We have breafast at home --
: ) (an ` a
a cat ` a car ` a
a - .
door
an - an orange ` an apple

)(1

) ( Nouns

-:
)(
)( ) .( ) .( .
.
* -: -:
-1 . Tom Arrived Tarek eats - Adel explains ---
-2 ) ( to be ) ( become ) ( seem -:
Ahmed is a sales man - Hesham become angry Hatem seems Happy
-3 I saw Ahmad Tarek called Adel Aly Hit
Magdy
-4 I spoke to Tarek He looks for Hatem I sat on the
chair

-5 . Ali`s glasses = The

Glasses of Ali
-:

) Masculine( Men ` boys ` and Male animals :

(I
) Feminine( Women ` girls ` and Female animals :
(II
)( )Neuter( don`t inanimate things ` animals whose sex we:

 a dog - a car - a tree - a ship - a wolf. Know

a
* a car . a ship
country
)( exceptions

I like my car ` she is fast the ship hit an ice berg, that tore a
hole in her side
* .

Parent Painter Driver Singer Cousin Child Artist

Cook - Judge.
* .

` Brother --- Sister ` Uncle --- Aunt

` Nephew --- Niece
` Lard --- Lady ` Duke --- Duchess ` Count --- Countess
` Prince --- Princess ` Bull --- Cow
` Horse --- Mare
` Cock --- Hen
Drake --- Duck
* . ess

Actor --- Actress ` Conductor --- Conductor Manager --- Manageress

-:

" "S . Dog --- Dogs ` Day

--- Days
) ( o`ss`sh`ch`x ) (Y ) )(:
exceptions
-

fc f .

Man Men ` Tooth --- Teeth ` Mouse --- Mice

) (1 ADJECTIVES

) ( .
a good car -- a new house
he was surprised
. surprise
) (a .

Sleep --- Asleep # Awake --- Live --- Alive

-: to taste --- to ) -:
( grow
)(To be ` To become ` To get ` To feel ` To seem ` To appear ` To look
(He is clever We got wet Ali felt happy You look sad He seems
)luck
) COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES (

-:
Positive -1

) (1 /
degree
Comparative -2
) (2 /
degree
) (3 / -3
Superlative degree
* -: -: long ` tall
Careless ` Careful -:
Than (2) : er +
).(1
Sami is strong ` Ali is more strong --- Ali is Stronger than sami.
:
) than(2 More )(1
Ahmad is careful. Osama is more careful Osama is more careful than
Ahmad .
-: short `strong

helpful ` helpless
+est -: verb to
be the
Adel is the newest -- Maher is the smallest -- This road is the longest
-: Verb
to be the
Adel is the newest --- Maher is the smallest --- This road is the longest

-:
Verb to be the Most

Adel is the most Encouraging --- I hab is the most educated one.
) (
SUPERTIVE

COMPARATIVE

POSITIVE

YOUNG

YOUNGER

YOUNGEST

NEW

NEWER

NEWEST

SMALL

SMALLER

SMALLEST

SHORT

SHORTER

SHORTEST

(VERBS) -:

(2)

-: *
. (Auxiliary verbs)
. ( 2) . ( 1) :
-: ( Auxiliary verbs ) )(
THE
MEANING

THE VERBIN

THE

INFINITIVE

THE PRESENT

THE PASTs

PASTPARTICIPLE

Be(to be)
Have
(to have)
Do(to do)
Can (to
be Able)

Am ` Is ` Are
Have ` Has

Was ` Were
HAD

BEEN
HAD

Do ` Does
(Can)Am`Is`Are
Able

DID
(Coul)Was`
Were Able

DONE
(Been Olde)

(I
(II

MIGHT
HAD TO

MIGHT
HAD TO

MAY
MUST

NEEDED

WOULD
SHOULD
OUGHT
NEEDED

WILL
SHALL
OUGHT
NEED

DARED

USED
DARED

DARE

)May (---
Must(to
)Have to
)Will (---
)Shall (---
)Ought(--
Need
)(to need
)Used (---
Dare
)(to dare

-:
) (1 .

