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Introduction...............................................................................2
Conductors and Insulators.........................................................3
Current, Voltage, and Resistance...............................................6
Ohms Law.............................................................................. 11
DC Circuits............................................................................... 13
Magnetism..............................................................................20
Alternating Current..................................................................23
Inductance and Capacitance....................................................30
Reactance and Impedance......................................................35
Series and Parallel R-L-C Circuits..............................................40
Power and Power Factor in an AC Circuit.................................43
Transformers............................................................................47
Review Answers......................................................................53
Final Exam...............................................................................56
Introduction
Elements of an Atom
Free Electrons
Conductors
Insulators
Semiconductors
Diode
Transistor
Review 1
1.
Element
Charge
________
________
________
________
________
________
a. copper
b. plastic
c. silver
d. rubber
e.
f.
g.
h.
aluminum
glass
iron
mica
Neutral Charge
Negative Charge
Positive Charge
Unit
Symbol Equivalent Measure
kiloampere
kA
1 kA = 1000 A
milliampere
mA
1 mA = 0.001 A
A
1 A = 0.000001 A
microampere
Electron Flow
Voltage
Conventional
Current Flow
+
-
+
-
The following chart shows how selected metric unit prefixes are
used to represent large and small values of voltage.
Unit
Symbol Equivalent Measure
kilovolt
kV
1 kV = 1000 V
millivolt
mV
1 mV = 0.001 V
V
V = 0.000001 V
1
microvolt
Resistance
Resistor
Resistor
Symbols
Unit
Symbol Equivalent Measure
M
1 M = 1,000,000
megohm
k
1 k = 1000
kilohm
Review 2
1.
a. Resistance ________
b. Current
________
c. Voltage
________
10
Ohms Law
Electric Circuit
I =
E
R
E
R
E=IxR
R=
E
I
11
To use the triangle, cover the value you want to calculate. The
remaining letters make up the formula.
I=
E
R
E=IxR
R=
E
I
10 V
10 V = 2 A
I= E =
5
R
E
10 V
=
=5
2A
I
E = I x R = 2 A x 5 = 10 V
R=
E = 0.2 A x 10 = 2 V
12
DC Circuits
Series Circuits
2 k
2 k
100
1k
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
13
A M PS H M S
S O
V O LT
VOL AMPS
TS
OHM
S
R1
R2
R3
R4
500
150
250
100
12 V Battery
12 V
= 0.012 A = 12 mA
1000
Parallel Circuits
I1
R1
R2
It
I1 =
E
R1
I2 =
E
R2
14
I t = I1 + I 2
I2
R1
R2
R3
1
1
1
1 ...
=
+
+
Rt
R1 R2
R3
Rn
1
Rn
1
Rn
Rt =
1
1
1 ...
+
+
R1 R2
R3
R1
R2
R3
10
20
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
7
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
Rt
R1 R2
R3
5 10 20 20 20 20 20
Rt =
1
1
1
1
+
+
R1 R2
R3
15
=
7
20
20
= 2.86
7
E = 10 V
R1
R2
R3
10
20
Series-Parallel Circuits
16
R5 = 5
R4 = 10
R6 = 5
R3 = 10
1. Combine the parallel resistors
1
R=
1
10
1
10
R1 = 5
10
2
= 5
R=5
R4 = 10
1
10
17
R = 10
1
10
10
2
= 5
R1 = 5
R2= 10
R5 = 5
R6 = 5
R3 = 10
Equivalent Circuit
Et = 20 V
It =
R4 = 10
Et = 15 V
It
Rt = 10
Equivalent Circuit
R = 5
R1 = 5
R = 10
It
20 V
=2A
10
E1 = It x R1 = 2 A x 5 = 10 V
Rt = 5
E
E
10 V 10 V
=2A
It = I 2 + I 3 = R + R =
+
R2
R3
10 10
It =
15 V
=3A
5
Et = E4 = ER = 15 V
ER = E2 = E3 = Et - E1 = 20 V - 10 V = 10 V
Power in a DC Circuit
R4 = 10
Et = 15 V
Et = 20 V
It = I4 + IR =
Et
E
15 V 15 V
+ t =
+
= 3A
R4
R
10 10
18
Ohms Law
P = I x E = IE
P = IE = I(IR) = I2R
P = IE =
E = I x R = IR
( RE ) E = ER
I= E
R
E = 12 V
E =2A
I= R
R=6
P = IE = (2 A)(12 V) = 24 W
P = I2R = (2 A)2(6 ) = 24 W
E2
(12 V)2
P=
=
= 24 W
R
6
Review 3
1.
