Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ANSYS Fluent V2F Turbulence Model Manual
ANSYS Fluent V2F Turbulence Model Manual
ANSYS, Inc.
Southpointe
275 Technology Drive
Canonsburg, PA 15317
ansysinfo@ansys.com
http://www.ansys.com
(T) 724-746-3304
(F) 724-514-9494
Release 15.0
November 2013
ANSYS, Inc. is
certified to ISO
9001:2008.
Disclaimer Notice
THIS ANSYS SOFTWARE PRODUCT AND PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION INCLUDE TRADE SECRETS AND ARE CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY PRODUCTS OF ANSYS, INC., ITS SUBSIDIARIES, OR LICENSORS. The software products
and documentation are furnished by ANSYS, Inc., its subsidiaries, or affiliates under a software license agreement
that contains provisions concerning non-disclosure, copying, length and nature of use, compliance with exporting
laws, warranties, disclaimers, limitations of liability, and remedies, and other provisions. The software products
and documentation may be used, disclosed, transferred, or copied only in accordance with the terms and conditions
of that software license agreement.
ANSYS, Inc. is certified to ISO 9001:2008.
Third-Party Software
See the legal information in the product help files for the complete Legal Notice for ANSYS proprietary software
and third-party software. If you are unable to access the Legal Notice, please contact ANSYS, Inc.
Published in the U.S.A.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1
2. V2F Model Theory ................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1. Transport Equations for the V2F Model .............................................................................................. 3
2.2. Modeling the Turbulent Viscosity ...................................................................................................... 4
2.3. Model Constants ............................................................................................................................... 4
3. Problem Setup Using the V2F Model ...................................................................................................... 5
3.1. Enabling the V2F Model .................................................................................................................... 5
3.2. Defining V2F Boundary Conditions .................................................................................................... 7
3.3. Providing an Initial Guess for k, , and the Velocity Variance Scale ....................................................... 8
4. Solution Strategies for the V2F Model .................................................................................................. 11
5. Postprocessing for the V2F Model ........................................................................................................ 13
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................... 15
Release 15.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
iii
iv
Release 15.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Chapter 1: Introduction
Successful modeling of the separation of fluid from a curved surface (for example, the suction side of
an airfoil) depends on the ability to correctly predict the stall angle. For such cases, eddy-viscosity turbulence models, such as the - models, are not satisfactory because they can sometimes overpredict
the turbulence kinetic energy and are not sensitive to the interaction between streamline curvature
and turbulence anisotropy. The Reynolds-stress model (RSM), on the other hand, accounts for several
turbulence features that are not well predicted by eddy-viscosity models, but is substantially more
complex and sometimes is numerically unstable.
The model (V2F), based on Durbins - - model [2] (p. 15), is an alternative to eddy-viscosity
models and the RSM. The
model is similar to the standard -
model, but incorporates near-wall
turbulence anisotropy and non-local pressure-strain effects. It is a general low-Reynolds-number turbulence model that is valid all the way up to solid walls, and therefore does not need to make use of wall
functions. Although the model was originally developed for attached or mildly separated boundary
layers, it also accurately simulates flows dominated by separation.
This document describes the ANSYS Fluent model. V2F Model Theory (p. 3) provides theoretical
background information. Problem Setup Using the V2F Model (p. 5) describes how to set up a problem
using the model. Solution Strategies for the V2F Model (p. 11) describes the solution procedure
for problems involving the model, and Postprocessing for the V2F Model (p. 13) provides information about postprocessing options.
Release 15.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Release 15.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
model is a four-equation model based on transport equations for the turbulence kinetic energy
(), its dissipation rate (), a velocity variance scale ( ), and an elliptic relaxation function ( ).
The distinguishing feature of the model is its use of the velocity scale, , instead of the turbulent
kinetic energy,
, for evaluating the eddy viscosity. , which can be thought of as the velocity fluctuation
normal to the streamlines, has shown to provide the right scaling in representing the damping of turbulent transport close to the wall, a feature that does not provide.
The turbulence kinetic energy, , its rate of dissipation, , the velocity variance scale, , and the elliptic
relaxation function, , are obtained from the following transport equations:
+
# = +
+ %
+ "&
#
$ ! & $
, - ,3 7()
/ 5 )
() +
()+ 2 = 3 6
+
/ +
+ 13
'
*2
.
* 4 03 * 4
A 8H
H
H
H@
;8 +
; 8 = D = ;>? ; 8
+
A + F
+C 9I
:
<D
> < E
BG < E
X
X K
K L
= NY
M VT
V
X
JX O
Q
J O
W
+ NX +
+ SU
P
RO
P
(2.1)
(2.2)
(2.3)
(2.4)
where
Z = [ _\
b
\ \`a\ `a \`a =
] ` ] a
+
^ a ^`
(2.5)
e =
f
g
h
g
Release 15.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
(2.6)
=
=
(2.7)
(2.8)
(2.9)
viscosity ( A B).
The variable C is the solution to the elliptic relaxation equation (Equation 2.4 (p. 3)). Here, the D E
model uses an elliptic operator to compute a term analogous to the pressure-strain correlation of the
RSM. Ellipticity is characterized by a modified Helmholtz operator, which introduces wall effects via a
linear differential equation.