I am waiting --- They have been There --- He would like to come

) (2

) Would you please He may came tomorrow (possibility

) We must ) I can type (ability Explain Tome (permission
? Have you understand?)Can you understand learn (obligation
* -:
)( Be ` Have ` Do-:

I can --- He ` She ` It Can --- You Can --- They ` We Can 000
I must --- He ` She ` It Must --- You Must --- They ` We Must
)( not -:
I must not --- He can not --- Thy have not --- You do not.
)( )
( -:
?Can he find the way ? -- must I go now ? -- Will you come
) ( Have ` Be
.
)( ) ( )
(Be`Have`Ought`Used
) ( . -:

( Be ` Have ` Ought ` Used) He is to go now --- I have to work

) To -- Do`Can`May`Must`Will`and Shall
(
He does not read - She can swim - You may go - He will help you
)(
-: .
I`d seen it =I had seen it--I`d go = I should go(d had would )
She`s here now she is here now - He`s gone = He has gone.
( `s is has ) .
-:
(III


To work ` To sing ` To have -:

. ed

-:
.

ed

es/s

Work

To
Work

Work Worked Worked

Pray

To
Pray

Pray

Study

To
Study

(I`you`they`we)
Study Studied Studied
study---he`she studies

Talk

To
Talk

Talk

Talked Talked

(I`you`they`we)
talk---he`shw talks

Play

To
Play

Play

Played Played

(I`you`they`we)
play---he`she plays

Prayed Prayed

I`you`they`we work /
she ` he works
(I`you`they`we)
pray---he`she prays

)(I`you`they`we
help---he`she helps

Helped Helped

Help

To
Help

Help

)(3 -:

.

) (
* ---- ---- . .

. .
) -: (.
The Boys Studied Their Lesson Quietly In Their Room Yesterday
) (1 - - -:

* 0
* -: )( est Dog ` Table ` Man ` Chair
est TOM ` AHMAD ` FRANCE ` EGYPT
est Charity ` Beauty ` Courage ` Jay
est Team ` Group ` Crowd ` Herd
) (2 )( - -:

* .
* -: est Work ` Play ` Communicate ` Talk ` Call
est Wrote ` Speak ` Eat ` Find ` Give`Take) (3 - -:

* -: .
) (4 -:

.
)()`On the(Yesterday`Tomorrow`Last week`Next week At
) (5 -:

.
At work ` In the office ` On the desk ` Inside the factory ` Outside
The Department ` Within the computer memoryetc.
) (6 )( -:

.
Quickly ` Professionally ` Effectively ` Adequately etc.
Precisely ` Powerfully ` Heavily ` Logically etc.
) (7 -:
.
TENSES
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

) (VERB TO BE

to
ing ) ( .
( to be) verb
ing am`is`are
Learning
are
you --eating
am
I
* -:

.I am explaining English language --- you are listening to me.

.
He is leaving by the b.30 train this evening. We are Coming
Bock tonight.
.
You are listening to me while I am explaining.
She is cocking food while her children are watching T.V.

-:
Look ` Listen ` Be careful ` Hurry up.
Listen ! Some one is Talking --- Look ! Smoke is coming.

-:

Now 1 At this moment ` At the present time.

I` m explaining the lesson now --- you are here at the present time.
-:

.
` See ` Smell ` Touch ` Hear ` Feel
) (1 :
Taste
` Wish ` Want
) (2 -:
Hope
) (3 Recognize ` Understand ` Forget ` Know ` Believe -:
Suppose ` Remember ` Think ` Refuse
Contain ` Consist of ` Own ` Belong
) (4 -:
to
` Love ` Dislike ` Care ` Hate
) (5 -:
Forgive

-:
) (ing -:
)( ) (e )Come - Coming ` Leave - (ing

Leaving

)( ) (ing

)(ing
Get Getting ` Stop Stopping ` Run Running ` Put Putting
)( ) (ie ) (ing ) (ie ) (y )

(ing
Lie Lying ` Die Dying ` Tie Tying.

TENSES
THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

-:
+ ing Has been + Have been
We have been learning English -- She has been writing English.

-:

0
He has been studying for three hours now.
I have been reading poetry since 1980.
* .

They have been playing tennis all day.

He has been calling me all morning.
)( -:
. Since ` for ` All

TENSES
THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

) (to have ) + (have-has

-:
I have written the letter. He has eaten the food.