19
Magnetism
S
N
Every magnet has two poles, one north pole and one south
pole. Invisible magnetic lines of flux leave the north pole and
enter the south pole. While the lines of flux are invisible, the
effects of magnetic fields can be made visible. When a sheet
of paper is placed on a magnet and iron filings loosely scattered
over it, the filings arrange themselves along the invisible lines of
flux.
20
Electromagnetism
21
Current-Carrying Coil
22
Alternating Current
Time
- Direction
23
Basic AC Generator
Pole Piece
Magnetic Field
Armature
R1
Brush
Slip Ring
R1
24
R1
180
Degrees
R1
270
Degrees
R1
25
One Revolution
R1
Four-Pole AC Generator
One Revolution
R1
Frequency
26
1/4 Second
Amplitude
+ Direction
Peak Value
0
Peak-to-Peak Value
Time
Peak Value
- Direction
Effective value (also called RMS value) = Peak Value x 0.707
The peak value of a sine wave is the maximum value for each
half of the sine wave. The peak-to-peak value is the range
from the positive peak to the negative peak. This is twice the
peak value. The effective value of AC is defined in terms of an
equivalent heating effect when compared to DC. Instruments
designed to measure AC voltage and current usually display the
effective value. The effective value of an AC voltage or current is
approximately equal to 0.707 times the peak value.
The effective value is also referred to as the RMS value. This
name is derived from the root-mean-square mathematical
process used to calculate the effective value of a waveform.
27
Instantaneous Value
A n g le
S in
0
0 .0 0 0
30
0 .5 0 0
60
0 .8 6 6
90
1 .0 0 0
120
0 .8 6 6
150
0 .5 0 0
180
0 .0 0 0
210
240
270
300
330
-0 .5 0 0 -0 .8 6 6 -1 .0 0 0 -0 .8 6 6 -0 .5 0 0
360
0 .0 0 0
90 = +100 v
150 = +50 v
240 = -86.6 v
-
28
Review 5
1.
29
Inductance
Unit
millihenry
microhenry
30
Control Relays
Inductor
Contactors
Schematic Symbols
Transformers
L = (Permeability of Core) x
Electric Motor
Inductors in Series
2 mh
2 mh
1 mh
3 mh
L1
L2
L3
L4
AC Source
Lt = L1 + L2 + L3 + L4 = 2 mh + 2 mh + 1 mh + 3 mh = 8 mh
31
Inductors in Parallel
L1
5 mh
AC Source
L2
10 mh
L3
20 mh
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
7
=
= +
+
+
+
=
+
+
=
Lt L1
L2 L3 5 mh 10 mh 20 mh 20 mh 20 mh 20 mh 20 mh
1
1
Lt = 1
1
+
+
L
L
L1
3
2
1
20 mh = 2.86 mh
7 =
7
20 mh
22UF
Schematic Symbols
Direct current cannot flow through
a capacitor unless it is defective
32
Unit
Symbol
Equivalent Measure
F
1 F = 0.000001 F
microfarad
picofarad
pF
1 pF = 0.000000000001 F
Capacitors in Series
C1
C2
C3
5 F 10 F 2 F
AC Source
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
5
8
= +
+
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
Ct C1 C3 C2 5 F 10 F 2 F 10 F 10 F 10 F 10 F
Ct =
Capacitors in Parallel
1
1
10 F = 1.25 F
=
1
1 + 1
8 =
+
8
C1 C2 C3
10 F
AC Source
C1
C2
C3
5 F
10 F
20 F
Ct = C1 + C2 + C3 = 5 F + 10 F + 20 F = 35 F
33
Review 6
1.