P
J N = KLO I M
(2.10)
Q=
Z] =
RW =
Z^ =
RX =
[_ =
RS U =
[` =
RS V =
RT =
Z`a = Z` a +
(2.11)
b
\ Y
Release 15.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
(2.12)
To include the
turbulence model in your ANSYS Fluent simulation, you need to activate the
model and options, and supply turbulent boundary conditions. These inputs are described in the following
sections:
3.1. Enabling the V2F Model
3.2. Defining V2F Boundary Conditions
3.3. Providing an Initial Guess for k, , and the Velocity Variance Scale
Note
This procedure includes only the steps necessary for the turbulence model itself; you
will need to set up other models, boundary conditions, etc. as usual. See the ANSYS
Fluent User's Guide for details.
1. To enable the selection of the model, enter the following Scheme command in the main menu
of the ANSYS Fluent console:
(allow-v2f-model)
2. To activate the
model, select V2F under Model in the Viscous Model dialog box (Figure 3.1: The
Viscous Model Dialog Box with the V2F Option Available (p. 6)).
Models
Viscous Edit...
Release 15.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
transport equations.
Cmu
is the constant in Equation 2.7 (p. 4), Equation 2.8 (p. 4), and Equation 2.10 (p. 4).
C1-Epsilon
is the constant .
C2-Epsilon
is the constant
in Equation 2.2 (p. 3).
C1
is the constant in Equation 2.4 (p. 3).
C2
is the constant
in Equation 2.4 (p. 3).
Ceta
is the constant in Equation 2.9 (p. 4).
Cl
is the constant in Equation 2.9 (p. 4).
Alpha
is the constant in Equation 2.7 (p. 4).
TKE Prandtl Number
is the effective Prandtl number for transport of turbulence kinetic energy . This effective Prandtl
number defines the ratio of the momentum diffusivity to the diffusivity of turbulence kinetic energy
via turbulent transport.
Release 15.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Important
After you have selected V2F and clicked OK, ANSYS Fluent will check to make sure that
a license is available for this module. After the module has been enabled successfully,
the item v2f will appear in the list of models in square brackets in the title bar of the
ANSYS Fluent console.
When you are modeling turbulent flows in ANSYS Fluent using the model, you must provide the
boundary conditions for , , and in addition to other mean solution variables. The boundary con-
ditions for ,
, and at the walls are internally taken care of by ANSYS Fluent, which obviates the
need for your inputs. You must supply ANSYS Fluent with boundary condition inputs for
, , and
at inlet boundaries (velocity inlet, pressure inlet, etc.). In many situations, it is important to specify correct
or realistic boundary conditions at the inlets, because the inlet turbulence can significantly affect the
downstream flow.
To define inlet boundary conditions specific to the model, use the following procedure:
1. Open the appropriate boundary condition dialog box (e.g., Figure 3.2: Specifying Inlet Boundary Conditions
for the V2F Model (p. 8)).
Boundary Conditions
Release 15.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
2. Make a selection from the Specification Method drop-down list in the Turbulence group box.
If you select K, Epsilon and V2, specify values for the Turbulent Kinetic Energy, Turbulent Dissipation
Rate, and Velocity Variance Scale, as appropriate.
If you select any of the other options (e.g., Intensity and Viscosity Ratio), ANSYS Fluent will automatically set the value of
to at the inlet.
Important
Note that ANSYS Fluent automatically assumes a zero-gradient boundary condition for
the variable at inlets. You can change the value of when you initialize a solution,
but the default value of 1 is acceptable in most cases.
See Section 7.2.2 in the ANSYS Fluent User's Guide for more information about specifying the boundary
conditions for and at the inlets.
3.3. Providing an Initial Guess for k, , and the Velocity Variance Scale
Release 15.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
, , and .
In general, it is recommended that you start from a fully-developed state of turbulence, using the following guidelines.
If you were able to specify reasonable boundary conditions at the inlet, it may be a good idea to compute
the initial values for , , and in the whole domain from these boundary values. (See Section 26.15 in
the ANSYS Fluent User's Guide for details.)
For more complex flows (e.g., flows with multiple inlets with different conditions) it may be better to
specify the initial values in terms of turbulence intensity. 510% is enough to represent fully-developed
turbulence.
can then be computed from the turbulence intensity and the characteristic mean velocity
magnitude of your problem ( =
).
You should specify an initial guess for so that the resulting eddy viscosity ( ) is sufficiently
large in comparison to the molecular viscosity. In fully-developed turbulence, the turbulent viscosity
is roughly two orders of magnitude larger than the molecular viscosity. From this, you can compute
. Alternatively, you can use the approximation = , or, if you have experimental measurements,
"
you can enter a profile for ! . (See Section 7.26 in the ANSYS Fluent User's Guide for details about
boundary profiles.)
Release 15.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
10
Release 15.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
1. Start by converging a flow simulation using one of the - models (for example, realizable - model).
2. In the Viscous Model dialog box, change the Model to V2F.
Models
Viscous Edit...
Release 15.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
11
12
Release 15.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
model are:
Release 15.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
13
14
Release 15.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Bibliography
[1] M. Behnia, S. Parneix, Y. Shabany, and P. A. Durbin. "Numerical Study of Turbulent Heat Transfer in
Confined and Unconfined Impinging Jets". International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow. 20. 1-9.
1999.
[2] P. A.Durbin. "Separated Flow Computations with the k-epsilon-v2 Model". AIAA Journal. 33(4). 659664.
1995.
[3] S. Parneix, P. A. Durbin, and M. Behnia. "Computation of a 3D Turbulent Boundary Layer Using the V2F
Model". Flow Turbulence and Combustion. 10. 1946. 1998.
Release 15.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
15
16
Release 15.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.