* .-:
I have finished my work. He has eaten too much.
* .-:
You have finished work. They have visited Alexandria.
* .-:
Electricity has helped humanity. Cairo has changed a lot.
* -:
Already, lately, for, since, Just, not yet, so far, until now, ever, never, recently.
since- ) (

Since since

.-:
I have studied English since 1978. I have never seen him since he came.
since )( -:
) , Sunday) oclock, 1964( (Yesterday, last month, January,
He has not stopped working since 1980.
We have not stopped since 5:00 oclock.
I have prepared this course since August.
for- for
)( -:
years. months, weeks, days, hours, Long time,
I have known him for a long time.
They have worked hard for the last month.
She has suffered for a month.

For the last month = 30 = for a month .
)( -:
)Last (week, month,
Yesterday - ago - the previous.

TENSES
THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

-:

) (to ) (s
.
He ` She ` It eats (He ` She ` It) Tom ` Ali

) (es (She ` Ch ` Ss ` O ` x) -:

Washes ` Teaches ` Goes ` Mixes.

-:
.
.I always go to work early --- He usually sleeps late :
.The sun shines from the east - The sun sets to the west
if . unless
If it rains, I` Shall stay at home Unless you study hard, you will fail .

(
(When Until (till) before After As soon as ) :
They will visit home after he comes --- We will wait until(till) he arrives.
They will visit him after he comes --- We will call you before you leave.
As soon as he arrives, I shall let you know.

We leave Dec. first We stop work at 5 : 00 .

-:
) Daily// (___ Always Usually Often Frequently-- Every
)( Day by day Every Other day Never.

Occasionally Lately Seldom Sometimes From time to time

)( Coincidentally

Everyday we come to work except on Fridays, we go to the club:

verb to have

verb to
have

Have

verb to be

We

have

are

We

am

verb to
have

verb to
be

verb to
be

Have

They

Has

`He`she

Have

you

Have

You

Are

They

Is

`He`she
it

Are

You

it

Are

You

TENSES
THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE

* -:
) (ed )(d

) (e .

Pass --- Passed --- Finish --- Finished --- Die --- Died

- .

They played match yesterday --- I passed the exam last year.

- ) = ( used to .

He used to drink milk when he was young. I used to play

When I was free.

used to
when


If he came early, he would meet
.
him
were I If I were in your place, I would act differently

)( -:
ago ` in the past ` yesterday ` once` one day ` the other day ` last
). (year ` week ` month ` night
My friends visited me yesterday --- I saw him once, I didn`t see him
Again --- I went to Australia 5 years ago.

TENSES
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

verb to have ) + (had .

-:
.
After he had eaten breakfast, he went to school.

-:
As soon as I had finished my work, I went home.
When he had eaten hunch, he asked for a glass of water.

)( As soon as, After, Before, Already, Just, When

THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

(( had been ).(ing
-:

.
She had been working for an how before he came in .
When I entered the stadium, They had been playing for an hour.

TENSES
THE PAST CONTINUAS TENSE

) (verb to be )(was, were
+
). (ing

-:
.

I was eating --- She was reading --- We were working.

We were playing tennis from 4:00 to 6:00 P.M. yesterday.

While we were having dinner, The lights went out.

While my sister was preparing tea, I was watching T.V.

)( -:

While ` When ` As ` Just as.

I met her as I was walking in the street.
-:

.
when while

) --- (ing While reading the story, the lights went off

TENSES
THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE

Will

SHALL ) (I/We Shall)(WILL

-:

I / We shall visit --- He / She / They / You will visit.

-:
) : ( In future, Tomorrow, Later, Next will -: shall + going to + verb to be
I am going to eat later She is going to finish it.
We are going to start tomorrow.
) (Intend to, Due to, Mean to
0
We are due to travel --- He means to succeed --- I intend to go.

THE FUTURE CONTINOUS TENSE

-:

0
At this time tomorrow I shall be flying to London.

will be shall be ). (ing

THE FUTIRE PERFECT TENSE

0 shall have will have
By this time next year, he will have finished his story.

.
The taxi will have arrived by the time you finish eating.

THE FUTIE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

shall have been will have been
.(ing)

-:

.
By next year I shall have been teaching English for 10 years.

THE GERUND
()
walk

walking- drink

-: .( ING) *
drinking play
playing.