2 mh
3 mh
1 mh
L1
L2
L3
L4
2. The total inductance for this circuit is ________ mh.
L1
5 mh
L2
10 mh
L3
10 mh
3. The total capacitance for this circuit is ________ mF.
C1
C2
C3
5 F 10 F 10 F
4. The total capacitance for this circuit is ________ mF.
C1
C2
C3
5 F
10 F
10 F
34
10 V
E
=
= 2.65A
3.768
Z
35
R = 100
Voltage
Current
XL = 100
Voltage
Current
45
Voltage
XL = 100
Current
0
R = 100
36
Calculating Impedance in
an Inductive Circuit
Z=
14
.14
2
Vectors
200 = 14.1421
XL = 10
Capacitive Reactance
R = 10
1
2fC
1
1
=
= 265.39
2fC
2 x 3.14 x 60 Hz x 0.000010 F
E
10 V
=
= 0.0376 A
Z 265.39
37
XC = 100
Voltage
Current
45
XC = 100
Voltage
Current
Calculating Impedance in
a Capacitive Circuit
R = 100
200 = 14.1421
38
Z
=
21
.14
14
XC = 10
Review 7
1.
39
XL
R
XC
An AC circuit is:
R2 + (XL - XC)2
40
2k
0.5k
115 V
XL = 2 k
Zt =
XL = 1.5 k
Zt
R = 2 k
2.5
Zt =
XC = 0.5 k
R = 2 k
Zt =
R2 + (XL - XC)2
20002 + 15002
6,250,000
Zt = 2500 = 2.5 k
Zt = Total Impedance
I=
E
Zt
115 V
2500
= 0.046 A = 46 mA
41
R
4
E = 24 V
XL
2
XC
6
E 24 V
24 V
=4A
= 6 A IC =
IR = E =
=
4
XC 6
R
IL = E = 24 V = 12 A
XL
2
IC = 4 A
I t=
IR = 6 A
A
10
IL = 8 A
IR = 6 A It = Total Current
It =
It =
62 + 8 2
It =
100
Zt = Total Impedance
Zt =
E
24 V
=
It
10 A
Zt = 2.4
It = 10 A
IL = 12 A
42
43
2 k 0.5 k
115 V
XL = 2 k
XL = 1.5 k
.5k
R = 2 k
XC = 0.5 k
Power Factor
Zt
=2
I=
E
Zt
115 V
2500
= 0.046 A = 46 mA
R = 2 k
2 k 0.5 k
115 V
XL = 2 k
XL = 1.5 k
k
R = 2 k
XC = 0.5k
Zt
.5
=2
I=
E
Zt
115 V
2500
= 0.046 A = 46 mA
R = 2 k
4.232 W
= 0.8
5.29 VA
45
Review 8
1.
46
Transformers
Primary
Coil
AC Source
Secondary
Coil
Load
Lines of Flux
Confined to
Iron Core
Lines of Flux
that dont Couple
If the primary coil has fewer turns than the secondary coil,
the transformer is a step-up transformer.
If the primary coil has more turns than the secondary coil,
the transformer is a step-down transformer.
48
Transformer Formulas
ES =
EP =
ES x IS
IP
EP x IP
IS
1200
= 120 V
= 240 V x 5 A =
10
10 A
To find current:
IS =
EP x IP
ES
IP =
ES x IS
EP
ES x NP
EP
NP =
EP x NS
49
ES
Transformer Ratings
Transformer Losses
Three-Phase AC
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
120o
240o
360o
50
Three-Phase Transformers
Delta Connections
480 V
480 V
L2
480 V
480 V
L3
51
Wye Connections
L1
480 V
277 V
L2
277 V
480 V
N
480 V
277 V
L3
Review 9
1.
52
Review Answers
53
54
55
Final Exam
You can test your knowledge by taking the final exam for this
course online at http://www.usa.siemens.com/step. This
web page provides links to a variety of our quickSTEP online
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Basics of Electricity link.
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56