-:( gerund) *

: .( subject of a sentence) -1
It is easier to read French than to speak it
Reading French is easier than speaking it.
-: . ( gerund) -2
He was accused of smuggling drugs. She insisted on seeing me.
-:.( ( ) gerund) -3
(drawing board, diving board , rowing boat ,washing machine ..)
-: ( gerund) -4

Avoid

Fancy

Miss

Consider

Finish

Deny

Delay

Forgive

Stop

Dislike

Keep

Understand

Enjoy

Mention

Postpone

Excuse

Mind

Go on

-:
He avoid meeting me. She enjoys playing Tennis.
You can finish watching T.V. Do not deny lying to me.
busy , worth : ( gerund) **
I was busy arranging yesterday. The game was worth seeing.
cant stand , can't help , It is no : ( gerund) **
.use
I cant stand seeing blood. He cant help loving you.
It is use leaving problems unsolved.

And .

Or

Therefore

Otherwise

Hence

Neither.nor

...

Consequently

So

As well as

Thus

-1

Nabil fell down. He broke his leg. Nabil fell down and broke his leg.
Both .and 2
*
Nabil is clever. Maged is clever too. Both Nabil and Maged are clever.
But- Still- Yet :- -3
.*
She is very beautiful But/Still/Yet she is not married.
She is very beautiful but / still / yet she is not married.
Not -4
.*
-: only.But also
Ahmed has passed his examination. He has obtained high marks.
Ahmed has not only passed his examination, but also has obtained high marks.
-5

-: Either..or
They are intelligent. They are very stupid.
They are either intelligent or very stupid.
Do your work good . They will fire you.
Either you do your work good or they will fire you.
-: Neither.nor -6
*
They are intelligent . They are very stupid.
They are neither intelligent nor stupid.
The man cant read . He cant write.
The man can neither read nor write.
-7
*
so/thus/therefor/hence/consequently
He studied hard. He succeeded
He studied hard so he succeeded
As-8
*
well as

He writes English well. He writes French well.

He writes English as well as French well.

NEGATION
THE WAYS OF NEGATION

-:
. ( not) -:
+Not
.
verb to be --- verb to)
-:
(have
can, may, shall, will, must, ought,)
-:
(need
:
-:(verb to be) -:
I am a teacher - I am not a
teacher
He in not clever --- She was not clever.
They are good
--- We were not here.
:
-:(verb to have) -:
I have finished work - I have not finished
He has not gone out - She had not came - They have not heard .
( to do) ( not) -:
.

verb + (not) +
. to do
:

He wrote English He did not write English

Shje listens to music She does not listen to music.
We understand We do not understand.
)( -:
:
(any) ( no) ( some) *
. 1- Some
Some one is here Noone is here Some thing :

Nothing .
He wants some food He does not want any food.

2- Sometimes, Some day, Always. (Never)

*
Sometimes I drink milk I never drink milk

:Some day you will learn chines You will never learn chines.
She always wakes up late She never wakes up late.

3- Every

Not No

*
Every one came today

4- All None of

Not

every one / No one came today

( Those, These, The) Not

All boys are present Not all boys are present.

The boys are present None of the boys are present.

5- And
*

(Or)

He bought a house and sold a car

He did not buy a house or sell a car. . or

6- BothAnd / Eitheror

NeitherNor *

Booth Nabil and Maged are clever. Either Nabil or Maged is clever.
Neither Nabil nor Maged is clever.

7- Also / Too

either *

He bought a car too . H bought a car also .

He did not buy a car either .

8- So

neither *

He is late and so am I He is not late and nether am I.

9- Comparison ()

. ( not)
Nabil is taller than Maged Nabil is not taller than Maged.
. ( not so as )
Nabil is taller than Maged Nabil is not so tall as Maged.

10- Negative question ()

*

. ( not)

(I

Did the father tell you to call me ?

Did not the father tell you to call me ?

. ( not)

(I

Did he tell you to call me ?

Did he not tell you to call me ?

PREPOSITIONS

-:
I visited ALI. I asked about

. ( 1)
. you

I visited ALI. To ask about you.

I came on foot. I want to speak to you.
(2) :
I came on foot to speak to you.
I will visit you on the 3 rd of Oct. at 3:00 P. M.
(3) :
Please meet me at school / or by the CAIRO tower (4)
Afraid of good at / dream of ask for .
(5) .
-:
On Friday In august 1970 For three hours In 20 minutes.
In time At once See you at 10:. . P. M. Finish by 11:. .
From date To date.

-:
On the third floor - At 180 Nozha st. , - By the Bank in Tanta
From place To place Into onto Off Out Out of.

Of To In For At On ) -:*
(About
Of :- (afraid, Ashamed, Aware, Capable, Tired, Fond (1) )

To :-(According), Accustomed, Due, Liable, Owing, Used (2) )

In :- (Interested, Involved, Successful, Absorbed (3) )

For :- (Famous, Anxious, Fit, Inclined, Ready, Sorry) (4)

At :- (Good at, Bad at, (5)

Efficient)
On :- (Keen on, Determined (6)

on)

About :- (Sorry, Careful, (7)

Crazy)

Of - To - In - For - On -

-:*
((With

Of :- (Dream, Consist, Think, Remind, Accuse, Suspect) (1)

To :- (Attend, Confirm, Object, Refer, Occur, Prefer) (2)

In :- (Believe, Persist, (3)

Succeed)
For :- (Apologize, Apply, Ask, Beg, Hope, Long, Wait, Wish) (4)

On :- (Depend, Insist, Live, Rely, (5)

Assert)
With :- (Argue, Quarrel, Fight, Compare, Comply, Deal, Charge) (6)

PUNCTUATION

. ( 9 )
-:

)CAPITA LETTER (1

* -:
-1 -2 . ) (I (3) . .
-5 .
-4 .
* -:
-1 .

-2 .

)THE FULLSTOP ( 0 ) (2

-3 .

)( , ) THE COMMA (3
* -:
-1 -2 . .
-3 -4 . . NO - YES
)( ; ) THE SEMICOLON (4
* -:
) ( , ) .( 0
*

-1

)( : ) THE COLON (5

)( ? ) THE QUESTION MARK (6

)( ! ) THE EXCLAMATION MARK (7

* -:
.
-2 .

)( ` ) THE APOSTROPHE (8

DEMONSTRATIVE, DISTRIBUTIVE AND

QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

1- DEMONSTRAVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS:)(This/That These/Those
* -:
)As adjectives(A
)( ):-

-:
This boy This girl
That actor That actress
This tree These trees

These boys These girls

Those actors Those actresses
That tree Those trees

This beach was quite empty last year. (Now this refers to crowded)
I have to read all these books. (These describe the big #)
(B) As pronouns:-()

This is my brother These are my brothers.

This is my umbrella That is yours / Those are the new ones.
2- DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS:(each, every, Every one, every body, every thing)-:*
-:As adjectives (A) ()
-:( each)

)(
each man had a weapon.
(B) As a pronoun :- ()
I distributed a weapon to each
: ( every)
(every one every body every thing)
.Every thing was done right
.
Every one = Every body is ready
.
3- QUANTITATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS:(Some, Any, Much, Many)
: *

one

( ly) ) (


Brave -- Bravely -- Bad -- Badly - Quick -- Quickly -- Strong Strongly
Hard ) (ly -:Fast
) (ly

-:
Lovely Friendly Manly Kingly Cowardly Neighborly.
KINDS OF A DVERBS

-1 -:He last his pen yesterday We will go there tomorrow :

-:
Yesterday, Tomorrow, Soon, When, Now, Before, After, Since, Already,
. Next
-2 -:He will go there His brother is here :
-:
)A way, Over, Down, Up, Out, (in ` at ` on
He walks slowly -- I will go quickly
-3 -::
) (ly
.
I always go to work early
-4 -::
Always,
-:
Usually, Often
)( Frequently, Sometimes, Occasionally, Rarely, Seldom
** -: time -3 ) place -2(
manner -1
)(1
) (2
)(3
He spoke well at the meeting this morning.
-:
.
-:
.
The sun always sets in the west --- He usually goes home at 9:00
.

We are usually late on Friday to help - He has just arrived.

I am always ready to help.
-:

-:

(Never, Seldom, Rarely, Not only) Not only does he play tennis
but football as well --- Never have I heard of such a story.

Preposition After
Adjectives

(B) OF
Full of
Fired of
Afraid of
Ignorant of
Conscious of
Ashamed of
Sure of
Proud of

Preposition
After Verbs
Approve of
Accuse of
Consist of
Die of
Complain of
Show of
Despair of
Beware of

Innocent of
Guilt of
Free of
Capable of

Take care of
Wait for
Ask for
Speak for

Responsible of / for
Fit for
Ready for
Bad for
Good for
Anxious for

Look for
Leave for
Sail for
Mistake for
Beg for
Cry for

Clever at
Angry at
Alarmed at
Disgusted at
Annoyed at
Skilful at
Good at

Laugh at
Arrive at
Aim at
Throw at
Rejoice at
Mock at
Land at

Disgusted with
Satisfied with
Acquainted with

Compare with
Sympathize with
Dispense with

Pleased with
Angry with

INTERROGATION
ASKING QUESTIONS
)(
-: )(
.
0
-: -:
)(
: .
HE is coming to tea Is he coming to tea ?
She can read French Shall she read French ?
We shall early Shall we sleep early ?

-1
-2

? Have they finished work They have finished work

)( VERB TO BE

.
:
? Does she like tea She likes tea
? Do they live in EGYPT They live in EGYPT
? Did you go to the club We went to the club
-: who ` wham ` whose ` what ` where `):
` which
when ` why ` how).
* )( .
)? Who (1
? Who broke your pencil Ahmed broke my pencil
* )( .
)? Whom (2
? Whom did you meet I met my friend
* )( .
)? Whose (3
? Whose pen is this This is my pen
* ) ( ) ( )(
)? What (4
.
? What did you do I bought a car
? What are you I am a teacher

* )( )(
)?Which (5
? Which one is yours My house is in this street
?)
* )( .
WHERE (6
? Where did he travel He traveled abroad.
)
* )( .
? WHEN (7
She returned late
? When did she return
* )( .
)? Why (8

He was happy because he succeeded Was he happy ?

. * )(
? How (9
She swam quickly
How did she swim ?
-: ( How)
How many ? * How many of you like (1) .

(* )
? English
How much ? * How much meat do you (2) (* )
? eat
How often ? * How often do you go to the (3)(* )
?library
How old ? * How old are (4)
(* )
? you
.How long ? * How long did you stay in U.S.A (5)
(* )
?
How far ? * How far is it (6)
(* )
? Cairo
How tall is Ali ? * (7) How tall
* ) (
?
How high ? * How high is this (8)
. (* )
? Building
How deep ? * How deep is the (9)
. (* )
? lake
How wide ? * How wide is the (10)
. (* )
? street
How heavy ? * How heavy is this (11)
. (* )
? Box
How fast ? * How fast is this (12)
. (* )
? Car

TOURISM

Tourism is a very important source of national income in any

country It strengthens the relations between people in the world.
Tourism is the beginning to the spread of peace among nations.
It creates love, co-operation, tolerance and understanding among
them.
.

Nowadays, the tourist wants efficient and friendly service

It must also be remembered that most tourists are seldom rich.
Many of them are students or hard working employers .
so, what is needed is not expensive hotels but clean and
comfortable places to sleep and eat at reasonable prices.
Egypt has many attractions to a tourist. It has one of the best
climates in the world. It has the most famous antiquities in the
world.
It has a great seashore with many fine beaches. It has the desert
with all its beauty in the spring. It has the duty of the tourist
ministry to make these things known all over the world.

TERRORISM
All political parties and forces should rise up to their
responsibilities in every part of the country to create an unyielding
wall against the logic of terrorism.

In case of terrorism there will be no investments, no production,

industry and agriculture will decline, tourism will come to a halt
and the opportunities for millions of youth in this land will wither
away.
Terrorism threatens the peoples security and endangers the
future of the national economy. Security measures are to be
taken against such terrorists.
However, the problems of youth should be analyzed and
practical solutions should be carried out to pave the way for
their welfare .
Peace gives every country the chance to carry out many
useful projects which cost a lot of money, Money that are
spent on wars and destructive weapons. when peace prevails
we can use this money in building factories , reclaiming
desert and solving the problems of housing and transport
Above all, people will no more suffer from wars.

MEDIA
Newspapers are the spirit and the true mirror of people.
The public opinion is reflected they are issued daily or

weekly.
They make us aware of the current events by offering
us all types of important events and news taking place
all over the world.
They also contain literature, science, stories and all
sorts of culture.
Television plays an important part in our life now.
First of all, its not only a suitable mean of entertainment,
but a fairly cheap one as well.
Moreover, now, its used in education but the danger
of the television lies in the fact that we have got
used to looking at it, and that it begins to control our lives.
Some people dont read enough because of television.

MODERN TECHNOLOGY
Air travel is getting faster all the time.
Scientists say that soon people will be carried to their destinations
in huge rockets.
These passengers will be carried high above the earth forty-five
minutes after blast off .

They will be able to cross the Pacific Ocean from Los Angels to
Honolulu in only eighteen minutes.
It is well known that a great technology explosion is already
freeing numbers of people from their bondage to nature.
They no longer have to spend their time and energy on a neverending struggle with nature to secure the food and shatter they
need for their families.
Now, for the first time, man can begin to think that life can be
something more than a struggle for survival.
Nuclear energy seems in some ways much cleaner than other
sources of energy, such as coal and oil.
But many people are still against nuclear energy.
They believe that the problem isnt just the danger of an
accident in the atomic power station, but the use of radioactive
material, which can cause cancer and other illnesses.
Science is the way to glory, the key to knowledge, the goal of
civilization, and the hope of the future and the backbone of our life.
Have you ever thought of counting up the number of machines
you see every day? Have you ever dreamt of the baby moon, the
jet-plane, the radar and television? Have you ever imagined having
your breakfast in Cairo and your supper in London? All these are
the marvels and miracles of science.
In fact, when science is put to
good use, people enjoy life with all its comforts and pleasures
through the use of modern invention.

OVER POPULATION
Over population is one of the most serious problems in
Egypt. Ignorance and lack of national awareness are the main
cause of this problem.
To solve the problem, industrial and agriculture production

must be increased and birth control must be encouraged.

Some people believe that birth control doesnt confirm with
religious principles, but no doubt people are wrong.
Egypt would be a much happier place to live in ,if she could
solve the problem of over population .
Egypt is rich in its natural resources .
However ,they would be useless unless they are enough for
every citizen to benefit from.
The conquest of the Egyptian deserts has become a necessity
in order to solve the problem of over-population in Egypt.
A new delta will be established in the western desert when the
irrigation canal is dug to carry water from Toshki depression to
the oases of the news valley.
This will serve as a nucleus for new agriculture and industrial
communities and will be the most important Egyptian Project in
the eve of the twenty first century.
Its the duty of advanced countries to help developing countries
so that the world may live in permanent peace .
Population explosion that prevails all over the countries is
considered as an awful alert for catastrophe and disease.

POLLUTION
No doubt, pollution has become a serious phenomenon .
It threatens to destroy both plant and animal life.
Wherever man lives he suffers from the bad effects of the

growing pollution.
His health grows weaker and he is likely to face new diseases.
This is due to our bad habits of throwing waste matter in the
streets and gardens and to setting up factories in residential areas.
No one can deny that every one worried because of noise.
Doctors believe that noise affects mans power of hearing and
causes nervous diseases.
Noise is caused by too much traffic as well as noise caused by
workshops inside living areas.
Another reason is the misuse of electric sets in our houses.
Its about time we did something to relieve ourselves of this
painful noise before we are deafened.
Pollution is the problem of all ages.
Rivers get polluted with filthy waste from factories and ships
polluted water is unfit to drink.
Its also dangerous because fish in polluted rivers and lacks
may be the sources of diseases.
Besides, the air gets polluted with smoke of factories, car fumes
and insecticides.

GENERERAL SUBJECT
1- Any rise in prices must be known and announced. this will
2- not help profiteers who try to raise prices or to shut off
3- goods.
45People on the other hand, should help the authorities by

6- insisting on paying the prices fixed by the government.

7Unemployment has become a major challenge facing
8- Egypt.
9-

This problem should be in the center of government and

public concern.
Unemployment doesnt simply mean not working.
It has had social psychological and ethical effects.
It could jeopardize the stability of the society as a whole.
Unemployment is a prominent cause of mental and
psychological disorders.
The jobless feels disappointment and in return, could lead
to the taking of drugs or resorting to political and religious
extremism.
Many people misunderstand the true meaning of freedom.
Thinking that it gives them the right to do just as they like.
Freedom does not mean that at all.
We have to remember that we do not live in this world alone
and that we can never do just as we like because we must respect
the freedom of others.

(GENERAL IDIOMS (EXPRESSIONS)

Break out = erupt
Break in = enter by force
Break up = break into small pieces = smash
Break up = cut relations
Break down = stops working

Bring up = raise children

Come across = meet by chance
Come about = take place = happen = occur
Come back = return
Come in = enter
Call on = pay a short visit to someone
Call back = telephone again
Call up = ring up
Call off = cancel
Call at = pay a visit to a place
Call out = summand someone
Care about = fond of you
Carry on = continue
Carry out = execute
Cut off = interrupt
Cut down = reduce
Do without = manage without
Do away with = abolish = wipe out
Draw back = difficulty = disadvantage
Draw away = get away = move away
Draw back = retreat
Draw in = to line to the side and stop
Draw out = prolong daylight / draw out speech
Draw up = prepare = arrange
Find out = discover
Fond of = love = like
Figure on = plan on getting
Figure out = understand by thinking

Get away = escape = run away

Get into = enter = ride
Get off = dismount / escape a punishment / leave work
Get about / around = to move again
Get at = hinting = pointing at
Get across = communicate ideas
Get over = recover / over come
Get over with = finish
Get ahead = to advance

Get along = move away = leave

Get along with = on good terms with
Get on with = continue doing
Get by = continue living
Get back = return
Get in = arrive
Get on = seat oneself on transport
Get out = go outside
Get through = pass
Give in = hand over = deliver
Give away = donate = expose
Give up = surrender = stop [smoking]
Give out = distribute = release
Go about = perform , do
Go after = chase = seek something
Go ahead = continue
Go along = continue
Go at / for = attack
Go back = return
Go off = burst = explode
Go on = to use / continue / happen
Go over = examine = check
Go through = experience = suffer / pass = approved

Hold against = criticize with

Hold back = prevent
Hold down = keep = stabilize (prices)
Hold off = stop
Hold on = wait = hang on = endure
Hold out = offer = extend
Hold over = delay = move the appointment
Hold together = remain united
Hold up = post pond = stopped till later

Keep in =
Keep on = continue
Keep out = remain outside
Keep off = stay away from
Keep up with = to rival = equal
Keep away from = to enlarge the gap or distance
Keep back = with hold
Keep down = control or prevent
Keep up = raise or continue or delaying something
Let down = disappoint = fail to keep a promise
Let in = admit = allow entering
Let off = cause explosion or leave a car
Let..through = allow to pass
Let on = expose a secret
Let out = utter (cry) or make (garments) bigger
Look after = take care of = watch out for
Look around = search
Look at = watch or (regard) or examine
Look down on = despise = look up to
Look for = try to find = search for
Look forward to = anticipate or expect
Look on = observe or watch others
Look upon = consider = regard
Look out = take care = be careful
Look up = respect (somebody / improve/ search about something)
Make of = understand of
Make for = head to = go towards
Make out = understand with difficulty
Make over = pass over
Make up = invent story / women make up / arrange bed/ repay / give in
return
Pick off = shoot individually
Pick on = blame , mock at
Pick out = choose , locate
Pick up = left up , collect , improve , gain , detect (signals) , arrest
(criminals) , raise (spirit)
Put about = spread ( lies ,rumors )
Put over = explain
Put aside = save
Put away = store , throw down

Put back = delay # put forward = advance

Put in = present a claim or complaint
Put in for = apply for
Put into = adding ( effort , work)
Put off = discourage
Put on = wear , dress
Put out = extinguish fire
Put through = connect (a call) , to cause an experience
Put together = form
Put up = hang a sign , capability of a challenge
Put up with = endure = accept
Run after = chase
Run away = escape , steal
Run down = hit (with a car ) = knock down
Run into = smash into
Run out = finish ,use till the end
Run over = knock down and pass over
Run through = practice
Run up = raise (flag)

Stand by = support = to be loyal

Stand down = give up = yield , relinquish
Stand for = represent = be example of
Stand in = substitute = acting
Stand out = look like
Stand up = to endure , get on the feet from chair
Stand up for = defend against an attack
Set about = start , begin to do
Set aside = save for a special purpose

Set back = delay (plans) , cost (repairs)

Set down = lay rules , state facts in writing
Set off = to cause (explosion , fire)
Set out = begin a (journey or something
Set up = arrange , establish
Show around = to be a guide
Show off = trying to attract attention
Show up = illustrate unpleasant truth , arrive
Take aback = surprise
Take after = imitates
Take apart = separate into small pieces (machine)
Take back = withdraw , retake (something)
Take down = write , register ,(dismantle)
Take in = (provide shelter) , (include items) , (narrow clothing (understand)
Deceive)
Take off = undress , fly
Take on = employ , accept (responsibility)
Take out = move from inside to outside , communicate blame
Take over = control , assume command
Take to = feel admiration to
Take up = start a habit , consume (time) , continue
Take away = from food shops
Throw away = to lose by foolishness
Throw in = include
Throw out = refuse to accept
Throw up = vomit